… | |
… | |
26 | puts ("stdin ready"); |
26 | puts ("stdin ready"); |
27 | // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
27 | // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
28 | // with its corresponding stop function. |
28 | // with its corresponding stop function. |
29 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
29 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
30 | |
30 | |
31 | // this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating |
31 | // this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating |
32 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
32 | ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL); |
33 | } |
33 | } |
34 | |
34 | |
35 | // another callback, this time for a time-out |
35 | // another callback, this time for a time-out |
36 | static void |
36 | static void |
37 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
37 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
38 | { |
38 | { |
39 | puts ("timeout"); |
39 | puts ("timeout"); |
40 | // this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating |
40 | // this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating |
41 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); |
41 | ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE); |
42 | } |
42 | } |
43 | |
43 | |
44 | int |
44 | int |
45 | main (void) |
45 | main (void) |
46 | { |
46 | { |
47 | // use the default event loop unless you have special needs |
47 | // use the default event loop unless you have special needs |
48 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
48 | struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT; |
49 | |
49 | |
50 | // initialise an io watcher, then start it |
50 | // initialise an io watcher, then start it |
51 | // this one will watch for stdin to become readable |
51 | // this one will watch for stdin to become readable |
52 | ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ); |
52 | ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ); |
53 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
53 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
… | |
… | |
56 | // simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout |
56 | // simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout |
57 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
57 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
58 | ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
58 | ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
59 | |
59 | |
60 | // now wait for events to arrive |
60 | // now wait for events to arrive |
61 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
61 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
62 | |
62 | |
63 | // unloop was called, so exit |
63 | // unloop was called, so exit |
64 | return 0; |
64 | return 0; |
65 | } |
65 | } |
66 | |
66 | |
… | |
… | |
75 | While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting |
75 | While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting |
76 | libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial |
76 | libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial |
77 | on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming |
77 | on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming |
78 | with libev. |
78 | with libev. |
79 | |
79 | |
80 | Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed |
80 | Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed |
81 | throughout this document. |
81 | throughout this document. |
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82 | |
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83 | =head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY |
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84 | |
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85 | This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes |
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86 | it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest |
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87 | reading L<ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L<EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and |
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88 | look up the missing functions in L<GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and |
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89 | C<ev_timer> sections in L<WATCHER TYPES>. |
82 | |
90 | |
83 | =head1 ABOUT LIBEV |
91 | =head1 ABOUT LIBEV |
84 | |
92 | |
85 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
93 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
86 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
94 | file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage |
… | |
… | |
98 | =head2 FEATURES |
106 | =head2 FEATURES |
99 | |
107 | |
100 | Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the |
108 | Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the |
101 | BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
109 | BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms |
102 | for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface |
110 | for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface |
103 | (for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers |
111 | (for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner |
104 | with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals |
112 | inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative |
105 | (C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event |
113 | timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling |
106 | watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, |
114 | (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status |
107 | C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as |
115 | change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event |
108 | file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events |
116 | loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and |
109 | (C<ev_fork>). |
117 | C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even |
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118 | limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>). |
110 | |
119 | |
111 | It also is quite fast (see this |
120 | It also is quite fast (see this |
112 | L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent |
121 | L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent |
113 | for example). |
122 | for example). |
114 | |
123 | |
… | |
… | |
117 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) |
126 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) |
118 | configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
127 | configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
119 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
128 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
120 | B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
129 | B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
121 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
130 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
122 | name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have |
131 | name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have |
123 | this argument. |
132 | this argument. |
124 | |
133 | |
125 | =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
134 | =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
126 | |
135 | |
127 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
136 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
128 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere |
137 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice |
129 | near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This |
138 | somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't |
130 | type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually |
139 | ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use |
131 | aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations |
140 | too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do |
132 | on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name |
141 | any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. |
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142 | |
133 | component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences |
143 | Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for |
134 | throughout libev. |
144 | time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev. |
135 | |
145 | |
136 | =head1 ERROR HANDLING |
146 | =head1 ERROR HANDLING |
137 | |
147 | |
138 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
148 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
139 | and internal errors (bugs). |
149 | and internal errors (bugs). |
… | |
… | |
163 | |
173 | |
164 | =item ev_tstamp ev_time () |
174 | =item ev_tstamp ev_time () |
165 | |
175 | |
166 | Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the |
176 | Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the |
167 | C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp |
177 | C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp |
168 | you actually want to know. |
178 | you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of |
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179 | C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>. |
169 | |
180 | |
170 | =item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval) |
181 | =item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval) |
171 | |
182 | |
172 | Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until |
183 | Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until |
173 | either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically |
184 | either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically |
… | |
… | |
190 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
201 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
191 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
202 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
192 | not a problem. |
203 | not a problem. |
193 | |
204 | |
194 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
205 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
195 | version. |
206 | version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches, |
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207 | such as LFS or reentrancy). |
196 | |
208 | |
197 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
209 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
198 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
210 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
199 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
211 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
200 | |
212 | |
… | |
… | |
211 | assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", |
223 | assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", |
212 | ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); |
224 | ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); |
213 | |
225 | |
214 | =item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends () |
226 | =item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends () |
215 | |
227 | |
216 | Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also |
228 | Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and |
217 | recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one |
229 | also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file |
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230 | descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by |
218 | returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on |
231 | C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs |
219 | most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it |
232 | and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming |
220 | (assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that |
233 | you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will |
221 | libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly. |
234 | probe for if you specify no backends explicitly. |
222 | |
235 | |
223 | =item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends () |
236 | =item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends () |
224 | |
237 | |
225 | Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This |
238 | Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This |
226 | is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends |
239 | value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the |
227 | might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at |
240 | current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on |
228 | C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for |
241 | the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends () |
229 | recommended ones. |
242 | & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones. |
230 | |
243 | |
231 | See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
244 | See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
232 | |
245 | |
233 | =item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT] |
246 | =item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) |
234 | |
247 | |
235 | Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the |
248 | Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the |
236 | semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is |
249 | semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is |
237 | used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero |
250 | used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero |
238 | when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort |
251 | when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort |
… | |
… | |
264 | } |
277 | } |
265 | |
278 | |
266 | ... |
279 | ... |
267 | ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc); |
280 | ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc); |
268 | |
281 | |
269 | =item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT] |
282 | =item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)) |
270 | |
283 | |
271 | Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such |
284 | Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such |
272 | as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string |
285 | as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string |
273 | indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this |
286 | indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this |
274 | callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no |
287 | callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no |
… | |
… | |
286 | } |
299 | } |
287 | |
300 | |
288 | ... |
301 | ... |
289 | ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
302 | ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error); |
290 | |
303 | |
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304 | =item ev_feed_signal (int signum) |
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305 | |
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306 | This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely |
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307 | safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal |
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308 | handlers or random threads. |
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309 | |
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310 | Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially |
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311 | in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals |
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312 | by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when |
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313 | creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other |
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314 | mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling |
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315 | C<ev_feed_signal>. |
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316 | |
291 | =back |
317 | =back |
292 | |
318 | |
293 | =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP |
319 | =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS |
294 | |
320 | |
295 | An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> |
321 | An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is |
296 | is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop> |
322 | I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as |
297 | I<function>). |
323 | libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name). |
298 | |
324 | |
299 | The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which |
325 | The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which |
300 | supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do |
326 | supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which |
301 | not. |
327 | do not. |
302 | |
328 | |
303 | =over 4 |
329 | =over 4 |
304 | |
330 | |
305 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags) |
331 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags) |
306 | |
332 | |
307 | This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised |
333 | This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should |
308 | yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns |
334 | normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and |
309 | false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the |
335 | the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for |
310 | flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). |
336 | C<ev_loop_new>. |
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337 | |
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338 | If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply |
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339 | returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check |
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340 | C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given |
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341 | flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the |
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342 | one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program". |
311 | |
343 | |
312 | If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this |
344 | If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this |
313 | function. |
345 | function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro). |
314 | |
346 | |
315 | Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it |
347 | Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it |
316 | from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely, |
348 | from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also |
317 | as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway). |
349 | that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between |
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350 | threads anyway). |
318 | |
351 | |
319 | The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and |
352 | The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers, |
320 | C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler |
353 | and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is |
321 | for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either |
354 | a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with |
322 | create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you |
355 | C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the |
323 | can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling |
356 | C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>. |
324 | C<ev_default_init>. |
357 | |
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358 | Example: This is the most typical usage. |
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359 | |
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360 | if (!ev_default_loop (0)) |
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361 | fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?"); |
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362 | |
|
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363 | Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow |
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364 | environment settings to be taken into account: |
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365 | |
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366 | ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
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367 | |
|
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368 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags) |
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369 | |
|
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370 | This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop |
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371 | could not be initialised, returns false. |
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372 | |
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373 | This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with |
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374 | threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default |
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375 | loop in the "main" or "initial" thread. |
325 | |
376 | |
326 | The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific |
377 | The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific |
327 | backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). |
378 | backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). |
328 | |
379 | |
329 | The following flags are supported: |
380 | The following flags are supported: |
… | |
… | |
344 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
395 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
345 | around bugs. |
396 | around bugs. |
346 | |
397 | |
347 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
398 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
348 | |
399 | |
349 | Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after |
400 | Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also |
350 | a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by |
401 | make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag. |
351 | enabling this flag. |
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352 | |
402 | |
353 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
403 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
354 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
404 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
355 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
405 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
356 | GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
406 | GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
… | |
… | |
362 | flag. |
412 | flag. |
363 | |
413 | |
364 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> |
414 | This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> |
365 | environment variable. |
415 | environment variable. |
366 | |
416 | |
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417 | =item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY> |
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418 | |
|
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419 | When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the |
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420 | I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and |
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421 | testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as |
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422 | otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle. |
|
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423 | |
|
|
424 | =item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD> |
|
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425 | |
|
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426 | When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the |
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427 | I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API |
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428 | delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make |
