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4	<head>	4	<head>
5	<title>libev</title>	5	<title>libev</title>
6	<meta name="description" content="Pod documentation for libev" />	6	<meta name="description" content="Pod documentation for libev" />
7	<meta name="inputfile" content="<standard input>" />	7	<meta name="inputfile" content="<standard input>" />
8	<meta name="outputfile" content="<standard output>" />	8	<meta name="outputfile" content="<standard output>" />
9	<meta name="created" content="Sat Nov 24 08:13:46 2007" />	9	<meta name="created" content="Sun Dec 9 20:45:16 2007" />
10	<meta name="generator" content="Pod::Xhtml 1.57" />	10	<meta name="generator" content="Pod::Xhtml 1.57" />
11	<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://res.tst.eu/pod.css"/></head>	11	<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://res.tst.eu/pod.css"/></head>
12	<body>	12	<body>
13	<div class="pod">	13	<div class="pod">
14	<!-- INDEX START -->	14	<!-- INDEX START -->
15	<h3 id="TOP">Index</h3>	15	<h3 id="TOP">Index</h3>
16		16
17	<ul><li><a href="#NAME">NAME</a></li>	17	<ul><li><a href="#NAME">NAME</a></li>
18	<li><a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>	18	<li><a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
		19	<li><a href="#EXAMPLE_PROGRAM">EXAMPLE PROGRAM</a></li>
19	<li><a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></li>	20	<li><a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
20	<li><a href="#FEATURES">FEATURES</a></li>	21	<li><a href="#FEATURES">FEATURES</a></li>
21	<li><a href="#CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</a></li>	22	<li><a href="#CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</a></li>
22	<li><a href="#TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</a></li>	23	<li><a href="#TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</a></li>
23	<li><a href="#GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</a></li>	24	<li><a href="#GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</a></li>
24	<li><a href="#FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</a></li>	25	<li><a href="#FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</a></li>
25	<li><a href="#ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</a>	26	<li><a href="#ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</a>
26	<ul><li><a href="#SUMMARY_OF_GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">SUMMARY OF GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</a></li>	27	<ul><li><a href="#GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</a></li>
27	<li><a href="#ASSOCIATING_CUSTOM_DATA_WITH_A_WATCH">ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER</a></li>	28	<li><a href="#ASSOCIATING_CUSTOM_DATA_WITH_A_WATCH">ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER</a></li>
28	</ul>	29	</ul>
29	</li>	30	</li>
30	<li><a href="#WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</a>	31	<li><a href="#WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</a>
31	<ul><li><a href="#code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable</a></li>	32	<ul><li><a href="#code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?</a></li>
32	<li><a href="#code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally recurring timeouts</a></li>	33	<li><a href="#code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts</a></li>
33	<li><a href="#code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron</a></li>	34	<li><a href="#code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron?</a></li>
34	<li><a href="#code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled</a></li>	35	<li><a href="#code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!</a></li>
35	<li><a href="#code_ev_child_code_wait_for_pid_stat"><code>ev_child</code> - wait for pid status changes</a></li>	36	<li><a href="#code_ev_child_code_watch_out_for_pro"><code>ev_child</code> - watch out for process status changes</a></li>
		37	<li><a href="#code_ev_stat_code_did_the_file_attri"><code>ev_stat</code> - did the file attributes just change?</a></li>
36	<li><a href="#code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do</a></li>	38	<li><a href="#code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do...</a></li>
37	<li><a href="#code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop</a></li>	39	<li><a href="#code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop!</a></li>
38	<li><a href="#code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough</a></li>	40	<li><a href="#code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough...</a></li>
		41	<li><a href="#code_ev_fork_code_the_audacity_to_re"><code>ev_fork</code> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork</a></li>
39	</ul>	42	</ul>
40	</li>	43	</li>
41	<li><a href="#OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</a></li>	44	<li><a href="#OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</a></li>
42	<li><a href="#LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</a></li>	45	<li><a href="#LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</a></li>
43	<li><a href="#C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</a></li>	46	<li><a href="#C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</a></li>
		47	<li><a href="#MACRO_MAGIC">MACRO MAGIC</a></li>
		48	<li><a href="#EMBEDDING">EMBEDDING</a>
		49	<ul><li><a href="#FILESETS">FILESETS</a>
		50	<ul><li><a href="#CORE_EVENT_LOOP">CORE EVENT LOOP</a></li>
		51	<li><a href="#LIBEVENT_COMPATIBILITY_API">LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API</a></li>
		52	<li><a href="#AUTOCONF_SUPPORT">AUTOCONF SUPPORT</a></li>
		53	</ul>
		54	</li>
		55	<li><a href="#PREPROCESSOR_SYMBOLS_MACROS">PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS</a></li>
		56	<li><a href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a></li>
		57	</ul>
		58	</li>
		59	<li><a href="#COMPLEXITIES">COMPLEXITIES</a></li>
44	<li><a href="#AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a>	60	<li><a href="#AUTHOR">AUTHOR</a>
45	</li>	61	</li>
46	</ul><hr />	62	</ul><hr />
47	<!-- INDEX END -->	63	<!-- INDEX END -->
48		64
49	<h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	65	<h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1>
50	<div id="NAME_CONTENT">	66	<div id="NAME_CONTENT">
51	<p>libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C</p>	67	<p>libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C</p>
52		68
53	</div>	69	</div>
54	<h1 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	70	<h1 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h1>
55	<div id="SYNOPSIS_CONTENT">	71	<div id="SYNOPSIS_CONTENT">
56	<pre> #include <ev.h>	72	<pre> #include <ev.h>
57		73
58	</pre>	74	</pre>
59		75
60	</div>	76	</div>
61	<h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	77	<h1 id="EXAMPLE_PROGRAM">EXAMPLE PROGRAM</h1>
		78	<div id="EXAMPLE_PROGRAM_CONTENT">
		79	<pre> #include <ev.h>
		80
		81	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		82	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		83
		84	/* called when data readable on stdin */
		85	static void
		86	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		87	{
		88	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */
		89	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
		90	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
		91	}
		92
		93	static void
		94	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		95	{
		96	/* puts ("timeout"); */
		97	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
		98	}
		99
		100	int
		101	main (void)
		102	{
		103	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		104
		105	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
		106	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /STDIN_FILENO/ 0, EV_READ);
		107	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		108
		109	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
		110	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		111	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
		112
		113	/* loop till timeout or data ready */
		114	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		115
		116	return 0;
		117	}
		118
		119	</pre>
		120
		121	</div>
		122	<h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1>
62	<div id="DESCRIPTION_CONTENT">	123	<div id="DESCRIPTION_CONTENT">
		124	<p>The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted
		125	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		126	time: <a href="http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html">http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html</a>.</p>
63	<p>Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	127	<p>Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
64	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	128	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
65	these event sources and provide your program with events.</p>	129	these event sources and provide your program with events.</p>
66	<p>To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	130	<p>To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
67	(or thread) by executing the <i>event loop</i> handler, and will then	131	(or thread) by executing the <i>event loop</i> handler, and will then
…		…
70	watchers</i>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	134	watchers</i>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
71	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by <i>starting</i> the	135	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by <i>starting</i> the
72	watcher.</p>	136	watcher.</p>
73		137
74	</div>	138	</div>
75	<h1 id="FEATURES">FEATURES</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	139	<h1 id="FEATURES">FEATURES</h1>
76	<div id="FEATURES_CONTENT">	140	<div id="FEATURES_CONTENT">
77	<p>Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific	141	<p>Libev supports <code>select</code>, <code>poll</code>, the Linux-specific <code>epoll</code>, the
78	kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute	142	BSD-specific <code>kqueue</code> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
79	timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change	143	for file descriptor events (<code>ev_io</code>), the Linux <code>inotify</code> interface
80	events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event	144	(for <code>ev_stat</code>), relative timers (<code>ev_timer</code>), absolute timers
81	loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite	145	with customised rescheduling (<code>ev_periodic</code>), synchronous signals
		146	(<code>ev_signal</code>), process status change events (<code>ev_child</code>), and event
		147	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (<code>ev_idle</code>,
		148	<code>ev_embed</code>, <code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> watchers) as well as
		149	file watchers (<code>ev_stat</code>) and even limited support for fork events
		150	(<code>ev_fork</code>).</p>
		151	<p>It also is quite fast (see this
82	fast (see this <a href="http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html">benchmark</a> comparing	152	<a href="http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html">benchmark</a> comparing it to libevent
83	it to libevent for example).</p>	153	for example).</p>
84		154
85	</div>	155	</div>
86	<h1 id="CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	156	<h1 id="CONVENTIONS">CONVENTIONS</h1>
87	<div id="CONVENTIONS_CONTENT">	157	<div id="CONVENTIONS_CONTENT">
88	<p>Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration	158	<p>Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
89	will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info	159	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
90	about various configuration options please have a look at the file	160	various configuration options please have a look at <strong>EMBED</strong> section in
91	<cite>README.embed</cite> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without	161	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
92	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial	162	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name <code>loop</code>
93	argument of name <code>loop</code> (which is always of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code>)	163	(which is always of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code>) will not have this argument.</p>
94	will not have this argument.</p>
95		164
96	</div>	165	</div>
97	<h1 id="TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	166	<h1 id="TIME_REPRESENTATION">TIME REPRESENTATION</h1>
98	<div id="TIME_REPRESENTATION_CONTENT">	167	<div id="TIME_REPRESENTATION_CONTENT">
99	<p>Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	168	<p>Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
100	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	169	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
101	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	170	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
102	called <code>ev_tstamp</code>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	171	called <code>ev_tstamp</code>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
103	to the <code>double</code> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	172	to the <code>double</code> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
104	it, you should treat it as such.</p>	173	it, you should treat it as such.</p>
105		174
106
107
108
109
110	</div>	175	</div>
111	<h1 id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	176	<h1 id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS">GLOBAL FUNCTIONS</h1>
112	<div id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">	177	<div id="GLOBAL_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">
113	<p>These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	178	<p>These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
