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Revision 1.136 by root, Thu Mar 13 13:06:16 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.172 by root, Wed Aug 6 07:01:25 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
13		13
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_<type>	15	// with the name ev_<type>
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
18		18
19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature	19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin	20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
21	static void	21	static void
22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
23	{	23	{
24	puts ("stdin ready");	24	puts ("stdin ready");
25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
26	// with its corresponding stop function.	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
28		28
29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
31	}	31	}
32		32
33	// another callback, this time for a time-out	33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
34	static void	34	static void
35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
36	{	36	{
37	puts ("timeout");	37	puts ("timeout");
38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
40	}	40	}
41		41
42	int	42	int
43	main (void)	43	main (void)
44	{	44	{
45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
47		47
48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
52		52
53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it	53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
57		57
58	// now wait for events to arrive	58	// now wait for events to arrive
59	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
60		60
61	// unloop was called, so exit	61	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	62	return 0;
63	}	63	}
64		64
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
66		66
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
69	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
70		70
71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
73	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
74		74
…		…
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
118	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
120	throughout libev.	120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
121		142
122	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
123		144
124	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
125	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
134		155
135	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
136		157
137	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
138	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
139	this is a subsecond-resolution C<sleep ()>.	160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
140		161
141	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
142		163
143	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
144		165
…		…
157	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
158		179
159	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
160	version.	181	version.
161		182
162	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
163	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
164	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
165		186
166	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
167		188
168	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
169	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
171	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
172		193
173	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
174	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
175		196
176	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
177	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
178		199
179	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
180		201
181	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
182	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
183	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
184	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
185	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
186	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
187		208
188	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
189		210
…		…
196	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
197		218
198	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
199		220
200	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
201	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
202	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
203	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
204	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
205	function.	226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
206		230
207	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
208	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
209	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
210		234
211	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
212	retries).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
213		237
214	static void *	238	static void *
215	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
216	{	240	{
217	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
…		…
228	...	252	...
229	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
230		254
231	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
232		256
233	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
234	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
235	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
236	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
237	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
238	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
239	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
240		264
241	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
255	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
256		280
257	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
258	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
259	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
260
261	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
262	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
263	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
264	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
265	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
266	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
267		284
268	=over 4	285	=over 4
269		286
270	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
271		288
…		…
275	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	292	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
276		293
277	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
278	function.	295	function.
279		296
		297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		300
280	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
281	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
282	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your app you can either	303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
283	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
284	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	305	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
285	C<ev_default_init>.	306	C<ev_default_init>.
286		307
287	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	308	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
…		…
296	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	317	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
297	thing, believe me).	318	thing, believe me).
298		319
299	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	320	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
300		321
301	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	322	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
302	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	323	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
303	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	324	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
304	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	325	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
305	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
306	around bugs.	327	around bugs.
…		…
313		334
314	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
315	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
316	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
317	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
318	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has	339	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
319	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	340	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
320		341
321	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	342	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
322	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	343	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
323	flag.	344	flag.
324		345
325	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
326	environment variable.	347	environment variable.
327		348
328	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
329		350
330	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
…		…
332	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
333	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its	354	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
334	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.	355	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
335		356
336	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of	357	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
337	parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are	358	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
338	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
339	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
340	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
341	readyness notifications you get per iteration.	362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
342		363
343	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	364	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
344		365
345	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	366	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
346	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	367	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
…		…
354	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	375	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
355	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	376	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
356	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	377	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
357	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	378	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
358	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	379	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
359	cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad	380	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
360	support for dup.	381	support for dup.
361		382
362	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	383	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
363	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	384	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
364	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	385	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
365	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	386	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
366	very well if you register events for both fds.	387	very well if you register events for both fds.
367		388
368	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	389	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
…		…
371		392
372	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	393	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
373	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	394	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.
374	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	395	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.
375		396
376	While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in	397	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
377	all kernel versions tested so far.	398	all kernel versions tested so far.
378		399
379	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	400	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
380		401
381	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	402	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
382	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	403	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
383	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	404	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
384	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"	405	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"
385	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	406	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
386	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	407	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
387	system like NetBSD.	408	system like NetBSD.
388		409
389	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	410	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
…		…
391	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	412	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
392		413
393	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	414	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
394	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	415	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
395	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	416	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
396	cause an extra syscall as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	417	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
397	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	418	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
398	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	419	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
399		420
400	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	421	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
401		422
…		…
416	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	437	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
417		438
418	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	439	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
419	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	440	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
420		441
421	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious	442	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
422	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	443	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
423	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	444	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
424		445
425	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	446	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
426	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	447	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
427	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	448	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
428	might perform better.	449	might perform better.