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429 | it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal |
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430 | handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your |
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431 | threads that are not interested in handling them. |
|
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432 | |
|
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433 | Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and |
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434 | there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for |
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435 | example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks. |
|
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436 | |
|
|
437 | =item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> |
|
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438 | |
|
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439 | When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal |
|
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440 | mask. Specifically, this means you ahve to make sure signals are unblocked |
|
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441 | when you want to receive them. |
|
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442 | |
|
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443 | This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or |
|
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444 | want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev |
|
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445 | unblocking the signals. |
|
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446 | |
|
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447 | This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev. |
|
|
448 | |
367 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
449 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
368 | |
450 | |
369 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
451 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
370 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
452 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
371 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
453 | but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when |
… | |
… | |
395 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and |
477 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and |
396 | C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>. |
478 | C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>. |
397 | |
479 | |
398 | =item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux) |
480 | =item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux) |
399 | |
481 | |
|
|
482 | Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9 |
|
|
483 | kernels). |
|
|
484 | |
400 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, |
485 | For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, |
401 | but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale |
486 | but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale |
402 | like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), |
487 | like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), |
403 | epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). |
488 | epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). |
404 | |
489 | |
405 | The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned |
490 | The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned |
406 | of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently |
491 | of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently |
407 | dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file |
492 | dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file |
408 | descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and |
493 | descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup, |
|
|
494 | returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations |
|
|
495 | (and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives |
409 | so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then |
496 | 0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program |
410 | I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can |
497 | forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll |
411 | take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course |
498 | set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) |
412 | hard to detect. |
499 | and is of course hard to detect. |
413 | |
500 | |
414 | Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but |
501 | Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but |
415 | of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally |
502 | of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally |
416 | I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot |
503 | I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot |
417 | even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially |
504 | even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially |
418 | on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by |
505 | on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by |
419 | employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the |
506 | employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the |
420 | events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. |
507 | events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last |
|
|
508 | not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work |
|
|
509 | perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...). |
|
|
510 | |
|
|
511 | Epoll is truly the train wreck analog among event poll mechanisms, |
|
|
512 | a frankenpoll, cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or |
|
|
513 | interaction with others. |
421 | |
514 | |
422 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
515 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
423 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such |
516 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such |
424 | incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different |
517 | incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different |
425 | I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed |
518 | I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed |
… | |
… | |
491 | =item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10) |
584 | =item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10) |
492 | |
585 | |
493 | This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, |
586 | This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris, |
494 | it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)). |
587 | it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)). |
495 | |
588 | |
496 | Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious |
|
|
497 | notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid |
|
|
498 | blocking when no data (or space) is available. |
|
|
499 | |
|
|
500 | While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active |
589 | While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active |
501 | file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file |
590 | file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file |
502 | descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend |
591 | descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend |
503 | might perform better. |
592 | might perform better. |
504 | |
593 | |
505 | On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness |
594 | On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to |
506 | notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification |
|
|
507 | in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the |
595 | specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat |
508 | OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks). |
596 | among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed |
|
|
597 | hacks). |
|
|
598 | |
|
|
599 | On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that |
|
|
600 | even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling |
|
|
601 | function sometimes returning events to the caller even though an error |
|
|
602 | occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's |
|
|
603 | even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where |
|
|
604 | you absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you |
|
|
605 | have to re-arm the watcher. |
|
|
606 | |
|
|
607 | Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies. |
509 | |
608 | |
510 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as |
609 | This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as |
511 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
610 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
512 | |
611 | |
513 | =item C<EVBACKEND_ALL> |
612 | =item C<EVBACKEND_ALL> |
514 | |
613 | |
515 | Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried |
614 | Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried |
516 | with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as |
615 | with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as |
517 | C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>. |
616 | C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>. |
518 | |
617 | |
519 | It is definitely not recommended to use this flag. |
618 | It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever |
|
|
619 | C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend |
|
|
620 | at all. |
|
|
621 | |
|
|
622 | =item C<EVBACKEND_MASK> |
|
|
623 | |
|
|
624 | Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a |
|
|
625 | C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags |
|
|
626 | value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable). |
520 | |
627 | |
521 | =back |
628 | =back |
522 | |
629 | |
523 | If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these |
630 | If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value, |
524 | backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are |
631 | then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed |
525 | specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried. |
632 | here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends |
526 | |
633 | ()> will be tried. |
527 | Example: This is the most typical usage. |
|
|
528 | |
|
|
529 | if (!ev_default_loop (0)) |
|
|
530 | fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?"); |
|
|
531 | |
|
|
532 | Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow |
|
|
533 | environment settings to be taken into account: |
|
|
534 | |
|
|
535 | ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
|
|
536 | |
|
|
537 | Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is |
|
|
538 | used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own |
|
|
539 | private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of |
|
|
540 | fds): |
|
|
541 | |
|
|
542 | ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
|
|
543 | |
|
|
544 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags) |
|
|
545 | |
|
|
546 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
|
|
547 | always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot |
|
|
548 | handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by |
|
|
549 | undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). |
|
|
550 | |
|
|
551 | Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use |
|
|
552 | libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the |
|
|
553 | default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread. |
|
|
554 | |
634 | |
555 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
635 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
556 | |
636 | |
557 | struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
637 | struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV); |
558 | if (!epoller) |
638 | if (!epoller) |
559 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
639 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
560 | |
640 | |
|
|
641 | Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is |
|
|
642 | used if available. |
|
|
643 | |
|
|
644 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
|
|
645 | |
561 | =item ev_default_destroy () |
646 | =item ev_loop_destroy (loop) |
562 | |
647 | |
563 | Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state |
648 | Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state |
564 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
649 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
565 | sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your |
650 | sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your |
566 | responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> |
651 | responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> |
567 | calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually |
652 | calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually |
568 | the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them |
653 | the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them |
… | |
… | |
570 | |
655 | |
571 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal |
656 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal |
572 | handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such |
657 | handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such |
573 | as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually. |
658 | as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually. |
574 | |
659 | |
575 | In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the |
660 | This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by |
576 | rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling |
661 | C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by |
|
|
662 | C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe. |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
664 | Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop |
|
|
665 | except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources. |
577 | pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use |
666 | If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new> |
578 | C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>). |
667 | and C<ev_loop_destroy>. |
579 | |
668 | |
580 | =item ev_loop_destroy (loop) |
669 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
581 | |
670 | |
582 | Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an |
|
|
583 | earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>. |
|
|
584 | |
|
|
585 | =item ev_default_fork () |
|
|
586 | |
|
|
587 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations |
671 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to |
588 | to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the |
672 | reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the |
589 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
673 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
590 | the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little |
674 | the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the |
591 | sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev |
675 | child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>. |
592 | functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration. |
676 | |
|
|
677 | Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after |
|
|
678 | a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is |
|
|
679 | because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things |
|
|
680 | during fork. |
593 | |
681 | |
594 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
682 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
595 | process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If |
683 | process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If |
596 | you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all. |
684 | you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to |
|
|
685 | call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a |
|
|
686 | difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a |
|
|
687 | costly reset of the backend). |
597 | |
688 | |
598 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
689 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
599 | it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in |
690 | it just in case after a fork. |
600 | quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>: |
|
|
601 | |
691 | |
|
|
692 | Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when |
|
|
693 | using pthreads. |
|
|
694 | |
|
|
695 | static void |
|
|
696 | post_fork_child (void) |
|
|
697 | { |
|
|
698 | ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT); |
|
|
699 | } |
|
|
700 | |
|
|
701 | ... |
602 | pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork); |
702 | pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child); |
603 | |
|
|
604 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
|
|
605 | |
|
|
606 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
|
|
607 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
|
|
608 | after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is |
|
|
609 | entirely your own problem. |
|
|
610 | |
703 | |
611 | =item int ev_is_default_loop (loop) |
704 | =item int ev_is_default_loop (loop) |
612 | |
705 | |
613 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
706 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
614 | otherwise. |
707 | otherwise. |
615 | |
708 | |
616 | =item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop) |
709 | =item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop) |
617 | |
710 | |
618 | Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to |
711 | Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical |
619 | the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and |
712 | to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> |
620 | happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
713 | and happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
621 | |
714 | |
622 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
715 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
623 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
716 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
624 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls. |
717 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the |
|
|
718 | prepare and check phases. |
625 | |
719 | |
626 | =item unsigned int ev_loop_depth (loop) |
720 | =item unsigned int ev_depth (loop) |
627 | |
721 | |
628 | Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of |
722 | Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of |
629 | times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth. |
723 | times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth. |
630 | |
724 | |
631 | Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is |
725 | Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is |
632 | C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread), |
726 | C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread), |
633 | in which case it is higher. |
727 | in which case it is higher. |
634 | |
728 | |
635 | Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread |
729 | Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread, |
636 | etc.), doesn't count as exit. |
730 | throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this |
|
|
731 | as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really |
|
|
732 | convenient, in which case it is fully supported. |
637 | |
733 | |
638 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
734 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
639 | |
735 | |
640 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
736 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
641 | use. |
737 | use. |
… | |
… | |
650 | |
746 | |
651 | =item ev_now_update (loop) |
747 | =item ev_now_update (loop) |
652 | |
748 | |
653 | Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time |
749 | Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time |
654 | returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and |
750 | returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and |
655 | is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>. |
751 | is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>. |
656 | |
752 | |
657 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
753 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
658 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
754 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
659 | the current time is a good idea. |
755 | the current time is a good idea. |
660 | |
756 | |
… | |
… | |
662 | |
758 | |
663 | =item ev_suspend (loop) |
759 | =item ev_suspend (loop) |
664 | |
760 | |
665 | =item ev_resume (loop) |
761 | =item ev_resume (loop) |
666 | |
762 | |
667 | These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is |
763 | These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the |
668 | not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed. |
764 | loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed. |
669 | |
765 | |
670 | A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When |
766 | A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When |
671 | the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it |
767 | the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it |
672 | would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while |
768 | would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while |
673 | the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend> |
769 | the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend> |
… | |
… | |
675 | C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing. |
771 | C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing. |
676 | |
772 | |
677 | Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend |
773 | Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend |
678 | between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers |
774 | between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers |
679 | will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have |
775 | will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have |
680 | occured while suspended). |
776 | occurred while suspended). |
681 | |
777 | |
682 | After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the |
778 | After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the |
683 | given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume> |
779 | given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume> |
684 | without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>. |
780 | without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>. |
685 | |
781 | |
686 | Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the |
782 | Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the |
687 | event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>). |
783 | event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>). |
688 | |
784 | |
689 | =item ev_loop (loop, int flags) |
785 | =item ev_run (loop, int flags) |
690 | |
786 | |
691 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
787 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
692 | after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling |
788 | after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start |
693 | events. |
789 | handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call |
|
|
790 | the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This |
|
|
791 | is why event loops are called I<loops>. |
694 | |
792 | |
695 | If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until |
793 | If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events |
696 | either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called. |
794 | until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was |
|
|
795 | called. |
697 | |
796 | |
698 | Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than |
797 | Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than |
699 | relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has |
798 | relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has |
700 | finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program |
799 | finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program |