114	library in any way.</p>	179	library in any way.</p>
115	<dl>	180	<dl>
116	<dt>ev_tstamp ev_time ()</dt>	181	<dt>ev_tstamp ev_time ()</dt>
…		…
120	you actually want to know.</p>	185	you actually want to know.</p>
121	</dd>	186	</dd>
122	<dt>int ev_version_major ()</dt>	187	<dt>int ev_version_major ()</dt>
123	<dt>int ev_version_minor ()</dt>	188	<dt>int ev_version_minor ()</dt>
124	<dd>	189	<dd>
125	<p>You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	190	<p>You can find out the major and minor API/ABI version numbers of the library
126	you linked against by calling the functions <code>ev_version_major</code> and	191	you linked against by calling the functions <code>ev_version_major</code> and
127	<code>ev_version_minor</code>. If you want, you can compare against the global	192	<code>ev_version_minor</code>. If you want, you can compare against the global
128	symbols <code>EV_VERSION_MAJOR</code> and <code>EV_VERSION_MINOR</code>, which specify the	193	symbols <code>EV_VERSION_MAJOR</code> and <code>EV_VERSION_MINOR</code>, which specify the
129	version of the library your program was compiled against.</p>	194	version of the library your program was compiled against.</p>
		195	<p>These version numbers refer to the API and ABI version of the library, not
		196	the release version.</p>
130	<p>Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	197	<p>Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
131	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	198	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
132	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	199	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
133	not a problem.</p>	200	not a problem.</p>
134	<p>Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	201	<p>Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
135	version:</p>	202	version.</p>
136	<pre> assert (("libev version mismatch",	203	<pre> assert (("libev version mismatch",
137	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	204	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
138	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	205	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
139		206
140	</pre>	207	</pre>
…		…
170	recommended ones.</p>	237	recommended ones.</p>
171	<p>See the description of <code>ev_embed</code> watchers for more info.</p>	238	<p>See the description of <code>ev_embed</code> watchers for more info.</p>
172	</dd>	239	</dd>
173	<dt>ev_set_allocator (void (cb)(void *ptr, long size))</dt>	240	<dt>ev_set_allocator (void (cb)(void *ptr, long size))</dt>
174	<dd>	241	<dd>
175	<p>Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the	242	<p>Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
176	realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate	243	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to
177	and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory	244	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when
178	needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially	245	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some
179	destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.</p>	246	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc
		247	function.</p>
180	<p>You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	248	<p>You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
181	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	249	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
182	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.</p>	250	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.</p>
183	<p>Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	251	<p>Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
184	retries: better than mine).</p>	252	retries).</p>
185	<pre> static void *	253	<pre> static void *
186	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size)	254	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
187	{	255	{
188	for (;;)	256	for (;;)
189	{	257	{
190	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	258	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
191		259
…		…
208	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	276	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
209	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	277	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
210	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	278	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
211	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	279	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
212	(such as abort).</p>	280	(such as abort).</p>
213	<p>Example: do the same thing as libev does internally:</p>	281	<p>Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.</p>
214	<pre> static void	282	<pre> static void
215	fatal_error (const char *msg)	283	fatal_error (const char *msg)
216	{	284	{
217	perror (msg);	285	perror (msg);
218	abort ();	286	abort ();
…		…
224	</pre>	292	</pre>
225	</dd>	293	</dd>
226	</dl>	294	</dl>
227		295
228	</div>	296	</div>
229	<h1 id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	297	<h1 id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP">FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP</h1>
230	<div id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP-2">	298	<div id="FUNCTIONS_CONTROLLING_THE_EVENT_LOOP-2">
231	<p>An event loop is described by a <code>struct ev_loop *</code>. The library knows two	299	<p>An event loop is described by a <code>struct ev_loop *</code>. The library knows two
232	types of such loops, the <i>default</i> loop, which supports signals and child	300	types of such loops, the <i>default</i> loop, which supports signals and child
233	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.</p>	301	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.</p>
234	<p>If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	302	<p>If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
…		…
263	<code>LIBEV_FLAGS</code>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	331	<code>LIBEV_FLAGS</code>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
264	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	332	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
265	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	333	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
266	around bugs.</p>	334	around bugs.</p>
267	</dd>	335	</dd>
		336	<dt><code>EVFLAG_FORKCHECK</code></dt>
		337	<dd>
		338	<p>Instead of calling <code>ev_default_fork</code> or <code>ev_loop_fork</code> manually after
		339	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		340	enabling this flag.</p>
		341	<p>This works by calling <code>getpid ()</code> on every iteration of the loop,
		342	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		343	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		344	Linux system for example, <code>getpid</code> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		345	without a syscall and thus <i>very</i> fast, but my Linux system also has
		346	<code>pthread_atfork</code> which is even faster).</p>
		347	<p>The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		348	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		349	flag.</p>
		350	<p>This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the <code>LIBEV_FLAGS</code>
		351	environment variable.</p>
		352	</dd>
268	<dt><code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> (value 1, portable select backend)</dt>	353	<dt><code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> (value 1, portable select backend)</dt>
269	<dd>	354	<dd>
270	<p>This is your standard select(2) backend. Not <i>completely</i> standard, as	355	<p>This is your standard select(2) backend. Not <i>completely</i> standard, as
271	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	356	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
272	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	357	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
…		…
354	<dd>	439	<dd>
355	<p>Similar to <code>ev_default_loop</code>, but always creates a new event loop that is	440	<p>Similar to <code>ev_default_loop</code>, but always creates a new event loop that is
356	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	441	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
357	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	442	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
358	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).</p>	443	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).</p>
359	<p>Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.</p>	444	<p>Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.</p>
360	<pre> struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL \| EVFLAG_NOENV);	445	<pre> struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL \| EVFLAG_NOENV);
361	if (!epoller)	446	if (!epoller)
362	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	447	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
363		448
364	</pre>	449	</pre>
365	</dd>	450	</dd>
366	<dt>ev_default_destroy ()</dt>	451	<dt>ev_default_destroy ()</dt>
367	<dd>	452	<dd>
368	<p>Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	453	<p>Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
369	etc.). This stops all registered event watchers (by not touching them in	454	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
370	any way whatsoever, although you cannot rely on this :).</p>	455	sense, so e.g. <code>ev_is_active</code> might still return true. It is your
		456	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef <i>before</i>
		457	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
		458	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or <code>free ()</code> them
		459	for example).</p>
371	</dd>	460	</dd>
372	<dt>ev_loop_destroy (loop)</dt>	461	<dt>ev_loop_destroy (loop)</dt>
373	<dd>	462	<dd>
374	<p>Like <code>ev_default_destroy</code>, but destroys an event loop created by an	463	<p>Like <code>ev_default_destroy</code>, but destroys an event loop created by an
375	earlier call to <code>ev_loop_new</code>.</p>	464	earlier call to <code>ev_loop_new</code>.</p>
…		…
396	<dt>ev_loop_fork (loop)</dt>	485	<dt>ev_loop_fork (loop)</dt>
397	<dd>	486	<dd>
398	<p>Like <code>ev_default_fork</code>, but acts on an event loop created by	487	<p>Like <code>ev_default_fork</code>, but acts on an event loop created by
399	<code>ev_loop_new</code>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	488	<code>ev_loop_new</code>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
400	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.</p>	489	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.</p>
		490	</dd>
		491	<dt>unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)</dt>
		492	<dd>
		493	<p>Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		494	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at <code>0</code> and
		495	happily wraps around with enough iterations.</p>
		496	<p>This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		497	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		498	<code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> calls.</p>
401	</dd>	499	</dd>
402	<dt>unsigned int ev_backend (loop)</dt>	500	<dt>unsigned int ev_backend (loop)</dt>
403	<dd>	501	<dd>
404	<p>Returns one of the <code>EVBACKEND_*</code> flags indicating the event backend in	502	<p>Returns one of the <code>EVBACKEND_*</code> flags indicating the event backend in
405	use.</p>	503	use.</p>
…		…
433	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	531	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
434	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	532	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
435	libev watchers. However, a pair of <code>ev_prepare</code>/<code>ev_check</code> watchers is	533	libev watchers. However, a pair of <code>ev_prepare</code>/<code>ev_check</code> watchers is
436	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.</p>	534	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.</p>
437	<p>Here are the gory details of what <code>ev_loop</code> does:</p>	535	<p>Here are the gory details of what <code>ev_loop</code> does:</p>
		536	<pre> - Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
438	<pre> * If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	537	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
439	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	538	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
440	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	539	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
441	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	540	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
442	- Update the "event loop time".	541	- Update the "event loop time".
443	- Calculate for how long to block.	542	- Calculate for how long to block.
444	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	543	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
…		…
453	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	552	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
454	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	553	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
455	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	554	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
456		555
457	</pre>	556	</pre>
458	<p>Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	557	<p>Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
459	anymore.</p>	558	anymore.</p>
460	<pre> ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	559	<pre> ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
461	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	560	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
462	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	561	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
463	... jobs done. yeah!	562	... jobs done. yeah!