429		450
430	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this	451	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this
431	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully	452	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully
432	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.	453	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.
433		454
434	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	455	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
435		456
…		…
439		460
440	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	461	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
441		462
442	=back	463	=back
443		464
444	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	465	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
445	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	466	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
446	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	467	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
447		468
448	The most typical usage is like this:	469	The most typical usage is like this:
449		470
450	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	471	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
451	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	472	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
452		473
453	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	474	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
454	environment settings to be taken into account:	475	environment settings to be taken into account:
455		476
456	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	477	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
457		478
458	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	479	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
459	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	480	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
460	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	481	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
461		482
462	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	483	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
463		484
464	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	485	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
465		486
466	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	487	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
467	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	488	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
468	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	489	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
469	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	490	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
470		491
		492	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		493	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		494	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		495
471	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	496	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
472		497
473	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	498	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
474	if (!epoller)	499	if (!epoller)
475	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	500	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
476		501
477	=item ev_default_destroy ()	502	=item ev_default_destroy ()
478		503
479	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	504	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
480	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	505	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
481	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	506	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
482	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	507	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
483	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	508	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
484	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	509	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
485	for example).	510	for example).
486		511
487	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	512	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
…		…
568	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	593	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
569	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	594	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
570	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	595	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
571		596
572	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	597	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
573	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	598	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
574	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	599	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
575	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	600	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
576	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	601	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
577	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	602	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
578	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	603	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
579		604
580	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	605	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
581		606
582	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	607	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
583	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	608	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
584	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.	609	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
585	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	610	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
586	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	611	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		612	as to not disturb the other process.
587	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	613	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
588	- Update the "event loop time".	614	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
589	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	615	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
590	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	616	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
591	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	617	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
592	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	618	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
593	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	619	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
594	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	620	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
595	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	621	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
596	- Queue all outstanding timers.	622	- Queue all outstanding timers.
597	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	623	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
598	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	624	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
599	- Queue all check watchers.	625	- Queue all check watchers.
600	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	626	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
601	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	627	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
602	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	628	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
603	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	629	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
…		…
608	anymore.	634	anymore.
609		635
610	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	636	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
611	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	637	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
612	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	638	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
613	... jobs done. yeah!	639	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
614		640
615	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	641	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
616		642
617	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	643	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
618	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	644	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
…		…
639	respectively).	665	respectively).
640		666
641	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	667	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
642	running when nothing else is active.	668	running when nothing else is active.
643		669
644	struct ev_signal exitsig;	670	struct ev_signal exitsig;
645	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	671	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
646	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	672	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
647	evf_unref (loop);	673	evf_unref (loop);
648		674
649	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	675	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
650		676
651	ev_ref (loop);	677	ev_ref (loop);
652	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	678	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
653		679
654	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	680	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
655		681
656	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	682	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
657		683
658	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting	684	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
659	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to	685	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
660	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.	686	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		687	latency.
661		688
662	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	689	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
663	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to	690	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
664	increase efficiency of loop iterations.	691	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		692	opportunities).
665		693
666	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	694	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to
667	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	695	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes
668	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	696	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
669	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	697	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
…		…
679	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	707	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
680	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	708	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers
681	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	709	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce
682	any overhead in libev.	710	any overhead in libev.
683		711
684	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect	712	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
685	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	713	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
686	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	714	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
687	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	715	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
688	as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.	716	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		717
		718	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		719	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		720	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		721	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		722	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		723	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		724
		725	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		726
		727	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		728	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks
		729	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print
		730	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.
		731
		732	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		733	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		734	data structures consistent.
689		735
690	=back	736	=back
691		737
692		738
693	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	739	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
694		740
695	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	741	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
696	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	742	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
697	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	743	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
698		744
699	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	745	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
700	{	746	{
701	ev_io_stop (w);	747	ev_io_stop (w);
702	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	748	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
703	}	749	}
704		750
705	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	751	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
706	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	752	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
707	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	753	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
708	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	754	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
709	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	755	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
710	ev_loop (loop, 0);	756	ev_loop (loop, 0);
711		757
712	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	758	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
713	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	759	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,
714	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	760	although this can sometimes be quite valid).
715		761
716	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	762	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
717	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	763	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
718	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	764	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
719	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	765	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
720	is readable and/or writable).	766	is readable and/or writable).
721		767
722	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	768	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro
723	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	769	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
…		…
799		845
800	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	846	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
801		847
802	=item C<EV_ERROR>	848	=item C<EV_ERROR>
803		849
804	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	850	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
805	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	851	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
806	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	852	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
807	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	853	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
808	with the watcher being stopped.	854	with the watcher being stopped.