701 | that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue |
800 | that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue |
702 | of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of |
801 | of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of |
703 | beauty. |
802 | beauty. |
704 | |
803 | |
|
|
804 | This function is also I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of |
|
|
805 | a C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++ |
|
|
806 | exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor |
|
|
807 | will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks. |
|
|
808 | |
705 | A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle |
809 | A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle |
706 | those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your |
810 | those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and |
707 | process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of |
811 | block your process in case there are no events and will return after one |
708 | the loop. |
812 | iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new |
|
|
813 | events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive. |
709 | |
814 | |
710 | A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if |
815 | A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if |
711 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
816 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
712 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
817 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
713 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a |
818 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a |
714 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
819 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
715 | iteration of the loop. |
820 | iteration of the loop. |
716 | |
821 | |
717 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
822 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
718 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
823 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
719 | own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is |
824 | own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is |
720 | usually a better approach for this kind of thing. |
825 | usually a better approach for this kind of thing. |
721 | |
826 | |
722 | Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does: |
827 | Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does: |
723 | |
828 | |
|
|
829 | - Increment loop depth. |
|
|
830 | - Reset the ev_break status. |
724 | - Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers. |
831 | - Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers. |
|
|
832 | LOOP: |
725 | * If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork. |
833 | - If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork. |
726 | - If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers. |
834 | - If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers. |
727 | - Queue and call all prepare watchers. |
835 | - Queue and call all prepare watchers. |
|
|
836 | - If ev_break was called, goto FINISH. |
728 | - If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state |
837 | - If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state |
729 | as to not disturb the other process. |
838 | as to not disturb the other process. |
730 | - Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes. |
839 | - Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes. |
731 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()). |
840 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()). |
732 | - Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all |
841 | - Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all |
733 | (active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having |
842 | (active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having |
734 | any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping). |
843 | any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping). |
735 | - Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so. |
844 | - Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so. |
|
|
845 | - Increment loop iteration counter. |
736 | - Block the process, waiting for any events. |
846 | - Block the process, waiting for any events. |
737 | - Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events. |
847 | - Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events. |
738 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments. |
848 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments. |
739 | - Queue all expired timers. |
849 | - Queue all expired timers. |
740 | - Queue all expired periodics. |
850 | - Queue all expired periodics. |
741 | - Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers. |
851 | - Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events. |
742 | - Queue all check watchers. |
852 | - Queue all check watchers. |
743 | - Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first). |
853 | - Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first). |
744 | Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
854 | Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
745 | be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
855 | be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
746 | - If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK |
856 | - If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT |
747 | were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise |
857 | were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise |
748 | continue with step *. |
858 | continue with step LOOP. |
|
|
859 | FINISH: |
|
|
860 | - Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE. |
|
|
861 | - Decrement the loop depth. |
|
|
862 | - Return. |
749 | |
863 | |
750 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding |
864 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding |
751 | anymore. |
865 | anymore. |
752 | |
866 | |
753 | ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
867 | ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
754 | ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
868 | ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
755 | ev_loop (my_loop, 0); |
869 | ev_run (my_loop, 0); |
756 | ... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah! |
870 | ... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah! |
757 | |
871 | |
758 | =item ev_unloop (loop, how) |
872 | =item ev_break (loop, how) |
759 | |
873 | |
760 | Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it |
874 | Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it |
761 | has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either |
875 | has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either |
762 | C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or |
876 | C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or |
763 | C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return. |
877 | C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return. |
764 | |
878 | |
765 | This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again. |
879 | This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>. |
766 | |
880 | |
767 | It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls. |
881 | It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in |
|
|
882 | which case it will have no effect. |
768 | |
883 | |
769 | =item ev_ref (loop) |
884 | =item ev_ref (loop) |
770 | |
885 | |
771 | =item ev_unref (loop) |
886 | =item ev_unref (loop) |
772 | |
887 | |
773 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
888 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
774 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
889 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
775 | count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. |
890 | count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own. |
776 | |
891 | |
777 | If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> |
892 | This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to |
778 | from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before |
893 | unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from |
|
|
894 | returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref> |
779 | stopping it. |
895 | before stopping it. |
780 | |
896 | |
781 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It |
897 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It |
782 | is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from |
898 | is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from |
783 | exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an |
899 | exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an |
784 | excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within |
900 | excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within |
785 | third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref |
901 | third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref |
786 | before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active |
902 | before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active |
787 | before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself |
903 | before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself |
788 | (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref> |
904 | (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref> |
789 | in the callback). |
905 | in the callback). |
790 | |
906 | |
791 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
907 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run> |
792 | running when nothing else is active. |
908 | running when nothing else is active. |
793 | |
909 | |
794 | ev_signal exitsig; |
910 | ev_signal exitsig; |
795 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
911 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
796 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
912 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
797 | evf_unref (loop); |
913 | ev_unref (loop); |
798 | |
914 | |
799 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
915 | Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again. |
800 | |
916 | |
801 | ev_ref (loop); |
917 | ev_ref (loop); |
802 | ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig); |
918 | ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig); |
… | |
… | |
841 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>, |
957 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>, |
842 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if |
958 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if |
843 | you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the |
959 | you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the |
844 | parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you |
960 | parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you |
845 | need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, |
961 | need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, |
846 | then you can't do more than 100 transations per second). |
962 | then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second). |
847 | |
963 | |
848 | Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for |
964 | Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for |
849 | saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that |
965 | saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that |
850 | are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
966 | are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
851 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
967 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
… | |
… | |
859 | ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01); |
975 | ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01); |
860 | |
976 | |
861 | =item ev_invoke_pending (loop) |
977 | =item ev_invoke_pending (loop) |
862 | |
978 | |
863 | This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their |
979 | This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their |
864 | pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required, |
980 | pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required, |
865 | but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. |
981 | but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This |
|
|
982 | function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example |
|
|
983 | when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further |
|
|
984 | event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one |
|
|
985 | thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course). |
866 | |
986 | |
867 | =item int ev_pending_count (loop) |
987 | =item int ev_pending_count (loop) |
868 | |
988 | |
869 | Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers |
989 | Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers |
870 | are pending. |
990 | are pending. |
871 | |
991 | |
872 | =item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P)) |
992 | =item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P)) |
873 | |
993 | |
874 | This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of |
994 | This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of |
875 | invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call |
995 | invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call |
876 | this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to |
996 | this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to |
877 | invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.). |
997 | invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.). |
878 | |
998 | |
879 | If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new |
999 | If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new |
880 | callback. |
1000 | callback. |
… | |
… | |
883 | |
1003 | |
884 | Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This |
1004 | Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This |
885 | can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around |
1005 | can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around |
886 | each call to a libev function. |
1006 | each call to a libev function. |
887 | |
1007 | |
888 | However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to |
1008 | However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible |
889 | wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via |
1009 | to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event |
890 | C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release> |
1010 | loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these |
891 | and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop. |
1011 | I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop. |
892 | |
1012 | |
893 | When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is |
1013 | When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is |
894 | suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just |
1014 | suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just |
895 | afterwards. |
1015 | afterwards. |
896 | |
1016 | |
… | |
… | |
899 | |
1019 | |
900 | While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of |
1020 | While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of |
901 | C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no |
1021 | C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no |
902 | modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will |
1022 | modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will |
903 | have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time |
1023 | have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time |
904 | waited. USe an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it |
1024 | waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it |
905 | to take note of any changes you made. |
1025 | to take note of any changes you made. |
906 | |
1026 | |
907 | In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between |
1027 | In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between |
908 | invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>. |
1028 | invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>. |
909 | |
1029 | |
910 | See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this |
1030 | See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this |
911 | document. |
1031 | document. |
912 | |
1032 | |
913 | =item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data) |
1033 | =item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data) |
914 | |
1034 | |
915 | =item ev_userdata (loop) |
1035 | =item void *ev_userdata (loop) |
916 | |
1036 | |
917 | Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When |
1037 | Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When |
918 | C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns |
1038 | C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns |
919 | C<0.> |
1039 | C<0>. |
920 | |
1040 | |
921 | These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, |
1041 | These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, |
922 | and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and |
1042 | and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and |
923 | C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for |
1043 | C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for |
924 | any other purpose as well. |
1044 | any other purpose as well. |
925 | |
1045 | |
926 | =item ev_loop_verify (loop) |
1046 | =item ev_verify (loop) |
927 | |
1047 | |
928 | This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been |
1048 | This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been |
929 | compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
1049 | compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
930 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
1050 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
931 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
1051 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
… | |
… | |
942 | |
1062 | |
943 | In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the |
1063 | In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the |
944 | watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer |
1064 | watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer |
945 | watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers. |
1065 | watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers. |
946 | |
1066 | |
947 | A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your |
1067 | A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record |
948 | interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to |
1068 | your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want |
949 | become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that: |
1069 | to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher |
|
|
1070 | for that: |
950 | |
1071 | |
951 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
1072 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
952 | { |
1073 | { |
953 | ev_io_stop (w); |
1074 | ev_io_stop (w); |
954 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
1075 | ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL); |
955 | } |
1076 | } |
956 | |
1077 | |
957 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
1078 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
958 | |
1079 | |
959 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
1080 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
960 | |
1081 | |
961 | ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
1082 | ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
962 | ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1083 | ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
963 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
1084 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
964 | |
1085 | |
965 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1086 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
966 | |
1087 | |
967 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
1088 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
968 | watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the |
1089 | watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the |
969 | stack). |
1090 | stack). |
970 | |
1091 | |
971 | Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE> |
1092 | Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE> |
972 | or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs). |
1093 | or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs). |
973 | |
1094 | |
974 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init |
1095 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher |
975 | (watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This |
1096 | *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is |
976 | callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O |
1097 | invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each |
977 | watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given |
1098 | time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable |
978 | is readable and/or writable). |
1099 | and/or writable). |
979 | |
1100 | |
980 | Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >> |
1101 | Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >> |
981 | macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There |
1102 | macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There |
982 | is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< |
1103 | is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< |
983 | ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>. |
1104 | ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>. |
… | |
… | |
1006 | =item C<EV_WRITE> |
1127 | =item C<EV_WRITE> |
1007 | |
1128 | |
1008 | The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or |
1129 | The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or |
1009 | writable. |
1130 | writable. |
1010 | |
1131 | |
1011 | =item C<EV_TIMEOUT> |
1132 | =item C<EV_TIMER> |
1012 | |
1133 | |
1013 | The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out. |
1134 | The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out. |
1014 | |
1135 | |
1015 | =item C<EV_PERIODIC> |
1136 | =item C<EV_PERIODIC> |
1016 | |
1137 | |
… | |
… | |
1034 | |
1155 | |
1035 | =item C<EV_PREPARE> |
1156 | =item C<EV_PREPARE> |
1036 | |
1157 | |
1037 | =item C<EV_CHECK> |
1158 | =item C<EV_CHECK> |
1038 | |
1159 | |
1039 | All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts |
1160 | All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts |
1040 | to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after |
1161 | to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after |
1041 | C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any |
1162 | C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any |
1042 | received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as |
1163 | received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as |
1043 | many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account |
1164 | many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account |
1044 | (for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep |
1165 | (for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep |
1045 | C<ev_loop> from blocking). |
1166 | C<ev_run> from blocking). |
1046 | |
1167 | |
1047 | =item C<EV_EMBED> |
1168 | =item C<EV_EMBED> |
1048 | |
1169 | |
1049 | The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention. |
1170 | The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention. |
1050 | |
1171 | |
1051 | =item C<EV_FORK> |
1172 | =item C<EV_FORK> |
1052 | |
1173 | |
1053 | The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see |
1174 | The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see |
1054 | C<ev_fork>). |
1175 | C<ev_fork>). |
|
|
1176 | |
|
|
1177 | =item C<EV_CLEANUP> |
|
|
1178 | |
|
|
1179 | The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>). |
1055 | |
1180 | |
1056 | =item C<EV_ASYNC> |
1181 | =item C<EV_ASYNC> |
1057 | |
1182 | |
1058 | The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>). |
1183 | The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>). |
1059 | |
1184 | |
… | |
… | |
1106 | |
1231 | |
1107 | ev_io w; |
1232 | ev_io w; |
1108 | ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
