… | |
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9 | =head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
9 | =head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM |
10 | |
10 | |
11 | // a single header file is required |
11 | // a single header file is required |
12 | #include <ev.h> |
12 | #include <ev.h> |
13 | |
13 | |
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14 | #include <stdio.h> // for puts |
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15 | |
14 | // every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct |
16 | // every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct |
15 | // with the name ev_<type> |
17 | // with the name ev_TYPE |
16 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
18 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
17 | ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
19 | ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
18 | |
20 | |
19 | // all watcher callbacks have a similar signature |
21 | // all watcher callbacks have a similar signature |
20 | // this callback is called when data is readable on stdin |
22 | // this callback is called when data is readable on stdin |
21 | static void |
23 | static void |
22 | stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
24 | stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
23 | { |
25 | { |
24 | puts ("stdin ready"); |
26 | puts ("stdin ready"); |
25 | // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
27 | // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
26 | // with its corresponding stop function. |
28 | // with its corresponding stop function. |
27 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
29 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
… | |
… | |
30 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
32 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
31 | } |
33 | } |
32 | |
34 | |
33 | // another callback, this time for a time-out |
35 | // another callback, this time for a time-out |
34 | static void |
36 | static void |
35 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
37 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
36 | { |
38 | { |
37 | puts ("timeout"); |
39 | puts ("timeout"); |
38 | // this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating |
40 | // this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating |
39 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); |
41 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); |
40 | } |
42 | } |
… | |
… | |
60 | |
62 | |
61 | // unloop was called, so exit |
63 | // unloop was called, so exit |
62 | return 0; |
64 | return 0; |
63 | } |
65 | } |
64 | |
66 | |
65 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
67 | =head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT |
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68 | |
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69 | This document documents the libev software package. |
66 | |
70 | |
67 | The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted |
71 | The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted |
68 | web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first |
72 | web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first |
69 | time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>. |
73 | time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>. |
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74 | |
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75 | While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting |
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76 | libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial |
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77 | on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming |
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78 | with libev. |
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79 | |
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80 | Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed |
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81 | throughout this document. |
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82 | |
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83 | =head1 ABOUT LIBEV |
70 | |
84 | |
71 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
85 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
72 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
86 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
73 | these event sources and provide your program with events. |
87 | these event sources and provide your program with events. |
74 | |
88 | |
… | |
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84 | =head2 FEATURES |
98 | =head2 FEATURES |
85 | |
99 | |
86 | Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the |
100 | Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the |
87 | BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
101 | BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
88 | for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface |
102 | for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface |
89 | (for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers |
103 | (for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner |
90 | with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals |
104 | inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative |
91 | (C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event |
105 | timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling |
92 | watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, |
106 | (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status |
93 | C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as |
107 | change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event |
94 | file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events |
108 | loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and |
95 | (C<ev_fork>). |
109 | C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even |
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110 | limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>). |
96 | |
111 | |
97 | It also is quite fast (see this |
112 | It also is quite fast (see this |
98 | L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent |
113 | L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent |
99 | for example). |
114 | for example). |
100 | |
115 | |
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108 | name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have |
123 | name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have |
109 | this argument. |
124 | this argument. |
110 | |
125 | |
111 | =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
126 | =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
112 | |
127 | |
113 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the |
128 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
114 | (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near |
129 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practise |
115 | the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is |
130 | somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't |
116 | called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases |
131 | ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use |
117 | to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on |
132 | too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do |
118 | it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name |
133 | any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. |
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134 | |
119 | component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences |
135 | Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for |
120 | throughout libev. |
136 | time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev. |
121 | |
137 | |
122 | =head1 ERROR HANDLING |
138 | =head1 ERROR HANDLING |
123 | |
139 | |
124 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
140 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
125 | and internal errors (bugs). |
141 | and internal errors (bugs). |
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176 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
192 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
177 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
193 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
178 | not a problem. |
194 | not a problem. |
179 | |
195 | |
180 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
196 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
181 | version. |
197 | version (note, however, that this will not detect ABI mismatches :). |
182 | |
198 | |
183 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
199 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
184 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
200 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
185 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
201 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
186 | |
202 | |
… | |
… | |
276 | |
292 | |
277 | =back |
293 | =back |
278 | |
294 | |
279 | =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP |
295 | =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP |
280 | |
296 | |
281 | An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two |
297 | An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> |
282 | types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child |
298 | is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop> |
283 | events, and dynamically created loops which do not. |
299 | I<function>). |
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300 | |
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301 | The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which |
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302 | supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do |
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303 | not. |
284 | |
304 | |
285 | =over 4 |
305 | =over 4 |
286 | |
306 | |
287 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags) |
307 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags) |
288 | |
308 | |
… | |
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294 | If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this |
314 | If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this |
295 | function. |
315 | function. |
296 | |
316 | |
297 | Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it |
317 | Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it |
298 | from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely, |
318 | from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely, |
299 | as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway). |
319 | as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway). |
300 | |
320 | |
301 | The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and |
321 | The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and |
302 | C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler |
322 | C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler |
303 | for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either |
323 | for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either |
304 | create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you |
324 | create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you |
… | |
… | |
326 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
346 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
327 | around bugs. |
347 | around bugs. |
328 | |
348 | |
329 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
349 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
330 | |
350 | |
331 | Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after |
351 | Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also |
332 | a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by |
352 | make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag. |
333 | enabling this flag. |
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334 | |
353 | |
335 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
354 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
336 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
355 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
337 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
356 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
338 | GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
357 | GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
… | |
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344 | flag. |
363 | flag. |
345 | |
364 | |
346 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> |
365 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> |
347 | environment variable. |
366 | environment variable. |
348 | |
367 | |
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368 | =item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY> |
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369 | |
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370 | When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the |
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371 | I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and |
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372 | testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as |
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373 | otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle. |
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374 | |
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375 | =item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD> |
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376 | |
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377 | When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the |
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378 | I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API |
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379 | delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make |
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380 | it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal |
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381 | handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your |
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382 | threads that are not interested in handling them. |
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383 | |
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384 | Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and |
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385 | there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for |
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386 | example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks. |
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387 | |
349 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
388 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
350 | |
389 | |
351 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
390 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
352 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
391 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
353 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
392 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
… | |
… | |
377 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and |
416 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and |
378 | C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>. |
417 | C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>. |
379 | |
418 | |
380 | =item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux) |
419 | =item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux) |
381 | |
420 | |
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421 | Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9 |
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422 | kernels). |
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423 | |
382 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, |
424 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, |
383 | but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale |
425 | but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale |
384 | like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), |
426 | like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), |
385 | epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number |
427 | epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). |
386 | of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect |
428 | |
387 | cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad |
429 | The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned |
388 | support for dup. |
430 | of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently |
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431 | dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file |
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432 | descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and |
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433 | so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then |
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434 | I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can |
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435 | take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course |
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436 | hard to detect. |
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437 | |
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438 | Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but |
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439 | of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally |
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440 | I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot |
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441 | even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially |
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442 | on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by |
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443 | employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the |
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444 | events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. |
389 | |
445 | |
390 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
446 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
391 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident |
447 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such |
392 | (because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its |
448 | incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different |
393 | best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work |
449 | I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed |
394 | very well if you register events for both fds. |
450 | file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both |
395 | |
451 | file descriptors. |
396 | Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you |
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397 | need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data |
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398 | (or space) is available. |
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399 | |
452 | |
400 | Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all |
453 | Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all |
401 | watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, |
454 | watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, |
402 | i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and |
455 | i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and |
403 | starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause |
456 | starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause |
404 | extra overhead. |
457 | extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well |
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458 | as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can |
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459 | take considerable time and thus should be avoided. |
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460 | |
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461 | All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or |
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462 | faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on |
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463 | the usage. So sad. |
405 | |
464 | |
406 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in |
465 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in |
407 | all kernel versions tested so far. |
466 | all kernel versions tested so far. |
408 | |
467 | |
409 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as |
468 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as |
410 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
469 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
411 | |
470 | |
412 | =item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones) |
471 | =item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones) |
413 | |
472 | |
414 | Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was |
473 | Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it |
415 | broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with |
474 | was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably |
416 | anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's |
475 | with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course |
417 | completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless |
476 | it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness |
418 | you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or |
477 | is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed |
419 | libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD. |
478 | without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being |
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479 | "auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using |
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480 | C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) |
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481 | system like NetBSD. |
420 | |
482 | |
421 | You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it |
483 | You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it |
422 | only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on |
484 | only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on |
423 | the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
485 | the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
424 | |
486 | |
425 | It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the |
487 | It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the |
426 | kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of |
488 | kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of |
427 | course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never |
489 | course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never |
428 | cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to |
490 | cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to |
429 | two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it |
491 | two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but |
430 | drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases. |
492 | sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect |
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493 | cases |
431 | |
494 | |
432 | This backend usually performs well under most conditions. |
495 | This backend usually performs well under most conditions. |
433 | |
496 | |
434 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work |
497 | While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work |
435 | everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken |
498 | everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken |
436 | almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets |
499 | almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets |
437 | (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop |
500 | (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop |
438 | (e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it, |
501 | (e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course |
439 | using it only for sockets. |
502 | also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets. |
440 | |
503 | |
441 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with |
504 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with |
442 | C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with |
505 | C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with |
443 | C<NOTE_EOF>. |
506 | C<NOTE_EOF>. |
444 | |
507 | |
… | |
… | |