…		…
482	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	581	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
483	visible to the libev user and should not keep <code>ev_loop</code> from exiting if	582	visible to the libev user and should not keep <code>ev_loop</code> from exiting if
484	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	583	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
485	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	584	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
486	libraries. Just remember to <i>unref after start</i> and <i>ref before stop</i>.</p>	585	libraries. Just remember to <i>unref after start</i> and <i>ref before stop</i>.</p>
487	<p>Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping <code>ev_loop</code>	586	<p>Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping <code>ev_loop</code>
488	running when nothing else is active.</p>	587	running when nothing else is active.</p>
489	<pre> struct dv_signal exitsig;	588	<pre> struct ev_signal exitsig;
490	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	589	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
491	ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig);	590	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
492	evf_unref (myloop);	591	evf_unref (loop);
493		592
494	</pre>	593	</pre>
495	<p>Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.</p>	594	<p>Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.</p>
496	<pre> ev_ref (myloop);	595	<pre> ev_ref (loop);
497	ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig);	596	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
498		597
499	</pre>	598	</pre>
500	</dd>	599	</dd>
501	</dl>	600	</dl>
502		601
		602
		603
		604
		605
503	</div>	606	</div>
504	<h1 id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	607	<h1 id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER">ANATOMY OF A WATCHER</h1>
505	<div id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER_CONTENT">	608	<div id="ANATOMY_OF_A_WATCHER_CONTENT">
506	<p>A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	609	<p>A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
507	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	610	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
508	become readable, you would create an <code>ev_io</code> watcher for that:</p>	611	become readable, you would create an <code>ev_io</code> watcher for that:</p>
509	<pre> static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	612	<pre> static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)
…		…
566	</dd>	669	</dd>
567	<dt><code>EV_CHILD</code></dt>	670	<dt><code>EV_CHILD</code></dt>
568	<dd>	671	<dd>
569	<p>The pid specified in the <code>ev_child</code> watcher has received a status change.</p>	672	<p>The pid specified in the <code>ev_child</code> watcher has received a status change.</p>
570	</dd>	673	</dd>
		674	<dt><code>EV_STAT</code></dt>
		675	<dd>
		676	<p>The path specified in the <code>ev_stat</code> watcher changed its attributes somehow.</p>
		677	</dd>
571	<dt><code>EV_IDLE</code></dt>	678	<dt><code>EV_IDLE</code></dt>
572	<dd>	679	<dd>
573	<p>The <code>ev_idle</code> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.</p>	680	<p>The <code>ev_idle</code> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.</p>
574	</dd>	681	</dd>
575	<dt><code>EV_PREPARE</code></dt>	682	<dt><code>EV_PREPARE</code></dt>
…		…
580	<code>ev_loop</code> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	687	<code>ev_loop</code> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
581	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	688	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
582	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	689	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
583	(for example, a <code>ev_prepare</code> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	690	(for example, a <code>ev_prepare</code> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
584	<code>ev_loop</code> from blocking).</p>	691	<code>ev_loop</code> from blocking).</p>
		692	</dd>
		693	<dt><code>EV_EMBED</code></dt>
		694	<dd>
		695	<p>The embedded event loop specified in the <code>ev_embed</code> watcher needs attention.</p>
		696	</dd>
		697	<dt><code>EV_FORK</code></dt>
		698	<dd>
		699	<p>The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
		700	<code>ev_fork</code>).</p>
585	</dd>	701	</dd>
586	<dt><code>EV_ERROR</code></dt>	702	<dt><code>EV_ERROR</code></dt>
587	<dd>	703	<dd>
588	<p>An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	704	<p>An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
589	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	705	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
…		…
597	programs, though, so beware.</p>	713	programs, though, so beware.</p>
598	</dd>	714	</dd>
599	</dl>	715	</dl>
600		716
601	</div>	717	</div>
602	<h2 id="SUMMARY_OF_GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">SUMMARY OF GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</h2>	718	<h2 id="GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS">GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS</h2>
603	<div id="SUMMARY_OF_GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS-2">	719	<div id="GENERIC_WATCHER_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">
604	<p>In the following description, <code>TYPE</code> stands for the watcher type,	720	<p>In the following description, <code>TYPE</code> stands for the watcher type,
605	e.g. <code>timer</code> for <code>ev_timer</code> watchers and <code>io</code> for <code>ev_io</code> watchers.</p>	721	e.g. <code>timer</code> for <code>ev_timer</code> watchers and <code>io</code> for <code>ev_io</code> watchers.</p>
606	<dl>	722	<dl>
607	<dt><code>ev_init</code> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt>	723	<dt><code>ev_init</code> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt>
608	<dd>	724	<dd>
…		…
612	the type-specific <code>ev_TYPE_set</code> macro afterwards to initialise the	728	the type-specific <code>ev_TYPE_set</code> macro afterwards to initialise the
613	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a <code>ev_TYPE_init</code> macro	729	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a <code>ev_TYPE_init</code> macro
614	which rolls both calls into one.</p>	730	which rolls both calls into one.</p>
615	<p>You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	731	<p>You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
616	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.</p>	732	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.</p>
617	<p>The callbakc is always of type <code>void ()(ev_loop loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	733	<p>The callback is always of type <code>void ()(ev_loop loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
618	int revents)</code>.</p>	734	int revents)</code>.</p>
619	</dd>	735	</dd>
620	<dt><code>ev_TYPE_set</code> (ev_TYPE *, [args])</dt>	736	<dt><code>ev_TYPE_set</code> (ev_TYPE *, [args])</dt>
621	<dd>	737	<dd>
622	<p>This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	738	<p>This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
…		…
656	<dt>bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>	772	<dt>bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>
657	<dd>	773	<dd>
658	<p>Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	774	<p>Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
659	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	775	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
660	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	776	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
661	<code>ev_TYPE_set</code> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	777	<code>ev_TYPE_set</code> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
662	libev (e.g. you cnanot <code>free ()</code> it).</p>	778	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot <code>free ()</code>
		779	it).</p>
663	</dd>	780	</dd>
664	<dt>callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>	781	<dt>callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>
665	<dd>	782	<dd>
666	<p>Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.</p>	783	<p>Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.</p>
667	</dd>	784	</dd>
668	<dt>ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt>	785	<dt>ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)</dt>
669	<dd>	786	<dd>
670	<p>Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	787	<p>Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
671	(modulo threads).</p>	788	(modulo threads).</p>
		789	</dd>
		790	<dt>ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)</dt>
		791	<dt>int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>
		792	<dd>
		793	<p>Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		794	integer between <code>EV_MAXPRI</code> (default: <code>2</code>) and <code>EV_MINPRI</code>
		795	(default: <code>-2</code>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		796	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		797	from being executed (except for <code>ev_idle</code> watchers).</p>
		798	<p>This means that priorities are <i>only</i> used for ordering callback
		799	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		800	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		801	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.</p>
		802	<p>If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		803	you need to look at <code>ev_idle</code> watchers, which provide this functionality.</p>
		804	<p>You <i>must not</i> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		805	pending.</p>
		806	<p>The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		807	always <code>0</code>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).</p>
		808	<p>Setting a priority outside the range of <code>EV_MINPRI</code> to <code>EV_MAXPRI</code> is
		809	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		810	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.</p>
		811	</dd>
		812	<dt>ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)</dt>
		813	<dd>
		814	<p>Invoke the <code>watcher</code> with the given <code>loop</code> and <code>revents</code>. Neither
		815	<code>loop</code> nor <code>revents</code> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		816	can deal with that fact.</p>
		817	</dd>
		818	<dt>int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)</dt>
		819	<dd>
		820	<p>If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		821	and returns its <code>revents</code> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		822	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns <code>0</code>.</p>
672	</dd>	823	</dd>
673	</dl>	824	</dl>
674		825
675		826
676		827
…		…
701	struct my_io w = (struct my_io )w_;	852	struct my_io w = (struct my_io )w_;
702	...	853	...
703	}	854	}
704		855
705	</pre>	856	</pre>
706	<p>More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type	857	<p>More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
707	have been omitted....</p>	858	instead have been omitted.</p>
		859	<p>Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
		860	watchers:</p>
		861	<pre> struct my_biggy
		862	{
		863	int some_data;
		864	ev_timer t1;
		865	ev_timer t2;
		866	}
708		867
		868	</pre>
		869	<p>In this case getting the pointer to <code>my_biggy</code> is a bit more complicated,
		870	you need to use <code>offsetof</code>:</p>
		871	<pre> #include <stddef.h>
709		872
		873	static void
		874	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		875	{
		876	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		877	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		878	}
710		879
		880	static void
		881	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		882	{
		883	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		884	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		885	}
711		886
712		887
		888
		889
		890	</pre>
		891
713	</div>	892	</div>
714	<h1 id="WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	893	<h1 id="WATCHER_TYPES">WATCHER TYPES</h1>
715	<div id="WATCHER_TYPES_CONTENT">	894	<div id="WATCHER_TYPES_CONTENT">
716	<p>This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	895	<p>This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
717	information given in the last section.</p>	896	information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
		897	functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.</p>
		898	<p>Members are additionally marked with either <i>[read-only]</i>, meaning that,
		899	while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some
		900	sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the
		901	watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or <i>[read-write]</i>, which
		902	means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
		903	is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
		904	sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
		905	not crash or malfunction in any way.</p>
718		906
719		907
720		908
721		909
722		910
723	</div>	911	</div>
724	<h2 id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable</h2>	912	<h2 id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip"><code>ev_io</code> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?</h2>
725	<div id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip-2">	913	<div id="code_ev_io_code_is_this_file_descrip-2">
726	<p>I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable	914	<p>I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
727	in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called	915	in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading
728	level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the	916	would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write
729	condition persists. Remember you can stop the watcher if you don't want to	917	some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep
730	act on the event and neither want to receive future events).</p>	918	receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop
		919	the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to
		920	receive future events.</p>
731	<p>In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	921	<p>In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
732	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	922	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
