… | |
… | |
3 | libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C |
3 | libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C |
4 | |
4 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
6 | |
7 | #include <ev.h> |
7 | #include <ev.h> |
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8 | |
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9 | =head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
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10 | |
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11 | #include <ev.h> |
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12 | |
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13 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
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14 | ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
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15 | |
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16 | /* called when data readable on stdin */ |
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17 | static void |
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18 | stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
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19 | { |
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20 | /* puts ("stdin ready"); */ |
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21 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */ |
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22 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */ |
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23 | } |
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24 | |
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25 | static void |
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26 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
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27 | { |
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28 | /* puts ("timeout"); */ |
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29 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */ |
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30 | } |
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31 | |
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32 | int |
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33 | main (void) |
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34 | { |
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35 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
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36 | |
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37 | /* initialise an io watcher, then start it */ |
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38 | ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ); |
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39 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
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40 | |
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41 | /* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */ |
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42 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
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43 | ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
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44 | |
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45 | /* loop till timeout or data ready */ |
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46 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
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47 | |
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48 | return 0; |
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49 | } |
8 | |
50 | |
9 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
51 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
10 | |
52 | |
11 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
53 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
12 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage |
54 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage |
… | |
… | |
21 | details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the |
63 | details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the |
22 | watcher. |
64 | watcher. |
23 | |
65 | |
24 | =head1 FEATURES |
66 | =head1 FEATURES |
25 | |
67 | |
26 | Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific |
68 | Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the |
27 | kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute |
69 | BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
28 | timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change |
70 | for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface |
29 | events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event |
71 | (for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers |
30 | loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite |
72 | with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals |
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73 | (C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event |
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74 | watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, |
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75 | C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as |
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76 | file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events |
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77 | (C<ev_fork>). |
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78 | |
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79 | It also is quite fast (see this |
31 | fast (see this L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing |
80 | L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent |
32 | it to libevent for example). |
81 | for example). |
33 | |
82 | |
34 | =head1 CONVENTIONS |
83 | =head1 CONVENTIONS |
35 | |
84 | |
36 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration |
85 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will |
37 | will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info |
86 | be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about |
38 | about various configuration options please have a look at the file |
87 | various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in |
39 | F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without |
88 | this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event |
40 | support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial |
89 | loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop> |
41 | argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) |
90 | (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument. |
42 | will not have this argument. |
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43 | |
91 | |
44 | =head1 TIME REPRESENTATION |
92 | =head1 TIME REPRESENTATION |
45 | |
93 | |
46 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the |
94 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the |
47 | (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near |
95 | (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near |
… | |
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76 | Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch, |
124 | Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch, |
77 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
125 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
78 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
126 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
79 | not a problem. |
127 | not a problem. |
80 | |
128 | |
81 | Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
129 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
82 | version: |
130 | version. |
83 | |
131 | |
84 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
132 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
85 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
133 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
86 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
134 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
87 | |
135 | |
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117 | |
165 | |
118 | See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
166 | See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
119 | |
167 | |
120 | =item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) |
168 | =item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) |
121 | |
169 | |
122 | Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the |