464 | might perform better. |
527 | might perform better. |
465 | |
528 | |
466 | On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness |
529 | On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness |
467 | notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification |
530 | notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification |
468 | in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the |
531 | in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the |
469 | OS-specific backends. |
532 | OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks). |
470 | |
533 | |
471 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as |
534 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as |
472 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
535 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
473 | |
536 | |
474 | =item C<EVBACKEND_ALL> |
537 | =item C<EVBACKEND_ALL> |
… | |
… | |
479 | |
542 | |
480 | It is definitely not recommended to use this flag. |
543 | It is definitely not recommended to use this flag. |
481 | |
544 | |
482 | =back |
545 | =back |
483 | |
546 | |
484 | If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these |
547 | If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value, |
485 | backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are |
548 | then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed |
486 | specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried. |
549 | here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends |
|
|
550 | ()> will be tried. |
487 | |
551 | |
488 | Example: This is the most typical usage. |
552 | Example: This is the most typical usage. |
489 | |
553 | |
490 | if (!ev_default_loop (0)) |
554 | if (!ev_default_loop (0)) |
491 | fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?"); |
555 | fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?"); |
… | |
… | |
503 | ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
567 | ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
504 | |
568 | |
505 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags) |
569 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags) |
506 | |
570 | |
507 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
571 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
508 | always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot |
572 | always distinct from the default loop. |
509 | handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by |
|
|
510 | undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). |
|
|
511 | |
573 | |
512 | Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use |
574 | Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use |
513 | libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the |
575 | libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the |
514 | default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread. |
576 | default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread. |
515 | |
577 | |
516 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
578 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
517 | |
579 | |
… | |
… | |
519 | if (!epoller) |
581 | if (!epoller) |
520 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
582 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
521 | |
583 | |
522 | =item ev_default_destroy () |
584 | =item ev_default_destroy () |
523 | |
585 | |
524 | Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state |
586 | Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None |
525 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
587 | of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so |
526 | sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your |
588 | e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to |
527 | responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> |
589 | either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function, |
528 | calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually |
590 | or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you |
529 | the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them |
591 | can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example). |
530 | for example). |
|
|
531 | |
592 | |
532 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by |
593 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal |
533 | this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers) |
594 | handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such |
534 | would need to be stopped manually. |
595 | as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually. |
535 | |
596 | |
536 | In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the |
597 | In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the |
537 | rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling |
598 | rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling |
538 | pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use |
599 | pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use |
539 | C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>). |
600 | C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>. |
540 | |
601 | |
541 | =item ev_loop_destroy (loop) |
602 | =item ev_loop_destroy (loop) |
542 | |
603 | |
543 | Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an |
604 | Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an |
544 | earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>. |
605 | earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>. |
… | |
… | |
550 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
611 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
551 | the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little |
612 | the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little |
552 | sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev |
613 | sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev |
553 | functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration. |
614 | functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration. |
554 | |
615 | |
|
|
616 | Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after |
|
|
617 | a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is |
|
|
618 | because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things |
|
|
619 | during fork. |
|
|
620 | |
555 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
621 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
556 | process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If |
622 | process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If you |
557 | you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all. |
623 | just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to call |
|
|
624 | it at all. |
558 | |
625 | |
559 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
626 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
560 | it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in |
627 | it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in |
561 | quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>: |
628 | quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>: |
562 | |
629 | |
… | |
… | |
564 | |
631 | |
565 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
632 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
566 | |
633 | |
567 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
634 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
568 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
635 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
569 | after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is |
636 | after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you keep track of |
570 | entirely your own problem. |
637 | them is entirely your own problem. |
571 | |
638 | |
572 | =item int ev_is_default_loop (loop) |
639 | =item int ev_is_default_loop (loop) |
573 | |
640 | |
574 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
641 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
575 | otherwise. |
642 | otherwise. |
576 | |
643 | |
577 | =item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop) |
644 | =item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop) |
578 | |
645 | |
579 | Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to |
646 | Returns the current iteration count for the loop, which is identical to |
580 | the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and |
647 | the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and |
581 | happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
648 | happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
582 | |
649 | |
583 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
650 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
584 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
651 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
585 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls. |
652 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the |
|
|
653 | prepare and check phases. |
|
|
654 | |
|
|
655 | =item unsigned int ev_depth (loop) |
|
|
656 | |
|
|
657 | Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of |
|
|
658 | times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth. |
|
|
659 | |
|
|
660 | Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is |
|
|
661 | C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread), |
|
|
662 | in which case it is higher. |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
664 | Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread |
|
|
665 | etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such |
|
|
666 | ungentleman behaviour unless it's really convenient. |
586 | |
667 | |
587 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
668 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
588 | |
669 | |
589 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
670 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
590 | use. |
671 | use. |
… | |
… | |
605 | |
686 | |
606 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
687 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
607 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
688 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
608 | the current time is a good idea. |
689 | the current time is a good idea. |
609 | |
690 | |
610 | See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section. |
691 | See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section. |
|
|
692 | |
|
|
693 | =item ev_suspend (loop) |
|
|
694 | |
|
|
695 | =item ev_resume (loop) |
|
|
696 | |
|
|
697 | These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is |
|
|
698 | not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed. |
|
|
699 | |
|
|
700 | A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When |
|
|
701 | the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it |
|
|
702 | would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while |
|
|
703 | the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend> |
|
|
704 | in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling |
|
|
705 | C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing. |
|
|
706 | |
|
|
707 | Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend |
|
|
708 | between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers |
|
|
709 | will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have |
|
|
710 | occurred while suspended). |
|
|
711 | |
|
|
712 | After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the |
|
|
713 | given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume> |
|
|
714 | without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>. |
|
|
715 | |
|
|
716 | Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the |
|
|
717 | event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>). |
611 | |
718 | |
612 | =item ev_loop (loop, int flags) |
719 | =item ev_loop (loop, int flags) |
613 | |
720 | |
614 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
721 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
615 | after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling |
722 | after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start |
616 | events. |
723 | handling events. |
617 | |
724 | |
618 | If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until |
725 | If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until |
619 | either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called. |
726 | either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called. |
620 | |
727 | |
621 | Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than |
728 | Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than |
… | |
… | |
631 | the loop. |
738 | the loop. |
632 | |
739 | |
633 | A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if |
740 | A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if |
634 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
741 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
635 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
742 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
636 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a |
743 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a |
637 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
744 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
638 | iteration of the loop. |
745 | iteration of the loop. |
639 | |
746 | |
640 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
747 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
641 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
748 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
… | |
… | |
685 | C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or |
792 | C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or |
686 | C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return. |
793 | C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return. |
687 | |
794 | |
688 | This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again. |
795 | This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again. |
689 | |
796 | |
|
|
797 | It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from outside any C<ev_loop> calls. |
|
|
798 | |
690 | =item ev_ref (loop) |
799 | =item ev_ref (loop) |
691 | |
800 | |
692 | =item ev_unref (loop) |
801 | =item ev_unref (loop) |
693 | |
802 | |
694 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
803 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
695 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
804 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
696 | count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. |
805 | count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. |
697 | |
806 | |
698 | If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> |
807 | This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to |
699 | from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before |
808 | unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_loop> from |
|
|
809 | returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref> |
700 | stopping it. |
810 | before stopping it. |
701 | |
811 | |
702 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is |
812 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It |
703 | not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting |
813 | is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from |
704 | if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent |
814 | exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an |
705 | way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party |
815 | excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within |
706 | libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop> |
816 | third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref |
707 | (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before, |
817 | before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active |
708 | respectively). |
818 | before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself |
|
|
819 | (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref> |
|
|
820 | in the callback). |
709 | |
821 | |
710 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
822 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
711 | running when nothing else is active. |
823 | running when nothing else is active. |
712 | |
824 | |
713 | struct ev_signal exitsig; |
825 | ev_signal exitsig; |
714 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
826 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
715 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
827 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
716 | evf_unref (loop); |
828 | evf_unref (loop); |
717 | |
829 | |
718 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
830 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
… | |
… | |
742 | |
854 | |
743 | By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more |
855 | By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more |
744 | time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration, |
856 | time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration, |
745 | at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and |
857 | at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and |
746 | C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will |
858 | C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will |
747 | introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. |
859 | introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The |
|
|
860 | sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then |
|
|
861 | once per this interval, on average. |
748 | |
862 | |
749 | Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev |
863 | Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev |
750 | to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased |
864 | to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased |
751 | latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called |
865 | latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called |
752 | later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null |
866 | later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null |
… | |
… | |
754 | |
868 | |
755 | Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect |
869 | Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect |
756 | interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for |
870 | interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for |
757 | interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It |
871 | interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It |
758 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>, |
872 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>, |
759 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. |
873 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if |
|
|
874 | you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the |
|
|
875 | parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you |
|
|
876 | need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, |
|
|
877 | then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second). |
760 | |
878 | |
761 | Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for |
879 | Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for |
762 | saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that |
880 | saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that |
763 | are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
881 | are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
764 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
882 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
765 | reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure |
883 | reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure |
766 | they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only. |
884 | they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only. |
767 | |
885 | |
|
|
886 | Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll |
|
|
887 | more often than 100 times per second: |
|
|
888 | |
|
|
889 | ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1); |
|
|
890 | ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01); |
|
|
891 | |
|
|
892 | =item ev_invoke_pending (loop) |
|
|
893 | |
|
|
894 | This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their |
|
|
895 | pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required, |
|
|
896 | but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. |
|
|
897 | |
|
|
898 | =item int ev_pending_count (loop) |
|
|
899 | |
|
|
900 | Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers |
|
|
901 | are pending. |
|
|
902 | |
|
|
903 | =item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P)) |
|
|
904 | |
|
|
905 | This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of |
|
|
906 | invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call |
|
|
907 | this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to |
|
|
908 | invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.). |
|
|
909 | |
|
|
910 | If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new |
|
|
911 | callback. |
|
|
912 | |
|
|
913 | =item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P)) |
|
|
914 | |
|
|
915 | Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This |
|
|
916 | can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around |
|
|
917 | each call to a libev function. |
|
|
918 | |
|
|
919 | However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to |
|
|
920 | wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via |
|
|
921 | C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release> |
|
|
922 | and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop. |
|
|
923 | |
|
|
924 | When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is |
|
|
925 | suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just |
|
|
926 | afterwards. |
|
|
927 | |
|
|
928 | Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and |
|
|
929 | C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again. |
|
|
930 | |
|
|
931 | While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of |
|
|
932 | C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no |
|
|
933 | modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will |
|
|
934 | have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time |
|
|
935 | waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it |
|
|
936 | to take note of any changes you made. |
|
|
937 | |
|
|
938 | In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between |
|
|
939 | invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>. |
|
|
940 | |
|
|
941 | See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this |
|
|
942 | document. |
|
|
943 | |
|
|
944 | =item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data) |
|
|
945 | |
|
|
946 | =item ev_userdata (loop) |
|
|
947 | |
|
|
948 | Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When |
|
|
949 | C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns |
|
|
950 | C<0.> |
|
|
951 | |
|
|
952 | These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, |
|
|
953 | and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and |
|
|
954 | C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for |
|
|
955 | any other purpose as well. |
|
|
956 | |
768 | =item ev_loop_verify (loop) |
957 | =item ev_loop_verify (loop) |
769 | |
958 | |
770 | This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been |
959 | This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been |
771 | compiled in. which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
960 | compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
772 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
961 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
773 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
962 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
774 | error and call C<abort ()>. |
963 | error and call C<abort ()>. |
775 | |
964 | |
776 | This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal |
965 | This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal |
… | |
… | |
780 | =back |
969 | =back |
781 | |
970 | |
782 | |
971 | |
783 | =head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER |
972 | =head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER |
784 | |
973 | |
|
|
974 | In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the |
|
|
975 | watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer |
|
|
976 | watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers. |
|
|
977 | |
785 | A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your |
978 | A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your |
786 | interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to |
979 | interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to |
787 | become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that: |
980 | become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that: |
788 | |
981 | |
789 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
982 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