1233 | ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
1109 | ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1234 | ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1110 | |
1235 | |
1111 | =item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args]) |
1236 | =item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args]) |
1112 | |
1237 | |
1113 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
1238 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
1114 | call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
1239 | call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
1115 | call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
1240 | call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
1116 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
1241 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
… | |
… | |
1129 | |
1254 | |
1130 | Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step. |
1255 | Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step. |
1131 | |
1256 | |
1132 | ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1257 | ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1133 | |
1258 | |
1134 | =item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1259 | =item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1135 | |
1260 | |
1136 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
1261 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
1137 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
1262 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
1138 | |
1263 | |
1139 | Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this |
1264 | Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this |
1140 | whole section. |
1265 | whole section. |
1141 | |
1266 | |
1142 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
1267 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
1143 | |
1268 | |
1144 | =item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1269 | =item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1145 | |
1270 | |
1146 | Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether |
1271 | Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether |
1147 | the watcher was active or not). |
1272 | the watcher was active or not). |
1148 | |
1273 | |
1149 | It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example, |
1274 | It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example, |
… | |
… | |
1174 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1299 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1175 | |
1300 | |
1176 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1301 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1177 | (modulo threads). |
1302 | (modulo threads). |
1178 | |
1303 | |
1179 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority) |
1304 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority) |
1180 | |
1305 | |
1181 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1306 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1182 | |
1307 | |
1183 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1308 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1184 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
1309 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
… | |
… | |
1216 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>. |
1341 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>. |
1217 | |
1342 | |
1218 | Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1343 | Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1219 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
1344 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
1220 | |
1345 | |
|
|
1346 | =item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents) |
|
|
1347 | |
|
|
1348 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
|
|
1349 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
|
|
1350 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must |
|
|
1351 | not free the watcher as long as it has pending events. |
|
|
1352 | |
|
|
1353 | Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling |
|
|
1354 | C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was |
|
|
1355 | not started in the first place. |
|
|
1356 | |
|
|
1357 | See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related |
|
|
1358 | functions that do not need a watcher. |
|
|
1359 | |
1221 | =back |
1360 | =back |
1222 | |
|
|
1223 | |
1361 | |
1224 | =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER |
1362 | =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER |
1225 | |
1363 | |
1226 | Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change |
1364 | Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change |
1227 | and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used |
1365 | and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used |
… | |
… | |
1283 | t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1421 | t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
1284 | { |
1422 | { |
1285 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
1423 | struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *) |
1286 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
1424 | (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2)); |
1287 | } |
1425 | } |
|
|
1426 | |
|
|
1427 | =head2 WATCHER STATES |
|
|
1428 | |
|
|
1429 | There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual - |
|
|
1430 | active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to |
|
|
1431 | transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these |
|
|
1432 | rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing". |
|
|
1433 | |
|
|
1434 | =over 4 |
|
|
1435 | |
|
|
1436 | =item initialiased |
|
|
1437 | |
|
|
1438 | Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be |
|
|
1439 | initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to |
|
|
1440 | C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function. |
|
|
1441 | |
|
|
1442 | In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use |
|
|
1443 | in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will. |
|
|
1444 | |
|
|
1445 | =item started/running/active |
|
|
1446 | |
|
|
1447 | Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes |
|
|
1448 | property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in |
|
|
1449 | this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved, |
|
|
1450 | freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it, |
|
|
1451 | and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers. |
|
|
1452 | |
|
|
1453 | =item pending |
|
|
1454 | |
|
|
1455 | If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested |
|
|
1456 | in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will |
|
|
1457 | stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is |
|
|
1458 | about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher |
|
|
1459 | callback. |
|
|
1460 | |
|
|
1461 | The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example, |
|
|
1462 | an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it |
|
|
1463 | is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>), |
|
|
1464 | but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be |
|
|
1465 | moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the |
|
|
1466 | previous item still apply. |
|
|
1467 | |
|
|
1468 | It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g. |
|
|
1469 | via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being |
|
|
1470 | active. |
|
|
1471 | |
|
|
1472 | =item stopped |
|
|
1473 | |
|
|
1474 | A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still |
|
|
1475 | be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The |
|
|
1476 | latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless |
|
|
1477 | of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before |
|
|
1478 | freeing it is often a good idea. |
|
|
1479 | |
|
|
1480 | While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the |
|
|
1481 | initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way |
|
|
1482 | you wish. |
|
|
1483 | |
|
|
1484 | =back |
1288 | |
1485 | |
1289 | =head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS |
1486 | =head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS |
1290 | |
1487 | |
1291 | Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small |
1488 | Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small |
1292 | integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation |
1489 | integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation |
… | |
… | |
1335 | |
1532 | |
1336 | For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, |
1533 | For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, |
1337 | you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in |
1534 | you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in |
1338 | the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real |
1535 | the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real |
1339 | processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to |
1536 | processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to |
1340 | continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when |
1537 | continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when |
1341 | the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is |
1538 | the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is |
1342 | workable. |
1539 | workable. |
1343 | |
1540 | |
1344 | Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform |
1541 | Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform |
1345 | miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case, |
1542 | miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case, |
… | |
… | |
1359 | { |
1556 | { |
1360 | // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but |
1557 | // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but |
1361 | // are not yet ready to handle it. |
1558 | // are not yet ready to handle it. |
1362 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1559 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1363 | |
1560 | |
1364 | // start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event. |
1561 | // start the idle watcher to handle the actual event. |
1365 | // it will not be executed as long as other watchers |
1562 | // it will not be executed as long as other watchers |
1366 | // with the default priority are receiving events. |
1563 | // with the default priority are receiving events. |
1367 | ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle); |
1564 | ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle); |
1368 | } |
1565 | } |
1369 | |
1566 | |
… | |
… | |
1419 | In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per |
1616 | In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per |
1420 | fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file |
1617 | fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file |
1421 | descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not |
1618 | descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not |
1422 | required if you know what you are doing). |
1619 | required if you know what you are doing). |
1423 | |
1620 | |
1424 | If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a |
|
|
1425 | known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only |
|
|
1426 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file |
|
|
1427 | descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as |
|
|
1428 | files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case. |
|
|
1429 | |
|
|
1430 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1621 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1431 | receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might |
1622 | receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might |
1432 | be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block |
1623 | be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block |
1433 | because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a |
1624 | because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even |
1434 | lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into |
1625 | with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always |
1435 | this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus |
1626 | use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far |
1436 | it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning |
|
|
1437 | C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives. |
1627 | preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives. |
1438 | |
1628 | |
1439 | If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should |
1629 | If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should |
1440 | not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately |
1630 | not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately |
1441 | re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good |
1631 | re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good |
1442 | interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already |
1632 | interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does |
1443 | does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally |
1633 | this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally |
1444 | use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block |
1634 | use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block |
1445 | indefinitely. |
1635 | indefinitely. |
1446 | |
1636 | |
1447 | But really, best use non-blocking mode. |
1637 | But really, best use non-blocking mode. |
1448 | |
1638 | |
… | |
… | |
1476 | |
1666 | |
1477 | There is no workaround possible except not registering events |
1667 | There is no workaround possible except not registering events |
1478 | for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to |
1668 | for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to |
1479 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
1669 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
1480 | |
1670 | |
|
|
1671 | =head3 The special problem of files |
|
|
1672 | |
|
|
1673 | Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors |
|
|
1674 | representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program |
|
|
1675 | doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own). |
|
|
1676 | |
|
|
1677 | However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness |
|
|
1678 | notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is |
|
|
1679 | there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you |
|
|
1680 | always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly |
|
|
1681 | write) will still block on the disk I/O. |
|
|
1682 | |
|
|
1683 | Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character |
|
|
1684 | devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data |
|
|
1685 | on it's own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk |
|
|
1686 | will not send data on it's own, simply because it doesn't know what you |
|
|
1687 | wish to read - you would first have to request some data. |
|
|
1688 | |
|
|
1689 | Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification |
|
|
1690 | mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect |
|
|
1691 | to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is |
|
|
1692 | convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is |
|
|
1693 | usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices |
|
|
1694 | (for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with |
|
|
1695 | F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with |
|
|
1696 | asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when |
|
|
1697 | it "just works" instead of freezing. |
|
|
1698 | |
|
|
1699 | So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use |
|
|
1700 | libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or |
|
|
1701 | when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to |
|
|
1702 | reuse the same code path. |
|
|
1703 | |
1481 | =head3 The special problem of fork |
1704 | =head3 The special problem of fork |
1482 | |
1705 | |
1483 | Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit |
1706 | Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit |
1484 | useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about |
1707 | useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about |
1485 | it in the child. |
1708 | it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child. |
1486 | |
1709 | |
1487 | To support fork in your programs, you either have to call |
1710 | To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork |
1488 | C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child, |
1711 | ()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to |
1489 | enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or |
1712 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
1490 | C<EVBACKEND_POLL>. |
|
|
1491 | |
1713 | |
1492 | =head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE |
1714 | =head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE |
1493 | |
1715 | |
1494 | While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>: |
1716 | While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>: |
1495 | when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets |
1717 | when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets |
… | |
… | |
1498 | |
1720 | |
1499 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1721 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1500 | ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1722 | ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1501 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1723 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1502 | |
1724 | |
|
|
1725 | =head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't |
|
|
1726 | |
|
|
1727 | Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example, |
|
|
1728 | found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a |
|
|
1729 | connection from the pending queue in all error cases. |
|
|
1730 | |
|
|
1731 | For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because |
|
|
1732 | of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not |
|
|
1733 | rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on |
|
|
1734 | the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and |
|
|
1735 | typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage. |
|
|
1736 | |
|
|
1737 | Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between |
|
|
1738 | operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the |
|
|
1739 | situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to |
|
|
1740 | cope with overload is known (to me). |
|
|
1741 | |
|
|
1742 | One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it |
|
|
1743 | - when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the |
|
|
1744 | situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an |
|
|
1745 | event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do. |
|
|
1746 | |
|
|
1747 | A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than |
|
|
1748 | C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such |
|
|
1749 | messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of |
|
|
1750 | what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop |
|
|
1751 | the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU |
|
|
1752 | usage. |
|
|
1753 | |
|
|
1754 | If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file |
|
|
1755 | descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and |
|
|
1756 | when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>, |
|
|
1757 | close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse |
|
|
1758 | clients under typical overload conditions. |
|
|
1759 | |
|
|
1760 | The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as |
|
|
1761 | is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy |
|
|
1762 | opportunity for a DoS attack. |
1503 | |
1763 | |
1504 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions |
1764 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions |
1505 | |
1765 | |
1506 | =over 4 |
1766 | =over 4 |
1507 | |
1767 | |
… | |
… | |
1539 | ... |
1799 | ... |
1540 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1800 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1541 | ev_io stdin_readable; |
1801 | ev_io stdin_readable; |
1542 | ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1802 | ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1543 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1803 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1544 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1804 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
1545 | |
1805 | |
1546 | |
1806 | |
1547 | =head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts |
1807 | =head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts |
1548 | |
1808 | |
1549 | Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a |
1809 | Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a |
… | |
… | |
1558 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
1818 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
1559 | passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this |
1819 | passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this |
1560 | might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the |
1820 | might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the |
1561 | same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked |
1821 | same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked |
1562 | before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is |
1822 | before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is |
1563 | no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively). |
1823 | no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively). |
1564 | |
1824 | |
1565 | =head3 Be smart about timeouts |
1825 | =head3 Be smart about timeouts |
1566 | |
1826 | |
1567 | Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error |
1827 | Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error |
1568 | recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, |
1828 | recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, |
… | |
… | |
1654 | ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.; |
1914 | ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.; |
1655 | |
1915 | |
1656 | // if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out |
1916 | // if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out |
1657 | if (timeout < now) |
1917 | if (timeout < now) |
1658 | { |
1918 | { |
1659 | // timeout occured, take action |
1919 | // timeout occurred, take action |
1660 | } |
1920 | } |
1661 | else |
1921 | else |
1662 | { |
1922 | { |
1663 | // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm |
1923 | // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm |
1664 | // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is |
1924 | // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is |
… | |
… | |
1686 | to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the |
1946 | to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the |
1687 | callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer: |
1947 | callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer: |
1688 | |
1948 | |
1689 | ev_init (timer, callback); |
1949 | ev_init (timer, callback); |
1690 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
1950 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
1691 | callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT); |
1951 | callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER); |
1692 | |
1952 | |
1693 | And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in |
1953 | And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in |
1694 | C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all: |
1954 | C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all: |
1695 | |
1955 | |
1696 | last_actiivty = ev_now (loop); |
1956 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
1697 | |
1957 | |
1698 | This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
1958 | This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
1699 | time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
1959 | time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
1700 | |
1960 | |
1701 | Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the |
1961 | Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the |
… | |
… | |
1739 | |
1999 | |