809		855
810	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	856	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,
811	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	857	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if
812	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	858	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope
813	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	859	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
814	programs, though, so beware.	860	programs, though, so beware.
815		861
816	=back	862	=back
817		863
818	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	864	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
848	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	894	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
849	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	895	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
850		896
851	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	897	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
852		898
853	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	899	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
854	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	900	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
855	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	901	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
856		902
857	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	903	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
858		904
859	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	905	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
…		…
942	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	988	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
943	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	989	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
944	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	990	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
945	data:	991	data:
946		992
947	struct my_io	993	struct my_io
948	{	994	{
949	struct ev_io io;	995	struct ev_io io;
950	int otherfd;	996	int otherfd;
951	void *somedata;	997	void *somedata;
952	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	998	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
953	}	999	}
954		1000
955	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1001	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
956	can cast it back to your own type:	1002	can cast it back to your own type:
957		1003
958	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1004	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
959	{	1005	{
960	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1006	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
961	...	1007	...
962	}	1008	}
963		1009
964	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1010	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
965	instead have been omitted.	1011	instead have been omitted.
966		1012
967	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1013	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
968	watchers:	1014	watchers:
969		1015
970	struct my_biggy	1016	struct my_biggy
971	{	1017	{
972	int some_data;	1018	int some_data;
973	ev_timer t1;	1019	ev_timer t1;
974	ev_timer t2;	1020	ev_timer t2;
975	}	1021	}
976		1022
977	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1023	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
978	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1024	you need to use C<offsetof>:
979		1025
980	#include <stddef.h>	1026	#include <stddef.h>
981		1027
982	static void	1028	static void
983	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1029	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
984	{	1030	{
985	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1031	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
986	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1032	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
987	}	1033	}
988		1034
989	static void	1035	static void
990	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1036	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
991	{	1037	{
992	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1038	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
993	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1039	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
994	}	1040	}
995		1041
996		1042
997	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1043	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
998		1044
999	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1045	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1028	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1074	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
1029	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1075	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
1030	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1076	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
1031		1077
1032	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1078	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1033	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1079	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1034	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1080	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1035	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1081	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1036	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1082	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1037	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1083	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1038	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1084	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1039	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1085	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1040		1086
1041	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1087	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
1042	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1088	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test
1043	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1089	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
1044	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1090	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
1045	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1091	its own, so its quite safe to use).
1046		1092
1047	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1093	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
…		…
1085	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1131	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
1086	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1132	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
1087	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1133	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1088	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1134	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1089		1135
		1136	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1137
		1138	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:
		1139	when reading from a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program
		1140	gets send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most
		1141	programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually
		1142	undesirable.
		1143
		1144	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1145	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1146	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1147
1090		1148
1091	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1149	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1092		1150
1093	=over 4	1151	=over 4
1094		1152
1095	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1153	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1096		1154
1097	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1155	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1098		1156
1099	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1157	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1100	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1158	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1101	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1159	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
1102		1160
1103	=item int fd [read-only]	1161	=item int fd [read-only]
1104		1162
1105	The file descriptor being watched.	1163	The file descriptor being watched.
…		…
1114		1172
1115	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1173	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1116	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1174	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1117	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1175	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1118		1176
1119	static void	1177	static void
1120	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1178	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1121	{	1179	{
1122	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1180	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1123	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1181	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
1124	}	1182	}
1125		1183
1126	...	1184	...
1127	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1185	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1128	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1186	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
1129	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1187	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1130	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1188	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1131	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1189	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1132		1190
1133		1191
1134	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1192	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1135		1193
1136	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1194	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1137	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1195	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1138		1196
1139	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1197	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1140	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1198	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1141	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1199	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
1142	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1200	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1143	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1201	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1144		1202
1145	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1203	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1146	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1204	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
…		…
1148	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1206	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout
1149	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1207	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1150		1208
1151	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1209	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1152		1210
1153	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1211	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,
1154	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1212	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
1155	order of execution is undefined.	1213	order of execution is undefined.
1156		1214
1157	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1215	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1158		1216
…		…
1160		1218
1161	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1219	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1162		1220
1163	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1221	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1164		1222
1165	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1223	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
1166	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1224	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
1167	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1225	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
1168	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1226	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1227	until stopped manually.