790 | { |
983 | { |
791 | ev_io_stop (w); |
984 | ev_io_stop (w); |
792 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
985 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
793 | } |
986 | } |
794 | |
987 | |
795 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
988 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
|
|
989 | |
796 | struct ev_io stdin_watcher; |
990 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
|
|
991 | |
797 | ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
992 | ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
798 | ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
993 | ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
799 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
994 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
|
|
995 | |
800 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
996 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
801 | |
997 | |
802 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
998 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
803 | watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack, |
999 | watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the |
804 | although this can sometimes be quite valid). |
1000 | stack). |
|
|
1001 | |
|
|
1002 | Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE> |
|
|
1003 | or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs). |
805 | |
1004 | |
806 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init |
1005 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init |
807 | (watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This |
1006 | (watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This |
808 | callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O |
1007 | callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O |
809 | watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given |
1008 | watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given |
810 | is readable and/or writable). |
1009 | is readable and/or writable). |
811 | |
1010 | |
812 | Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro |
1011 | Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >> |
813 | with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro |
1012 | macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There |
814 | to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init |
1013 | is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< |
815 | (watcher *, callback, ...) >>. |
1014 | ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>. |
816 | |
1015 | |
817 | To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it |
1016 | To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it |
818 | with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher |
1017 | with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher |
819 | *) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the |
1018 | *) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the |
820 | corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>. |
1019 | corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>. |
821 | |
1020 | |
822 | As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you |
1021 | As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you |
823 | must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never |
1022 | must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never |
824 | reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro. |
1023 | reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro. |
825 | |
1024 | |
826 | Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the |
1025 | Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the |
827 | registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as |
1026 | registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as |
828 | third argument. |
1027 | third argument. |
829 | |
1028 | |
… | |
… | |
838 | =item C<EV_WRITE> |
1037 | =item C<EV_WRITE> |
839 | |
1038 | |
840 | The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or |
1039 | The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or |
841 | writable. |
1040 | writable. |
842 | |
1041 | |
843 | =item C<EV_TIMEOUT> |
1042 | =item C<EV_TIMER> |
844 | |
1043 | |
845 | The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out. |
1044 | The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out. |
846 | |
1045 | |
847 | =item C<EV_PERIODIC> |
1046 | =item C<EV_PERIODIC> |
848 | |
1047 | |
… | |
… | |
887 | |
1086 | |
888 | =item C<EV_ASYNC> |
1087 | =item C<EV_ASYNC> |
889 | |
1088 | |
890 | The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>). |
1089 | The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>). |
891 | |
1090 | |
|
|
1091 | =item C<EV_CUSTOM> |
|
|
1092 | |
|
|
1093 | Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used |
|
|
1094 | by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>). |
|
|
1095 | |
892 | =item C<EV_ERROR> |
1096 | =item C<EV_ERROR> |
893 | |
1097 | |
894 | An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might |
1098 | An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might |
895 | happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev |
1099 | happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev |
896 | ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other |
1100 | ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other |
|
|
1101 | problem. Libev considers these application bugs. |
|
|
1102 | |
897 | problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping |
1103 | You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the |
898 | with the watcher being stopped. |
1104 | watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive |
|
|
1105 | an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a |
|
|
1106 | bug in your program. |
899 | |
1107 | |
900 | Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for |
1108 | Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for |
901 | example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your |
1109 | example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your |
902 | callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with |
1110 | callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with |
903 | the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded |
1111 | the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded |
… | |
… | |
906 | |
1114 | |
907 | =back |
1115 | =back |
908 | |
1116 | |
909 | =head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS |
1117 | =head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS |
910 | |
1118 | |
911 | In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type, |
|
|
912 | e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers. |
|
|
913 | |
|
|
914 | =over 4 |
1119 | =over 4 |
915 | |
1120 | |
916 | =item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1121 | =item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
917 | |
1122 | |
918 | This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents |
1123 | This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents |
… | |
… | |
923 | which rolls both calls into one. |
1128 | which rolls both calls into one. |
924 | |
1129 | |
925 | You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped |
1130 | You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped |
926 | (or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding. |
1131 | (or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding. |
927 | |
1132 | |
928 | The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, |
1133 | The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, |
929 | int revents)>. |
1134 | int revents)>. |
930 | |
1135 | |
931 | Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps. |
1136 | Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps. |
932 | |
1137 | |
933 | ev_io w; |
1138 | ev_io w; |
934 | ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
1139 | ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
935 | ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1140 | ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
936 | |
1141 | |
937 | =item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args]) |
1142 | =item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args]) |
938 | |
1143 | |
939 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
1144 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
940 | call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
1145 | call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
941 | call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
1146 | call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
942 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
1147 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
… | |
… | |
955 | |
1160 | |
956 | Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step. |
1161 | Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step. |
957 | |
1162 | |
958 | ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1163 | ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
959 | |
1164 | |
960 | =item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1165 | =item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
961 | |
1166 | |
962 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
1167 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
963 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
1168 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
964 | |
1169 | |
965 | Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this |
1170 | Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this |
966 | whole section. |
1171 | whole section. |
967 | |
1172 | |
968 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
1173 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
969 | |
1174 | |
970 | =item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1175 | =item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
971 | |
1176 | |
972 | Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending |
1177 | Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether |
|
|
1178 | the watcher was active or not). |
|
|
1179 | |
973 | status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example, |
1180 | It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example, |
974 | non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but |
1181 | non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but |
975 | C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If |
1182 | calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor |
976 | you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a |
1183 | pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is |
977 | good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. |
1184 | therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. |
978 | |
1185 | |
979 | =item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1186 | =item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
980 | |
1187 | |
981 | Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started |
1188 | Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started |
982 | and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify |
1189 | and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify |
… | |
… | |
998 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1205 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
999 | |
1206 | |
1000 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1207 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1001 | (modulo threads). |
1208 | (modulo threads). |
1002 | |
1209 | |
1003 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority) |
1210 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority) |
1004 | |
1211 | |
1005 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1212 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1006 | |
1213 | |
1007 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1214 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1008 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
1215 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
1009 | (default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked |
1216 | (default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked |
1010 | before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers |
1217 | before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers |
1011 | from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers). |
1218 | from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers). |
1012 | |
1219 | |
1013 | This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback |
|
|
1014 | invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for |
|
|
1015 | example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two |
|
|
1016 | watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first. |
|
|
1017 | |
|
|
1018 | If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending |
1220 | If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending |
1019 | you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality. |
1221 | you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality. |
1020 | |
1222 | |
1021 | You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or |
1223 | You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or |
1022 | pending. |
1224 | pending. |
1023 | |
1225 | |
|
|
1226 | Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is |
|
|
1227 | fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might |
|
|
1228 | or might not have been clamped to the valid range. |
|
|
1229 | |
1024 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
1230 | The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is |
1025 | always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
1231 | always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :). |
1026 | |
1232 | |
1027 | Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is |
1233 | See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of |
1028 | fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might |
1234 | priorities. |
1029 | or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range. |
|
|
1030 | |
1235 | |
1031 | =item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents) |
1236 | =item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents) |
1032 | |
1237 | |
1033 | Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither |
1238 | Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither |
1034 | C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback |
1239 | C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback |
… | |
… | |
1041 | returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the |
1246 | returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the |
1042 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>. |
1247 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>. |
1043 | |
1248 | |
1044 | Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1249 | Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1045 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
1250 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
|
|
1251 | |
|
|
1252 | =item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents) |
|
|
1253 | |
|
|
1254 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
|
|
1255 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
|
|
1256 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must |
|
|
1257 | not free the watcher as long as it has pending events. |
|
|
1258 | |
|
|
1259 | Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling |
|
|
1260 | C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was |
|
|
1261 | not started in the first place. |
|
|
1262 | |
|
|
1263 | See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related |
|
|
1264 | functions that do not need a watcher. |
1046 | |
1265 | |
1047 | =back |
1266 | =back |
1048 | |
1267 | |
1049 | |
1268 | |
1050 | =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER |
1269 | =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER |
… | |
… | |
1056 | member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own |
1275 | member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own |
1057 | data: |
1276 | data: |
1058 | |
1277 | |
1059 | struct my_io |
1278 | struct my_io |
1060 | { |
1279 | { |
1061 | struct ev_io io; |
1280 | ev_io io; |
1062 | int otherfd; |
1281 | int otherfd; |
1063 | void *somedata; |
1282 | void *somedata; |
1064 | struct whatever *mostinteresting; |
1283 | struct whatever *mostinteresting; |
1065 | }; |
1284 | }; |
1066 | |
1285 | |
… | |
… | |
1069 | ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ); |
1288 | ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ); |
1070 | |
1289 | |
1071 | And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you |
1290 | And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you |
1072 | can cast it back to your own type: |
1291 | can cast it back to your own type: |
1073 | |
1292 | |
1074 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents) |
1293 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents) |
1075 | { |
1294 | { |
1076 | struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
1295 | struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_; |
1077 | ... |
1296 | ... |
1078 | } |
1297 | } |
1079 | |
1298 | |
… | |
… | |
1097 | programmers): |
1316 | programmers): |
1098 | |
1317 | |
1099 | #include <stddef.h> |
1318 | #include <stddef.h> |
1100 | |
1319 | |
1101 | static void |
1320 | static void |
1102 | t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1321 | t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1103 | { |
1322 | { |
1104 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
1323 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
1105 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1)); |
1324 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1)); |
1106 | } |
1325 | } |
1107 | |
1326 | |
1108 | static void |
1327 | static void |
1109 | t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1328 | t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1110 | { |
1329 | { |
1111 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy * |
1330 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
1112 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
1331 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
1113 | } |
1332 | } |
|
|
1333 | |
|
|
1334 | =head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS |
|
|
1335 | |
|
|
1336 | Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small |
|
|
1337 | integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation |
|
|
1338 | between watchers in some way, all else being equal. |
|
|
1339 | |
|
|
1340 | In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its |
|
|
1341 | description for the more technical details such as the actual priority |
|
|
1342 | range. |
|
|
1343 | |
|
|
1344 | There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted |
|
|
1345 | by event loops: |
|
|
1346 | |
|
|
1347 | In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation |
|
|
1348 | of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority |
|
|
1349 | watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked. |
|
|
1350 | |
|
|
1351 | The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order |
|
|
1352 | callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority |
|
|
1353 | watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked |
|
|
1354 | before polling for new events. |
|
|
1355 | |
|
|
1356 | Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers |
|
|
1357 | except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model). |
|
|
1358 | |
|
|
1359 | The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for |
|
|
1360 | watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event |
|
|
1361 | libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as |
|
|
1362 | their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the |
|
|
1363 | common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower |
|
|
1364 | priority ones. |
|
|
1365 | |
|
|
1366 | Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more |
|
|
1367 | watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an |
|
|
1368 | C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle |
|
|
1369 | timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles |
|
|
1370 | other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout |
|
|
1371 | handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving |
|
|
1372 | the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be |
|
|
1373 | handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not |
|
|
1374 | always, what you want). |
|
|
1375 | |
|
|
1376 | Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers |
|
|
1377 | will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have |
|
|
1378 | received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when |
|
|
1379 | required. |
|
|
1380 | |
|
|
1381 | For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, |
|
|
1382 | you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in |
|
|
1383 | the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real |
|
|
1384 | processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to |
|
|
1385 | continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when |
|
|
1386 | the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is |
|
|
1387 | workable. |
|
|
1388 | |
|
|
1389 | Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform |
|
|
1390 | miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case, |
|
|
1391 | it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the |
|
|
1392 | idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case |
|
|
1393 | the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time. |
|
|
1394 | |
|
|
1395 | Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower |
|
|
1396 | priority than the default, and which should only process data when no |
|
|
1397 | other events are pending: |
|
|
1398 | |
|
|
1399 | ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher |
|
|
1400 | ev_io io; // actual event watcher |
|
|
1401 | |
|
|
1402 | static void |
|
|
1403 | io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents) |
|
|
1404 | { |
|
|
1405 | // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but |
|
|
1406 | // are not yet ready to handle it. |
|
|
1407 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
|
|
1408 | |
|
|
1409 | // start the idle watcher to handle the actual event. |
|
|
1410 | // it will not be executed as long as other watchers |
|
|
1411 | // with the default priority are receiving events. |
|
|
1412 | ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle); |
|
|
1413 | } |
|
|
1414 | |
|
|
1415 | static void |
|
|
1416 | idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents) |
|
|
1417 | { |
|
|
1418 | // actual processing |
|
|
1419 | read (STDIN_FILENO, ...); |
|
|
1420 | |
|
|
1421 | // have to start the I/O watcher again, as |
|
|
1422 | // we have handled the event |
|
|
1423 | ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io); |
|
|
1424 | } |
|
|
1425 | |
|
|
1426 | // initialisation |
|
|
1427 | ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb); |
|
|
1428 | ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
|
|
1429 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io); |
|
|
1430 | |
|
|
1431 | In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that |
|
|
1432 | low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This |
|
|
1433 | enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections |
|
|
1434 | during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less |
|
|
1435 | important ones. |
1114 | |
1436 | |
1115 | |
1437 | |
1116 | =head1 WATCHER TYPES |
1438 | =head1 WATCHER TYPES |
1117 | |
1439 | |
1118 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
1440 | This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat |
… | |
… | |
1144 | descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not |
1466 | descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not |
1145 | required if you know what you are doing). |
1467 | required if you know what you are doing). |
1146 | |
1468 | |
1147 | If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a |
1469 | If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a |
1148 | known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only |
1470 | known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only |
1149 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). |
1471 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file |
|
|
1472 | descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as |
|
|
1473 | files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case. |
1150 | |
1474 | |
1151 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1475 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1152 | receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might |
1476 | receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might |
1153 | be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block |
1477 | be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block |