1740 | =head3 The special problem of time updates |
2000 | =head3 The special problem of time updates |
1741 | |
2001 | |
1742 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
2002 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
1743 | least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current |
2003 | least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current |
1744 | time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a |
2004 | time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a |
1745 | growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling |
2005 | growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling |
1746 | lots of events in one iteration. |
2006 | lots of events in one iteration. |
1747 | |
2007 | |
1748 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()> |
2008 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()> |
1749 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
2009 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
… | |
… | |
1755 | |
2015 | |
1756 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
2016 | If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an |
1757 | update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update |
2017 | update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update |
1758 | ()>. |
2018 | ()>. |
1759 | |
2019 | |
|
|
2020 | =head3 The special problems of suspended animation |
|
|
2021 | |
|
|
2022 | When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that |
|
|
2023 | can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend? |
|
|
2024 | |
|
|
2025 | Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes |
|
|
2026 | all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue |
|
|
2027 | to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the |
|
|
2028 | system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program |
|
|
2029 | was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted |
|
|
2030 | towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time |
|
|
2031 | clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a |
|
|
2032 | long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would |
|
|
2033 | be adjusted accordingly. |
|
|
2034 | |
|
|
2035 | I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between |
|
|
2036 | operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware. |
|
|
2037 | |
|
|
2038 | The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a |
|
|
2039 | time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program |
|
|
2040 | is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use, |
|
|
2041 | then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time |
|
|
2042 | will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in |
|
|
2043 | use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly. |
|
|
2044 | |
|
|
2045 | It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend> |
|
|
2046 | and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get |
|
|
2047 | deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against |
|
|
2048 | C<SIGSTOP>). |
|
|
2049 | |
1760 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2050 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1761 | |
2051 | |
1762 | =over 4 |
2052 | =over 4 |
1763 | |
2053 | |
1764 | =item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat) |
2054 | =item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat) |
… | |
… | |
1790 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
2080 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
1791 | |
2081 | |
1792 | This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a |
2082 | This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a |
1793 | usage example. |
2083 | usage example. |
1794 | |
2084 | |
|
|
2085 | =item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *) |
|
|
2086 | |
|
|
2087 | Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active, |
|
|
2088 | then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's |
|
|
2089 | the timeout value currently configured. |
|
|
2090 | |
|
|
2091 | That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns |
|
|
2092 | C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining> |
|
|
2093 | will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return |
|
|
2094 | roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time, |
|
|
2095 | too), and so on. |
|
|
2096 | |
1795 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
2097 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
1796 | |
2098 | |
1797 | The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
2099 | The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out |
1798 | or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any), |
2100 | or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any), |
1799 | which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
2101 | which is also when any modifications are taken into account. |
… | |
… | |
1824 | } |
2126 | } |
1825 | |
2127 | |
1826 | ev_timer mytimer; |
2128 | ev_timer mytimer; |
1827 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
2129 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
1828 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
2130 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
1829 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
2131 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
1830 | |
2132 | |
1831 | // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
2133 | // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
1832 | // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds |
2134 | // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds |
1833 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); |
2135 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); |
1834 | |
2136 | |
… | |
… | |
1860 | |
2162 | |
1861 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
2163 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
1862 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
2164 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
1863 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
2165 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
1864 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
2166 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
1865 | (but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively). |
2167 | (but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively). |
1866 | |
2168 | |
1867 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2169 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1868 | |
2170 | |
1869 | =over 4 |
2171 | =over 4 |
1870 | |
2172 | |
… | |
… | |
1998 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
2300 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
1999 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
2301 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
2000 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
2302 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
2001 | |
2303 | |
2002 | static void |
2304 | static void |
2003 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
2305 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents) |
2004 | { |
2306 | { |
2005 | ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
2307 | ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
2006 | } |
2308 | } |
2007 | |
2309 | |
2008 | ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
2310 | ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
… | |
… | |
2031 | |
2333 | |
2032 | =head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled! |
2334 | =head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled! |
2033 | |
2335 | |
2034 | Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific |
2336 | Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific |
2035 | signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev |
2337 | signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev |
2036 | will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the |
2338 | will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the |
2037 | normal event processing, like any other event. |
2339 | normal event processing, like any other event. |
2038 | |
2340 | |
2039 | If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would |
2341 | If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use |
2040 | do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use |
2342 | C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing |
2041 | C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop. |
2343 | the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to |
|
|
2344 | synchronously wake up an event loop. |
2042 | |
2345 | |
2043 | You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the |
2346 | You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but |
|
|
2347 | only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your |
|
|
2348 | default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for |
|
|
2349 | C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At |
|
|
2350 | the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop. |
|
|
2351 | |
2044 | first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler |
2352 | When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something |
2045 | with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as |
2353 | with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as |
2046 | you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when |
2354 | you don't register any with libev for the same signal). |
2047 | the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the |
|
|
2048 | signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before). |
|
|
2049 | |
2355 | |
2050 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
2356 | If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with |
2051 | C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly |
2357 | C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
2052 | interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by |
2358 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
2053 | signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock |
2359 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher |
2054 | them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher. |
2360 | and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher. |
|
|
2361 | |
|
|
2362 | =head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create |
|
|
2363 | |
|
|
2364 | Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition |
|
|
2365 | (C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after |
|
|
2366 | stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal, |
|
|
2367 | and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler. |
|
|
2368 | |
|
|
2369 | While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never |
|
|
2370 | sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on |
|
|
2371 | C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect |
|
|
2372 | certain signals to be blocked. |
|
|
2373 | |
|
|
2374 | This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset |
|
|
2375 | the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good |
|
|
2376 | choice usually). |
|
|
2377 | |
|
|
2378 | The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is |
|
|
2379 | to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will |
|
|
2380 | catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well. |
|
|
2381 | |
|
|
2382 | In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely |
|
|
2383 | unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces |
|
|
2384 | the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev |
|
|
2385 | I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily. |
|
|
2386 | |
|
|
2387 | So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when |
|
|
2388 | you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This |
|
|
2389 | is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries. |
|
|
2390 | |
|
|
2391 | =head3 The special problem of threads signal handling |
|
|
2392 | |
|
|
2393 | POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically, |
|
|
2394 | a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all |
|
|
2395 | threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve. |
|
|
2396 | |
|
|
2397 | When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own |
|
|
2398 | for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking |
|
|
2399 | all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set |
|
|
2400 | sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating |
|
|
2401 | loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles |
|
|
2402 | these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested |
|
|
2403 | in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>. |
2055 | |
2404 | |
2056 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2405 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2057 | |
2406 | |
2058 | =over 4 |
2407 | =over 4 |
2059 | |
2408 | |
… | |
… | |
2075 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
2424 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
2076 | |
2425 | |
2077 | static void |
2426 | static void |
2078 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2427 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2079 | { |
2428 | { |
2080 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
2429 | ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL); |
2081 | } |
2430 | } |
2082 | |
2431 | |
2083 | ev_signal signal_watcher; |
2432 | ev_signal signal_watcher; |
2084 | ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
2433 | ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
2085 | ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
2434 | ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
… | |
… | |
2104 | libev) |
2453 | libev) |
2105 | |
2454 | |
2106 | =head3 Process Interaction |
2455 | =head3 Process Interaction |
2107 | |
2456 | |
2108 | Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is |
2457 | Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is |
2109 | initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if |
2458 | initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the |
2110 | the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence |
2459 | first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence |
2111 | of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done |
2460 | of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done |
2112 | synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all |
2461 | synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all |
2113 | children, even ones not watched. |
2462 | children, even ones not watched. |
2114 | |
2463 | |
2115 | =head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing |
2464 | =head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing |
… | |
… | |
2125 | =head3 Stopping the Child Watcher |
2474 | =head3 Stopping the Child Watcher |
2126 | |
2475 | |
2127 | Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the |
2476 | Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the |
2128 | child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the |
2477 | child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the |
2129 | callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically |
2478 | callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically |
2130 | when a child exit is detected. |
2479 | when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a |
|
|
2480 | problem). |
2131 | |
2481 | |
2132 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2482 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2133 | |
2483 | |
2134 | =over 4 |
2484 | =over 4 |
2135 | |
2485 | |
… | |
… | |
2470 | |
2820 | |
2471 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
2821 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
2472 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
2822 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
2473 | afterwards. |
2823 | afterwards. |
2474 | |
2824 | |
2475 | You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter |
2825 | You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter |
2476 | the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check> |
2826 | the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check> |
2477 | watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The |
2827 | watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The |
2478 | rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in |
2828 | rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in |
2479 | those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking, |
2829 | those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking, |
2480 | C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be |
2830 | C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be |
… | |
… | |
2648 | |
2998 | |
2649 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2999 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2650 | // create/start timer |
3000 | // create/start timer |
2651 | |
3001 | |
2652 | // poll |
3002 | // poll |
2653 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
3003 | ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
2654 | |
3004 | |
2655 | // stop timer again |
3005 | // stop timer again |
2656 | if (timeout >= 0) |
3006 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2657 | ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to); |
3007 | ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to); |
2658 | |
3008 | |
… | |
… | |
2736 | if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher). |
3086 | if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher). |
2737 | |
3087 | |
2738 | =item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *) |
3088 | =item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *) |
2739 | |
3089 | |
2740 | Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works |
3090 | Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works |
2741 | similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most |
3091 | similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most |
2742 | appropriate way for embedded loops. |
3092 | appropriate way for embedded loops. |
2743 | |
3093 | |
2744 | =item struct ev_loop *other [read-only] |
3094 | =item struct ev_loop *other [read-only] |
2745 | |
3095 | |
2746 | The embedded event loop. |
3096 | The embedded event loop. |
… | |
… | |
2806 | C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
3156 | C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
2807 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
3157 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
2808 | |
3158 | |
2809 | =head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible? |
3159 | =head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible? |
2810 | |
3160 | |
2811 | Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste |
3161 | Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set |
2812 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This |
3162 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This |
2813 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
3163 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
2814 | |
3164 | |
2815 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
3165 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
2816 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the |
3166 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the |
… | |
… | |
2832 | disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support |
3182 | disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support |
2833 | signal watchers). |
3183 | signal watchers). |
2834 | |
3184 | |
2835 | When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for |
3185 | When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for |
2836 | other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call |
3186 | other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call |
2837 | C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying |
3187 | C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. |
2838 | the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you |
3188 | Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered |
2839 | have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note |
3189 | watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies |
2840 | also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers. |
3190 | those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any |
|
|
3191 | signal watchers. |
2841 | |
3192 | |
2842 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
3193 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2843 | |
3194 | |
2844 | =over 4 |
3195 | =over 4 |
2845 | |
3196 | |
2846 | =item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback) |
3197 | =item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback) |
2847 | |
3198 | |
2848 | Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any |
3199 | Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any |
2849 | kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
3200 | kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless, |
2850 | believe me. |
3201 | really. |
2851 | |
3202 | |
2852 | =back |
3203 | =back |
2853 | |
3204 | |
2854 | |
3205 | |
|
|
3206 | =head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end |
|
|
3207 | |
|
|
3208 | Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed |
|
|
3209 | by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>. |
|
|
3210 | |
|
|
3211 | While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup |
|
|
3212 | watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your |
|
|
3213 | program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the |
|
|
3214 | loop when you want them to be invoked. |
|
|
3215 | |
|
|
3216 | Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike |
|
|
3217 | all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which |
|
|
3218 | makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you |
|
|
3219 | can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>. |
|
|
3220 | |
|
|
3221 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
|
|
3222 | |
|
|
3223 | =over 4 |
|
|
3224 | |
|
|
3225 | =item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback) |
|
|
3226 | |
|
|
3227 | Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of |
|
|
3228 | any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly |
|
|
3229 | pointless, I assure you. |
|
|
3230 | |
|
|
3231 | =back |
|
|
3232 | |
|
|
3233 | Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any |
|
|
3234 | cleanup functions are called. |
|
|
3235 | |
|
|
3236 | static void |
|
|
3237 | program_exits (void) |
|
|
3238 | { |
|
|
3239 | ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC); |
|
|
3240 | } |
|
|
3241 | |
|
|
3242 | ... |
|
|
3243 | atexit (program_exits); |
|
|
3244 | |
|
|
3245 | |
2855 | =head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop |
3246 | =head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop |
2856 | |
3247 | |
2857 | In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other |
3248 | In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other |
2858 | asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event |
3249 | asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event |
2859 | loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads). |
3250 | loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads). |
2860 | |
3251 | |
2861 | Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not |
3252 | Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control, |
2862 | control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what |
3253 | for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async> |
2863 | C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you |
3254 | watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal |
2864 | can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal |
3255 | it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe. |
2865 | safe. |
|
|
2866 | |
3256 | |
2867 | This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals, |
3257 | This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals, |
2868 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
3258 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
2869 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
3259 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
2870 | C<ev_async_sent> calls). |