170 | Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the |
123 | realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate |
171 | semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to |
124 | and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory |
172 | allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when |
125 | needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially |
173 | memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some |
126 | destructive action. The default is your system realloc function. |
174 | potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc |
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175 | function. |
127 | |
176 | |
128 | You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, |
177 | You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, |
129 | free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, |
178 | free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, |
130 | or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. |
179 | or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. |
131 | |
180 | |
132 | Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then |
181 | Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then |
133 | retries: better than mine). |
182 | retries). |
134 | |
183 | |
135 | static void * |
184 | static void * |
136 | persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size) |
185 | persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size) |
137 | { |
186 | { |
138 | for (;;) |
187 | for (;;) |
139 | { |
188 | { |
140 | void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); |
189 | void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); |
141 | |
190 | |
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157 | callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no |
206 | callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no |
158 | matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the |
207 | matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the |
159 | requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff |
208 | requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff |
160 | (such as abort). |
209 | (such as abort). |
161 | |
210 | |
162 | Example: do the same thing as libev does internally: |
211 | Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too. |
163 | |
212 | |
164 | static void |
213 | static void |
165 | fatal_error (const char *msg) |
214 | fatal_error (const char *msg) |
166 | { |
215 | { |
167 | perror (msg); |
216 | perror (msg); |
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217 | C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will |
266 | C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will |
218 | override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is |
267 | override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is |
219 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
268 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
220 | around bugs. |
269 | around bugs. |
221 | |
270 | |
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271 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
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272 | |
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273 | Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after |
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274 | a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by |
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275 | enabling this flag. |
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276 | |
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277 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
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278 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
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279 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
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280 | Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
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281 | without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has |
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282 | C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster). |
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283 | |
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284 | The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and |
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285 | forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this |
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286 | flag. |
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287 | |
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288 | This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> |
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289 | environment variable. |
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290 | |
222 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
291 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
223 | |
292 | |
224 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
293 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
225 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
294 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
226 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
295 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
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313 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
382 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
314 | always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot |
383 | always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot |
315 | handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by |
384 | handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by |
316 | undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). |
385 | undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). |
317 | |
386 | |
318 | Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
387 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
319 | |
388 | |
320 | struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
389 | struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
321 | if (!epoller) |
390 | if (!epoller) |
322 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
391 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
323 | |
392 | |
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360 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
429 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
361 | |
430 | |
362 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
431 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
363 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
432 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
364 | after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem. |
433 | after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem. |
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434 | |
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435 | =item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop) |
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436 | |
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437 | Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to |
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438 | the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and |
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439 | happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
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440 | |
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441 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
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442 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
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443 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls. |
365 | |
444 | |
366 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
445 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
367 | |
446 | |
368 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
447 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
369 | use. |
448 | use. |
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422 | Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
501 | Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
423 | be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
502 | be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
424 | - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK |
503 | - If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK |
425 | were used, return, otherwise continue with step *. |
504 | were used, return, otherwise continue with step *. |
426 | |
505 | |
427 | Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding |
506 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding |
428 | anymore. |
507 | anymore. |
429 | |
508 | |
430 | ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
509 | ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
431 | ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
510 | ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
432 | ev_loop (my_loop, 0); |
511 | ev_loop (my_loop, 0); |
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452 | visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if |
531 | visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if |
453 | no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent |
532 | no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent |
454 | way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party |
533 | way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party |
455 | libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>. |
534 | libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>. |
456 | |
535 | |
457 | Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
536 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
458 | running when nothing else is active. |
537 | running when nothing else is active. |
459 | |
538 | |
460 | struct dv_signal exitsig; |
539 | struct ev_signal exitsig; |
461 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
540 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
462 | ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig); |
541 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
463 | evf_unref (myloop); |
542 | evf_unref (loop); |
464 | |
543 | |
465 | Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
544 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
466 | |
545 | |
467 | ev_ref (myloop); |
546 | ev_ref (loop); |
468 | ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig); |
547 | ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig); |
469 | |
548 | |
470 | =back |
549 | =back |
471 | |
550 | |
472 | |
551 | |
473 | =head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER |
552 | =head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER |
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656 | events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher |
735 | events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher |
657 | is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but |
736 | is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but |
658 | C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to |
737 | C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to |
659 | libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it). |
738 | libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it). |
660 | |
739 | |
661 | =item callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
740 | =item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
662 | |
741 | |
663 | Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. |
742 | Returns the callback currently set on the watcher. |
664 | |
743 | |
665 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
744 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
666 | |
745 | |
667 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
746 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
668 | (modulo threads). |
747 | (modulo threads). |
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748 | |
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749 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority) |
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750 | |
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751 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
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752 | |
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753 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
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754 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
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755 | (default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked |
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756 | before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers |
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757 | from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers). |
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758 | |
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759 | This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback |
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760 | invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for |
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761 | example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two |
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762 | watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first. |
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763 | |
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764 | If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending |
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765 | you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality. |
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766 | |
|
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767 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
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768 | always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
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769 | |
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770 | Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is |
|
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771 | fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might |
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772 | or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range. |
669 | |
773 | |
670 | =back |
774 | =back |
671 | |
775 | |
672 | |
776 | |
673 | =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER |
777 | =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER |
… | |
… | |
694 | { |
798 | { |
695 | struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
799 | struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
696 | ... |
800 | ... |
697 | } |
801 | } |
698 | |
802 | |
699 | More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type |
803 | More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type |
700 | have been omitted.... |
804 | instead have been omitted. |
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805 | |
|
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806 | Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple |
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807 | watchers: |
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808 | |
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809 | struct my_biggy |
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810 | { |
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811 | int some_data; |
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812 | ev_timer t1; |
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813 | ev_timer t2; |
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814 | } |
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815 | |
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816 | In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated, |
|
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817 | you need to use C<offsetof>: |
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818 | |
|
|
819 | #include <stddef.h> |
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820 | |
|
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821 | static void |
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822 | t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
|
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823 | { |
|
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824 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
|
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825 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1)); |
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826 | } |
|
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827 | |
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828 | static void |
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829 | t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
|
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830 | { |