1154 | because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a |
1478 | because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a |
… | |
… | |
1219 | |
1543 | |
1220 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1544 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1221 | ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1545 | ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1222 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1546 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1223 | |
1547 | |
|
|
1548 | =head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't |
|
|
1549 | |
|
|
1550 | Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example, |
|
|
1551 | found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a |
|
|
1552 | connection from the pending queue in all error cases. |
|
|
1553 | |
|
|
1554 | For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because |
|
|
1555 | of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not |
|
|
1556 | rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on |
|
|
1557 | the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and |
|
|
1558 | typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage. |
|
|
1559 | |
|
|
1560 | Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between |
|
|
1561 | operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the |
|
|
1562 | situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to |
|
|
1563 | cope with overload is known (to me). |
|
|
1564 | |
|
|
1565 | One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it |
|
|
1566 | - when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the |
|
|
1567 | situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an |
|
|
1568 | event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do. |
|
|
1569 | |
|
|
1570 | A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than |
|
|
1571 | C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such |
|
|
1572 | messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of |
|
|
1573 | what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop |
|
|
1574 | the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU |
|
|
1575 | usage. |
|
|
1576 | |
|
|
1577 | If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file |
|
|
1578 | descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and |
|
|
1579 | when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>, |
|
|
1580 | close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse |
|
|
1581 | clients under typical overload conditions. |
|
|
1582 | |
|
|
1583 | The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as |
|
|
1584 | is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy |
|
|
1585 | opportunity for a DoS attack. |
1224 | |
1586 | |
1225 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions |
1587 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions |
1226 | |
1588 | |
1227 | =over 4 |
1589 | =over 4 |
1228 | |
1590 | |
… | |
… | |
1249 | Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well |
1611 | Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well |
1250 | readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
1612 | readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could |
1251 | attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
1613 | attempt to read a whole line in the callback. |
1252 | |
1614 | |
1253 | static void |
1615 | static void |
1254 | stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
1616 | stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
1255 | { |
1617 | { |
1256 | ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
1618 | ev_io_stop (loop, w); |
1257 | .. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors |
1619 | .. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors |
1258 | } |
1620 | } |
1259 | |
1621 | |
1260 | ... |
1622 | ... |
1261 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1623 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1262 | struct ev_io stdin_readable; |
1624 | ev_io stdin_readable; |
1263 | ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1625 | ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1264 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1626 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1265 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1627 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1266 | |
1628 | |
1267 | |
1629 | |
… | |
… | |
1275 | year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because |
1637 | year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because |
1276 | detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the |
1638 | detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the |
1277 | monotonic clock option helps a lot here). |
1639 | monotonic clock option helps a lot here). |
1278 | |
1640 | |
1279 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
1641 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
1280 | passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration |
1642 | passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this |
1281 | then order of execution is undefined. |
1643 | might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the |
|
|
1644 | same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked |
|
|
1645 | before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is |
|
|
1646 | no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively). |
|
|
1647 | |
|
|
1648 | =head3 Be smart about timeouts |
|
|
1649 | |
|
|
1650 | Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error |
|
|
1651 | recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, |
|
|
1652 | you want to raise some error after a while. |
|
|
1653 | |
|
|
1654 | What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and |
|
|
1655 | inefficient to smart and efficient. |
|
|
1656 | |
|
|
1657 | In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that |
|
|
1658 | gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some |
|
|
1659 | data or other life sign was received). |
|
|
1660 | |
|
|
1661 | =over 4 |
|
|
1662 | |
|
|
1663 | =item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity. |
|
|
1664 | |
|
|
1665 | This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning, |
|
|
1666 | start the watcher: |
|
|
1667 | |
|
|
1668 | ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.); |
|
|
1669 | ev_timer_start (loop, timer); |
|
|
1670 | |
|
|
1671 | Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it |
|
|
1672 | and start it again: |
|
|
1673 | |
|
|
1674 | ev_timer_stop (loop, timer); |
|
|
1675 | ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.); |
|
|
1676 | ev_timer_start (loop, timer); |
|
|
1677 | |
|
|
1678 | This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is |
|
|
1679 | some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal |
|
|
1680 | data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's |
|
|
1681 | still not a constant-time operation. |
|
|
1682 | |
|
|
1683 | =item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity. |
|
|
1684 | |
|
|
1685 | This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of |
|
|
1686 | C<ev_timer_start>. |
|
|
1687 | |
|
|
1688 | To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value |
|
|
1689 | of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you |
|
|
1690 | successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where |
|
|
1691 | you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> |
|
|
1692 | the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be. |
|
|
1693 | |
|
|
1694 | That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the |
|
|
1695 | C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat> |
|
|
1696 | member and C<ev_timer_again>. |
|
|
1697 | |
|
|
1698 | At start: |
|
|
1699 | |
|
|
1700 | ev_init (timer, callback); |
|
|
1701 | timer->repeat = 60.; |
|
|
1702 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1703 | |
|
|
1704 | Each time there is some activity: |
|
|
1705 | |
|
|
1706 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1707 | |
|
|
1708 | It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of |
|
|
1709 | whether the watcher is active or not: |
|
|
1710 | |
|
|
1711 | timer->repeat = 30.; |
|
|
1712 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1713 | |
|
|
1714 | This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
|
|
1715 | you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely |
|
|
1716 | remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure. |
|
|
1717 | |
|
|
1718 | It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it. |
|
|
1719 | |
|
|
1720 | =item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required. |
|
|
1721 | |
|
|
1722 | This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are |
|
|
1723 | relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in |
|
|
1724 | our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with |
|
|
1725 | associated activity resets. |
|
|
1726 | |
|
|
1727 | In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone, |
|
|
1728 | but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only |
|
|
1729 | within the callback: |
|
|
1730 | |
|
|
1731 | ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity |
|
|
1732 | |
|
|
1733 | static void |
|
|
1734 | callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
|
|
1735 | { |
|
|
1736 | ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A); |
|
|
1737 | ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.; |
|
|
1738 | |
|
|
1739 | // if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out |
|
|
1740 | if (timeout < now) |
|
|
1741 | { |
|
|
1742 | // timeout occurred, take action |
|
|
1743 | } |
|
|
1744 | else |
|
|
1745 | { |
|
|
1746 | // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm |
|
|
1747 | // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is |
|
|
1748 | // guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive: |
|
|
1749 | w->repeat = timeout - now; |
|
|
1750 | ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w); |
|
|
1751 | } |
|
|
1752 | } |
|
|
1753 | |
|
|
1754 | To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined |
|
|
1755 | as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has |
|
|
1756 | been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise |
|
|
1757 | the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so |
|
|
1758 | re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have |
|
|
1759 | a timeout then. |
|
|
1760 | |
|
|
1761 | Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the |
|
|
1762 | C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running. |
|
|
1763 | |
|
|
1764 | This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds |
|
|
1765 | minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to |
|
|
1766 | libev to change the timeout. |
|
|
1767 | |
|
|
1768 | To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity> |
|
|
1769 | to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the |
|
|
1770 | callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer: |
|
|
1771 | |
|
|
1772 | ev_init (timer, callback); |
|
|
1773 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
|
|
1774 | callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER); |
|
|
1775 | |
|
|
1776 | And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in |
|
|
1777 | C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all: |
|
|
1778 | |
|
|
1779 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
|
|
1780 | |
|
|
1781 | This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
|
|
1782 | time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
|
|
1783 | |
|
|
1784 | Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the |
|
|
1785 | callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will |
|
|
1786 | fix things for you. |
|
|
1787 | |
|
|
1788 | =item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts. |
|
|
1789 | |
|
|
1790 | If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all |
|
|
1791 | employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can |
|
|
1792 | do even better: |
|
|
1793 | |
|
|
1794 | When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout |
|
|
1795 | at the I<end> of the list. |
|
|
1796 | |
|
|
1797 | Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of |
|
|
1798 | the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3). |
|
|
1799 | |
|
|
1800 | When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate |
|
|
1801 | the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to |
|
|
1802 | update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list. |
|
|
1803 | |
|
|
1804 | This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for |
|
|
1805 | starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major |
|
|
1806 | complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout |
|
|
1807 | ensures that the list stays sorted. |
|
|
1808 | |
|
|
1809 | =back |
|
|
1810 | |
|
|
1811 | So which method the best? |
|
|
1812 | |
|
|
1813 | Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most |
|
|
1814 | situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases |
|
|
1815 | better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either |
|
|
1816 | one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations. |
|
|
1817 | |
|
|
1818 | Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is |
|
|
1819 | rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays |
|
|
1820 | off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually |
|
|
1821 | overkill :) |
1282 | |
1822 | |
1283 | =head3 The special problem of time updates |
1823 | =head3 The special problem of time updates |
1284 | |
1824 | |
1285 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
1825 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
1286 | least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current |
1826 | least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current |
… | |
… | |
1298 | |
1838 | |
1299 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
1839 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
1300 | update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update |
1840 | update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update |
1301 | ()>. |
1841 | ()>. |
1302 | |
1842 | |
|
|
1843 | =head3 The special problems of suspended animation |
|
|
1844 | |
|
|
1845 | When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that |
|
|
1846 | can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend? |
|
|
1847 | |
|
|
1848 | Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes |
|
|
1849 | all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue |
|
|
1850 | to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the |
|
|
1851 | system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program |
|
|
1852 | was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted |
|
|
1853 | towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time |
|
|
1854 | clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a |
|
|
1855 | long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would |
|
|
1856 | be adjusted accordingly. |
|
|
1857 | |
|
|
1858 | I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between |
|
|
1859 | operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware. |
|
|
1860 | |
|
|
1861 | The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a |
|
|
1862 | time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program |
|
|
1863 | is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use, |
|
|
1864 | then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time |
|
|
1865 | will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in |
|
|
1866 | use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly. |
|
|
1867 | |
|
|
1868 | It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend> |
|
|
1869 | and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get |
|
|
1870 | deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against |
|
|
1871 | C<SIGSTOP>). |
|
|
1872 | |
1303 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1873 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1304 | |
1874 | |
1305 | =over 4 |
1875 | =over 4 |
1306 | |
1876 | |
1307 | =item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat) |
1877 | =item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat) |
… | |
… | |
1330 | If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out). |
1900 | If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out). |
1331 | |
1901 | |
1332 | If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the |
1902 | If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the |
1333 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
1903 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
1334 | |
1904 | |
1335 | This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical |
1905 | This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a |
1336 | example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle |
1906 | usage example. |
1337 | timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60 |
|
|
1338 | seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to |
|
|
1339 | configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call |
|
|
1340 | C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If |
|
|
1341 | you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the |
|
|
1342 | socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will |
|
|
1343 | automatically restart it if need be. |
|
|
1344 | |
1907 | |
1345 | That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> |
1908 | =item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *) |
1346 | altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>: |
|
|
1347 | |
1909 | |
1348 | ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.); |
1910 | Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active, |
1349 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
1911 | then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's |
1350 | ... |
1912 | the timeout value currently configured. |
1351 | timer->again = 17.; |
|
|
1352 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1353 | ... |
|
|
1354 | timer->again = 10.; |
|
|
1355 | ev_timer_again (loop, timer); |
|
|
1356 | |
1913 | |
1357 | This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time |
1914 | That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns |
1358 | you want to modify its timeout value. |
1915 | C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining> |
1359 | |
1916 | will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return |
1360 | Note, however, that it is often even more efficient to remember the |
1917 | roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time, |
1361 | time of the last activity and let the timer time-out naturally. In the |
1918 | too), and so on. |
1362 | callback, you then check whether the time-out is real, or, if there was |
|
|
1363 | some activity, you reschedule the watcher to time-out in "last_activity + |
|
|
1364 | timeout - ev_now ()" seconds. |
|
|
1365 | |
1919 | |
1366 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
1920 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
1367 | |
1921 | |
1368 | The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
1922 | The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
1369 | or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any), |
1923 | or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any), |
… | |
… | |
1374 | =head3 Examples |
1928 | =head3 Examples |
1375 | |
1929 | |
1376 | Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
1930 | Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. |
1377 | |
1931 | |
1378 | static void |
1932 | static void |
1379 | one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1933 | one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1380 | { |
1934 | { |
1381 | .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
1935 | .. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here |
1382 | } |
1936 | } |
1383 | |
1937 | |
1384 | struct ev_timer mytimer; |
1938 | ev_timer mytimer; |
1385 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
1939 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.); |
1386 | ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
1940 | ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer); |
1387 | |
1941 | |
1388 | Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
1942 | Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of |
1389 | inactivity. |
1943 | inactivity. |
1390 | |
1944 | |
1391 | static void |
1945 | static void |
1392 | timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1946 | timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1393 | { |
1947 | { |
1394 | .. ten seconds without any activity |
1948 | .. ten seconds without any activity |
1395 | } |
1949 | } |
1396 | |
1950 | |
1397 | struct ev_timer mytimer; |
1951 | ev_timer mytimer; |
1398 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
1952 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
1399 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
1953 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
1400 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1954 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1401 | |
1955 | |
1402 | // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
1956 | // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
… | |
… | |
1407 | =head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron? |
1961 | =head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron? |
1408 | |
1962 | |
1409 | Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile |
1963 | Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile |
1410 | (and unfortunately a bit complex). |
1964 | (and unfortunately a bit complex). |
1411 | |
1965 | |
1412 | Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time) |
1966 | Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or |
1413 | but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher |
1967 | relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time |
1414 | to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a |
1968 | (absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The |
1415 | periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () |
1969 | difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real |
1416 | + 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system |
1970 | time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your |
1417 | clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year |
1971 | wrist-watch). |
1418 | to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger |
|
|
1419 | roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout). |
|
|
1420 | |
1972 | |
|
|
1973 | You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point |
|
|
1974 | in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10 |
|
|
1975 | seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time |
|
|
1976 | not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous |
|
|
1977 | year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an |
|
|
1978 | C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting |
|
|
1979 | it, as it uses a relative timeout). |
|
|
1980 | |
1421 | C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, |
1981 | C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex |
1422 | such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other |
1982 | timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or |
1423 | complicated rules. |
1983 | other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as |
|
|
1984 | those cannot react to time jumps. |
1424 | |
1985 | |
1425 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
1986 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
1426 | time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready |
1987 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
1427 | during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined. |
1988 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
|
|
1989 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
|
|
1990 | (but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively). |
1428 | |
1991 | |
1429 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1992 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1430 | |
1993 | |
1431 | =over 4 |
1994 | =over 4 |
1432 | |
1995 | |
1433 | =item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb) |
1996 | =item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb) |
1434 | |
1997 | |
1435 | =item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb) |
1998 | =item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb) |
1436 | |
1999 | |
1437 | Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of |
2000 | Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of |
1438 | operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex: |
2001 | operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex: |
1439 | |
2002 | |
1440 | =over 4 |
2003 | =over 4 |
1441 | |
2004 | |
1442 | =item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0) |