3260 | C<ev_async_sent> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind |
|
|
3261 | of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused |
|
|
3262 | signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread, |
|
|
3263 | even without knowing which loop owns the signal. |
2871 | |
3264 | |
2872 | Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not |
3265 | Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not |
2873 | just the default loop. |
3266 | just the default loop. |
2874 | |
3267 | |
2875 | =head3 Queueing |
3268 | =head3 Queueing |
2876 | |
3269 | |
2877 | C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
3270 | C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
2878 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
3271 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
2879 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
3272 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
2880 | need elaborate support such as pthreads. |
3273 | need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access |
|
|
3274 | semantics. |
2881 | |
3275 | |
2882 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
3276 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
2883 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
3277 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
2884 | queue: |
3278 | queue: |
2885 | |
3279 | |
… | |
… | |
3024 | |
3418 | |
3025 | If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
3419 | If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
3026 | started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and |
3420 | started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and |
3027 | repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout. |
3421 | repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout. |
3028 | |
3422 | |
3029 | The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets |
3423 | The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is |
3030 | passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
3424 | passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
3031 | C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg> |
3425 | C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg> |
3032 | value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both> |
3426 | value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both> |
3033 | a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io |
3427 | a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io |
3034 | events precedence. |
3428 | events precedence. |
3035 | |
3429 | |
3036 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO. |
3430 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO. |
3037 | |
3431 | |
3038 | static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3432 | static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3039 | { |
3433 | { |
3040 | if (revents & EV_READ) |
3434 | if (revents & EV_READ) |
3041 | /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
3435 | /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
3042 | else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT) |
3436 | else if (revents & EV_TIMER) |
3043 | /* doh, nothing entered */; |
3437 | /* doh, nothing entered */; |
3044 | } |
3438 | } |
3045 | |
3439 | |
3046 | ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
3440 | ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
3047 | |
3441 | |
3048 | =item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents) |
|
|
3049 | |
|
|
3050 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
|
|
3051 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
|
|
3052 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). |
|
|
3053 | |
|
|
3054 | =item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents) |
3442 | =item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents) |
3055 | |
3443 | |
3056 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
3444 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
3057 | the given events it. |
3445 | the given events it. |
3058 | |
3446 | |
3059 | =item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum) |
3447 | =item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum) |
3060 | |
3448 | |
3061 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default |
3449 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>, |
3062 | loop!). |
3450 | which is async-safe. |
|
|
3451 | |
|
|
3452 | =back |
|
|
3453 | |
|
|
3454 | |
|
|
3455 | =head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH) |
|
|
3456 | |
|
|
3457 | This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately |
|
|
3458 | obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this |
|
|
3459 | section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else. |
|
|
3460 | |
|
|
3461 | =head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS |
|
|
3462 | |
|
|
3463 | Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have |
|
|
3464 | I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively |
|
|
3465 | invoking C<ev_run>. |
|
|
3466 | |
|
|
3467 | This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the |
|
|
3468 | main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but |
|
|
3469 | a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one |
|
|
3470 | and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some |
|
|
3471 | other combination: In these cases, C<ev_break> will not work alone. |
|
|
3472 | |
|
|
3473 | The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run> |
|
|
3474 | invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is |
|
|
3475 | triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>: |
|
|
3476 | |
|
|
3477 | // main loop |
|
|
3478 | int exit_main_loop = 0; |
|
|
3479 | |
|
|
3480 | while (!exit_main_loop) |
|
|
3481 | ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE); |
|
|
3482 | |
|
|
3483 | // in a model watcher |
|
|
3484 | int exit_nested_loop = 0; |
|
|
3485 | |
|
|
3486 | while (!exit_nested_loop) |
|
|
3487 | ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE); |
|
|
3488 | |
|
|
3489 | To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable: |
|
|
3490 | |
|
|
3491 | // exit modal loop |
|
|
3492 | exit_nested_loop = 1; |
|
|
3493 | |
|
|
3494 | // exit main program, after modal loop is finished |
|
|
3495 | exit_main_loop = 1; |
|
|
3496 | |
|
|
3497 | // exit both |
|
|
3498 | exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1; |
|
|
3499 | |
|
|
3500 | =head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE |
|
|
3501 | |
|
|
3502 | Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different |
|
|
3503 | thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are |
|
|
3504 | created/added/removed. |
|
|
3505 | |
|
|
3506 | For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module, |
|
|
3507 | which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level |
|
|
3508 | languages). |
|
|
3509 | |
|
|
3510 | The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition |
|
|
3511 | variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the |
|
|
3512 | event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread. |
|
|
3513 | |
|
|
3514 | First, you need to associate some data with the event loop: |
|
|
3515 | |
|
|
3516 | typedef struct { |
|
|
3517 | mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */ |
|
|
3518 | ev_async async_w; |
|
|
3519 | thread_t tid; |
|
|
3520 | cond_t invoke_cv; |
|
|
3521 | } userdata; |
|
|
3522 | |
|
|
3523 | void prepare_loop (EV_P) |
|
|
3524 | { |
|
|
3525 | // for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct. |
|
|
3526 | static userdata u; |
|
|
3527 | |
|
|
3528 | ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb); |
|
|
3529 | ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w); |
|
|
3530 | |
|
|
3531 | pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0); |
|
|
3532 | pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0); |
|
|
3533 | |
|
|
3534 | // now associate this with the loop |
|
|
3535 | ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u); |
|
|
3536 | ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke); |
|
|
3537 | ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire); |
|
|
3538 | |
|
|
3539 | // then create the thread running ev_loop |
|
|
3540 | pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A); |
|
|
3541 | } |
|
|
3542 | |
|
|
3543 | The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used |
|
|
3544 | solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers |
|
|
3545 | that might have been added: |
|
|
3546 | |
|
|
3547 | static void |
|
|
3548 | async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents) |
|
|
3549 | { |
|
|
3550 | // just used for the side effects |
|
|
3551 | } |
|
|
3552 | |
|
|
3553 | The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex |
|
|
3554 | protecting the loop data, respectively. |
|
|
3555 | |
|
|
3556 | static void |
|
|
3557 | l_release (EV_P) |
|
|
3558 | { |
|
|
3559 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
3560 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
3561 | } |
|
|
3562 | |
|
|
3563 | static void |
|
|
3564 | l_acquire (EV_P) |
|
|
3565 | { |
|
|
3566 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
3567 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
3568 | } |
|
|
3569 | |
|
|
3570 | The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight |
|
|
3571 | into C<ev_run>: |
|
|
3572 | |
|
|
3573 | void * |
|
|
3574 | l_run (void *thr_arg) |
|
|
3575 | { |
|
|
3576 | struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg; |
|
|
3577 | |
|
|
3578 | l_acquire (EV_A); |
|
|
3579 | pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0); |
|
|
3580 | ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
|
|
3581 | l_release (EV_A); |
|
|
3582 | |
|
|
3583 | return 0; |
|
|
3584 | } |
|
|
3585 | |
|
|
3586 | Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will |
|
|
3587 | signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe |
|
|
3588 | writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers |
|
|
3589 | have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible |
|
|
3590 | and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending |
|
|
3591 | watchers is very beneficial): |
|
|
3592 | |
|
|
3593 | static void |
|
|
3594 | l_invoke (EV_P) |
|
|
3595 | { |
|
|
3596 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
3597 | |
|
|
3598 | while (ev_pending_count (EV_A)) |
|
|
3599 | { |
|
|
3600 | wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way (); |
|
|
3601 | pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock); |
|
|
3602 | } |
|
|
3603 | } |
|
|
3604 | |
|
|
3605 | Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it |
|
|
3606 | will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop |
|
|
3607 | thread to continue: |
|
|
3608 | |
|
|
3609 | static void |
|
|
3610 | real_invoke_pending (EV_P) |
|
|
3611 | { |
|
|
3612 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
3613 | |
|
|
3614 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
3615 | ev_invoke_pending (EV_A); |
|
|
3616 | pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv); |
|
|
3617 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
3618 | } |
|
|
3619 | |
|
|
3620 | Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an |
|
|
3621 | event loop, you will now have to lock: |
|
|
3622 | |
|
|
3623 | ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
|
|
3624 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
3625 | |
|
|
3626 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
|
|
3627 | |
|
|
3628 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
3629 | ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher); |
|
|
3630 | ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w); |
|
|
3631 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
3632 | |
|
|
3633 | Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise |
|
|
3634 | an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge |
|
|
3635 | about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new |
|
|
3636 | watchers in the next event loop iteration. |
3063 | |
3637 | |
3064 | =back |
3638 | =back |
3065 | |
3639 | |
3066 | |
3640 | |
3067 | =head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION |
3641 | =head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION |
3068 | |
3642 | |
3069 | Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot |
3643 | Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot |
3070 | emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints: |
3644 | emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints: |
3071 | |
3645 | |
3072 | =over 4 |
3646 | =over 4 |
|
|
3647 | |
|
|
3648 | =item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated. |
|
|
3649 | |
|
|
3650 | This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented, |
|
|
3651 | and is still mostly unchanged in 2010. |
3073 | |
3652 | |
3074 | =item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual. |
3653 | =item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual. |
3075 | |
3654 | |
3076 | =item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback, |
3655 | =item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback, |
3077 | ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events. |
3656 | ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events. |
… | |
… | |
3083 | =item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities |
3662 | =item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities |
3084 | will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there |
3663 | will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there |
3085 | is an ev_pri field. |
3664 | is an ev_pri field. |
3086 | |
3665 | |
3087 | =item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the |
3666 | =item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the |
3088 | first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals. |
3667 | base that registered the signal gets the signals. |
3089 | |
3668 | |
3090 | =item * Other members are not supported. |
3669 | =item * Other members are not supported. |
3091 | |
3670 | |
3092 | =item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need |
3671 | =item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need |
3093 | to use the libev header file and library. |
3672 | to use the libev header file and library. |
… | |
… | |
3112 | Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++ |
3691 | Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++ |
3113 | classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer |
3692 | classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer |
3114 | that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if |
3693 | that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if |
3115 | you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev). |
3694 | you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev). |
3116 | |
3695 | |
3117 | Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be |
3696 | Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes |
3118 | used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only |
3697 | with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy |
3119 | need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other |
3698 | to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If |
3120 | types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing |
3699 | you need support for other types of functors please contact the author |
3121 | it). |
3700 | (preferably after implementing it). |
3122 | |
3701 | |
3123 | Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace: |
3702 | Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace: |
3124 | |
3703 | |
3125 | =over 4 |
3704 | =over 4 |
3126 | |
3705 | |
… | |
… | |
3144 | |
3723 | |
3145 | =over 4 |
3724 | =over 4 |
3146 | |
3725 | |
3147 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE () |
3726 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE () |
3148 | |
3727 | |
3149 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *) |
3728 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop) |
3150 | |
3729 | |
3151 | =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE |
3730 | =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE |
3152 | |
3731 | |
3153 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
3732 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
3154 | with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>. |
3733 | with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>. |
… | |
… | |
3187 | myclass obj; |
3766 | myclass obj; |
3188 | ev::io iow; |
3767 | ev::io iow; |
3189 | iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
3768 | iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
3190 | |
3769 | |
3191 | =item w->set (object *) |
3770 | =item w->set (object *) |
3192 | |
|
|
3193 | This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version. |
|
|
3194 | |
3771 | |
3195 | This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call |
3772 | This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call |
3196 | will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use |
3773 | will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use |
3197 | functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all |
3774 | functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all |
3198 | the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument |
3775 | the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument |
… | |
… | |
3231 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
3808 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
3232 | |
3809 | |
3233 | static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
3810 | static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
3234 | iow.set <io_cb> (); |
3811 | iow.set <io_cb> (); |
3235 | |
3812 | |
3236 | =item w->set (struct ev_loop *) |
3813 | =item w->set (loop) |
3237 | |
3814 | |
3238 | Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only |
3815 | Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only |
3239 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
3816 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
3240 | |
3817 | |
3241 | =item w->set ([arguments]) |
3818 | =item w->set ([arguments]) |
3242 | |
3819 | |
3243 | Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be |
3820 | Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this |
3244 | called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets |
3821 | method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the |
3245 | automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this |
3822 | C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted |
3246 | method. |
3823 | when reconfiguring it with this method. |
3247 | |
3824 | |
3248 | =item w->start () |
3825 | =item w->start () |
3249 | |
3826 | |
3250 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the |
3827 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the |
3251 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
3828 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
3252 | |
3829 | |
|
|
3830 | =item w->start ([arguments]) |
|
|
3831 | |
|
|
3832 | Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often |
|
|
3833 | convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as |
|
|
3834 | the configure C<set> method of the watcher. |
|
|
3835 | |
3253 | =item w->stop () |
3836 | =item w->stop () |
3254 | |
3837 | |
3255 | Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument. |
3838 | Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument. |
3256 | |
3839 | |
3257 | =item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only) |
3840 | =item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only) |
… | |
… | |
3269 | |
3852 | |
3270 | =back |
3853 | =back |
3271 | |
3854 | |
3272 | =back |
3855 | =back |
3273 | |
3856 | |
3274 | Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in |
3857 | Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O |
3275 | the constructor. |
3858 | watchers in the constructor. |
3276 | |
3859 | |
3277 | class myclass |
3860 | class myclass |
3278 | { |
3861 | { |
3279 | ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
3862 | ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
|
|
3863 | ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
3280 | ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents); |
3864 | ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents); |
3281 | |
3865 | |
3282 | myclass (int fd) |
3866 | myclass (int fd) |
3283 | { |
3867 | { |
3284 | io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this); |
3868 | io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this); |
|
|
3869 | io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this); |
3285 | idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this); |
3870 | idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this); |
3286 | |
3871 | |
3287 | io.start (fd, ev::READ); |
3872 | io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher |
|
|
3873 | io.start (); // start it whenever convenient |
|
|
3874 | |
|
|
3875 | io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call |
3288 | } |
3876 | } |
3289 | }; |
3877 | }; |
3290 | |
3878 | |
3291 | |
3879 | |
3292 | =head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS |
3880 | =head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS |
… | |
… | |
3338 | =item Ocaml |
3926 | =item Ocaml |
3339 | |
3927 | |
3340 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
3928 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
3341 | L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>. |
3929 | L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>. |
3342 | |
3930 | |
|
|
3931 | =item Lua |
|
|
3932 | |
|
|
3933 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the |
|
|
3934 | time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at |
|
|
3935 | L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>. |
|
|
3936 | |
3343 | =back |
3937 | =back |
3344 | |
3938 | |
3345 | |
3939 | |
3346 | =head1 MACRO MAGIC |
3940 | =head1 MACRO MAGIC |
3347 | |
3941 | |
… | |
… | |
3360 | loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument, |
3954 | loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument, |
3361 | C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example: |
3955 | C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example: |
3362 | |
3956 | |
3363 | ev_unref (EV_A); |
3957 | ev_unref (EV_A); |
3364 | ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); |
3958 | ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); |
3365 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
3959 | ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
3366 | |
3960 | |
3367 | It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope, |
3961 | It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope, |
3368 | which is often provided by the following macro. |
3962 | which is often provided by the following macro. |
3369 | |
3963 | |
3370 | =item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_> |
3964 | =item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_> |
… | |
… | |
3410 | } |
4004 | } |
3411 | |
4005 | |
3412 | ev_check check; |
4006 | ev_check check; |
3413 | ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
4007 | ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
3414 | ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
4008 | ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
3415 | ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
4009 | ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
3416 | |
4010 | |
3417 | =head1 EMBEDDING |
4011 | =head1 EMBEDDING |
3418 | |
4012 | |
3419 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
4013 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
3420 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
4014 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
… | |
… | |
3500 | libev.m4 |
4094 | libev.m4 |
3501 | |
4095 | |
3502 | =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS |
4096 | =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS |
3503 | |
4097 | |
3504 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
4098 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
3505 | define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of |
4099 | define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in |
3506 | autoconf is documented for every option. |
4100 | the absence of autoconf is documented for every option. |
|
|
4101 | |
|
|