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831 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
|
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832 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
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833 | } |
701 | |
834 | |
702 | |
835 | |
703 | =head1 WATCHER TYPES |
836 | =head1 WATCHER TYPES |
704 | |
837 | |
705 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
838 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
… | |
… | |
750 | it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning |
883 | it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning |
751 | C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives. |
884 | C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives. |
752 | |
885 | |
753 | If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not |
886 | If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not |
754 | play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test |
887 | play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test |
755 | wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface |
888 | whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface |
756 | such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on |
889 | such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on |
757 | its own, so its quite safe to use). |
890 | its own, so its quite safe to use). |
758 | |
891 | |
759 | =over 4 |
892 | =over 4 |
760 | |
893 | |
… | |
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774 | |
907 | |
775 | The events being watched. |
908 | The events being watched. |
776 | |
909 | |
777 | =back |
910 | =back |
778 | |
911 | |
779 | Example: call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well |
912 | Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well |
780 | readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
913 | readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
781 | attempt to read a whole line in the callback: |
914 | attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
782 | |
915 | |
783 | static void |
916 | static void |
784 | stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
917 | stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
785 | { |
918 | { |
786 | ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
919 | ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
… | |
… | |
838 | =item ev_timer_again (loop) |
971 | =item ev_timer_again (loop) |
839 | |
972 | |
840 | This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is |
973 | This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is |
841 | repeating. The exact semantics are: |
974 | repeating. The exact semantics are: |
842 | |
975 | |
|
|
976 | If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared. |
|
|
977 | |
843 | If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it. |
978 | If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out). |
844 | |
979 | |
845 | If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat |
980 | If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the |
846 | value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value. |
981 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
847 | |
982 | |
848 | This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical |
983 | This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical |
849 | example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called |
984 | example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle |
850 | idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, |
985 | timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60 |
851 | say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do |
986 | seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to |
852 | this is to configure an C<ev_timer> with C<after>=C<repeat>=C<60> and calling |
987 | configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call |
853 | C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If |
988 | C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If |
854 | you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the |
989 | you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the |
855 | socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if |
990 | socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will |
856 | need be. |
991 | automatically restart it if need be. |
857 | |
992 | |
858 | You can also ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> altogether |
993 | That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> |
859 | and only ever use the C<repeat> value: |
994 | altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>: |
860 | |
995 | |
861 | ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); |
996 | ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); |
862 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
997 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
863 | ... |
998 | ... |
864 | timer->again = 17.; |
999 | timer->again = 17.; |
865 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
1000 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
866 | ... |
1001 | ... |
867 | timer->again = 10.; |
1002 | timer->again = 10.; |
868 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
1003 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
869 | |
1004 | |
870 | This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want |
1005 | This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
871 | to modify its timeout value. |
1006 | you want to modify its timeout value. |
872 | |
1007 | |
873 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
1008 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
874 | |
1009 | |
875 | The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
1010 | The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
876 | or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any), |
1011 | or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any), |
877 | which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
1012 | which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
878 | |
1013 | |
879 | =back |
1014 | =back |
880 | |
1015 | |
881 | Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
1016 | Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
882 | |
1017 | |
883 | static void |
1018 | static void |
884 | one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1019 | one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
885 | { |
1020 | { |
886 | .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
1021 | .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
… | |
… | |
888 | |
1023 | |
889 | struct ev_timer mytimer; |
1024 | struct ev_timer mytimer; |
890 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
1025 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
891 | ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
1026 | ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
892 | |
1027 | |
893 | Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
1028 | Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
894 | inactivity. |
1029 | inactivity. |
895 | |
1030 | |
896 | static void |
1031 | static void |
897 | timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1032 | timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
898 | { |
1033 | { |
… | |
… | |
1023 | switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
1158 | switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
1024 | the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called. |
1159 | the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called. |
1025 | |
1160 | |
1026 | =back |
1161 | =back |
1027 | |
1162 | |
1028 | Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
1163 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
1029 | system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
1164 | system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
1030 | potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability. |
1165 | potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability. |
1031 | |
1166 | |
1032 | static void |
1167 | static void |
1033 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
1168 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
… | |
… | |
1037 | |
1172 | |
1038 | struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1173 | struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1039 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
1174 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
1040 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1175 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1041 | |
1176 | |
1042 | Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