2005 | =item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0) |
1443 | |
2006 | |
1444 | In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock |
2007 | In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock |
1445 | time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time |
2008 | time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a |
1446 | jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will |
2009 | time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it |
1447 | only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time. |
2010 | will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses |
|
|
2011 | this point in time. |
1448 | |
2012 | |
1449 | =item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0) |
2013 | =item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0) |
1450 | |
2014 | |
1451 | In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next |
2015 | In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next |
1452 | C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative) |
2016 | C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be |
1453 | and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. |
2017 | negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset> |
|
|
2018 | argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods. |
1454 | |
2019 | |
1455 | This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the |
2020 | This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the |
1456 | system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each |
2021 | system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each |
1457 | hour, on the hour: |
2022 | hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC): |
1458 | |
2023 | |
1459 | ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0); |
2024 | ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0); |
1460 | |
2025 | |
1461 | This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers, |
2026 | This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers, |
1462 | but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a |
2027 | but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a |
1463 | full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible |
2028 | full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible |
1464 | by 3600. |
2029 | by 3600. |
1465 | |
2030 | |
1466 | Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that |
2031 | Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that |
1467 | C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible |
2032 | C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible |
1468 | time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps. |
2033 | time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps. |
1469 | |
2034 | |
1470 | For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near |
2035 | For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near |
1471 | C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for |
2036 | C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for |
1472 | this value, and in fact is often specified as zero. |
2037 | this value, and in fact is often specified as zero. |
1473 | |
2038 | |
1474 | Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU |
2039 | Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU |
1475 | speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability |
2040 | speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability |
1476 | will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one |
2041 | will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one |
1477 | millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough). |
2042 | millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough). |
1478 | |
2043 | |
1479 | =item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback) |
2044 | =item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback) |
1480 | |
2045 | |
1481 | In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being |
2046 | In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being |
1482 | ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the |
2047 | ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the |
1483 | reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the |
2048 | reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the |
1484 | current time as second argument. |
2049 | current time as second argument. |
1485 | |
2050 | |
1486 | NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, |
2051 | NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever, |
1487 | ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>. |
2052 | or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly |
|
|
2053 | allowed by documentation here>. |
1488 | |
2054 | |
1489 | If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop |
2055 | If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop |
1490 | it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the |
2056 | it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the |
1491 | only event loop modification you are allowed to do). |
2057 | only event loop modification you are allowed to do). |
1492 | |
2058 | |
1493 | The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic |
2059 | The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic |
1494 | *w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.: |
2060 | *w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.: |
1495 | |
2061 | |
|
|
2062 | static ev_tstamp |
1496 | static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
2063 | my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
1497 | { |
2064 | { |
1498 | return now + 60.; |
2065 | return now + 60.; |
1499 | } |
2066 | } |
1500 | |
2067 | |
1501 | It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value |
2068 | It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value |
… | |
… | |
1521 | a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like |
2088 | a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like |
1522 | program when the crontabs have changed). |
2089 | program when the crontabs have changed). |
1523 | |
2090 | |
1524 | =item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *) |
2091 | =item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *) |
1525 | |
2092 | |
1526 | When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to |
2093 | When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed |
1527 | trigger next. |
2094 | to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to |
|
|
2095 | C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual |
|
|
2096 | rescheduling modes. |
1528 | |
2097 | |
1529 | =item ev_tstamp offset [read-write] |
2098 | =item ev_tstamp offset [read-write] |
1530 | |
2099 | |
1531 | When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the |
2100 | When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the |
1532 | absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>). |
2101 | absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>, |
|
|
2102 | although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability). |
1533 | |
2103 | |
1534 | Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic |
2104 | Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic |
1535 | timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called. |
2105 | timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called. |
1536 | |
2106 | |
1537 | =item ev_tstamp interval [read-write] |
2107 | =item ev_tstamp interval [read-write] |
1538 | |
2108 | |
1539 | The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only |
2109 | The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only |
1540 | take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being |
2110 | take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being |
1541 | called. |
2111 | called. |
1542 | |
2112 | |
1543 | =item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write] |
2113 | =item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write] |
1544 | |
2114 | |
1545 | The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is |
2115 | The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is |
1546 | switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
2116 | switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when |
1547 | the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called. |
2117 | the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called. |
1548 | |
2118 | |
… | |
… | |
1553 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
2123 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
1554 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
2124 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
1555 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
2125 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
1556 | |
2126 | |
1557 | static void |
2127 | static void |
1558 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents) |
2128 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
1559 | { |
2129 | { |
1560 | ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
2130 | ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
1561 | } |
2131 | } |
1562 | |
2132 | |
1563 | struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
2133 | ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1564 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
2134 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0); |
1565 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
2135 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1566 | |
2136 | |
1567 | Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
2137 | Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it: |
1568 | |
2138 | |
1569 | #include <math.h> |
2139 | #include <math.h> |
1570 | |
2140 | |
1571 | static ev_tstamp |
2141 | static ev_tstamp |
1572 | my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
2142 | my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) |
1573 | { |
2143 | { |
1574 | return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.)); |
2144 | return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.)); |
1575 | } |
2145 | } |
1576 | |
2146 | |
1577 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); |
2147 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb); |
1578 | |
2148 | |
1579 | Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now: |
2149 | Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now: |
1580 | |
2150 | |
1581 | struct ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
2151 | ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
1582 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
2152 | ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, |
1583 | fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
2153 | fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0); |
1584 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
2154 | ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick); |
1585 | |
2155 | |
1586 | |
2156 | |
… | |
… | |
1589 | Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific |
2159 | Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific |
1590 | signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev |
2160 | signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev |
1591 | will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the |
2161 | will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the |
1592 | normal event processing, like any other event. |
2162 | normal event processing, like any other event. |
1593 | |
2163 | |
1594 | If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would |
2164 | If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use |
1595 | do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use |
2165 | C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing |
1596 | C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop. |
2166 | the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to |
|
|
2167 | synchronously wake up an event loop. |
1597 | |
2168 | |
1598 | You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the |
2169 | You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but |
|
|
2170 | only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your |
|
|
2171 | default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for |
|
|
2172 | C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At |
|
|
2173 | the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop. |
|
|
2174 | |
1599 | first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler |
2175 | When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something |
1600 | with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as |
2176 | with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as |
1601 | you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when |
2177 | you don't register any with libev for the same signal). |
1602 | the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the |
|
|
1603 | signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before). |
|
|
1604 | |
2178 | |
1605 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
2179 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
1606 | C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly |
2180 | C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
1607 | interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by |
2181 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
1608 | signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock |
2182 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher |
1609 | them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher. |
2183 | and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher. |
|
|
2184 | |
|
|
2185 | =head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create |
|
|
2186 | |
|
|
2187 | Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition |
|
|
2188 | (C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after |
|
|
2189 | stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal, |
|
|
2190 | and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler. |
|
|
2191 | |
|
|
2192 | While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never |
|
|
2193 | sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on |
|
|
2194 | C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect |
|
|
2195 | certain signals to be blocked. |
|
|
2196 | |
|
|
2197 | This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset |
|
|
2198 | the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good |
|
|
2199 | choice usually). |
|
|
2200 | |
|
|
2201 | The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is |
|
|
2202 | to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will |
|
|
2203 | catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well. |
|
|
2204 | |
|
|
2205 | In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely |
|
|
2206 | unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces |
|
|
2207 | the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev |
|
|
2208 | I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily. |
|
|
2209 | |
|
|
2210 | So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when |
|
|
2211 | you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This |
|
|
2212 | is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries. |
1610 | |
2213 | |
1611 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2214 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1612 | |
2215 | |
1613 | =over 4 |
2216 | =over 4 |
1614 | |
2217 | |
… | |
… | |
1628 | =head3 Examples |
2231 | =head3 Examples |
1629 | |
2232 | |
1630 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
2233 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
1631 | |
2234 | |
1632 | static void |
2235 | static void |
1633 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2236 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
1634 | { |
2237 | { |
1635 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
2238 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
1636 | } |
2239 | } |
1637 | |
2240 | |
1638 | struct ev_signal signal_watcher; |
2241 | ev_signal signal_watcher; |
1639 | ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
2242 | ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
1640 | ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
2243 | ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
1641 | |
2244 | |
1642 | |
2245 | |
1643 | =head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes |
2246 | =head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes |
… | |
… | |
1646 | some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or |
2249 | some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or |
1647 | exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child |
2250 | exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child |
1648 | has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long |
2251 | has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long |
1649 | as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e., |
2252 | as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e., |
1650 | forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine, |
2253 | forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine, |
1651 | but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is |
2254 | but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or |
1652 | not. |
2255 | in the next callback invocation is not. |
1653 | |
2256 | |
1654 | Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore |
2257 | Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore |
1655 | you can only register child watchers in the default event loop. |
2258 | you can only register child watchers in the default event loop. |
1656 | |
2259 | |
|
|
2260 | Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be |
|
|
2261 | handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by |
|
|
2262 | libev) |
|
|
2263 | |
1657 | =head3 Process Interaction |
2264 | =head3 Process Interaction |
1658 | |
2265 | |
1659 | Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is |
2266 | Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is |
1660 | initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if |
2267 | initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the |
1661 | the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence |
2268 | first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence |
1662 | of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done |
2269 | of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done |
1663 | synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all |
2270 | synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all |
1664 | children, even ones not watched. |
2271 | children, even ones not watched. |
1665 | |
2272 | |
1666 | =head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing |
2273 | =head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing |
… | |
… | |
1676 | =head3 Stopping the Child Watcher |
2283 | =head3 Stopping the Child Watcher |
1677 | |
2284 | |
1678 | Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the |
2285 | Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the |
1679 | child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the |
2286 | child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the |
1680 | callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically |
2287 | callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically |
1681 | when a child exit is detected. |
2288 | when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a |
|
|
2289 | problem). |
1682 | |
2290 | |
1683 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2291 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1684 | |
2292 | |
1685 | =over 4 |
2293 | =over 4 |
1686 | |
2294 | |
… | |
… | |
1718 | its completion. |
2326 | its completion. |
1719 | |
2327 | |
1720 | ev_child cw; |
2328 | ev_child cw; |
1721 | |
2329 | |
1722 | static void |
2330 | static void |
1723 | child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents) |
2331 | child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents) |
1724 | { |
2332 | { |
1725 | ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w); |
2333 | ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1726 | printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus); |
2334 | printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus); |
1727 | } |
2335 | } |
1728 | |
2336 | |
… | |
… | |
1743 | |
2351 | |
1744 | |
2352 | |
1745 | =head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change? |
2353 | =head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change? |
1746 | |
2354 | |
1747 | This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls |
2355 | This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls |
1748 | C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed |
2356 | C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed) |
1749 | compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did. |
2357 | and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if |
|
|
2358 | it did. |
1750 | |
2359 | |
1751 | The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does |
2360 | The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does |
1752 | not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does |
2361 | not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not |
1753 | not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is |
2362 | exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the |
1754 | otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of |
2363 | C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at |
1755 | the stat buffer having unspecified contents. |
2364 | least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified |
|
|
2365 | contents. |
1756 | |
2366 | |
1757 | The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is |
2367 | The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as |
|
|
2368 | C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and |
1758 | relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined. |
2369 | your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined. |
1759 | |
2370 | |
1760 | Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable |
2371 | Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the |
1761 | implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if |
2372 | portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path |
1762 | it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for |
2373 | to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling |
1763 | this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) |
2374 | interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly |
1764 | then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which |
2375 | recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used |
1765 | you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change |
2376 | (which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might |
1766 | dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently |
2377 | change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is |
1767 | around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill. |
2378 | currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill. |
1768 | |
2379 | |
1769 | This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, |
2380 | This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers, |
1770 | as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be |
2381 | as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be |
1771 | resource-intensive. |
2382 | resource-intensive. |
1772 | |
2383 | |
1773 | At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented |
2384 | At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented |
1774 | is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as |
2385 | is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an |
1775 | an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way |
2386 | exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of |
1776 | of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue). |
2387 | implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint). |
1777 | |
2388 | |
1778 | =head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support) |
2389 | =head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support) |
1779 | |
2390 | |
1780 | Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default |
2391 | Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default |
1781 | compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file |
2392 | compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file |
1782 | support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat |
2393 | support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat |
1783 | structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to |
2394 | structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to |
1784 | use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to |
2395 | use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to |
1785 | compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is |
2396 | compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is |