733	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	923	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
734	required if you know what you are doing).</p>	924	required if you know what you are doing).</p>
735	<p>You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends	925	<p>You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
736	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file	926	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
737	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing	927	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
738	to the same underlying file/socket etc. description (that is, they share	928	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
739	the same underlying "file open").</p>	929	the same underlying "file open").</p>
740	<p>If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	930	<p>If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
741	(at the time of this writing, this includes only <code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> and	931	(at the time of this writing, this includes only <code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> and
742	<code>EVBACKEND_POLL</code>).</p>	932	<code>EVBACKEND_POLL</code>).</p>
		933	<p>Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
		934	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might
		935	be called with <code>EV_READ</code> but a subsequent <code>read</code>(2) will actually block
		936	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
		937	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
		938	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
		939	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra <code>read</code>(2) returning
		940	<code>EAGAIN</code> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.</p>
		941	<p>If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
		942	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
		943	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
		944	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
		945	its own, so its quite safe to use).</p>
743	<dl>	946	<dl>
744	<dt>ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)</dt>	947	<dt>ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)</dt>
745	<dt>ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)</dt>	948	<dt>ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)</dt>
746	<dd>	949	<dd>
747	<p>Configures an <code>ev_io</code> watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive	950	<p>Configures an <code>ev_io</code> watcher. The <code>fd</code> is the file descriptor to
748	events for and events is either <code>EV_READ</code>, <code>EV_WRITE</code> or <code>EV_READ \|	951	rceeive events for and events is either <code>EV_READ</code>, <code>EV_WRITE</code> or
749	EV_WRITE</code> to receive the given events.</p>	952	<code>EV_READ \| EV_WRITE</code> to receive the given events.</p>
750	<p>Please note that most of the more scalable backend mechanisms (for example	953	</dd>
751	epoll and solaris ports) can result in spurious readyness notifications	954	<dt>int fd [read-only]</dt>
752	for file descriptors, so you practically need to use non-blocking I/O (and	955	<dd>
753	treat callback invocation as hint only), or retest separately with a safe	956	<p>The file descriptor being watched.</p>
754	interface before doing I/O (XLib can do this), or force the use of either	957	</dd>
755	<code>EVBACKEND_SELECT</code> or <code>EVBACKEND_POLL</code>, which don't suffer from this	958	<dt>int events [read-only]</dt>
756	problem. Also note that it is quite easy to have your callback invoked	959	<dd>
757	when the readyness condition is no longer valid even when employing	960	<p>The events being watched.</p>
758	typical ways of handling events, so its a good idea to use non-blocking
759	I/O unconditionally.</p>
760	</dd>	961	</dd>
761	</dl>	962	</dl>
762	<p>Example: call <code>stdin_readable_cb</code> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	963	<p>Example: Call <code>stdin_readable_cb</code> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
763	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	964	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
764	attempt to read a whole line in the callback:</p>	965	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.</p>
765	<pre> static void	966	<pre> static void
766	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	967	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)
767	{	968	{
768	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	969	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
769	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	970	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
…		…
780		981
781		982
782	</pre>	983	</pre>
783		984
784	</div>	985	</div>
785	<h2 id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally recurring timeouts</h2>	986	<h2 id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti"><code>ev_timer</code> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts</h2>
786	<div id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti-2">	987	<div id="code_ev_timer_code_relative_and_opti-2">
787	<p>Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	988	<p>Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
788	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.</p>	989	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.</p>
789	<p>The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	990	<p>The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
790	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	991	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years
…		…
818	</dd>	1019	</dd>
819	<dt>ev_timer_again (loop)</dt>	1020	<dt>ev_timer_again (loop)</dt>
820	<dd>	1021	<dd>
821	<p>This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1022	<p>This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
822	repeating. The exact semantics are:</p>	1023	repeating. The exact semantics are:</p>
		1024	<p>If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.</p>
823	<p>If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.</p>	1025	<p>If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).</p>
824	<p>If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1026	<p>If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
825	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.</p>	1027	<code>repeat</code> value), or reset the running timer to the <code>repeat</code> value.</p>
826	<p>This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1028	<p>This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
827	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1029	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
828	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1030	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
829	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1031	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
830	configure an <code>ev_timer</code> with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each	1032	configure an <code>ev_timer</code> with a <code>repeat</code> value of <code>60</code> and then call
831	time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle	1033	<code>ev_timer_again</code> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
832	state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop	1034	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
		1035	socket, you can <code>ev_timer_stop</code> the timer, and <code>ev_timer_again</code> will
833	the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.</p>	1036	automatically restart it if need be.</p>
		1037	<p>That means you can ignore the <code>after</code> value and <code>ev_timer_start</code>
		1038	altogether and only ever use the <code>repeat</code> value and <code>ev_timer_again</code>:</p>
		1039	<pre> ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
		1040	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1041	...
		1042	timer->again = 17.;
		1043	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1044	...
		1045	timer->again = 10.;
		1046	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1047
		1048	</pre>
		1049	<p>This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1050	you want to modify its timeout value.</p>
		1051	</dd>
		1052	<dt>ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]</dt>
		1053	<dd>
		1054	<p>The current <code>repeat</code> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
		1055	or <code>ev_timer_again</code> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
		1056	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.</p>
834	</dd>	1057	</dd>
835	</dl>	1058	</dl>
836	<p>Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.</p>	1059	<p>Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.</p>
837	<pre> static void	1060	<pre> static void
838	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)	1061	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)
839	{	1062	{
840	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1063	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
841	}	1064	}
…		…
843	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1066	struct ev_timer mytimer;
844	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1067	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
845	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1068	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
846		1069
847	</pre>	1070	</pre>
848	<p>Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1071	<p>Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
849	inactivity.</p>	1072	inactivity.</p>
850	<pre> static void	1073	<pre> static void
851	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)	1074	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)
852	{	1075	{
853	.. ten seconds without any activity	1076	.. ten seconds without any activity
…		…
866		1089
867		1090
868	</pre>	1091	</pre>
869		1092
870	</div>	1093	</div>
871	<h2 id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron</h2>	1094	<h2 id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not"><code>ev_periodic</code> - to cron or not to cron?</h2>
872	<div id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not-2">	1095	<div id="code_ev_periodic_code_to_cron_or_not-2">
873	<p>Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1096	<p>Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
874	(and unfortunately a bit complex).</p>	1097	(and unfortunately a bit complex).</p>
875	<p>Unlike <code>ev_timer</code>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1098	<p>Unlike <code>ev_timer</code>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
876	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1099	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
877	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1100	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
878	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c<ev_now ()	1101	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. <code>ev_now ()
879	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1102	+ 10.</code>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
880	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an <code>ev_timer</code>, which would trigger	1103	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an <code>ev_timer</code>, which would trigger
881	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1104	roughly 10 seconds later).</p>
882	again).</p>
883	<p>They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1105	<p>They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
884	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.</p>	1106	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,
		1107	rules.</p>
885	<p>As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1108	<p>As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
886	time (<code>at</code>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1109	time (<code>at</code>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
887	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.</p>	1110	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.</p>
888	<dl>	1111	<dl>
889	<dt>ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)</dt>	1112	<dt>ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)</dt>
…		…
891	<dd>	1114	<dd>
892	<p>Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1115	<p>Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
893	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:</p>	1116	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:</p>
894	<p>	1117	<p>
895	<dl>	1118	<dl>
896	<dt>* absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)</dt>	1119	<dt>* absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)</dt>
897	<dd>	1120	<dd>
898	<p>In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1121	<p>In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
899	<code>at</code> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1122	<code>at</code> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
900	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1123	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
901	system time reaches or surpasses this time.</p>	1124	system time reaches or surpasses this time.</p>
902	</dd>	1125	</dd>
903	<dt>* non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)</dt>	1126	<dt>* non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)</dt>
904	<dd>	1127	<dd>
905	<p>In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1128	<p>In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
906	<code>at + N * interval</code> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1129	<code>at + N * interval</code> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
907	of any time jumps.</p>	1130	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.</p>
908	<p>This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1131	<p>This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
909	time:</p>	1132	time:</p>
910	<pre> ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1133	<pre> ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
911		1134
912	</pre>	1135	</pre>
…		…
915	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1138	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
916	by 3600.</p>	1139	by 3600.</p>
917	<p>Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1140	<p>Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
918	<code>ev_periodic</code> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1141	<code>ev_periodic</code> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