1169		1228
1170	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1229	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1171	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1230	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1172	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1231	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1173	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1232	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1174	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1233	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1175		1234
1176	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	1235	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1177		1236
1178	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1237	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
1179	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1238	repeating. The exact semantics are:
1180		1239
1181	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1240	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1182		1241
1183	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1242	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1184		1243
1185	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1244	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1186	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1245	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1187		1246
1188	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1247	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
1189	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1248	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle
1190	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1249	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1191	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1250	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1192	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call	1251	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1193	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If	1252	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1194	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the	1253	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
…		…
1220		1279
1221	=head3 Examples	1280	=head3 Examples
1222		1281
1223	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1282	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1224		1283
1225	static void	1284	static void
1226	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1285	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1227	{	1286	{
1228	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1287	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1229	}	1288	}
1230		1289
1231	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1290	struct ev_timer mytimer;
1232	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1291	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1233	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1292	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1234		1293
1235	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1294	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1236	inactivity.	1295	inactivity.
1237		1296
1238	static void	1297	static void
1239	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1298	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1240	{	1299	{
1241	.. ten seconds without any activity	1300	.. ten seconds without any activity
1242	}	1301	}
1243		1302
1244	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1303	struct ev_timer mytimer;
1245	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1304	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1246	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1305	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1247	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1306	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1248		1307
1249	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1308	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1250	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1309	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1251	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1310	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1252		1311
1253		1312
1254	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1313	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1255		1314
1256	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1315	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1257	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1316	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1258		1317
1259	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1318	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
1260	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1319	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
1261	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1320	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
1262	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1321	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
1263	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1322	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1323	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
1264	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1324	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1265	roughly 10 seconds later).	1325	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1266		1326
1267	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1327	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1268	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,	1328	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
1269	rules.	1329	complicated, rules.
1270		1330
1271	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1331	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1272	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1332	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1273	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1333	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
1274		1334
1275	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1335	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1276		1336
1277	=over 4	1337	=over 4
…		…
1285		1345
1286	=over 4	1346	=over 4
1287		1347
1288	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1348	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1289		1349
1290	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1350	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1291	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1351	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time
1292	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1352	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1293	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1353	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1294		1354
1295	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1355	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1296		1356
1297	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1357	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1298	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1358	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1299	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1359	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1300		1360
1301	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1361	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1302	time:	1362	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on
		1363	the hour:
1303		1364
1304	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1365	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1305		1366
1306	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1367	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1307	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1368	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1308	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1369	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1309	by 3600.	1370	by 3600.
1310		1371
1311	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1372	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1312	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1373	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1313	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1374	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1314		1375
1315	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1376	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
1316	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1377	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1317	this value.	1378	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1379
		1380	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1381	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1382	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1383	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1318		1384
1319	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1385	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1320		1386
1321	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1387	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1322	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1388	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1323	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1389	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1324	current time as second argument.	1390	current time as second argument.
1325		1391
1326	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1392	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1327	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1393	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1328	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1329	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1330		1394
		1395	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1396	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1397	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1398
1331	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1399	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic
1332	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1400	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1333		1401
1334	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1402	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1335	{	1403	{
1336	return now + 60.;	1404	return now + 60.;
1337	}	1405	}
…		…
1339	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1407	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1340	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1408	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1341	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1409	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1342	might be called at other times, too.	1410	might be called at other times, too.
1343		1411
1344	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1412	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1345	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1413	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1346		1414
1347	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1415	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1348	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1416	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1349	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1417	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1350	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1418	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1351	reason I omitted it as an example).	1419	reason I omitted it as an example).
1352		1420
1353	=back	1421	=back
…		…
1357	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1425	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1358	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1426	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1359	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1427	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1360	program when the crontabs have changed).	1428	program when the crontabs have changed).
1361		1429
		1430	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1431
		1432	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1433	trigger next.
		1434
1362	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1435	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1363		1436
1364	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1437	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1365	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1438	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
1366		1439
…		…
1377		1450
1378	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1451	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1379	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1452	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1380	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1453	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1381		1454
1382	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
1383
1384	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
1385	trigger next.