4102 | Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different |
|
|
4103 | values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible |
|
|
4104 | to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility |
|
|
4105 | to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all |
|
|
4106 | users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible |
|
|
4107 | settings. |
3507 | |
4108 | |
3508 | =over 4 |
4109 | =over 4 |
3509 | |
4110 | |
|
|
4111 | =item EV_COMPAT3 (h) |
|
|
4112 | |
|
|
4113 | Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this |
|
|
4114 | release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that |
|
|
4115 | have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4. |
|
|
4116 | |
|
|
4117 | You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future |
|
|
4118 | versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your |
|
|
4119 | sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct> |
|
|
4120 | from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop> |
|
|
4121 | typedef in that case. |
|
|
4122 | |
|
|
4123 | In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>, |
|
|
4124 | and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be |
|
|
4125 | removed completely. |
|
|
4126 | |
3510 | =item EV_STANDALONE |
4127 | =item EV_STANDALONE (h) |
3511 | |
4128 | |
3512 | Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
4129 | Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
3513 | keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy |
4130 | keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy |
3514 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
4131 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
3515 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
4132 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
3516 | F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone. |
4133 | F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone. |
3517 | |
4134 | |
3518 | In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the |
4135 | In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the |
3519 | configuration, but has to be more conservative. |
4136 | configuration, but has to be more conservative. |
3520 | |
4137 | |
3521 | =item EV_USE_MONOTONIC |
4138 | =item EV_USE_MONOTONIC |
3522 | |
4139 | |
3523 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
4140 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the |
… | |
… | |
3588 | be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call |
4205 | be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call |
3589 | C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise, |
4206 | C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise, |
3590 | it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even |
4207 | it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even |
3591 | on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms. |
4208 | on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms. |
3592 | |
4209 | |
3593 | =item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE |
4210 | =item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd) |
3594 | |
4211 | |
3595 | If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map |
4212 | If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map |
3596 | file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the |
4213 | file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the |
3597 | default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually |
4214 | default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually |
3598 | correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, |
4215 | correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management, |
3599 | in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles. |
4216 | in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles. |
|
|
4217 | |
|
|
4218 | =item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle) |
|
|
4219 | |
|
|
4220 | If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors |
|
|
4221 | using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing |
|
|
4222 | their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier |
|
|
4223 | to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value. |
|
|
4224 | |
|
|
4225 | =item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd) |
|
|
4226 | |
|
|
4227 | If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this |
|
|
4228 | macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister |
|
|
4229 | file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close |
|
|
4230 | the underlying OS handle. |
3600 | |
4231 | |
3601 | =item EV_USE_POLL |
4232 | =item EV_USE_POLL |
3602 | |
4233 | |
3603 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2) |
4234 | If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2) |
3604 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It |
4235 | backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It |
… | |
… | |
3651 | as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers. |
4282 | as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers. |
3652 | |
4283 | |
3653 | In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile> |
4284 | In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile> |
3654 | (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
4285 | (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
3655 | |
4286 | |
3656 | =item EV_H |
4287 | =item EV_H (h) |
3657 | |
4288 | |
3658 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
4289 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
3659 | undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be |
4290 | undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be |
3660 | used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
4291 | used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
3661 | |
4292 | |
3662 | =item EV_CONFIG_H |
4293 | =item EV_CONFIG_H (h) |
3663 | |
4294 | |
3664 | If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override |
4295 | If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override |
3665 | F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to |
4296 | F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to |
3666 | C<EV_H>, above. |
4297 | C<EV_H>, above. |
3667 | |
4298 | |
3668 | =item EV_EVENT_H |
4299 | =item EV_EVENT_H (h) |
3669 | |
4300 | |
3670 | Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea |
4301 | Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea |
3671 | of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">. |
4302 | of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">. |
3672 | |
4303 | |
3673 | =item EV_PROTOTYPES |
4304 | =item EV_PROTOTYPES (h) |
3674 | |
4305 | |
3675 | If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function |
4306 | If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function |
3676 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
4307 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
3677 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
4308 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
3678 | around libev functions. |
4309 | around libev functions. |
… | |
… | |
3700 | fine. |
4331 | fine. |
3701 | |
4332 | |
3702 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
4333 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
3703 | both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU. |
4334 | both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU. |
3704 | |
4335 | |
3705 | =item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE |
4336 | =item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, |
|
|
4337 | EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, |
|
|
4338 | EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE. |
3706 | |
4339 | |
3707 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If |
4340 | If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then |
3708 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
4341 | the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it |
3709 | code. |
4342 | is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size. |
3710 | |
4343 | |
3711 | =item EV_IDLE_ENABLE |
4344 | =item EV_FEATURES |
3712 | |
|
|
3713 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3714 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
|
|
3715 | code. |
|
|
3716 | |
|
|
3717 | =item EV_EMBED_ENABLE |
|
|
3718 | |
|
|
3719 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3720 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other |
|
|
3721 | watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled. |
|
|
3722 | |
|
|
3723 | =item EV_STAT_ENABLE |
|
|
3724 | |
|
|
3725 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3726 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3727 | |
|
|
3728 | =item EV_FORK_ENABLE |
|
|
3729 | |
|
|
3730 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3731 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3732 | |
|
|
3733 | =item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE |
|
|
3734 | |
|
|
3735 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3736 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3737 | |
|
|
3738 | =item EV_MINIMAL |
|
|
3739 | |
4345 | |
3740 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
4346 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
3741 | speed (but with the full API), define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this |
4347 | speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request |
3742 | is used to override some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size |
4348 | certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features |
3743 | on amd64. It also selects a much smaller 2-heap for timer management over |
4349 | that can be enabled on the platform. |
3744 | the default 4-heap. |
|
|
3745 | |
4350 | |
3746 | You can save even more by disabling watcher types you do not need |
4351 | A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset |
3747 | and setting C<EV_MAXPRI> == C<EV_MINPRI>. Also, disabling C<assert> |
4352 | with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable |
3748 | (C<-DNDEBUG>) will usually reduce code size a lot. |
4353 | additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal, |
|
|
4354 | but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll |
|
|
4355 | backend, use this: |
3749 | |
4356 | |
3750 | Defining C<EV_MINIMAL> to C<2> will additionally reduce the core API to |
4357 | #define EV_FEATURES 0 |
3751 | provide a bare-bones event library. See C<ev.h> for details on what parts |
4358 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1 |
3752 | of the API are still available, and do not complain if this subset changes |
4359 | #define EV_USE_POLL 1 |
3753 | over time. |
4360 | #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4361 | #define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4362 | |
|
|
4363 | The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following |
|
|
4364 | values: |
|
|
4365 | |
|
|
4366 | =over 4 |
|
|
4367 | |
|
|
4368 | =item C<1> - faster/larger code |
|
|
4369 | |
|
|
4370 | Use larger code to speed up some operations. |
|
|
4371 | |
|
|
4372 | Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the |
|
|
4373 | code size by roughly 30% on amd64). |
|
|
4374 | |
|
|
4375 | When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with |
|
|
4376 | gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of |
|
|
4377 | assertions. |
|
|
4378 | |
|
|
4379 | =item C<2> - faster/larger data structures |
|
|
4380 | |
|
|
4381 | Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger |
|
|
4382 | hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size |
|
|
4383 | and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at |
|
|
4384 | runtime. |
|
|
4385 | |
|
|
4386 | =item C<4> - full API configuration |
|
|
4387 | |
|
|
4388 | This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and |
|
|
4389 | enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1). |
|
|
4390 | |
|
|
4391 | =item C<8> - full API |
|
|
4392 | |
|
|
4393 | This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for |
|
|
4394 | details on which parts of the API are still available without this |
|
|
4395 | feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time. |
|
|
4396 | |
|
|
4397 | =item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types |
|
|
4398 | |
|
|
4399 | Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable |
|
|
4400 | only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare, |
|
|
4401 | embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining |
|
|
4402 | C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead. |
|
|
4403 | |
|
|
4404 | =item C<32> - enable all backends |
|
|
4405 | |
|
|
4406 | This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at |
|
|
4407 | least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice). |
|
|
4408 | |
|
|
4409 | =item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs |
|
|
4410 | |
|
|
4411 | Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by |
|
|
4412 | default. |
|
|
4413 | |
|
|
4414 | =back |
|
|
4415 | |
|
|
4416 | Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0> |
|
|
4417 | reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb |
|
|
4418 | code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O |
|
|
4419 | watchers, timers and monotonic clock support. |
|
|
4420 | |
|
|
4421 | With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough |
|
|
4422 | when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by |
|
|
4423 | your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an |
|
|
4424 | I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb. |
|
|
4425 | |
|
|
4426 | =item EV_AVOID_STDIO |
|
|
4427 | |
|
|
4428 | If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio |
|
|
4429 | functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size |
|
|
4430 | somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your |
|
|
4431 | libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite |
|
|
4432 | big. |
|
|
4433 | |
|
|
4434 | Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is |
|
|
4435 | enabled. |
|
|
4436 | |
|
|
4437 | =item EV_NSIG |
|
|
4438 | |
|
|
4439 | The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of |
|
|
4440 | signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals |
|
|
4441 | automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be |
|
|
4442 | specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be |
|
|
4443 | good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev |
|
|
4444 | statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number. |
3754 | |
4445 | |
3755 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
4446 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
3756 | |
4447 | |
3757 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
4448 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3758 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more |
4449 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled), |
3759 | than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to |
4450 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you |
3760 | increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
4451 | might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
3761 | |
4452 | |
3762 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
4453 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
3763 | |
4454 | |
3764 | C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
4455 | C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3765 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), |
4456 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> |
3766 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat> |
4457 | disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of |
3767 | watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of |
4458 | C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a |
3768 | two). |
4459 | power of two). |
3769 | |
4460 | |
3770 | =item EV_USE_4HEAP |
4461 | =item EV_USE_4HEAP |
3771 | |
4462 | |
3772 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
4463 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
3773 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined |
4464 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined |
3774 | to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
4465 | to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
3775 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
4466 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
3776 | |
4467 | |
3777 | The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0> |
4468 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3778 | (disabled). |
4469 | will be C<0>. |
3779 | |
4470 | |
3780 | =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT |
4471 | =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT |
3781 | |
4472 | |
3782 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
4473 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
3783 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within |
4474 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within |
3784 | the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>), |
4475 | the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>), |
3785 | which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
4476 | which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
3786 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
4477 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
3787 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
4478 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
3788 | |
4479 | |
3789 | The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0> |
4480 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3790 | (disabled). |
4481 | will be C<0>. |
3791 | |
4482 | |
3792 | =item EV_VERIFY |
4483 | =item EV_VERIFY |
3793 | |
4484 | |
3794 | Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will |
4485 | Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will |
3795 | be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled |
4486 | be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled |
3796 | in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not |
4487 | in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not |
3797 | called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be |
4488 | called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be |
3798 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the |
4489 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the |
3799 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
4490 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
3800 | libev considerably. |
4491 | libev considerably. |
3801 | |
4492 | |
3802 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be |
4493 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3803 | C<0>. |
4494 | will be C<0>. |
3804 | |
4495 | |
3805 | =item EV_COMMON |
4496 | =item EV_COMMON |
3806 | |
4497 | |
3807 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
4498 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
3808 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
4499 | this macro to something else you can include more and other types of |
3809 | members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, |
4500 | members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, |
3810 | though, and it must be identical each time. |
4501 | though, and it must be identical each time. |
3811 | |
4502 | |
3812 | For example, the perl EV module uses something like this: |
4503 | For example, the perl EV module uses something like this: |
3813 | |
4504 | |
… | |
… | |
3866 | file. |
4557 | file. |
3867 | |
4558 | |
3868 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
4559 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
3869 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
4560 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
3870 | |
4561 | |
3871 | #define EV_MINIMAL 1 |
4562 | #define EV_FEATURES 8 |
3872 | #define EV_USE_POLL 0 |
4563 | #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
3873 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 |
|
|
3874 | #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0 |
4564 | #define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4565 | #define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1 |
3875 | #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0 |
4566 | #define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1 |
3876 | #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0 |
4567 | #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4568 | #define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0 |
3877 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
4569 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
3878 | #define EV_MINPRI 0 |
|
|
3879 | #define EV_MAXPRI 0 |
|
|
3880 | |
4570 | |
3881 | #include "ev++.h" |
4571 | #include "ev++.h" |
3882 | |
4572 | |
3883 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
4573 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
3884 | |
4574 | |
… | |
… | |
3944 | default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop |
4634 | default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop |
3945 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
4635 | watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal. |
3946 | |
4636 | |
3947 | =back |
4637 | =back |
3948 | |
4638 | |
3949 | =head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE |
4639 | See also L<THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>. |
3950 | |
|
|
3951 | Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different |
|
|
3952 | thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are |
|
|
3953 | created/added/removed. |
|
|
3954 | |
|
|
3955 | For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module, |
|
|
3956 | which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level |
|
|
3957 | languages). |
|
|
3958 | |
|
|
3959 | The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition |
|
|
3960 | variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the |
|
|
3961 | event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread. |
|
|
3962 | |
|
|
3963 | First, you need to associate some data with the event loop: |
|
|
3964 | |
|
|
3965 | typedef struct { |
|
|
3966 | mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */ |
|
|
3967 | ev_async async_w; |
|
|
3968 | thread_t tid; |
|
|
3969 | cond_t invoke_cv; |
|
|
3970 | } userdata; |
|
|
3971 | |
|
|
3972 | void prepare_loop (EV_P) |
|
|
3973 | { |
|
|
3974 | // for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct. |
|
|
3975 | static userdata u; |
|
|
3976 | |
|
|
3977 | ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb); |
|
|
3978 | ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w); |
|
|
3979 | |
|
|
3980 | pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0); |
|
|
3981 | pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0); |
|
|
3982 | |
|
|
3983 | // now associate this with the loop |
|
|
3984 | ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u); |
|
|
3985 | ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke); |
|
|
3986 | ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire); |
|
|
3987 | |
|
|
3988 | // then create the thread running ev_loop |
|
|
3989 | pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A); |
|
|
3990 | } |
|
|
3991 | |
|
|
3992 | The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used |
|
|
3993 | solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers |
|
|
3994 | that might have been added: |
|
|
3995 | |
|
|
3996 | static void |
|
|
3997 | async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents) |
|
|
3998 | { |
|
|
3999 | // just used for the side effects |
|
|
4000 | } |
|
|
4001 | |
|
|
4002 | The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex |
|
|
4003 | protecting the loop data, respectively. |
|
|
4004 | |
|
|
4005 | static void |
|
|
4006 | l_release (EV_P) |
|
|
4007 | { |
|
|
4008 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4009 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4010 | } |
|
|
4011 | |
|
|
4012 | static void |
|
|
4013 | l_acquire (EV_P) |
|
|
4014 | { |
|
|
4015 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4016 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4017 | } |
|
|
4018 | |
|
|
4019 | The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight |
|
|
4020 | into C<ev_loop>: |