1786 | obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is |
2397 | obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is |
1787 | most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support. |
2398 | most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support. |
1788 | |
2399 | |
1789 | The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large |
2400 | The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large |
1790 | file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not |
2401 | file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not |
1791 | optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has |
2402 | optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has |
1792 | to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the |
2403 | to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the |
1793 | default compilation environment. |
2404 | default compilation environment. |
1794 | |
2405 | |
1795 | =head3 Inotify and Kqueue |
2406 | =head3 Inotify and Kqueue |
1796 | |
2407 | |
1797 | When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only |
2408 | When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at |
1798 | available with Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up |
2409 | runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The |
1799 | change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily |
2410 | inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat> |
1800 | when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started. |
2411 | watcher is being started. |
1801 | |
2412 | |
1802 | Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers |
2413 | Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers |
1803 | except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid |
2414 | except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid |
1804 | making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support |
2415 | making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support |
1805 | there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling, |
2416 | there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling, |
1806 | but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling. |
2417 | but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too |
|
|
2418 | many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on |
|
|
2419 | a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and |
|
|
2420 | xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling. |
1807 | |
2421 | |
1808 | There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to |
2422 | There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to |
1809 | implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file |
2423 | implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file |
1810 | descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks |
2424 | descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks |
1811 | etc. is difficult. |
2425 | etc. is difficult. |
1812 | |
2426 | |
|
|
2427 | =head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation |
|
|
2428 | |
|
|
2429 | Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking |
|
|
2430 | the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat |
|
|
2431 | ()>, which is a synchronous operation. |
|
|
2432 | |
|
|
2433 | For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very |
|
|
2434 | busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast, |
|
|
2435 | as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the |
|
|
2436 | watcher). |
|
|
2437 | |
|
|
2438 | For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite |
|
|
2439 | time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call |
|
|
2440 | often takes multiple milliseconds. |
|
|
2441 | |
|
|
2442 | Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked |
|
|
2443 | paths, although this is fully supported by libev. |
|
|
2444 | |
1813 | =head3 The special problem of stat time resolution |
2445 | =head3 The special problem of stat time resolution |
1814 | |
2446 | |
1815 | The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and |
2447 | The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, |
1816 | even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still |
2448 | and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems |
1817 | only support whole seconds. |
2449 | still only support whole seconds. |
1818 | |
2450 | |
1819 | That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can |
2451 | That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can |
1820 | easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and |
2452 | easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and |
1821 | calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update |
2453 | calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update |
1822 | within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the |
2454 | within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the |
… | |
… | |
1965 | |
2597 | |
1966 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2598 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1967 | |
2599 | |
1968 | =over 4 |
2600 | =over 4 |
1969 | |
2601 | |
1970 | =item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback) |
2602 | =item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback) |
1971 | |
2603 | |
1972 | Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any |
2604 | Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any |
1973 | kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
2605 | kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
1974 | believe me. |
2606 | believe me. |
1975 | |
2607 | |
… | |
… | |
1979 | |
2611 | |
1980 | Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the |
2612 | Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the |
1981 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
2613 | callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual. |
1982 | |
2614 | |
1983 | static void |
2615 | static void |
1984 | idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents) |
2616 | idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents) |
1985 | { |
2617 | { |
1986 | free (w); |
2618 | free (w); |
1987 | // now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
2619 | // now do something you wanted to do when the program has |
1988 | // no longer anything immediate to do. |
2620 | // no longer anything immediate to do. |
1989 | } |
2621 | } |
1990 | |
2622 | |
1991 | struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle)); |
2623 | ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle)); |
1992 | ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb); |
2624 | ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb); |
1993 | ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb); |
2625 | ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher); |
1994 | |
2626 | |
1995 | |
2627 | |
1996 | =head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop! |
2628 | =head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop! |
1997 | |
2629 | |
1998 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
2630 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
… | |
… | |
2077 | |
2709 | |
2078 | static ev_io iow [nfd]; |
2710 | static ev_io iow [nfd]; |
2079 | static ev_timer tw; |
2711 | static ev_timer tw; |
2080 | |
2712 | |
2081 | static void |
2713 | static void |
2082 | io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
2714 | io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
2083 | { |
2715 | { |
2084 | } |
2716 | } |
2085 | |
2717 | |
2086 | // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
2718 | // create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking |
2087 | static void |
2719 | static void |
2088 | adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
2720 | adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents) |
2089 | { |
2721 | { |
2090 | int timeout = 3600000; |
2722 | int timeout = 3600000; |
2091 | struct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
2723 | struct pollfd fds [nfd]; |
2092 | // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc. |
2724 | // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc. |
2093 | adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ())); |
2725 | adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ())); |
2094 | |
2726 | |
2095 | /* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */ |
2727 | /* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */ |
2096 | ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3); |
2728 | ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.); |
2097 | ev_timer_start (loop, &tw); |
2729 | ev_timer_start (loop, &tw); |
2098 | |
2730 | |
2099 | // create one ev_io per pollfd |
2731 | // create one ev_io per pollfd |
2100 | for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
2732 | for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
2101 | { |
2733 | { |
… | |
… | |
2108 | } |
2740 | } |
2109 | } |
2741 | } |
2110 | |
2742 | |
2111 | // stop all watchers after blocking |
2743 | // stop all watchers after blocking |
2112 | static void |
2744 | static void |
2113 | adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents) |
2745 | adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents) |
2114 | { |
2746 | { |
2115 | ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw); |
2747 | ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw); |
2116 | |
2748 | |
2117 | for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
2749 | for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i) |
2118 | { |
2750 | { |
… | |
… | |
2214 | some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), |
2846 | some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), |
2215 | and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In |
2847 | and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In |
2216 | this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all |
2848 | this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all |
2217 | the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first. |
2849 | the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first. |
2218 | |
2850 | |
2219 | As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time |
2851 | As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every |
2220 | there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then |
2852 | time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback |
2221 | call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke |
2853 | must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single |
2222 | their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded |
2854 | sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the |
2223 | loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback |
2855 | C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher |
2224 | to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the |
2856 | to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example). |
2225 | embedded loop sweep. |
|
|
2226 | |
2857 | |
2227 | As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The |
2858 | You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher |
2228 | callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can |
2859 | will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary. |
2229 | set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not |
|
|
2230 | interested in that. |
|
|
2231 | |
2860 | |
2232 | Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking: |
2861 | Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher |
2233 | when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops, |
2862 | is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the |
2234 | but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers |
2863 | embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling |
2235 | yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically, |
2864 | C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop. |
2236 | and future versions of libev might do just that. |
|
|
2237 | |
2865 | |
2238 | Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by |
2866 | Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by |
2239 | C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any |
2867 | C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any |
2240 | portable one. |
2868 | portable one. |
2241 | |
2869 | |
… | |
… | |
2286 | C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be |
2914 | C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be |
2287 | used). |
2915 | used). |
2288 | |
2916 | |
2289 | struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
2917 | struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0); |
2290 | struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
2918 | struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0; |
2291 | struct ev_embed embed; |
2919 | ev_embed embed; |
2292 | |
2920 | |
2293 | // see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
2921 | // see if there is a chance of getting one that works |
2294 | // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
2922 | // (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection) |
2295 | loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends () |
2923 | loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends () |
2296 | ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()) |
2924 | ? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()) |
… | |
… | |
2310 | kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in |
2938 | kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in |
2311 | C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too). |
2939 | C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too). |
2312 | |
2940 | |
2313 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
2941 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
2314 | struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
2942 | struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0; |
2315 | struct ev_embed embed; |
2943 | ev_embed embed; |
2316 | |
2944 | |
2317 | if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
2945 | if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) |
2318 | if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
2946 | if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)) |
2319 | { |
2947 | { |
2320 | ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket); |
2948 | ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket); |
… | |
… | |
2335 | event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, |
2963 | event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, |
2336 | and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling |
2964 | and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling |
2337 | C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
2965 | C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
2338 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
2966 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
2339 | |
2967 | |
|
|
2968 | =head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible? |
|
|
2969 | |
|
|
2970 | Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste |
|
|
2971 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This |
|
|
2972 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
|
|
2973 | |
|
|
2974 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
|
|
2975 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the |
|
|
2976 | fork. |
|
|
2977 | |
|
|
2978 | The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect |
|
|
2979 | forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected |
|
|
2980 | when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues. |
|
|
2981 | |
|
|
2982 | When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the |
|
|
2983 | wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is |
|
|
2984 | supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other |
|
|
2985 | process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers. |
|
|
2986 | |
|
|
2987 | The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to |
|
|
2988 | simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and |
|
|
2989 | use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more |
|
|
2990 | memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the |
|
|
2991 | disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support |
|
|
2992 | signal watchers). |
|
|
2993 | |
|
|
2994 | When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for |
|
|
2995 | other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call |
|
|
2996 | C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying |
|
|
2997 | the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you |
|
|
2998 | have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note |
|
|
2999 | also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers. |
|
|
3000 | |
2340 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
3001 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2341 | |
3002 | |
2342 | =over 4 |
3003 | =over 4 |
2343 | |
3004 | |
2344 | =item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback) |
3005 | =item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback) |
… | |
… | |
2373 | =head3 Queueing |
3034 | =head3 Queueing |
2374 | |
3035 | |
2375 | C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
3036 | C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
2376 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
3037 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
2377 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
3038 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
2378 | need elaborate support such as pthreads. |
3039 | need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access |
|
|
3040 | semantics. |
2379 | |
3041 | |
2380 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
3042 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
2381 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
3043 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
2382 | queue: |
3044 | queue: |
2383 | |
3045 | |
… | |
… | |
2461 | =over 4 |
3123 | =over 4 |
2462 | |
3124 | |
2463 | =item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback) |
3125 | =item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback) |
2464 | |
3126 | |
2465 | Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any |
3127 | Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any |
2466 | kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
3128 | kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
2467 | trust me. |
3129 | trust me. |
2468 | |
3130 | |
2469 | =item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *) |
3131 | =item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *) |
2470 | |
3132 | |
2471 | Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds |
3133 | Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds |
2472 | an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike |
3134 | an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike |
2473 | C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or |
3135 | C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or |
2474 | similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding |
3136 | similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding |
2475 | section below on what exactly this means). |
3137 | section below on what exactly this means). |
2476 | |
3138 | |
|
|
3139 | Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get |
|
|
3140 | compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this |
|
|
3141 | is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>, |
|
|
3142 | reset when the event loop detects that). |
|
|
3143 | |
2477 | This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration, |
3144 | This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop |
2478 | so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated |
3145 | iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to |
2479 | calls to C<ev_async_send>. |
3146 | repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop. |
2480 | |
3147 | |
2481 | =item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *) |
3148 | =item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *) |
2482 | |
3149 | |
2483 | Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the |
3150 | Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the |
2484 | watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the |
3151 | watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the |
… | |
… | |
2487 | C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When |
3154 | C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When |
2488 | the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active, |
3155 | the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active, |
2489 | it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very |
3156 | it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very |
2490 | quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea. |
3157 | quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea. |
2491 | |
3158 | |
2492 | Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only |
3159 | Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, |
2493 | whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending. |
3160 | only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there |
|
|
3161 | is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async |
|
|
3162 | notification, and the callback being invoked. |
2494 | |
3163 | |
2495 | =back |
3164 | =back |
2496 | |
3165 | |
2497 | |
3166 | |
2498 | =head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS |
3167 | =head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS |
… | |
… | |
2513 | C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for |
3182 | C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for |
2514 | the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started. |
3183 | the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started. |
2515 | |
3184 | |
2516 | If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
3185 | If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
2517 | started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and |
3186 | started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and |
2518 | repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of |
3187 | repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout. |
2519 | dubious value. |
|
|
2520 | |
3188 | |
2521 | The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets |
3189 | The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is |
2522 | passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
3190 | passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
2523 | C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg> |
3191 | C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg> |
2524 | value passed to C<ev_once>: |
3192 | value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both> |
|
|
3193 | a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io |
|
|
3194 | events precedence. |
|
|
3195 | |
|
|
3196 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO. |
2525 | |
3197 | |
2526 | static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3198 | static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
2527 | { |
3199 | { |
|
|
3200 | if (revents & EV_READ) |
|
|
3201 | /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
2528 | if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT) |
3202 | else if (revents & EV_TIMER) |
2529 | /* doh, nothing entered */; |
3203 | /* doh, nothing entered */; |
2530 | else if (revents & EV_READ) |
|
|
2531 | /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
|
|
2532 | } |
3204 | } |
2533 | |
3205 | |
2534 | ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
3206 | ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
2535 | |
3207 | |
2536 | =item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents) |
|
|
2537 | |
|
|
2538 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
|
|
2539 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
|
|
2540 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). |
|
|
2541 | |
|
|
2542 | =item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents) |
3208 | =item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents) |
2543 | |
3209 | |
2544 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
3210 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
2545 | the given events it. |
3211 | the given events it. |
2546 | |
3212 | |
2547 | =item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum) |
3213 | =item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum) |
2548 | |
3214 | |
2549 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default |
3215 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default |
2550 | loop!). |
3216 | loop!). |
2551 | |
3217 | |
2552 | =back |
3218 | =back |
… | |
… | |
2632 | |
3298 | |
2633 | =over 4 |
3299 | =over 4 |
2634 | |
3300 | |
2635 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE () |
3301 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE () |
2636 | |
3302 | |
2637 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *) |
3303 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop) |
2638 | |
3304 | |
2639 | =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE |
3305 | =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE |
2640 | |
3306 | |
2641 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
3307 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
2642 | with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>. |
3308 | with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>. |
… | |
… | |
2674 | |
3340 | |
2675 | myclass obj; |
3341 | myclass obj; |
2676 | ev::io iow; |
3342 | ev::io iow; |
2677 | iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
3343 | iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
2678 | |
3344 | |
|
|
3345 | =item w->set (object *) |
|
|
3346 | |
|
|
3347 | This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call |
|
|
3348 | will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use |
|
|
3349 | functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all |
|
|
3350 | the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument |
|
|
3351 | list. |
|
|
3352 | |
|
|
3353 | The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w, |
|
|
3354 | int revents)>. |
|
|
3355 | |
|
|
3356 | See the method-C<set> above for more details. |
|
|
3357 | |
|
|
3358 | Example: use a functor object as callback. |
|
|
3359 | |
|
|
3360 | struct myfunctor |
|
|
3361 | { |
|
|
3362 | void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents) |
|
|
3363 | { |
|
|
3364 | ... |
|
|
3365 | } |
|
|
3366 | } |
|
|
3367 | |
|
|
3368 | myfunctor f; |
|
|
3369 | |
|
|
3370 | ev::io w; |
|
|
3371 | w.set (&f); |
|
|
3372 | |
2679 | =item w->set<function> (void *data = 0) |
3373 | =item w->set<function> (void *data = 0) |
2680 | |
3374 | |
2681 | Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as |
3375 | Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as |
2682 | callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's |
3376 | callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's |
2683 | C<data> member and is free for you to use. |
3377 | C<data> member and is free for you to use. |
… | |
… | |
2689 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
3383 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
2690 | |
3384 | |
2691 | static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
3385 | static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
2692 | iow.set <io_cb> (); |
3386 | iow.set <io_cb> (); |
2693 | |
3387 | |
2694 | =item w->set (struct ev_loop *) |
3388 | =item w->set (loop) |
2695 | |
3389 | |
2696 | Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only |
3390 | Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only |
2697 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
3391 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
2698 | |
3392 | |
2699 | =item w->set ([arguments]) |
3393 | =item w->set ([arguments]) |
… | |
… | |
2769 | L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>. |
3463 | L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>. |
2770 | |
3464 | |
2771 | =item Python |
3465 | =item Python |
2772 | |
3466 | |
2773 | Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It |
3467 | Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It |
2774 | seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the |
3468 | seems to be quite complete and well-documented. |
2775 | patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI |
|
|
2776 | for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed |
|
|
2777 | libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed |
|
|
2778 | libev). |
|
|
2779 | |
3469 | |
2780 | =item Ruby |
3470 | =item Ruby |
2781 | |
3471 | |
2782 | Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset |
3472 | Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset |
2783 | of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and |
3473 | of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and |
2784 | more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at |
3474 | more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at |
2785 | L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>. |
3475 | L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>. |
2786 | |
3476 | |
|
|
3477 | Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190> |
|
|
3478 | makes rev work even on mingw. |
|
|
3479 | |
|
|
3480 | =item Haskell |
|
|
3481 | |
|
|
3482 | A haskell binding to libev is available at |
|
|
3483 | L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>. |
|
|
3484 | |
2787 | =item D |
3485 | =item D |
2788 | |
3486 | |
2789 | Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to |
3487 | Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to |
2790 | be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>. |
3488 | be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>. |
|
|
3489 | |
|
|
3490 | =item Ocaml |
|
|
3491 | |
|
|
3492 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
|
|
3493 | L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>. |
|
|
3494 | |
|
|
3495 | =item Lua |
|
|
3496 | |
|
|
3497 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the |
|
|
3498 | time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at |
|
|
3499 | L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>. |
2791 | |
3500 | |
2792 | =back |
3501 | =back |
2793 | |
3502 | |
2794 | |
3503 | |
2795 | =head1 MACRO MAGIC |
3504 | =head1 MACRO MAGIC |
… | |
… | |
2896 | |
3605 | |
2897 | #define EV_STANDALONE 1 |
3606 | #define EV_STANDALONE 1 |
2898 | #include "ev.h" |
3607 | #include "ev.h" |
2899 | |
3608 | |
2900 | Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++ |
3609 | Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++ |
2901 | compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated |
3610 | compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated |
2902 | as a bug). |
3611 | as a bug). |
2903 | |
3612 | |
2904 | You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory |
3613 | You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory |
2905 | in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev): |
3614 | in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev): |
2906 | |
3615 | |
… | |
… | |
2949 | libev.m4 |
3658 | libev.m4 |
2950 | |
3659 | |
2951 | =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS |
3660 | =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS |
2952 | |
3661 | |
2953 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
3662 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
2954 | define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of |
3663 | define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in |
2955 | autoconf is documented for every option. |
3664 | the absence of autoconf is documented for every option. |
|
|
3665 | |
|
|
3666 | Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different |
|
|
3667 | values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible |
|
|
3668 | to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility |
|
|
3669 | to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all |
|
|
3670 | users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible |
|
|
3671 | settings. |
2956 | |
3672 | |
2957 | =over 4 |
3673 | =over 4 |
2958 | |
3674 | |
2959 | =item EV_STANDALONE |
3675 | =item EV_STANDALONE (h) |
2960 | |
3676 | |
2961 | Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
3677 | Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
2962 | keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy |
3678 | keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy |
2963 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
3679 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
2964 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
3680 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
2965 | F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone. |
3681 | F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone. |
2966 | |
3682 | |
|
|
3683 | In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the |
|
|
3684 | configuration, but has to be more conservative. |
|
|
3685 | |
2967 | =item EV_USE_MONOTONIC |
3686 | =item EV_USE_MONOTONIC |
2968 | |
3687 | |
2969 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
3688 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
2970 | monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use |
3689 | monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no |
2971 | of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you |
3690 | use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, |
2972 | usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when |
3691 | you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it |
2973 | the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have |
3692 | when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have |
2974 | to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime> |
3693 | to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime> |
2975 | function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). |
3694 | function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>. |
2976 | |
3695 | |
2977 | =item EV_USE_REALTIME |
3696 | =item EV_USE_REALTIME |
2978 | |
3697 | |
2979 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
3698 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
2980 | real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at |
3699 | real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability |
2981 | runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will |
3700 | at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock |
2982 | be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get |
3701 | option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> |
2983 | (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the |
3702 | by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect |
2984 | note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. |
3703 | correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of |
|
|
3704 | C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of |
|
|
3705 | C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>. |
|
|
3706 | |
|
|
3707 | =item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL |
|
|
3708 | |
|
|
3709 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead |
|
|
3710 | of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option |
|
|
3711 | exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt> |
|
|
3712 | unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded |
|
|
3713 | programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in |
|
|
3714 | theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids |
|
|
3715 | the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or |
|
|
3716 | higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>). |
2985 | |
3717 | |
2986 | =item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP |
3718 | =item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP |
2987 | |
3719 | |
2988 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available |
3720 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available |
2989 | and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>. |
3721 | and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>. |
… | |
… | |
3005 | |
3737 | |
3006 | =item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET |
3738 | =item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET |
3007 | |
3739 | |
3008 | If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set> |
3740 | If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set> |
3009 | structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing |
3741 | structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing |
3010 | C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on |
3742 | C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout |
3011 | exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some |
3743 | on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to |
3012 | low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only |
3744 | some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket |
3013 | allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might |
3745 | only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, |
3014 | influence the size of the C<fd_set> used. |
3746 | configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>. |
3015 | |
3747 | |
3016 | =item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET |
3748 | =item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET |
3017 | |
3749 | |
3018 | When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that |
3750 | When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that |
3019 | select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but |
3751 | select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but |
… | |
… | |
3021 | be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call |
3753 | be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call |
3022 | C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise, |
3754 | C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise, |
3023 | it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even |
3755 | it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even |
3024 | on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms. |
3756 | on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms. |
3025 | |
3757 | |
3026 | =item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE |
3758 | =item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd) |
3027 | |
3759 | |
3028 | If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map |
3760 | If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map |
3029 | file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the |
3761 | file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the |
3030 | default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually |
3762 | default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually |
3031 | correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, |
3763 | correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, |
3032 | in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles. |
3764 | in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles. |
|
|
3765 | |
|
|
3766 | =item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle) |
|
|
3767 | |
|
|
3768 | If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors |
|
|
3769 | using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing |
|
|
3770 | their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier |
|
|
3771 | to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value. |
|
|
3772 | |
|
|
3773 | =item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd) |
|
|
3774 | |
|
|
3775 | If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this |
|
|
3776 | macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister |
|
|
3777 | file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close |
|
|
3778 | the underlying OS handle. |
3033 | |
3779 | |
3034 | =item EV_USE_POLL |
3780 | =item EV_USE_POLL |
3035 | |
3781 | |
3036 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2) |
3782 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2) |
3037 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It |
3783 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It |
… | |
… | |
3084 | as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers. |
3830 | as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers. |
3085 | |
3831 | |
3086 | In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile> |
3832 | In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile> |
3087 | (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
3833 | (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
3088 | |
3834 | |
3089 | =item EV_H |
3835 | =item EV_H (h) |
3090 | |
3836 | |
3091 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
3837 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
3092 | undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be |
3838 | undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be |
3093 | used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
3839 | used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
3094 | |
3840 | |
3095 | =item EV_CONFIG_H |
3841 | =item EV_CONFIG_H (h) |
3096 | |
3842 | |
3097 | If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override |
3843 | If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override |
3098 | F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to |
3844 | F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to |
3099 | C<EV_H>, above. |
3845 | C<EV_H>, above. |
3100 | |
3846 | |
3101 | =item EV_EVENT_H |
3847 | =item EV_EVENT_H (h) |
3102 | |
3848 | |
3103 | Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea |
3849 | Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea |
3104 | of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">. |
3850 | of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">. |
3105 | |
3851 | |
3106 | =item EV_PROTOTYPES |
3852 | =item EV_PROTOTYPES (h) |
3107 | |
3853 | |
3108 | If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function |
3854 | If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function |
3109 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
3855 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
3110 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
3856 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
3111 | around libev functions. |
3857 | around libev functions. |
… | |
… | |
3133 | fine. |
3879 | fine. |
3134 | |
3880 | |
3135 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
3881 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
3136 | both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU. |
3882 | both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU. |
3137 | |
3883 | |
3138 | =item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE |
3884 | =item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, |
|
|
3885 | EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, |
|
|
3886 | EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE. |
3139 | |
3887 | |
3140 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If |
3888 | If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then |
3141 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
3889 | the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it |
3142 | code. |
3890 | is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves codesize. |
3143 | |
3891 | |
3144 | =item EV_IDLE_ENABLE |
3892 | =item EV_FEATURES |
3145 | |
|
|
3146 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3147 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
|
|
3148 | code. |
|
|
3149 | |
|
|
3150 | =item EV_EMBED_ENABLE |
|
|
3151 | |
|
|
3152 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3153 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other |
|
|
3154 | watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled. |
|
|
3155 | |
|
|
3156 | =item EV_STAT_ENABLE |
|
|
3157 | |
|
|
3158 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3159 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3160 | |
|
|
3161 | =item EV_FORK_ENABLE |
|
|
3162 | |
|
|
3163 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3164 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3165 | |
|
|
3166 | =item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE |
|
|
3167 | |
|
|
3168 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3169 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3170 | |
|
|
3171 | =item EV_MINIMAL |
|
|
3172 | |
3893 | |
3173 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
3894 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
3174 | speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some |
3895 | speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request |
3175 | inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a |
3896 | certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features |
3176 | much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap. |
3897 | that can be enabled on the platform. |
|
|
3898 | |
|
|
3899 | A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset |
|
|
3900 | with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable |
|
|
3901 | additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal, |
|
|
3902 | but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll |
|
|
3903 | backend, use this: |
|
|
3904 | |
|
|
3905 | #define EV_FEATURES 0 |
|
|
3906 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1 |
|
|
3907 | #define EV_USE_POLL 1 |
|
|
3908 | #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
3909 | #define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
3910 | |
|
|
3911 | The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following |
|
|
3912 | values: |
|
|
3913 | |
|
|
3914 | =over 4 |
|
|
3915 | |
|
|
3916 | =item C<1> - faster/larger code |
|
|
3917 | |
|
|
3918 | Use larger code to speed up some operations. |
|
|
3919 | |
|
|
3920 | Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the roughly |
|
|
3921 | 30% code size on amd64. |
|
|
3922 | |
|
|
3923 | When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with |
|
|
3924 | gcc recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of |
|
|
3925 | assertions. |
|
|
3926 | |
|
|
3927 | =item C<2> - faster/larger data structures |
|
|
3928 | |
|
|
3929 | Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger |
|
|
3930 | hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase codesize |
|
|
3931 | and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at |
|
|
3932 | runtime. |
|
|
3933 | |
|
|
3934 | =item C<4> - full API configuration |
|
|
3935 | |
|
|
3936 | This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and |
|
|
3937 | enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1). |
|
|
3938 | |
|
|
3939 | =item C<8> - full API |
|
|
3940 | |
|
|
3941 | This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for |
|
|
3942 | details on which parts of the API are still available without this |
|
|
3943 | feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time. |
|
|
3944 | |
|
|
3945 | =item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types |
|
|
3946 | |
|
|
3947 | Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable |
|
|
3948 | only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare, |
|
|
3949 | embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining |
|
|
3950 | C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead. |
|
|
3951 | |
|
|
3952 | =item C<32> - enable all backends |
|
|
3953 | |
|
|
3954 | This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at |
|
|
3955 | least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice). |
|
|
3956 | |
|
|
3957 | =item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs |
|
|
3958 | |
|
|
3959 | Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by |
|
|
3960 | default. |
|
|
3961 | |
|
|
3962 | =back |
|
|
3963 | |
|
|
3964 | Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0> |
|
|
3965 | reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb |
|
|
3966 | code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O |
|
|
3967 | watchers, timers and monotonic clock support. |
|
|
3968 | |
|
|
3969 | With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough |
|
|
3970 | when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by |
|
|
3971 | your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an |
|
|
3972 | I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb. |
|
|
3973 | |
|
|
3974 | =item EV_AVOID_STDIO |
|
|
3975 | |
|
|
3976 | If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio |
|
|
3977 | functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the codesize |
|
|
3978 | somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your |
|
|
3979 | libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite |
|
|
3980 | big. |
|
|
3981 | |
|
|
3982 | Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is |
|
|
3983 | enabled. |
|
|
3984 | |
|
|
3985 | =item EV_NSIG |
|
|
3986 | |
|
|
3987 | The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of |
|
|
3988 | signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals |
|
|
3989 | automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be |
|
|
3990 | specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be |
|
|
3991 | good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev |
|
|
3992 | statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number. |
3177 | |
3993 | |
3178 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
3994 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
3179 | |
3995 | |
3180 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3996 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3181 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more |
3997 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled), |