1386
1387	=back	1455	=back
1388		1456
1389	=head3 Examples	1457	=head3 Examples
1390		1458
1391	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1459	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1392	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1460	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1393	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1461	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1394		1462
1395	static void	1463	static void
1396	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1464	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1397	{	1465	{
1398	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1466	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1399	}	1467	}
1400		1468
1401	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1469	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1402	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1470	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1403	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1471	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1404		1472
1405	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1473	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1406		1474
1407	#include <math.h>	1475	#include <math.h>
1408		1476
1409	static ev_tstamp	1477	static ev_tstamp
1410	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1478	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1411	{	1479	{
1412	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1480	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
1413	}	1481	}
1414		1482
1415	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1483	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1416		1484
1417	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1485	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1418		1486
1419	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1487	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1420	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1488	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1421	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1489	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1422	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1490	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1423		1491
1424		1492
1425	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1493	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1426		1494
1427	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1495	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
…		…
1435	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1503	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1436	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1504	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1437	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1505	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1438		1506
1439	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	1507	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
1440	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so syscalls should not be unduly	1508	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
1441	interrupted. If you have a problem with syscalls getting interrupted by	1509	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
1442	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock	1510	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
1443	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.	1511	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
1444		1512
1445	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1513	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1446		1514
…		…
1461		1529
1462	=head3 Examples	1530	=head3 Examples
1463		1531
1464	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1532	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
1465		1533
1466	static void	1534	static void
1467	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1535	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
1468	{	1536	{
1469	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1537	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1470	}	1538	}
1471		1539
1472	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1540	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
1473	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1541	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1474	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1542	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
1475		1543
1476		1544
1477	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1545	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1478		1546
1479	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1547	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
…		…
1481	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been	1549	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been
1482	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event	1550	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event
1483	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).	1551	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).
1484		1552
1485	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	1553	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1486	you can only rgeister child watchers in the default event loop.	1554	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
1487		1555
1488	=head3 Process Interaction	1556	=head3 Process Interaction
1489		1557
1490	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	1558	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1491	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	1559	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
1492	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurance	1560	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
1493	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done	1561	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
1494	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all	1562	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
1495	children, even ones not watched.	1563	children, even ones not watched.
1496		1564
1497	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing	1565	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
…		…
1539	=head3 Examples	1607	=head3 Examples
1540		1608
1541	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for	1609	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
1542	its completion.	1610	its completion.
1543		1611
1544	ev_child cw;	1612	ev_child cw;
1545		1613
1546	static void	1614	static void
1547	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	1615	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
1548	{	1616	{
1549	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	1617	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1550	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	1618	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1551	}	1619	}
1552		1620
1553	pid_t pid = fork ();	1621	pid_t pid = fork ();
1554		1622
1555	if (pid < 0)	1623	if (pid < 0)
1556	// error	1624	// error
1557	else if (pid == 0)	1625	else if (pid == 0)
1558	{	1626	{
1559	// the forked child executes here	1627	// the forked child executes here
1560	exit (1);	1628	exit (1);
1561	}	1629	}
1562	else	1630	else
1563	{	1631	{
1564	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);	1632	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
1565	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);	1633	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
1566	}	1634	}
1567		1635
1568		1636
1569	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1637	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1570		1638
1571	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1639	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1572	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1640	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1573	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1641	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1574		1642
1575	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1643	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1576	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1644	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
…		…
1594	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1662	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1595	resource-intensive.	1663	resource-intensive.
1596		1664
1597	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1665	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1598	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1666	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1667	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat
1599	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1668	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should
1600	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1669	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1601	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1670	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1602	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1671	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1603	polling.	1672	will be no polling.
		1673
		1674	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1675
		1676	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1677	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		1678	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1679	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1680	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1681	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1682	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1683	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.
		1684
		1685	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1686	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1687	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1688	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1689	default compilation environment.
1604		1690
1605	=head3 Inotify	1691	=head3 Inotify
1606		1692
1607	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	1693	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only
1608	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	1694	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
1609	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	1695	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily
1610	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	1696	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
1611		1697
1612	Inotify presense does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	1698	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1613	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	1699	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1614	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presense of inotify support	1700	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1615	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	1701	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.
1616		1702
1617	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	1703	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1618	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	1704	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1619	descriptor open on the object at all times).	1705	descriptor open on the object at all times).
1620		1706
1621	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	1707	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1622		1708
1623	The C<stat ()> syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and	1709	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
1624	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still	1710	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still
1625	only support whole seconds.	1711	only support whole seconds.
1626		1712
1627	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might	1713	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1628	miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and calls	1714	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1629	your callback, which does something. When there is another update within	1715	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1630	the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it.	1716	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat
		1717	data does not change.
1631		1718
1632	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till	1719	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1633	the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay C<ev_timer>	1720	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1634	(C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)>). The C<.01>	1721	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1635	is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating	1722	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
1636	systems.	1723
		1724	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1725	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		1726	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		1727	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		1728	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		1729	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		1730	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		1731	the timer callback).
1637		1732
1638	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1733	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1639		1734
1640	=over 4	1735	=over 4
1641		1736
…		…
1647	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	1742	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1648	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	1743	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1649	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	1744	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1650	path for as long as the watcher is active.	1745	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1651		1746
1652	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1747	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative
1653	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1748	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change
1654	last change was detected).	1749	was detected).
1655		1750
1656	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)	1751	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1657		1752
1658	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1753	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1659	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1754	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1660	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1755	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1661	useful simply to find out the new values.	1756	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		1757	new values.