1177 | Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
1043 | |
1178 | |
1044 | #include <math.h> |
1179 | #include <math.h> |
1045 | |
1180 | |
1046 | static ev_tstamp |
1181 | static ev_tstamp |
1047 | my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
1182 | my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
… | |
… | |
1049 | return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.; |
1184 | return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.; |
1050 | } |
1185 | } |
1051 | |
1186 | |
1052 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); |
1187 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); |
1053 | |
1188 | |
1054 | Example: call a callback every hour, starting now: |
1189 | Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now: |
1055 | |
1190 | |
1056 | struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1191 | struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1057 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
1192 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
1058 | fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
1193 | fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
1059 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1194 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
… | |
… | |
1120 | The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems |
1255 | The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems |
1121 | C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details). |
1256 | C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details). |
1122 | |
1257 | |
1123 | =back |
1258 | =back |
1124 | |
1259 | |
1125 | Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM. |
1260 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM. |
1126 | |
1261 | |
1127 | static void |
1262 | static void |
1128 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) |
1263 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) |
1129 | { |
1264 | { |
1130 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
1265 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
… | |
… | |
1145 | not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does |
1280 | not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does |
1146 | not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is |
1281 | not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is |
1147 | otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of |
1282 | otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of |
1148 | the stat buffer having unspecified contents. |
1283 | the stat buffer having unspecified contents. |
1149 | |
1284 | |
|
|
1285 | The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is |
|
|
1286 | relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined. |
|
|
1287 | |
1150 | Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply |
1288 | Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply |
1151 | calls C<stat (2)> regulalry on the path to see if it changed somehow. You |
1289 | calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You |
1152 | can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify |
1290 | can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify |
1153 | a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable, |
1291 | a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable, |
1154 | unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around |
1292 | unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around |
1155 | five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also |
1293 | five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also |
1156 | impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats |
1294 | impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats |
… | |
… | |
1158 | |
1296 | |
1159 | This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, |
1297 | This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, |
1160 | as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be |
1298 | as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be |
1161 | resource-intensive. |
1299 | resource-intensive. |
1162 | |
1300 | |
1163 | At the time of this writing, no specific OS backends are implemented, but |
1301 | At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is |
1164 | if demand increases, at least a kqueue and inotify backend will be added. |
1302 | implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the |
|
|
1303 | reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the |
|
|
1304 | semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs |
|
|
1305 | to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are |
|
|
1306 | usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no |
|
|
1307 | polling. |
1165 | |
1308 | |
1166 | =over 4 |
1309 | =over 4 |
1167 | |
1310 | |
1168 | =item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval) |
1311 | =item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval) |
1169 | |
1312 | |
… | |
… | |
1233 | ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
1376 | ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd); |
1234 | |
1377 | |
1235 | |
1378 | |
1236 | =head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do... |
1379 | =head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do... |
1237 | |
1380 | |
1238 | Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending |
1381 | Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher |
1239 | (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long |
1382 | priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not |
1240 | as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals, |
1383 | count). |
1241 | imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle |
1384 | |
1242 | watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration - |
1385 | That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts |
|
|
1386 | (or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be |
|
|
1387 | triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers |
|
|
1388 | are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop |
1243 | until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes |
1389 | iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events |
1244 | busy. |
1390 | and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff. |
1245 | |
1391 | |
1246 | The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are |
1392 | The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are |
1247 | active, the process will not block when waiting for new events. |
1393 | active, the process will not block when waiting for new events. |
1248 | |
1394 | |
1249 | Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful |
1395 | Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful |
… | |
… | |
1259 | kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
1405 | kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
1260 | believe me. |
1406 | believe me. |
1261 | |
1407 | |
1262 | =back |
1408 | =back |
1263 | |
1409 | |
1264 | Example: dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle>, start it, and in the |
1410 | Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the |
1265 | callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual. |
1411 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
1266 | |
1412 | |
1267 | static void |
1413 | static void |
1268 | idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) |
1414 | idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) |
1269 | { |
1415 | { |
1270 | free (w); |
1416 | free (w); |
… | |
… | |
1349 | |
1495 | |
1350 | // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
1496 | // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
1351 | static void |
1497 | static void |
1352 | adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
1498 | adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
1353 | { |
1499 | { |
1354 | int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
1500 | int timeout = 3600000; |
|
|
1501 | struct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
1355 | // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc. |
1502 | // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc. |
1356 | adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ())); |
1503 | adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ())); |
1357 | |
1504 | |
1358 | /* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */ |
1505 | /* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */ |
1359 | ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3); |
1506 | ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3); |
… | |
… | |
1697 | |
1844 | |
1698 | |
1845 | |
1699 | =head1 MACRO MAGIC |
1846 | =head1 MACRO MAGIC |
1700 | |