|
|
4021 | |
|
|
4022 | void * |
|
|
4023 | l_run (void *thr_arg) |
|
|
4024 | { |
|
|
4025 | struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg; |
|
|
4026 | |
|
|
4027 | l_acquire (EV_A); |
|
|
4028 | pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0); |
|
|
4029 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
|
|
4030 | l_release (EV_A); |
|
|
4031 | |
|
|
4032 | return 0; |
|
|
4033 | } |
|
|
4034 | |
|
|
4035 | Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will |
|
|
4036 | signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe |
|
|
4037 | writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers |
|
|
4038 | have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible |
|
|
4039 | and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending |
|
|
4040 | watchers is very beneficial): |
|
|
4041 | |
|
|
4042 | static void |
|
|
4043 | l_invoke (EV_P) |
|
|
4044 | { |
|
|
4045 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4046 | |
|
|
4047 | while (ev_pending_count (EV_A)) |
|
|
4048 | { |
|
|
4049 | wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way (); |
|
|
4050 | pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock); |
|
|
4051 | } |
|
|
4052 | } |
|
|
4053 | |
|
|
4054 | Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it |
|
|
4055 | will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop |
|
|
4056 | thread to continue: |
|
|
4057 | |
|
|
4058 | static void |
|
|
4059 | real_invoke_pending (EV_P) |
|
|
4060 | { |
|
|
4061 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4062 | |
|
|
4063 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4064 | ev_invoke_pending (EV_A); |
|
|
4065 | pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv); |
|
|
4066 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4067 | } |
|
|
4068 | |
|
|
4069 | Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an |
|
|
4070 | event loop, you will now have to lock: |
|
|
4071 | |
|
|
4072 | ev_timer timeout_watcher; |
|
|
4073 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
|
|
4074 | |
|
|
4075 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
|
|
4076 | |
|
|
4077 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4078 | ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher); |
|
|
4079 | ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w); |
|
|
4080 | pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock); |
|
|
4081 | |
|
|
4082 | Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise |
|
|
4083 | an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge |
|
|
4084 | about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new |
|
|
4085 | watchers in the next event loop iteration. |
|
|
4086 | |
4640 | |
4087 | =head3 COROUTINES |
4641 | =head3 COROUTINES |
4088 | |
4642 | |
4089 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): |
4643 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): |
4090 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
4644 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
4091 | coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two |
4645 | coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two |
4092 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running |
4646 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running |
4093 | the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is |
4647 | the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is |
4094 | that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks. |
4648 | that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks. |
4095 | |
4649 | |
4096 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
4650 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
4097 | C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
4651 | C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
4098 | they do not call any callbacks. |
4652 | they do not call any callbacks. |
4099 | |
4653 | |
4100 | =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS |
4654 | =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS |
4101 | |
4655 | |
4102 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
4656 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
… | |
… | |
4113 | maintainable. |
4667 | maintainable. |
4114 | |
4668 | |
4115 | And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply |
4669 | And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply |
4116 | wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message |
4670 | wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message |
4117 | seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some |
4671 | seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some |
4118 | warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have |
4672 | warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have |
4119 | been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with |
4673 | been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with |
4120 | such buggy versions. |
4674 | such buggy versions. |
4121 | |
4675 | |
4122 | While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible, |
4676 | While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible, |
4123 | "warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev |
4677 | "warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev |
… | |
… | |
4159 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
4713 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
4160 | |
4714 | |
4161 | |
4715 | |
4162 | =head1 PORTABILITY NOTES |
4716 | =head1 PORTABILITY NOTES |
4163 | |
4717 | |
|
|
4718 | =head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS |
|
|
4719 | |
|
|
4720 | GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file |
|
|
4721 | interfaces but I<disables> them by default. |
|
|
4722 | |
|
|
4723 | That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support |
|
|
4724 | files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers. |
|
|
4725 | |
|
|
4726 | Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue |
|
|
4727 | by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the |
|
|
4728 | standard libev compiled for their system. |
|
|
4729 | |
|
|
4730 | Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would |
|
|
4731 | suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment, |
|
|
4732 | i.e. all programs not using special compile switches. |
|
|
4733 | |
|
|
4734 | =head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS |
|
|
4735 | |
|
|
4736 | The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface |
|
|
4737 | you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the |
|
|
4738 | OpenGL drivers. |
|
|
4739 | |
|
|
4740 | =head3 C<kqueue> is buggy |
|
|
4741 | |
|
|
4742 | The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support |
|
|
4743 | only sockets, many support pipes. |
|
|
4744 | |
|
|
4745 | Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this |
|
|
4746 | rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a |
|
|
4747 | loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is |
|
|
4748 | probably going to work well. |
|
|
4749 | |
|
|
4750 | =head3 C<poll> is buggy |
|
|
4751 | |
|
|
4752 | Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll> |
|
|
4753 | implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6 |
|
|
4754 | release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken. |
|
|
4755 | |
|
|
4756 | Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on |
|
|
4757 | this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating |
|
|
4758 | a loop. |
|
|
4759 | |
|
|
4760 | =head3 C<select> is buggy |
|
|
4761 | |
|
|
4762 | All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this |
|
|
4763 | one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file |
|
|
4764 | descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when |
|
|
4765 | you use more. |
|
|
4766 | |
|
|
4767 | There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining |
|
|
4768 | C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should> |
|
|
4769 | work on OS/X. |
|
|
4770 | |
|
|
4771 | =head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS |
|
|
4772 | |
|
|
4773 | =head3 C<errno> reentrancy |
|
|
4774 | |
|
|
4775 | The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so |
|
|
4776 | thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled |
|
|
4777 | without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't |
|
|
4778 | defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice. |
|
|
4779 | |
|
|
4780 | If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure |
|
|
4781 | it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined. |
|
|
4782 | |
|
|
4783 | =head3 Event port backend |
|
|
4784 | |
|
|
4785 | The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event |
|
|
4786 | ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major |
|
|
4787 | releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get |
|
|
4788 | a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant |
|
|
4789 | and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there |
|
|
4790 | are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work |
|
|
4791 | great. |
|
|
4792 | |
|
|
4793 | If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting |
|
|
4794 | the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and |
|
|
4795 | C<select> backends. |
|
|
4796 | |
|
|
4797 | =head2 AIX POLL BUG |
|
|
4798 | |
|
|
4799 | AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around |
|
|
4800 | this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even |
|
|
4801 | compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine |
|
|
4802 | with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway. |
|
|
4803 | |
4164 | =head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS |
4804 | =head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS |
|
|
4805 | |
|
|
4806 | =head3 General issues |
4165 | |
4807 | |
4166 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev |
4808 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev |
4167 | requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX |
4809 | requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX |
4168 | model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in |
4810 | model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in |
4169 | the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket |
4811 | the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket |
4170 | descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
4812 | descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
4171 | e.g. cygwin. |
4813 | e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers, |
|
|
4814 | as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible |
|
|
4815 | environment. |
4172 | |
4816 | |
4173 | Lifting these limitations would basically require the full |
4817 | Lifting these limitations would basically require the full |
4174 | re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of |
4818 | re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing, |
4175 | things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable |
4819 | then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note |
4176 | way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
4820 | also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
4177 | |
4821 | |
4178 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
4822 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
4179 | embedding it into other applications. |
4823 | embedding it into other applications. |
4180 | |
4824 | |
4181 | Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev |
4825 | Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev |
… | |
… | |
4209 | you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!): |
4853 | you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!): |
4210 | |
4854 | |
4211 | #include "evwrap.h" |
4855 | #include "evwrap.h" |
4212 | #include "ev.c" |
4856 | #include "ev.c" |
4213 | |
4857 | |
4214 | =over 4 |
|
|
4215 | |
|
|
4216 | =item The winsocket select function |
4858 | =head3 The winsocket C<select> function |
4217 | |
4859 | |
4218 | The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it |
4860 | The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it |
4219 | requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is |
4861 | requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is |
4220 | also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also |
4862 | also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also |
4221 | requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft |
4863 | requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft |
… | |
… | |
4230 | #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
4872 | #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
4231 | |
4873 | |
4232 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
4874 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
4233 | complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32. |
4875 | complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32. |
4234 | |
4876 | |
4235 | =item Limited number of file descriptors |
4877 | =head3 Limited number of file descriptors |
4236 | |
4878 | |
4237 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
4879 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
4238 | |
4880 | |
4239 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
4881 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
4240 | of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
4882 | of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
… | |
… | |
4255 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets |
4897 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets |
4256 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
4898 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
4257 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
4899 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
4258 | the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable. |
4900 | the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable. |
4259 | |
4901 | |
4260 | =back |
|
|
4261 | |
|
|
4262 | =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS |
4902 | =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS |
4263 | |
4903 | |
4264 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
4904 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
4265 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
4905 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
4266 | |
4906 | |
… | |
… | |
4272 | Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal |
4912 | Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal |
4273 | structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also |
4913 | structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also |
4274 | assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher |
4914 | assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher |
4275 | callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev |
4915 | callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev |
4276 | calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally. |
4916 | calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally. |
|
|
4917 | |
|
|
4918 | =item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic |
|
|
4919 | |
|
|
4920 | Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and |
|
|
4921 | writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures. |
4277 | |
4922 | |
4278 | =item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well |
4923 | =item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well |
4279 | |
4924 | |
4280 | The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as |
4925 | The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as |
4281 | C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different |
4926 | C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different |
… | |
… | |
4304 | watchers. |
4949 | watchers. |
4305 | |
4950 | |
4306 | =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy |
4951 | =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy |
4307 | |
4952 | |
4308 | The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
4953 | The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
4309 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good |
4954 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is |
4310 | enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by |
4955 | good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy |
|
|
4956 | (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by |
4311 | implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing |
4957 | implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With |
4312 | ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least |
4958 | IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200. |
4313 | 2200. |
|
|
4314 | |
4959 | |
4315 | =back |
4960 | =back |
4316 | |
4961 | |
4317 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
4962 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
4318 | |
4963 | |
… | |
… | |
4386 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
5031 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
4387 | |
5032 | |
4388 | =back |
5033 | =back |
4389 | |
5034 | |
4390 | |
5035 | |
|
|
5036 | =head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X |
|
|
5037 | |
|
|
5038 | The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API. |
|
|
5039 | |
|
|
5040 | At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions |
|
|
5041 | for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility |
|
|
5042 | layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the |
|
|
5043 | new API early than late. |
|
|
5044 | |
|
|
5045 | =over 4 |
|
|
5046 | |
|
|
5047 | =item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism |
|
|
5048 | |
|
|
5049 | The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by |
|
|
5050 | C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING> |
|
|
5051 | section. |
|
|
5052 | |
|
|
5053 | =item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed |
|
|
5054 | |
|
|
5055 | These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts: |
|
|
5056 | |
|
|
5057 | ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC); |
|
|
5058 | ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT); |
|
|
5059 | |
|
|
5060 | =item function/symbol renames |
|
|
5061 | |
|
|
5062 | A number of functions and symbols have been renamed: |
|
|
5063 | |
|
|
5064 | ev_loop => ev_run |
|
|
5065 | EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT |
|
|
5066 | EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE |
|
|
5067 | |
|
|
5068 | ev_unloop => ev_break |
|
|
5069 | EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL |
|
|
5070 | EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE |
|
|
5071 | EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL |
|
|
5072 | |
|
|
5073 | EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER |
|
|
5074 | |
|
|
5075 | ev_loop_count => ev_iteration |
|
|
5076 | ev_loop_depth => ev_depth |
|
|
5077 | ev_loop_verify => ev_verify |
|
|
5078 | |
|
|
5079 | Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an |
|
|
5080 | C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and |
|
|
5081 | associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct |
|
|
5082 | ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme |
|
|
5083 | as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called |
|
|
5084 | C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork> |
|
|
5085 | typedef. |
|
|
5086 | |
|
|
5087 | =item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES> |
|
|
5088 | |
|
|
5089 | The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different |
|
|
5090 | mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile |
|
|
5091 | and work, but the library code will of course be larger. |
|
|
5092 | |
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5093 | =back |
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5094 | |
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5095 | |
4391 | =head1 GLOSSARY |
5096 | =head1 GLOSSARY |
4392 | |
5097 | |
4393 | =over 4 |
5098 | =over 4 |
4394 | |
5099 | |
4395 | =item active |
5100 | =item active |
4396 | |
5101 | |
4397 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to |
5102 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped. |
4398 | an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop). |
5103 | See L<WATCHER STATES> for details. |
4399 | |
5104 | |
4400 | =item application |
5105 | =item application |
4401 | |
5106 | |
4402 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
5107 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
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|
5108 | |
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5109 | =item backend |
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|
5110 | |
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|
5111 | The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces. |
4403 | |
5112 | |
4404 | =item callback |
5113 | =item callback |
4405 | |
5114 | |
4406 | The address of a function that is called when some event has been |
5115 | The address of a function that is called when some event has been |
4407 | detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that |
5116 | detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that |
4408 | received the event, and the actual event bitset. |
5117 | received the event, and the actual event bitset. |
4409 | |
5118 | |
4410 | =item callback invocation |
5119 | =item callback/watcher invocation |
4411 | |
5120 | |
4412 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
5121 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
4413 | |
5122 | |
4414 | =item event |
5123 | =item event |
4415 | |
5124 | |
4416 | A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available |
5125 | A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available |
4417 | for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having |
5126 | for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having |
4418 | any other events happening anymore. |
5127 | any other events happening anymore. |
4419 | |
5128 | |
4420 | In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or |
5129 | In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or |
4421 | C<EV_TIMEOUT>). |
5130 | C<EV_TIMER>). |
4422 | |
5131 | |
4423 | =item event library |
5132 | =item event library |
4424 | |
5133 | |
4425 | A software package implementing an event model and loop. |
5134 | A software package implementing an event model and loop. |
4426 | |
5135 | |
… | |
… | |
4434 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
5143 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
4435 | watchers and events. |
5144 | watchers and events. |
4436 | |
5145 | |
4437 | =item pending |
5146 | =item pending |
4438 | |
5147 | |
4439 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected, |
5148 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been |
4440 | and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its |
5149 | detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details. |
4441 | pending status is explicitly cleared by the application. |
|
|
4442 | |
|
|
4443 | A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears |
|
|
4444 | its pending status. |
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4445 | |
5150 | |
4446 | =item real time |
5151 | =item real time |
4447 | |
5152 | |
4448 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
5153 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
4449 | |
5154 | |
… | |
… | |
4456 | =item watcher |
5161 | =item watcher |
4457 | |
5162 | |
4458 | A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need |
5163 | A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need |
4459 | to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events. |
5164 | to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events. |
4460 | |
5165 | |
4461 | =item watcher invocation |
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|
4462 | |
|
|
4463 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
|
|
4464 | |
|
|
4465 | =back |
5166 | =back |
4466 | |
5167 | |
4467 | =head1 AUTHOR |
5168 | =head1 AUTHOR |
4468 | |
5169 | |
4469 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson. |
5170 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael |
|
|
5171 | Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta. |
4470 | |
5172 | |