1662		1758
1663	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	1759	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1664		1760
1665	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	1761	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1666	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	1762	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1667	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	1763	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		1764	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1668	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	1765	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1669		1766
1670	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	1767	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1671		1768
1672	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	1769	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1673	C<prev> != C<attr>.	1770	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		1771	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		1772	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1674		1773
1675	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	1774	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1676		1775
1677	The specified interval.	1776	The specified interval.
1678		1777
1679	=item const char *path [read-only]	1778	=item const char *path [read-only]
1680		1779
1681	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1780	The file system path that is being watched.
1682		1781
1683	=back	1782	=back
1684		1783
1685	=head3 Examples	1784	=head3 Examples
1686		1785
1687	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	1786	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1688		1787
1689	static void	1788	static void
1690	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	1789	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1691	{	1790	{
1692	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	1791	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1693	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	1792	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1694	{	1793	{
1695	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	1794	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1696	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1795	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1697	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1796	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1698	}	1797	}
1699	else	1798	else
1700	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	1799	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1701	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	1800	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1702	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	1801	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1703	}	1802	}
1704		1803
1705	...	1804	...
1706	ev_stat passwd;	1805	ev_stat passwd;
1707		1806
1708	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	1807	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1709	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1808	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1710		1809
1711	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not	1810	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
1712	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so	1811	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
1713	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on	1812	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
1714	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).	1813	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
1715		1814
1716	static ev_stat passwd;	1815	static ev_stat passwd;
1717	static ev_timer timer;	1816	static ev_timer timer;
1718		1817
1719	static void	1818	static void
1720	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1819	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1721	{	1820	{
1722	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);	1821	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
1723		1822
1724	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */	1823	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
1725	}	1824	}
1726		1825
1727	static void	1826	static void
1728	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)	1827	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
1729	{	1828	{
1730	/* reset the one-second timer */	1829	/* reset the one-second timer */
1731	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);	1830	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
1732	}	1831	}
1733		1832
1734	...	1833	...
1735	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	1834	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1736	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1835	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1737	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01);	1836	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1738		1837
1739		1838
1740	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1839	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1741		1840
1742	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	1841	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
…		…
1773	=head3 Examples	1872	=head3 Examples
1774		1873
1775	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	1874	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1776	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	1875	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1777		1876
1778	static void	1877	static void
1779	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1878	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1780	{	1879	{
1781	free (w);	1880	free (w);
1782	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1881	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1783	// no longer anything immediate to do.	1882	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1784	}	1883	}
1785		1884
1786	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1885	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1787	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1886	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1788	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1887	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1789		1888
1790		1889
1791	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	1890	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1792		1891
1793	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1892	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
…		…
1812		1911
1813	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1912	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1814	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	1913	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
1815	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1914	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1816	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1915	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1817	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	1916	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers
1818	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	1917	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
1819	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	1918	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
1820	because you never know, you know?).	1919	because you never know, you know?).
1821		1920
1822	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1921	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
…		…
1830		1929
1831	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	1930	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1832	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	1931	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
1833	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	1932	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
1834	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	1933	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
1835	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers	1934	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers
1836	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	1935	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other
1837	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	1936	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable
1838	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	1937	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to
1839	coexist peacefully with others).	1938	coexist peacefully with others).
1840		1939
…		…
1855	=head3 Examples	1954	=head3 Examples
1856		1955
1857	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	1956	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1858	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	1957	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1859	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	1958	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1860	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	1959	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1861	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	1960	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1862	into the Glib event loop).	1961	Glib event loop).