1847 | |
1701 | Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is |
1848 | Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is |
1702 | C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and |
1849 | C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most) functions and |
1703 | callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument. |
1850 | callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument. |
1704 | |
1851 | |
1705 | To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the |
1852 | To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the |
1706 | following macros are defined: |
1853 | following macros are defined: |
1707 | |
1854 | |
… | |
… | |
1740 | Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default |
1887 | Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default |
1741 | loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). |
1888 | loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). |
1742 | |
1889 | |
1743 | =back |
1890 | =back |
1744 | |
1891 | |
1745 | Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of |
1892 | Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above |
1746 | wether multiple loops are supported or not. |
1893 | macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported |
|
|
1894 | or not. |
1747 | |
1895 | |
1748 | static void |
1896 | static void |
1749 | check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1897 | check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1750 | { |
1898 | { |
1751 | ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1899 | ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w); |
… | |
… | |
1753 | |
1901 | |
1754 | ev_check check; |
1902 | ev_check check; |
1755 | ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
1903 | ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
1756 | ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
1904 | ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
1757 | ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
1905 | ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
1758 | |
|
|
1759 | |
1906 | |
1760 | =head1 EMBEDDING |
1907 | =head1 EMBEDDING |
1761 | |
1908 | |
1762 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
1909 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
1763 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
1910 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
… | |
… | |
1803 | ev_vars.h |
1950 | ev_vars.h |
1804 | ev_wrap.h |
1951 | ev_wrap.h |
1805 | |
1952 | |
1806 | ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only |
1953 | ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only |
1807 | |
1954 | |
1808 | ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default) |
1955 | ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default) |
1809 | ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1956 | ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1810 | ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1957 | ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1811 | ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1958 | ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1812 | ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1959 | ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default) |
1813 | |
1960 | |
… | |
… | |
1938 | |
2085 | |
1939 | =item EV_USE_DEVPOLL |
2086 | =item EV_USE_DEVPOLL |
1940 | |
2087 | |
1941 | reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above. |
2088 | reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above. |
1942 | |
2089 | |
|
|
2090 | =item EV_USE_INOTIFY |
|
|
2091 | |
|
|
2092 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify |
|
|
2093 | interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will |
|
|
2094 | be detected at runtime. |
|
|
2095 | |
1943 | =item EV_H |
2096 | =item EV_H |
1944 | |
2097 | |
1945 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
2098 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
1946 | undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This |
2099 | undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This |
1947 | can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
2100 | can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
… | |
… | |
1976 | |
2129 | |
1977 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If |
2130 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If |
1978 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
2131 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
1979 | code. |
2132 | code. |
1980 | |
2133 | |
|
|
2134 | =item EV_IDLE_ENABLE |
|
|
2135 | |
|
|
2136 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If |
|
|
2137 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
|
|
2138 | code. |
|
|
2139 | |
1981 | =item EV_EMBED_ENABLE |
2140 | =item EV_EMBED_ENABLE |
1982 | |
2141 | |
1983 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If |
2142 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If |
1984 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
2143 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
1985 | |
2144 | |
… | |
… | |
2002 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
2161 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
2003 | |
2162 | |
2004 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
2163 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
2005 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more |
2164 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more |
2006 | than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to |
2165 | than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to |
2007 | increase this value. |
2166 | increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
|
|
2167 | |
|
|
2168 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
|
|
2169 | |
|
|
2170 | C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
|
|
2171 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), |
|
|
2172 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat> |
|
|
2173 | watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of |
|
|
2174 | two). |
2008 | |
2175 | |
2009 | =item EV_COMMON |
2176 | =item EV_COMMON |
2010 | |
2177 | |
2011 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
2178 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
2012 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
2179 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
… | |
… | |
2041 | interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file |
2208 | interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file |
2042 | will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header |
2209 | will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header |
2043 | file. |
2210 | file. |
2044 | |
2211 | |
2045 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
2212 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
2046 | that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices: |
2213 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
2047 | |
2214 | |
|
|
2215 | #define EV_MINIMAL 1 |
2048 | #define EV_USE_POLL 0 |
2216 | #define EV_USE_POLL 0 |
2049 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 |
2217 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 |
2050 | #define EV_PERIODICS 0 |
2218 | #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0 |
|
|
2219 | #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0 |
|
|
2220 | #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0 |
2051 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
2221 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
|
|
2222 | #define EV_MINPRI 0 |
|
|
2223 | #define EV_MAXPRI 0 |
2052 | |
2224 | |
2053 | #include "ev++.h" |
2225 | #include "ev++.h" |
2054 | |
2226 | |
2055 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
2227 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
2056 | |
2228 | |
… | |
… | |
2072 | |
2244 | |
2073 | =item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1) |
2245 | =item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1) |
2074 | |
2246 | |
2075 | =item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1) |
2247 | =item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1) |
2076 | |
2248 | |
2077 | =item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % 16)) |
2249 | =item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE)) |
2078 | |
2250 | |
2079 | =item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1) |
2251 | =item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1) |
2080 | |
2252 | |
2081 | =item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd) |
2253 | =item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd) |
2082 | |
2254 | |