919	time where <code>time = at (mod interval)</code>, regardless of any time jumps.</p>	1142	time where <code>time = at (mod interval)</code>, regardless of any time jumps.</p>
		1143	<p>For numerical stability it is preferable that the <code>at</code> value is near
		1144	<code>ev_now ()</code> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1145	this value.</p>
920	</dd>	1146	</dd>
921	<dt>* manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)</dt>	1147	<dt>* manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)</dt>
922	<dd>	1148	<dd>
923	<p>In this mode the values for <code>interval</code> and <code>at</code> are both being	1149	<p>In this mode the values for <code>interval</code> and <code>at</code> are both being
924	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1150	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
925	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1151	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
926	current time as second argument.</p>	1152	current time as second argument.</p>
927	<p>NOTE: <i>This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1153	<p>NOTE: <i>This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
928	ever, or make any event loop modifications</i>. If you need to stop it,	1154	ever, or make any event loop modifications</i>. If you need to stop it,
929	return <code>now + 1e30</code> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1155	return <code>now + 1e30</code> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
930	starting a prepare watcher).</p>	1156	starting an <code>ev_prepare</code> watcher, which is legal).</p>
931	<p>Its prototype is <code>ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w,	1157	<p>Its prototype is <code>ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w,
932	ev_tstamp now)</code>, e.g.:</p>	1158	ev_tstamp now)</code>, e.g.:</p>
933	<pre> static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1159	<pre> static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
934	{	1160	{
935	return now + 60.;	1161	return now + 60.;
…		…
956	<p>Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1182	<p>Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
957	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1183	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
958	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1184	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
959	program when the crontabs have changed).</p>	1185	program when the crontabs have changed).</p>
960	</dd>	1186	</dd>
		1187	<dt>ev_tstamp offset [read-write]</dt>
		1188	<dd>
		1189	<p>When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1190	absolute point in time (the <code>at</code> value passed to <code>ev_periodic_set</code>).</p>
		1191	<p>Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1192	timer fires or <code>ev_periodic_again</code> is being called.</p>
		1193	</dd>
		1194	<dt>ev_tstamp interval [read-write]</dt>
		1195	<dd>
		1196	<p>The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
		1197	take effect when the periodic timer fires or <code>ev_periodic_again</code> is being
		1198	called.</p>
		1199	</dd>
		1200	<dt>ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]</dt>
		1201	<dd>
		1202	<p>The current reschedule callback, or <code>0</code>, if this functionality is
		1203	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
		1204	the periodic timer fires or <code>ev_periodic_again</code> is being called.</p>
		1205	</dd>
961	</dl>	1206	</dl>
962	<p>Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1207	<p>Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
963	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1208	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
964	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.</p>	1209	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.</p>
965	<pre> static void	1210	<pre> static void
966	clock_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	1211	clock_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)
967	{	1212	{
…		…
971	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1216	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
972	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1217	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
973	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1218	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
974		1219
975	</pre>	1220	</pre>
976	<p>Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:</p>	1221	<p>Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:</p>
977	<pre> #include <math.h>	1222	<pre> #include <math.h>
978		1223
979	static ev_tstamp	1224	static ev_tstamp
980	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1225	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
981	{	1226	{
…		…
983	}	1228	}
984		1229
985	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1230	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
986		1231
987	</pre>	1232	</pre>
988	<p>Example: call a callback every hour, starting now:</p>	1233	<p>Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:</p>
989	<pre> struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1234	<pre> struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
990	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1235	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
991	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1236	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
992	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1237	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
993		1238
…		…
995		1240
996		1241
997	</pre>	1242	</pre>
998		1243
999	</div>	1244	</div>
1000	<h2 id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled</h2>	1245	<h2 id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a"><code>ev_signal</code> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!</h2>
1001	<div id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a-2">	1246	<div id="code_ev_signal_code_signal_me_when_a-2">
1002	<p>Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1247	<p>Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1003	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1248	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1004	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1249	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1005	normal event processing, like any other event.</p>	1250	normal event processing, like any other event.</p>
…		…
1014	<dt>ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)</dt>	1259	<dt>ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)</dt>
1015	<dd>	1260	<dd>
1016	<p>Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one	1261	<p>Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
1017	of the <code>SIGxxx</code> constants).</p>	1262	of the <code>SIGxxx</code> constants).</p>
1018	</dd>	1263	</dd>
		1264	<dt>int signum [read-only]</dt>
		1265	<dd>
		1266	<p>The signal the watcher watches out for.</p>
		1267	</dd>
1019	</dl>	1268	</dl>
1020		1269
1021		1270
1022		1271
1023		1272
1024		1273
1025	</div>	1274	</div>
1026	<h2 id="code_ev_child_code_wait_for_pid_stat"><code>ev_child</code> - wait for pid status changes</h2>	1275	<h2 id="code_ev_child_code_watch_out_for_pro"><code>ev_child</code> - watch out for process status changes</h2>
1027	<div id="code_ev_child_code_wait_for_pid_stat-2">	1276	<div id="code_ev_child_code_watch_out_for_pro-2">
1028	<p>Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1277	<p>Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1029	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).</p>	1278	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).</p>
1030	<dl>	1279	<dl>
1031	<dt>ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)</dt>	1280	<dt>ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)</dt>
1032	<dt>ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)</dt>	1281	<dt>ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)</dt>
…		…
1036	at the <code>rstatus</code> member of the <code>ev_child</code> watcher structure to see	1285	at the <code>rstatus</code> member of the <code>ev_child</code> watcher structure to see
1037	the status word (use the macros from <code>sys/wait.h</code> and see your systems	1286	the status word (use the macros from <code>sys/wait.h</code> and see your systems
1038	<code>waitpid</code> documentation). The <code>rpid</code> member contains the pid of the	1287	<code>waitpid</code> documentation). The <code>rpid</code> member contains the pid of the
1039	process causing the status change.</p>	1288	process causing the status change.</p>
1040	</dd>	1289	</dd>
		1290	<dt>int pid [read-only]</dt>
		1291	<dd>
		1292	<p>The process id this watcher watches out for, or <code>0</code>, meaning any process id.</p>
		1293	</dd>
		1294	<dt>int rpid [read-write]</dt>
		1295	<dd>
		1296	<p>The process id that detected a status change.</p>
		1297	</dd>
		1298	<dt>int rstatus [read-write]</dt>
		1299	<dd>
		1300	<p>The process exit/trace status caused by <code>rpid</code> (see your systems
		1301	<code>waitpid</code> and <code>sys/wait.h</code> documentation for details).</p>
		1302	</dd>
1041	</dl>	1303	</dl>
1042	<p>Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.</p>	1304	<p>Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.</p>
1043	<pre> static void	1305	<pre> static void
1044	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_signal w, int revents)	1306	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_signal w, int revents)
1045	{	1307	{
1046	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1308	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1047	}	1309	}
…		…
1054		1316
1055		1317
1056	</pre>	1318	</pre>
1057		1319
1058	</div>	1320	</div>
		1321	<h2 id="code_ev_stat_code_did_the_file_attri"><code>ev_stat</code> - did the file attributes just change?</h2>
		1322	<div id="code_ev_stat_code_did_the_file_attri-2">
		1323	<p>This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
		1324	<code>stat</code> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
		1325	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.</p>
		1326	<p>The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
		1327	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
		1328	not exist" is signified by the <code>st_nlink</code> field being zero (which is
		1329	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
		1330	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.</p>
		1331	<p>The path <i>should</i> be absolute and <i>must not</i> end in a slash. If it is
		1332	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.</p>
		1333	<p>Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
		1334	calls <code>stat (2)</code> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
		1335	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
		1336	a polling interval of <code>0</code> (highly recommended!) then a <i>suitable,
		1337	unspecified default</i> value will be used (which you can expect to be around
		1338	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
		1339	impose a minimum interval which is currently around <code>0.1</code>, but thats
		1340	usually overkill.</p>
		1341	<p>This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
		1342	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
		1343	resource-intensive.</p>
		1344	<p>At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
		1345	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1346	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
		1347	semantics of <code>ev_stat</code> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
		1348	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
		1349	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
		1350	polling.</p>
		1351	<dl>
		1352	<dt>ev_stat_init (ev_stat , callback, const char path, ev_tstamp interval)</dt>
		1353	<dt>ev_stat_set (ev_stat , const char path, ev_tstamp interval)</dt>
		1354	<dd>
		1355	<p>Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
		1356	<code>path</code>. The <code>interval</code> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
		1357	be detected and should normally be specified as <code>0</code> to let libev choose
		1358	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by <code>path</code> must point to the same
		1359	path for as long as the watcher is active.</p>
		1360	<p>The callback will be receive <code>EV_STAT</code> when a change was detected,
		1361	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
		1362	last change was detected).</p>
		1363	</dd>
		1364	<dt>ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)</dt>
		1365	<dd>
		1366	<p>Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
		1367	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
		1368	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
		1369	useful simply to find out the new values.</p>
		1370	</dd>
		1371	<dt>ev_statdata attr [read-only]</dt>
		1372	<dd>
		1373	<p>The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
		1374	<code>ev_statdata</code>, this is usually the (or one of the) <code>struct stat</code> types
		1375	suitable for your system. If the <code>st_nlink</code> member is <code>0</code>, then there
		1376	was some error while <code>stat</code>ing the file.</p>
		1377	</dd>
		1378	<dt>ev_statdata prev [read-only]</dt>
		1379	<dd>
		1380	<p>The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
		1381	<code>prev</code> != <code>attr</code>.</p>
		1382	</dd>
		1383	<dt>ev_tstamp interval [read-only]</dt>
		1384	<dd>
		1385	<p>The specified interval.</p>
		1386	</dd>
		1387	<dt>const char *path [read-only]</dt>
		1388	<dd>
		1389	<p>The filesystem path that is being watched.</p>
		1390	</dd>
		1391	</dl>
		1392	<p>Example: Watch <code>/etc/passwd</code> for attribute changes.</p>
		1393	<pre> static void
		1394	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_stat w, int revents)
		1395	{
		1396	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
		1397	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
		1398	{
		1399	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
		1400	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1401	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1402	}
		1403	else
		1404	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
		1405	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
		1406	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
		1407	}
		1408
		1409	...