1863		1962
1864	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	1963	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1865	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	1964	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1866	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	1965	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1867	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	1966	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1868	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	1967	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1869		1968
1870	static ev_io iow [nfd];	1969	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1871	static ev_timer tw;	1970	static ev_timer tw;
1872		1971
1873	static void	1972	static void
1874	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1973	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1875	{	1974	{
1876	}	1975	}
1877		1976
1878	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	1977	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1879	static void	1978	static void
1880	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	1979	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1881	{	1980	{
1882	int timeout = 3600000;	1981	int timeout = 3600000;
1883	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	1982	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1884	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	1983	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1885	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	1984	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1886		1985
1887	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	1986	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1888	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	1987	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1889	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	1988	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1890		1989
1891	// create one ev_io per pollfd	1990	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1892	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1991	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1893	{	1992	{
1894	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	1993	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1895	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	1994	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1896	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	1995	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1897		1996
1898	fds [i].revents = 0;	1997	fds [i].revents = 0;
1899	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	1998	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1900	}	1999	}
1901	}	2000	}
1902		2001
1903	// stop all watchers after blocking	2002	// stop all watchers after blocking
1904	static void	2003	static void
1905	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2004	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1906	{	2005	{
1907	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2006	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1908		2007
1909	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2008	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1910	{	2009	{
1911	// set the relevant poll flags	2010	// set the relevant poll flags
1912	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2011	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1913	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2012	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1914	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2013	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1915	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2014	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1916	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2015	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1917		2016
1918	// now stop the watcher	2017	// now stop the watcher
1919	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2018	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1920	}	2019	}
1921		2020
1922	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2021	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1923	}	2022	}
1924		2023
1925	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2024	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1926	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2025	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1927		2026
1928	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2027	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1929	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2028	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1930	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2029	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1931		2030
1932	static void	2031	static void
1933	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2032	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1934	{	2033	{
1935	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2034	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1936	update_now (EV_A);	2035	update_now (EV_A);
1937		2036
1938	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2037	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1939	}	2038	}
1940		2039
1941	static void	2040	static void
1942	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2041	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1943	{	2042	{
1944	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2043	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1945	update_now (EV_A);	2044	update_now (EV_A);
1946		2045
1947	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2046	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1948	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2047	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1949	}	2048	}
1950		2049
1951	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2050	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1952		2051
1953	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2052	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1954	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2053	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override
1955	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2054	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
1956	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2055	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
1957	this.	2056	this.
1958		2057
1959	static gint	2058	static gint
1960	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2059	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1961	{	2060	{
1962	int got_events = 0;	2061	int got_events = 0;
1963		2062
1964	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2063	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1965	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2064	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1966		2065
1967	if (timeout >= 0)	2066	if (timeout >= 0)
1968	// create/start timer	2067	// create/start timer
1969		2068
1970	// poll	2069	// poll
1971	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2070	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1972		2071
1973	// stop timer again	2072	// stop timer again
1974	if (timeout >= 0)	2073	if (timeout >= 0)
1975	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2074	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1976		2075
1977	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2076	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1978	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2077	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1979	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2078	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1980		2079
1981	return got_events;	2080	return got_events;
1982	}	2081	}
1983		2082
1984		2083
1985	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2084	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1986		2085
1987	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2086	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
2043		2142
2044	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2143	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2045	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2144	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2046	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2145	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2047	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2146	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
2048	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2147	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2049		2148
2050	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2149	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2051		2150
2052	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2151	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2053	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2152	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
2054	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2153	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2055		2154
2056	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2155	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2057		2156
2058	The embedded event loop.	2157	The embedded event loop.
2059		2158
…		…
2061		2160
2062	=head3 Examples	2161	=head3 Examples
2063		2162
2064	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default	2163	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
2065	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default	2164	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
2066	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the mebeddable loop is stored in	2165	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
2067	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the acse no embeddable loop can be	2166	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2068	used).	2167	used).
2069		2168
2070	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2169	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2071	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2170	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2072	struct ev_embed embed;	2171	struct ev_embed embed;
2073		2172
2074	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2173	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2075	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2174	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2076	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2175	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2077	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2176	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
2078	: 0;	2177	: 0;
2079		2178
2080	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2179	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
2081	if (loop_lo)	2180	if (loop_lo)
2082	{	2181	{
2083	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2182	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
2084	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2183	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
2085	}	2184	}
2086	else	2185	else
2087	loop_lo = loop_hi;	2186	loop_lo = loop_hi;
2088		2187
2089	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create	2188	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
2090	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any	2189	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
2091	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2190	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2092	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2191	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2093		2192
2094	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2193	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2095	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2194	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2096	struct ev_embed embed;	2195	struct ev_embed embed;
2097		2196
2098	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2197	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2099	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2198	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2100	{	2199	{
2101	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2200	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2102	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	2201	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
2103	}	2202	}
2104		2203
2105	if (!loop_socket)	2204	if (!loop_socket)
2106	loop_socket = loop;	2205	loop_socket = loop;
2107		2206
2108	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else	2207	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
2109		2208
2110		2209
2111	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2210	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2112		2211
2113	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2212	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
2166		2265
2167	=item queueing from a signal handler context	2266	=item queueing from a signal handler context
2168		2267
2169	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal	2268	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
2170	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for	2269	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for
2171	some fictitiuous SIGUSR1 handler:	2270	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
2172		2271
2173	static ev_async mysig;	2272	static ev_async mysig;
2174		2273
2175	static void	2274	static void
2176	sigusr1_handler (void)	2275	sigusr1_handler (void)
…		…
2250	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	2349	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2251		2350
2252	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	2351	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2253	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	2352	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2254	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or	2353	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or
2255	similar contexts (see the dicusssion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	2354	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2256	section below on what exactly this means).	2355	section below on what exactly this means).