3182 | than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to |
3998 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you |
3183 | increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
3999 | might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
3184 | |
4000 | |
3185 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
4001 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
3186 | |
4002 | |
3187 | C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
4003 | C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3188 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), |
4004 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> |
3189 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat> |
4005 | disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of |
3190 | watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of |
4006 | C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a |
3191 | two). |
4007 | power of two). |
3192 | |
4008 | |
3193 | =item EV_USE_4HEAP |
4009 | =item EV_USE_4HEAP |
3194 | |
4010 | |
3195 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
4011 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
3196 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined |
4012 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined |
3197 | to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
4013 | to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
3198 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
4014 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
3199 | |
4015 | |
3200 | The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0> |
4016 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3201 | (disabled). |
4017 | will be C<0>. |
3202 | |
4018 | |
3203 | =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT |
4019 | =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT |
3204 | |
4020 | |
3205 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
4021 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
3206 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within |
4022 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within |
3207 | the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>), |
4023 | the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>), |
3208 | which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
4024 | which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
3209 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
4025 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
3210 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
4026 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
3211 | |
4027 | |
3212 | The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0> |
4028 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3213 | (disabled). |
4029 | will be C<0>. |
3214 | |
4030 | |
3215 | =item EV_VERIFY |
4031 | =item EV_VERIFY |
3216 | |
4032 | |
3217 | Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will |
4033 | Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will |
3218 | be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled |
4034 | be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled |
… | |
… | |
3220 | called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be |
4036 | called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be |
3221 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the |
4037 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the |
3222 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
4038 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
3223 | libev considerably. |
4039 | libev considerably. |
3224 | |
4040 | |
3225 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be |
4041 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3226 | C<0>. |
4042 | will be C<0>. |
3227 | |
4043 | |
3228 | =item EV_COMMON |
4044 | =item EV_COMMON |
3229 | |
4045 | |
3230 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
4046 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
3231 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
4047 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
… | |
… | |
3289 | file. |
4105 | file. |
3290 | |
4106 | |
3291 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
4107 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
3292 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
4108 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
3293 | |
4109 | |
3294 | #define EV_MINIMAL 1 |
4110 | #define EV_FEATURES 8 |
3295 | #define EV_USE_POLL 0 |
4111 | #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
3296 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 |
|
|
3297 | #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0 |
4112 | #define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4113 | #define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1 |
3298 | #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0 |
4114 | #define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1 |
3299 | #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0 |
4115 | #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4116 | #define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0 |
3300 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
4117 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
3301 | #define EV_MINPRI 0 |
|
|
3302 | #define EV_MAXPRI 0 |
|
|
3303 | |
4118 | |
3304 | #include "ev++.h" |
4119 | #include "ev++.h" |
3305 | |
4120 | |
3306 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
4121 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
3307 | |
4122 | |
… | |
… | |
3367 | default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop |
4182 | default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop |
3368 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
4183 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
3369 | |
4184 | |
3370 | =back |
4185 | =back |
3371 | |
4186 | |
|
|
4187 | =head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE |
|
|
4188 | |
|
|
4189 | Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different |
|
|
4190 | thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are |
|
|
4191 | created/added/removed. |
|
|
4192 | |
|
|
4193 | For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module, |
|
|
4194 | which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level |
|
|
4195 | languages). |
|
|
4196 | |
|
|
4197 | The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition |
|
|
4198 | variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the |
|
|
4199 | event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread. |
|
|
4200 | |
|
|
4201 | First, you need to associate some data with the event loop: |
|
|
4202 | |
|
|
4203 | typedef struct { |
|
|
4204 | mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */ |
|
|
4205 | ev_async async_w; |
|
|
4206 | thread_t tid; |
|
|
4207 | cond_t invoke_cv; |
|
|
4208 | } userdata; |
|
|
4209 | |
|
|
4210 | void prepare_loop (EV_P) |
|
|
4211 | { |
|
|
4212 | // for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct. |
|
|
4213 | static userdata u; |
|
|
4214 | |
|
|
4215 | ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb); |
|
|
4216 | ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w); |
|
|
4217 | |
|
|
4218 | pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0); |
|
|
4219 | pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0); |
|
|
4220 | |
|
|
4221 | // now associate this with the loop |
|
|
4222 | ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u); |
|
|
4223 | ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke); |
|
|
4224 | ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire); |
|
|
4225 | |
|
|
4226 | // then create the thread running ev_loop |
|
|
4227 | pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A); |
|
|
4228 | } |
|
|
4229 | |
|
|
4230 | The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used |
|
|
4231 | solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers |
|
|
4232 | that might have been added: |
|
|
4233 | |
|
|
4234 | static void |
|
|
4235 | async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents) |
|
|
4236 | { |
|
|
4237 | // just used for the side effects |
|
|
4238 | } |
|
|
4239 | |
|
|
4240 | The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex |
|
|
4241 | protecting the loop data, respectively. |
|
|
4242 | |
|
|
4243 | static void |
|
|
4244 | l_release (EV_P) |
|
|
4245 | { |
|
|
4246 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4247 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4248 | } |
|
|
4249 | |
|
|
4250 | static void |
|
|
4251 | l_acquire (EV_P) |
|
|
4252 | { |
|
|
4253 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4254 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4255 | } |
|
|
4256 | |
|
|
4257 | The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight |
|
|
4258 | into C<ev_loop>: |
|
|
4259 | |
|
|
4260 | void * |
|
|
4261 | l_run (void *thr_arg) |
|
|
4262 | { |
|
|
4263 | struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg; |
|
|
4264 | |
|
|
4265 | l_acquire (EV_A); |
|
|
4266 | pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0); |
|
|
4267 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
|
|
4268 | l_release (EV_A); |
|
|
4269 | |
|
|
4270 | return 0; |
|
|
4271 | } |
|
|
4272 | |
|
|
4273 | Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will |
|
|
4274 | signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe |
|
|
4275 | writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers |
|
|
4276 | have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible |
|
|
4277 | and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending |
|
|
4278 | watchers is very beneficial): |
|
|
4279 | |
|
|
4280 | static void |
|
|
4281 | l_invoke (EV_P) |
|
|
4282 | { |
|
|
4283 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4284 | |
|
|
4285 | while (ev_pending_count (EV_A)) |
|
|
4286 | { |
|
|
4287 | wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way (); |
|
|
4288 | pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock); |
|
|
4289 | } |
|
|
4290 | } |
|
|
4291 | |
|
|
4292 | Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it |
|
|
4293 | will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop |
|
|
4294 | thread to continue: |
|
|
4295 | |
|
|
4296 | static void |
|
|
4297 | real_invoke_pending (EV_P) |
|
|
4298 | { |
|
|
4299 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4300 | |
|
|
4301 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4302 | ev_invoke_pending (EV_A); |
|
|
4303 | pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv); |
|
|
4304 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4305 | } |
|
|
4306 | |
|
|
4307 | Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an |
|
|
4308 | event loop, you will now have to lock: |
|
|
4309 | |
|
|
4310 | ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
|
|
4311 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4312 | |
|
|
4313 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
|
|
4314 | |
|
|
4315 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4316 | ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher); |
|
|
4317 | ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w); |
|
|
4318 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4319 | |
|
|
4320 | Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise |
|
|
4321 | an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge |
|
|
4322 | about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new |
|
|
4323 | watchers in the next event loop iteration. |
|
|
4324 | |
3372 | =head3 COROUTINES |
4325 | =head3 COROUTINES |
3373 | |
4326 | |
3374 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): |
4327 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): |
3375 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
4328 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
3376 | coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two |
4329 | coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two |
3377 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the |
4330 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running |
3378 | loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that |
4331 | the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is |
3379 | you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks. |
4332 | that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks. |
3380 | |
4333 | |
3381 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
4334 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
3382 | C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
4335 | C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
3383 | they do not clal any callbacks. |
4336 | they do not call any callbacks. |
3384 | |
4337 | |
3385 | =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS |
4338 | =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS |
3386 | |
4339 | |
3387 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
4340 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
3388 | lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently |
4341 | lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently |
… | |
… | |
3422 | ==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks. |
4375 | ==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks. |
3423 | ==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks. |
4376 | ==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks. |
3424 | ==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks. |
4377 | ==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks. |
3425 | |
4378 | |
3426 | Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables |
4379 | Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables |
3427 | is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak. |
4380 | is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak. |
3428 | |
4381 | |
3429 | Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs |
4382 | Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs |
3430 | as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend, |
4383 | as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend, |
3431 | although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be |
4384 | although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be |
3432 | confused. |
4385 | confused. |
… | |
… | |
3461 | way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
4414 | way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
3462 | |
4415 | |
3463 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
4416 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
3464 | embedding it into other applications. |
4417 | embedding it into other applications. |
3465 | |
4418 | |
|
|
4419 | Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev |
|
|
4420 | tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work. |
|
|
4421 | |
3466 | Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't |
4422 | Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't |
3467 | accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will |
4423 | accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will |
3468 | either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large, |
4424 | either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large, |
3469 | so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a |
4425 | so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a |
3470 | megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory |
4426 | megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory |
… | |
… | |
3474 | the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets |
4430 | the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets |
3475 | is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use |
4431 | is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use |
3476 | more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally |
4432 | more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally |
3477 | different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness |
4433 | different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness |
3478 | notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows |
4434 | notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows |
3479 | (Microsoft monopoly games). |
4435 | (due to Microsoft monopoly games). |
3480 | |
4436 | |
3481 | A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding |
4437 | A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding |
3482 | section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead |
4438 | section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead |
3483 | of F<ev.h>: |
4439 | of F<ev.h>: |
3484 | |
4440 | |
… | |
… | |
3520 | |
4476 | |
3521 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
4477 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
3522 | of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
4478 | of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
3523 | can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft |
4479 | can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft |
3524 | recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the |
4480 | recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the |
3525 | previous thread in each. Great). |
4481 | previous thread in each. Sounds great!). |
3526 | |
4482 | |
3527 | Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE> |
4483 | Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE> |
3528 | to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select |
4484 | to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select |
3529 | call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own |
4485 | call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many |
3530 | select emulation on windows). |
4486 | other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows). |
3531 | |
4487 | |
3532 | Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime |
4488 | Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime |
3533 | libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish |
4489 | libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> |
3534 | or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling |
4490 | fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this |
3535 | C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another |
4491 | by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> |
3536 | arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime |
4492 | (another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft |
3537 | libraries. |
|
|
3538 | |
|
|
3539 | This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on |
4493 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets |
3540 | windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to |
4494 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
3541 | wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of |
4495 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
3542 | calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable. |
4496 | the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable. |
3543 | |
4497 | |
3544 | =back |
4498 | =back |
3545 | |
4499 | |
3546 | =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS |
4500 | =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS |
3547 | |
4501 | |
… | |
… | |
3590 | =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy |
4544 | =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy |
3591 | |
4545 | |
3592 | The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
4546 | The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
3593 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good |
4547 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good |
3594 | enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by |
4548 | enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by |
3595 | implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones). |
4549 | implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing |
|
|
4550 | ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least |
|
|
4551 | 2200. |
3596 | |
4552 | |
3597 | =back |
4553 | =back |
3598 | |
4554 | |
3599 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
4555 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
3600 | |
4556 | |
… | |
… | |
3668 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
4624 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
3669 | |
4625 | |
3670 | =back |
4626 | =back |
3671 | |
4627 | |
3672 | |
4628 | |
|
|
4629 | =head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X |
|
|
4630 | |
|
|
4631 | The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API. |
|
|
4632 | |
|
|
4633 | At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial |
|
|
4634 | compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be |
|
|
4635 | removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late. |
|
|
4636 | |
|
|
4637 | =over 4 |
|
|
4638 | |
|
|
4639 | =item C<ev_loop_count> renamed to C<ev_iteration> |
|
|
4640 | |
|
|
4641 | =item C<ev_loop_depth> renamed to C<ev_depth> |
|
|
4642 | |
|
|
4643 | =item C<ev_loop_verify> renamed to C<ev_verify> |
|
|
4644 | |
|
|
4645 | Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an |
|
|
4646 | C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is |
|
|
4647 | still called C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the |
|
|
4648 | C<ev_fork> typedef. |
|
|
4649 | |
|
|
4650 | =item C<EV_TIMEOUT> renamed to C<EV_TIMER> in C<revents> |
|
|
4651 | |
|
|
4652 | This is a simple rename - all other watcher types use their name |
|
|
4653 | as revents flag, and now C<ev_timer> does, too. |
|
|
4654 | |
|
|
4655 | Both C<EV_TIMER> and C<EV_TIMEOUT> symbols were present in 3.x versions |
|
|
4656 | and continue to be present for the foreseeable future, so this is mostly a |
|
|
4657 | documentation change. |
|
|
4658 | |
|
|
4659 | =item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES> |
|
|
4660 | |
|
|
4661 | The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different |
|
|
4662 | mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile |
|
|
4663 | and work, but the library code will of course be larger. |
|
|
4664 | |
|
|
4665 | =back |
|
|
4666 | |
|
|
4667 | |
|
|
4668 | =head1 GLOSSARY |
|
|
4669 | |
|
|
4670 | =over 4 |
|
|
4671 | |
|
|
4672 | =item active |
|
|
4673 | |
|
|
4674 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to |
|
|
4675 | an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop). |
|
|
4676 | |
|
|
4677 | =item application |
|
|
4678 | |
|
|
4679 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
|
|
4680 | |
|
|
4681 | =item callback |
|
|
4682 | |
|
|
4683 | The address of a function that is called when some event has been |
|
|
4684 | detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that |
|
|
4685 | received the event, and the actual event bitset. |
|
|
4686 | |
|
|
4687 | =item callback invocation |
|
|
4688 | |
|
|
4689 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
|
|
4690 | |
|
|
4691 | =item event |
|
|
4692 | |
|
|
4693 | A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available |
|
|
4694 | for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having |
|
|
4695 | any other events happening anymore. |
|
|
4696 | |
|
|
4697 | In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or |
|
|
4698 | C<EV_TIMER>). |
|
|
4699 | |
|
|
4700 | =item event library |
|
|
4701 | |
|
|
4702 | A software package implementing an event model and loop. |
|
|
4703 | |
|
|
4704 | =item event loop |
|
|
4705 | |
|
|
4706 | An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them |
|
|
4707 | into callback invocations. |
|
|
4708 | |
|
|
4709 | =item event model |
|
|
4710 | |
|
|
4711 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
|
|
4712 | watchers and events. |
|
|
4713 | |
|
|
4714 | =item pending |
|
|
4715 | |
|
|
4716 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected, |
|
|
4717 | and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its |
|
|
4718 | pending status is explicitly cleared by the application. |
|
|
4719 | |
|
|
4720 | A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears |
|
|
4721 | its pending status. |
|
|
4722 | |
|
|
4723 | =item real time |
|
|
4724 | |
|
|
4725 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
|
|
4726 | |
|
|
4727 | =item wall-clock time |
|
|
4728 | |
|
|
4729 | The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually |
|
|
4730 | be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your |
|
|
4731 | clock. |
|
|
4732 | |
|
|
4733 | =item watcher |
|
|
4734 | |
|
|
4735 | A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need |
|
|
4736 | to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events. |
|
|
4737 | |
|
|
4738 | =item watcher invocation |
|
|
4739 | |
|
|
4740 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
|
|
4741 | |
|
|
4742 | =back |
|
|
4743 | |
3673 | =head1 AUTHOR |
4744 | =head1 AUTHOR |
3674 | |
4745 | |
3675 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>. |
4746 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson. |
3676 | |
4747 | |