		1410	ev_stat passwd;
		1411
		1412	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");
		1413	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1414
		1415
		1416
		1417
		1418	</pre>
		1419
		1420	</div>
1059	<h2 id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do</h2>	1421	<h2 id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no"><code>ev_idle</code> - when you've got nothing better to do...</h2>
1060	<div id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no-2">	1422	<div id="code_ev_idle_code_when_you_ve_got_no-2">
1061	<p>Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	1423	<p>Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1062	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	1424	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
1063	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	1425	count).</p>
1064	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	1426	<p>That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1065	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	1427	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1428	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1429	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1066	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	1430	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1067	busy.</p>	1431	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.</p>
1068	<p>The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1432	<p>The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1069	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.</p>	1433	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.</p>
1070	<p>Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1434	<p>Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1071	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1435	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1072	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1436	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
…		…
1077	<p>Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1441	<p>Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1078	kind. There is a <code>ev_idle_set</code> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1442	kind. There is a <code>ev_idle_set</code> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1079	believe me.</p>	1443	believe me.</p>
1080	</dd>	1444	</dd>
1081	</dl>	1445	</dl>
1082	<p>Example: dynamically allocate an <code>ev_idle</code>, start it, and in the	1446	<p>Example: Dynamically allocate an <code>ev_idle</code> watcher, start it, and in the
1083	callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual.</p>	1447	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.</p>
1084	<pre> static void	1448	<pre> static void
1085	idle_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_idle w, int revents)	1449	idle_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_idle w, int revents)
1086	{	1450	{
1087	free (w);	1451	free (w);
1088	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1452	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
…		…
1097		1461
1098		1462
1099	</pre>	1463	</pre>
1100		1464
1101	</div>	1465	</div>
1102	<h2 id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop</h2>	1466	<h2 id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che"><code>ev_prepare</code> and <code>ev_check</code> - customise your event loop!</h2>
1103	<div id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che-2">	1467	<div id="code_ev_prepare_code_and_code_ev_che-2">
1104	<p>Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1468	<p>Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
1105	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	1469	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1106	afterwards.</p>	1470	afterwards.</p>
		1471	<p>You <i>must not</i> call <code>ev_loop</code> or similar functions that enter
		1472	the current event loop from either <code>ev_prepare</code> or <code>ev_check</code>
		1473	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
		1474	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
		1475	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be <code>ev_prepare</code>, blocking,
		1476	<code>ev_check</code> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
		1477	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.</p>
1107	<p>Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	1478	<p>Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1108	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	1479	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
1109	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	1480	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1110	coroutine library and lots more.</p>	1481	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
		1482	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
		1483	in X programs you might want to do an <code>XFlush ()</code> in an <code>ev_prepare</code>
		1484	watcher).</p>
1111	<p>This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1485	<p>This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1112	to be watched by the other library, registering <code>ev_io</code> watchers for	1486	to be watched by the other library, registering <code>ev_io</code> watchers for
1113	them and starting an <code>ev_timer</code> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1487	them and starting an <code>ev_timer</code> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1114	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1488	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1115	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	1489	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers
…		…
1122	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	1496	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
1123	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1497	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1124	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1498	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1125	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1499	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1126	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).</p>	1500	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).</p>
		1501	<p>It is recommended to give <code>ev_check</code> watchers highest (<code>EV_MAXPRI</code>)
		1502	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1503	after the poll. Also, <code>ev_check</code> watchers (and <code>ev_prepare</code> watchers,
		1504	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1505	supports this, they will be called before other <code>ev_check</code> watchers did
		1506	their job. As <code>ev_check</code> watchers are often used to embed other event
		1507	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		1508	<code>ev_check</code> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		1509	others).</p>
1127	<dl>	1510	<dl>
1128	<dt>ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)</dt>	1511	<dt>ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)</dt>
1129	<dt>ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)</dt>	1512	<dt>ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)</dt>
1130	<dd>	1513	<dd>
1131	<p>Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	1514	<p>Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1132	parameters of any kind. There are <code>ev_prepare_set</code> and <code>ev_check_set</code>	1515	parameters of any kind. There are <code>ev_prepare_set</code> and <code>ev_check_set</code>
1133	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.</p>	1516	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.</p>
1134	</dd>	1517	</dd>
1135	</dl>	1518	</dl>
1136	<p>Example: TODO.</p>	1519	<p>There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1520	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1521	(there is a Perl module named <code>EV::ADNS</code> that does this, which you could
		1522	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named <code>EV::Glib</code>
		1523	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, <code>Glib::EV</code> embeds EV
		1524	into the Glib event loop).</p>
		1525	<p>Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
		1526	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
		1527	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1528	priority for the check watcher or use <code>ev_clear_pending</code> explicitly, as
		1529	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.</p>
		1530	<pre> static ev_io iow [nfd];
		1531	static ev_timer tw;
1137		1532
		1533	static void
		1534	io_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
		1535	{
		1536	}
1138		1537
		1538	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
		1539	static void
		1540	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_prepare w, int revents)
		1541	{
		1542	int timeout = 3600000;
		1543	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
		1544	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
		1545	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1139		1546
		1547	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
		1548	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
		1549	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1140		1550
		1551	// create one ev_io per pollfd
		1552	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1553	{
		1554	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
		1555	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
		1556	\| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1141		1557
		1558	fds [i].revents = 0;
		1559	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
		1560	}
		1561	}
		1562
		1563	// stop all watchers after blocking
		1564	static void
		1565	adns_check_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_check w, int revents)
		1566	{
		1567	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
		1568
		1569	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1570	{
		1571	// set the relevant poll flags
		1572	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1573	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1574	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1575	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents \|= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1576	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents \|= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		1577
		1578	// now stop the watcher
		1579	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		1580	}
		1581
		1582	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
		1583	}
		1584
		1585	</pre>
		1586	<p>Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run <code>adns_afterpoll</code>
		1587	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.</p>
		1588	<p>Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		1589	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		1590	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.</p>
		1591	<pre> static void
		1592	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1593	{
		1594	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1595	update_now (EV_A);
		1596
		1597	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		1598	}
		1599
		1600	static void
		1601	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1602	{
		1603	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1604	update_now (EV_A);
		1605
		1606	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1607	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1608	}
		1609
		1610	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		1611
		1612	</pre>
		1613	<p>Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		1614	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
		1615	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		1616	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The <code>Glib::EV</code> module does
		1617	this.</p>
		1618	<pre> static gint
		1619	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		1620	{
		1621	int got_events = 0;
		1622
		1623	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1624	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		1625
		1626	if (timeout >= 0)
		1627	// create/start timer
		1628
		1629	// poll
		1630	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		1631
		1632	// stop timer again
		1633	if (timeout >= 0)
		1634	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		1635
		1636	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		1637	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1638	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		1639
		1640	return got_events;
		1641	}
		1642
		1643
		1644
		1645
		1646	</pre>
		1647
1142	</div>	1648	</div>
1143	<h2 id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough</h2>	1649	<h2 id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_"><code>ev_embed</code> - when one backend isn't enough...</h2>
1144	<div id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_-2">	1650	<div id="code_ev_embed_code_when_one_backend_-2">
1145	<p>This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	1651	<p>This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
1146	into another (currently only <code>ev_io</code> events are supported in the embedded	1652	into another (currently only <code>ev_io</code> events are supported in the embedded
1147	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect	1653	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
1148	fashion and must not be used).</p>	1654	fashion and must not be used).</p>
…		…
1216	<dd>	1722	<dd>
1217	<p>Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	1723	<p>Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1218	similarly to <code>ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)</code>, but in the most	1724	similarly to <code>ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)</code>, but in the most
1219	apropriate way for embedded loops.</p>	1725	apropriate way for embedded loops.</p>
1220	</dd>	1726	</dd>
		1727	<dt>struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]</dt>
		1728	<dd>
		1729	<p>The embedded event loop.</p>
		1730	</dd>
1221	</dl>	1731	</dl>
1222		1732
1223		1733
1224		1734
1225		1735
1226		1736
1227	</div>	1737	</div>
1228	<h1 id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	1738	<h2 id="code_ev_fork_code_the_audacity_to_re"><code>ev_fork</code> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork</h2>
		1739	<div id="code_ev_fork_code_the_audacity_to_re-2">
		1740	<p>Fork watchers are called when a <code>fork ()</code> was detected (usually because
		1741	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
		1742	<code>ev_default_fork</code> or <code>ev_loop_fork</code>). The invocation is done before the
		1743	event loop blocks next and before <code>ev_check</code> watchers are being called,
		1744	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
		1745	<code>ev_default_fork</code> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
		1746	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.</p>
		1747	<dl>
		1748	<dt>ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)</dt>
		1749	<dd>
		1750	<p>Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
		1751	kind. There is a <code>ev_fork_set</code> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		1752	believe me.</p>
		1753	</dd>
		1754	</dl>
		1755
		1756
		1757
		1758
		1759
		1760	</div>
		1761	<h1 id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS">OTHER FUNCTIONS</h1>
1229	<div id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">	1762	<div id="OTHER_FUNCTIONS_CONTENT">
1230	<p>There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.</p>	1763	<p>There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.</p>
1231	<dl>	1764	<dl>
1232	<dt>ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)</dt>	1765	<dt>ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)</dt>
1233	<dd>	1766	<dd>
…		…
1280		1813
1281		1814
1282		1815
1283		1816
1284	</div>	1817	</div>
1285	<h1 id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	1818	<h1 id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION">LIBEVENT EMULATION</h1>
1286	<div id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION_CONTENT">	1819	<div id="LIBEVENT_EMULATION_CONTENT">
1287	<p>Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	1820	<p>Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
1288	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:</p>	1821	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:</p>
1289	<dl>	1822	<dl>
1290	<dt>* Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.</dt>	1823	<dt>* Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.</dt>
…		…
1300	<dt>* The libev emulation is <i>not</i> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	1833	<dt>* The libev emulation is <i>not</i> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1301	to use the libev header file and library.</dt>	1834	to use the libev header file and library.</dt>
1302	</dl>	1835	</dl>
1303		1836
1304	</div>	1837	</div>
1305	<h1 id="C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	1838	<h1 id="C_SUPPORT">C++ SUPPORT</h1>
1306	<div id="C_SUPPORT_CONTENT">	1839	<div id="C_SUPPORT_CONTENT">
1307	<p>TBD.</p>	1840	<p>Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
		1841	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
		1842	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.</p>
		1843	<p>To use it,</p>
		1844	<pre> #include <ev++.h>
1308		1845
		1846	</pre>
		1847	<p>This automatically includes <cite>ev.h</cite> and puts all of its definitions (many
		1848	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
		1849	put into the <code>ev</code> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		1850	options as <cite>ev.h</cite>, most notably <code>EV_MULTIPLICITY</code>.</p>
		1851	<p>Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
		1852	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		1853	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		1854	you disable <code>EV_MULTIPLICITY</code> when embedding libev).</p>
		1855	<p>Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		1856	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		1857	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		1858	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		1859	it).</p>
		1860	<p>Here is a list of things available in the <code>ev</code> namespace:</p>
		1861	<dl>
		1862	<dt><code>ev::READ</code>, <code>ev::WRITE</code> etc.</dt>
		1863	<dd>
		1864	<p>These are just enum values with the same values as the <code>EV_READ</code> etc.
		1865	macros from <cite>ev.h</cite>.</p>
		1866	</dd>
		1867	<dt><code>ev::tstamp</code>, <code>ev::now</code></dt>
		1868	<dd>
		1869	<p>Aliases to the same types/functions as with the <code>ev_</code> prefix.</p>
		1870	</dd>
		1871	<dt><code>ev::io</code>, <code>ev::timer</code>, <code>ev::periodic</code>, <code>ev::idle</code>, <code>ev::sig</code> etc.</dt>
		1872	<dd>
		1873	<p>For each <code>ev_TYPE</code> watcher in <cite>ev.h</cite> there is a corresponding class of
		1874	the same name in the <code>ev</code> namespace, with the exception of <code>ev_signal</code>
		1875	which is called <code>ev::sig</code> to avoid clashes with the <code>signal</code> macro
		1876	defines by many implementations.</p>
		1877	<p>All of those classes have these methods:</p>
		1878	<p>
		1879	<dl>
		1880	<dt>ev::TYPE::TYPE ()</dt>
		1881	<dt>ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)</dt>
		1882	<dt>ev::TYPE::~TYPE</dt>
		1883	<dd>
		1884	<p>The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
		1885	with. If it is omitted, it will use <code>EV_DEFAULT</code>.</p>
		1886	<p>The constructor calls <code>ev_init</code> for you, which means you have to call the
		1887	<code>set</code> method before starting it.</p>
		1888	<p>It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated <code>set</code>
		1889	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.</p>
		1890	<p>(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		1891	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).</p>
		1892	<p>The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.</p>
		1893	</dd>
		1894	<dt>w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)</dt>
		1895	<dd>
		1896	<p>This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		1897	signature of <code>void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)</code>, it receives the watcher as
		1898	first argument and the <code>revents</code> as second. The object must be given as
		1899	parameter and is stored in the <code>data</code> member of the watcher.</p>
		1900	<p>This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		1901	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		1902	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the <code>set</code> call and
		1903	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		1904	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.</p>
		1905	<p>Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation</p>
		1906	<pre> struct myclass
		1907	{
		1908	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		1909	}
		1910
		1911	myclass obj;
		1912	ev::io iow;
		1913	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		1914
		1915	</pre>
		1916	</dd>
		1917	<dt>w->set<function> (void *data = 0)</dt>
		1918	<dd>
		1919	<p>Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		1920	callback. The optional <code>data</code> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		1921	<code>data</code> member and is free for you to use.</p>
		1922	<p>The prototype of the <code>function</code> must be <code>void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)</code>.</p>
		1923	<p>See the method-<code>set</code> above for more details.</p>
		1924	<p>Example:</p>
		1925	<pre> static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		1926	iow.set <io_cb> ();
		1927
		1928	</pre>
		1929	</dd>
		1930	<dt>w->set (struct ev_loop *)</dt>
		1931	<dd>
		1932	<p>Associates a different <code>struct ev_loop</code> with this watcher. You can only
		1933	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).</p>
		1934	</dd>
		1935	<dt>w->set ([args])</dt>
		1936	<dd>
		1937	<p>Basically the same as <code>ev_TYPE_set</code>, with the same args. Must be
		1938	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
		1939	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		1940	method.</p>
		1941	</dd>
		1942	<dt>w->start ()</dt>
		1943	<dd>
		1944	<p>Starts the watcher. Note that there is no <code>loop</code> argument, as the
		1945	constructor already stores the event loop.</p>
		1946	</dd>
		1947	<dt>w->stop ()</dt>
		1948	<dd>
		1949	<p>Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no <code>loop</code> argument.</p>
		1950	</dd>
		1951	<dt>w->again () <code>ev::timer</code>, <code>ev::periodic</code> only</dt>
		1952	<dd>
		1953	<p>For <code>ev::timer</code> and <code>ev::periodic</code>, this invokes the corresponding
		1954	<code>ev_TYPE_again</code> function.</p>
		1955	</dd>
		1956	<dt>w->sweep () <code>ev::embed</code> only</dt>
		1957	<dd>
		1958	<p>Invokes <code>ev_embed_sweep</code>.</p>
		1959	</dd>
		1960	<dt>w->update () <code>ev::stat</code> only</dt>
		1961	<dd>
		1962	<p>Invokes <code>ev_stat_stat</code>.</p>
		1963	</dd>
		1964	</dl>
		1965	</p>
		1966	</dd>
		1967	</dl>
		1968	<p>Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
		1969	the constructor.</p>
		1970	<pre> class myclass
		1971	{
		1972	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		1973	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
		1974
		1975	myclass ();
		1976	}
		1977
		1978	myclass::myclass (int fd)
		1979	{
		1980	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		1981	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		1982
		1983	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		1984	}
		1985
		1986
		1987
		1988
		1989	</pre>
		1990
1309	</div>	1991	</div>
1310	<h1 id="AUTHOR">AUTHOR</h1><p><a href="#TOP" class="toplink">Top</a></p>	1992	<h1 id="MACRO_MAGIC">MACRO MAGIC</h1>
		1993	<div id="MACRO_MAGIC_CONTENT">
		1994	<p>Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
		1995	<code>EV_MULTIPLICITY</code>. This option determines whether (most) functions and
		1996	callbacks have an initial <code>struct ev_loop *</code> argument.</p>
		1997	<p>To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
		1998	following macros are defined:</p>
		1999	<dl>
		2000	<dt><code>EV_A</code>, <code>EV_A_</code></dt>
		2001	<dd>
		2002	<p>This provides the loop <i>argument</i> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2003	loop argument"). The <code>EV_A</code> form is used when this is the sole argument,
		2004	<code>EV_A_</code> is used when other arguments are following. Example:</p>
		2005	<pre> ev_unref (EV_A);
		2006	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
		2007	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2008
		2009	</pre>
		2010	<p>It assumes the variable <code>loop</code> of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code> is in scope,
		2011	which is often provided by the following macro.</p>
		2012	</dd>
		2013	<dt><code>EV_P</code>, <code>EV_P_</code></dt>
		2014	<dd>
		2015	<p>This provides the loop <i>parameter</i> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2016	loop parameter"). The <code>EV_P</code> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
		2017	<code>EV_P_</code> is used when other parameters are following. Example:</p>
		2018	<pre> // this is how ev_unref is being declared
		2019	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
		2020
		2021	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
		2022	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2023
		2024	</pre>
		2025	<p>It declares a parameter <code>loop</code> of type <code>struct ev_loop *</code>, quite
		2026	suitable for use with <code>EV_A</code>.</p>
		2027	</dd>
		2028	<dt><code>EV_DEFAULT</code>, <code>EV_DEFAULT_</code></dt>
		2029	<dd>
		2030	<p>Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
		2031	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").</p>
		2032	</dd>
		2033	</dl>
		2034	<p>Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
		2035	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2036	or not.</p>
		2037	<pre> static void
		2038	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2039	{
		2040	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2041	}
		2042
		2043	ev_check check;
		2044	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
		2045	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
		2046	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
		2047
		2048	</pre>
		2049
		2050	</div>
		2051	<h1 id="EMBEDDING">EMBEDDING</h1>
		2052	<div id="EMBEDDING_CONTENT">
		2053	<p>Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
		2054	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
		2055	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
		2056	and rxvt-unicode.</p>
		2057	<p>The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your
		2058	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
		2059	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
		2060	libev somewhere in your source tree).</p>
		2061
		2062	</div>
		2063	<h2 id="FILESETS">FILESETS</h2>
		2064	<div id="FILESETS_CONTENT">
		2065	<p>Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
		2066	in your app.</p>
		2067
		2068	</div>
		2069	<h3 id="CORE_EVENT_LOOP">CORE EVENT LOOP</h3>
		2070	<div id="CORE_EVENT_LOOP_CONTENT">
		2071	<p>To include only the libev core (all the <code>ev_*</code> functions), with manual
		2072	configuration (no autoconf):</p>
		2073	<pre> #define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2074	#include "ev.c"
		2075
		2076	</pre>
		2077	<p>This will automatically include <cite>ev.h</cite>, too, and should be done in a
		2078	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
		2079	it, do the same for <cite>ev.h</cite> in all files wishing to use this API (best
		2080	done by writing a wrapper around <cite>ev.h</cite> that you can include instead and
		2081	where you can put other configuration options):</p>
		2082	<pre> #define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2083	#include "ev.h"
		2084
		2085	</pre>
		2086	<p>Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
		2087	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
		2088	as a bug).</p>
		2089	<p>You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
		2090	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):</p>
		2091	<pre> ev.h
		2092	ev.c
		2093	ev_vars.h
		2094	ev_wrap.h
		2095
		2096	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
		2097
		2098	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
		2099	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2100	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2101	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2102	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2103
		2104	</pre>
		2105	<p><cite>ev.c</cite> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
		2106	to compile this single file.</p>
		2107
		2108	</div>
		2109	<h3 id="LIBEVENT_COMPATIBILITY_API">LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API</h3>
		2110	<div id="LIBEVENT_COMPATIBILITY_API_CONTENT">
		2111	<p>To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:</p>
		2112	<pre> #include "event.c"
		2113
		2114	</pre>
		2115	<p>in the file including <cite>ev.c</cite>, and:</p>
		2116	<pre> #include "event.h"
		2117
		2118	</pre>
		2119	<p>in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes <cite>ev.h</cite>.</p>
		2120	<p>You need the following additional files for this:</p>
		2121	<pre> event.h
		2122	event.c
		2123
		2124	</pre>
		2125
		2126	</div>
		2127	<h3 id="AUTOCONF_SUPPORT">AUTOCONF SUPPORT</h3>
		2128	<div id="AUTOCONF_SUPPORT_CONTENT">
		2129	<p>Instead of using <code>EV_STANDALONE=1</code> and providing your config in
		2130	whatever way you want, you can also <code>m4_include([libev.m4])</code> in your
		2131	<cite>configure.ac</cite> and leave <code>EV_STANDALONE</code> undefined. <cite>ev.c</cite> will then
		2132	include <cite>config.h</cite> and configure itself accordingly.</p>
		2133	<p>For this of course you need the m4 file:</p>
		2134	<pre> libev.m4
		2135
		2136	</pre>
		2137
		2138	</div>
		2139	<h2 id="PREPROCESSOR_SYMBOLS_MACROS">PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS</h2>
		2140	<div id="PREPROCESSOR_SYMBOLS_MACROS_CONTENT">
		2141	<p>Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define
		2142	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity
		2143	and only include the select backend.</p>
		2144	<dl>
		2145	<dt>EV_STANDALONE</dt>
		2146	<dd>
		2147	<p>Must always be <code>1</code> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
		2148	keeps libev from including <cite>config.h</cite>, and it also defines dummy
		2149	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
		2150	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
		2151	<cite>event.h</cite> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.</p>
		2152	</dd>
		2153	<dt>EV_USE_MONOTONIC</dt>
		2154	<dd>
		2155	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2156	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
		2157	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
		2158	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
		2159	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have
		2160	to make sure you link against any libraries where the <code>clock_gettime</code>
		2161	function is hiding in (often <cite>-lrt</cite>).</p>
		2162	</dd>
		2163	<dt>EV_USE_REALTIME</dt>
		2164	<dd>
		2165	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2166	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
		2167	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
		2168	be attempted. This effectively replaces <code>gettimeofday</code> by <code>clock_get
		2169	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)</code> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries
		2170	in the description of <code>EV_USE_MONOTONIC</code>, though.</p>
		2171	</dd>
		2172	<dt>EV_USE_SELECT</dt>
		2173	<dd>
		2174	<p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the
		2175	<code>select</code>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
		2176	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
		2177	will not be compiled in.</p>
		2178	</dd>
		2179	<dt>EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET</dt>
		2180	<dd>
		2181	<p>If defined to <code>1</code>, then the select backend will use the system <code>fd_set</code>
		2182	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
		2183	<code>NFDBITS</code> or <code>fd_mask</code> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on
		2184	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
		2185	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
		2186	allows 64 sockets). The <code>FD_SETSIZE</code> macro, set before compilation, might
		2187	influence the size of the <code>fd_set</code> used.</p>
		2188	</dd>
		2189	<dt>EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET</dt>
		2190	<dd>
		2191	<p>When defined to <code>1</code>, the select backend will assume that
		2192	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
		2193	wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to
		2194	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
		2195	<code>_get_osfhandle</code> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
		2196	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
		2197	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.</p>
		2198	</dd>
		2199	<dt>EV_USE_POLL</dt>
		2200	<dd>
		2201	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the <code>poll</code>(2)
		2202	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
		2203	takes precedence over select.</p>
		2204	</dd>
		2205	<dt>EV_USE_EPOLL</dt>
		2206	<dd>
		2207	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		2208	<code>epoll</code>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2209	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
		2210	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.</p>
		2211	</dd>
		2212	<dt>EV_USE_KQUEUE</dt>
		2213	<dd>
		2214	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
		2215	<code>kqueue</code>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
		2216	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2217	backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
		2218	supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that
		2219	supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but
		2220	not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find
		2221	out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded
		2222	kqueue loop.</p>
		2223	</dd>
		2224	<dt>EV_USE_PORT</dt>
		2225	<dd>
		2226	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the Solaris
		2227	10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2228	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2229	backend for Solaris 10 systems.</p>
		2230	</dd>
		2231	<dt>EV_USE_DEVPOLL</dt>
		2232	<dd>
		2233	<p>reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.</p>
		2234	</dd>
		2235	<dt>EV_USE_INOTIFY</dt>
		2236	<dd>
		2237	<p>If defined to be <code>1</code>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
		2238	interface to speed up <code>ev_stat</code> watchers. Its actual availability will
		2239	be detected at runtime.</p>
		2240	</dd>
		2241	<dt>EV_H</dt>
		2242	<dd>
		2243	<p>The name of the <cite>ev.h</cite> header file used to include it. The default if
		2244	undefined is <code><ev.h></code> in <cite>event.h</cite> and <code>"ev.h"</code> in <cite>ev.c</cite>. This
		2245	can be used to virtually rename the <cite>ev.h</cite> header file in case of conflicts.</p>
		2246	</dd>
		2247	<dt>EV_CONFIG_H</dt>
		2248	<dd>
		2249	<p>If <code>EV_STANDALONE</code> isn't <code>1</code>, this variable can be used to override
		2250	<cite>ev.c</cite>'s idea of where to find the <cite>config.h</cite> file, similarly to
		2251	<code>EV_H</code>, above.</p>
		2252	</dd>
		2253	<dt>EV_EVENT_H</dt>
		2254	<dd>
		2255	<p>Similarly to <code>EV_H</code>, this macro can be used to override <cite>event.c</cite>'s idea
		2256	of how the <cite>event.h</cite> header can be found.</p>
		2257	</dd>
		2258	<dt>EV_PROTOTYPES</dt>
		2259	<dd>
		2260	<p>If defined to be <code>0</code>, then <cite>ev.h</cite> will not define any function
		2261	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
		2262	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
		2263	around libev functions.</p>
		2264	</dd>
		2265	<dt>EV_MULTIPLICITY</dt>
		2266	<dd>
		2267	<p>If undefined or defined to <code>1</code>, then all event-loop-specific functions
		2268	will have the <code>struct ev_loop *</code> as first argument, and you can create
		2269	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
		2270	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
		2271	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.</p>
		2272	</dd>
		2273	<dt>EV_MINPRI</dt>
		2274	<dt>EV_MAXPRI</dt>
		2275	<dd>
		2276	<p>The range of allowed priorities. <code>EV_MINPRI</code> must be smaller or equal to
		2277	<code>EV_MAXPRI</code>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2278	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2279	to be <code>-2</code> and <code>2</code>, respectively).</p>
		2280	<p>When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2281	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2282	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2283	fine.</p>
		2284	<p>If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2285	<code>0</code> will save some memory and cpu.</p>
		2286	</dd>
		2287	<dt>EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE</dt>
		2288	<dd>
		2289	<p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then periodic timers are supported. If
		2290	defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2291	code.</p>
		2292	</dd>
		2293	<dt>EV_IDLE_ENABLE</dt>
		2294	<dd>
		2295	<p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		2296	defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2297	code.</p>
		2298	</dd>
		2299	<dt>EV_EMBED_ENABLE</dt>
		2300	<dd>
		2301	<p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then embed watchers are supported. If
		2302	defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not.</p>
		2303	</dd>
		2304	<dt>EV_STAT_ENABLE</dt>
		2305	<dd>
		2306	<p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then stat watchers are supported. If
		2307	defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not.</p>
		2308	</dd>
		2309	<dt>EV_FORK_ENABLE</dt>
		2310	<dd>
		2311	<p>If undefined or defined to be <code>1</code>, then fork watchers are supported. If
		2312	defined to be <code>0</code>, then they are not.</p>
		2313	</dd>
		2314	<dt>EV_MINIMAL</dt>
		2315	<dd>
		2316	<p>If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
		2317	speed, define this symbol to <code>1</code>. Currently only used for gcc to override
		2318	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.</p>
		2319	</dd>
		2320	<dt>EV_PID_HASHSIZE</dt>
		2321	<dd>
		2322	<p><code>ev_child</code> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2323	pid. The default size is <code>16</code> (or <code>1</code> with <code>EV_MINIMAL</code>), usually more
		2324	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
		2325	increase this value (<i>must</i> be a power of two).</p>
		2326	</dd>
		2327	<dt>EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE</dt>
		2328	<dd>
		2329	<p><code>ev_staz</code> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2330	inotify watch id. The default size is <code>16</code> (or <code>1</code> with <code>EV_MINIMAL</code>),
		2331	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of <code>ev_stat</code>
		2332	watchers you might want to increase this value (<i>must</i> be a power of
		2333	two).</p>
		2334	</dd>
		2335	<dt>EV_COMMON</dt>
		2336	<dd>
		2337	<p>By default, all watchers have a <code>void *data</code> member. By redefining
		2338	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
		2339	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
		2340	though, and it must be identical each time.</p>
		2341	<p>For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:</p>
		2342	<pre> #define EV_COMMON \
		2343	SV self; / contains this struct */ \
		2344	SV cb_sv, fh /* note no trailing ";" */
		2345
		2346	</pre>
		2347	</dd>
		2348	<dt>EV_CB_DECLARE (type)</dt>
		2349	<dt>EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)</dt>
		2350	<dt>ev_set_cb (ev, cb)</dt>
		2351	<dd>
		2352	<p>Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
		2353	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
		2354	definition and a statement, respectively. See the <cite>ev.v</cite> header file for
		2355	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
		2356	avoid the <code>struct ev_loop *</code> as first argument in all cases, or to use
		2357	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.</p>
		2358
		2359	</div>
		2360	<h2 id="EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</h2>
		2361	<div id="EXAMPLES_CONTENT">
		2362	<p>For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
		2363	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
		2364	(<a href="http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html">http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html</a>). It has the libev files in
		2365	the <cite>libev/</cite> subdirectory and includes them in the <cite>EV/EVAPI.h</cite> (public
		2366	interface) and <cite>EV.xs</cite> (implementation) files. Only the <cite>EV.xs</cite> file
		2367	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
		2368	file.</p>
		2369	<p>The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a <cite>ev_cpp.h</cite> header file
		2370	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:</p>
		2371	<pre> #define EV_MINIMAL 1
		2372	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
		2373	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
		2374	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		2375	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		2376	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
		2377	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		2378	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		2379	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
		2380
		2381	#include "ev++.h"
		2382
		2383	</pre>
		2384	<p>And a <cite>ev_cpp.C</cite> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:</p>
		2385	<pre> #include "ev_cpp.h"
		2386	#include "ev.c"
		2387
		2388
		2389
		2390
		2391	</pre>
		2392
		2393	</div>
		2394	<h1 id="COMPLEXITIES">COMPLEXITIES</h1>
		2395	<div id="COMPLEXITIES_CONTENT">
		2396	<p>In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		2397	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
		2398	documentation for <code>ev_default_init</code>.</p>
		2399	<p>All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		2400	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		2401	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		2402	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		2403	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.</p>
		2404	<p>
		2405	<dl>
		2406	<dt>Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)</dt>
		2407	<dd>
		2408	<p>This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		2409	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		2410	have to skip those 100 watchers.</p>
		2411	</dd>
		2412	<dt>Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)</dt>
		2413	<dd>
		2414	<p>That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		2415	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.</p>
		2416	</dd>
		2417	<dt>Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)</dt>
		2418	<dd>
		2419	<p>These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		2420	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)</p>
		2421	</dd>
		2422	<dt>Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))</dt>
		2423	<dd>
		2424	<p>These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		2425	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		2426	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).</p>
		2427	</dd>
		2428	<dt>Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)</dt>
		2429	<dt>Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)</dt>
		2430	<dd>
		2431	<p>A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		2432	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).</p>
		2433	</dd>
		2434	<dt>Activating one watcher: O(1)</dt>
		2435	<dt>Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)</dt>
		2436	<dd>
		2437	<p>Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		2438	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		2439	linearly search all the priorities.</p>
		2440	</dd>
		2441	</dl>
		2442	</p>
		2443
		2444
		2445
		2446
		2447
		2448	</div>
		2449	<h1 id="AUTHOR">AUTHOR</h1>
1311	<div id="AUTHOR_CONTENT">	2450	<div id="AUTHOR_CONTENT">
1312	<p>Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.</p>	2451	<p>Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.</p>
1313		2452
1314	</div>	2453	</div>
1315	</div></body>	2454	</div></body>
1316	</html>	2455	</html>

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