2257		2356
2258	This call incurs the overhead of a syscall only once per loop iteration,	2357	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
2259	so while the overhead might be noticable, it doesn't apply to repeated	2358	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
2260	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	2359	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2360
		2361	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2362
		2363	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2364	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2365	event loop.
		2366
		2367	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2368	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2369	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2370	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2371
		2372	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2373	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
2261		2374
2262	=back	2375	=back
2263		2376
2264		2377
2265	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2378	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2276	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2389	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2277	more watchers yourself.	2390	more watchers yourself.
2278		2391
2279	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2392	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
2280	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2393	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
2281	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2394	C<events> set will be created and started.
2282		2395
2283	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2396	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2284	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2397	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2285	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2398	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
2286	dubious value.	2399	dubious value.
…		…
2288	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2401	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
2289	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2402	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2290	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2403	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
2291	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2404	value passed to C<ev_once>:
2292		2405
2293	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2406	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2294	{	2407	{
2295	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	2408	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
2296	/* doh, nothing entered */;	2409	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2297	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2410	else if (revents & EV_READ)
2298	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2411	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
2299	}	2412	}
2300		2413
2301	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2414	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2302		2415
2303	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2416	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2304		2417
2305	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2418	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2306	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2419	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
…		…
2311	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2424	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2312	the given events it.	2425	the given events it.
2313		2426
2314	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2427	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2315		2428
2316	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2429	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2317	loop!).	2430	loop!).
2318		2431
2319	=back	2432	=back
2320		2433
2321		2434
…		…
2337		2450
2338	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2451	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
2339	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2452	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
2340	is an ev_pri field.	2453	is an ev_pri field.
2341		2454
		2455	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2456	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2457
2342	=item * Other members are not supported.	2458	=item * Other members are not supported.
2343		2459
2344	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2460	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
2345	to use the libev header file and library.	2461	to use the libev header file and library.
2346		2462
2347	=back	2463	=back
2348		2464
2349	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2465	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
2350		2466
2351	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2467	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
2352	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2468	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2353	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2469	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2354		2470
2355	To use it,	2471	To use it,
2356		2472
2357	#include <ev++.h>	2473	#include <ev++.h>
2358		2474
2359	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	2475	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2360	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	2476	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2361	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	2477	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
2362	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2478	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2429	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	2545	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2430	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	2546	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2431		2547
2432	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	2548	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2433		2549
2434	struct myclass	2550	struct myclass
2435	{	2551	{
2436	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2552	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2437	}	2553	}
2438		2554
2439	myclass obj;	2555	myclass obj;
2440	ev::io iow;	2556	ev::io iow;
2441	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	2557	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
2442		2558
2443	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	2559	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2444		2560
2445	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	2561	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2446	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	2562	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2450		2566
2451	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	2567	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2452		2568
2453	Example:	2569	Example:
2454		2570
2455	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2571	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2456	iow.set <io_cb> ();	2572	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2457		2573
2458	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2574	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
2459		2575
2460	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2576	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2461	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2577	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2462		2578
2463	=item w->set ([args])	2579	=item w->set ([arguments])
2464		2580
2465	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2581	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
2466	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2582	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
2467	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	2583	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
2468	method.	2584	method.
2469		2585
2470	=item w->start ()	2586	=item w->start ()
…		…
2494	=back	2610	=back
2495		2611
2496	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2612	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
2497	the constructor.	2613	the constructor.
2498		2614
2499	class myclass	2615	class myclass
2500	{	2616	{
2501	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2617	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2502	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2618	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2503		2619
2504	myclass (int fd)	2620	myclass (int fd)
2505	{	2621	{
2506	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	2622	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
2507	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	2623	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2508		2624
2509	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2625	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
2510	}	2626	}
2511	};	2627	};
2512		2628
2513		2629
2514	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	2630	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
2515		2631
2516	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a	2632	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
2517	numbe rof languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know	2633	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
2518	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop	2634	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
2519	me a note.	2635	me a note.
2520		2636
2521	=over 4	2637	=over 4
2522		2638
…		…
2526	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,	2642	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
2527	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces	2643	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
2528	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the	2644	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the
2529	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).	2645	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).
2530		2646
2531	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is found at	2647	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
2532	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	2648	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2533		2649
		2650	=item Python
		2651
		2652	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2653	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2654	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2655	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2656	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2657	libev).
		2658
2534	=item Ruby	2659	=item Ruby
2535		2660
2536	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	2661	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2537	of the libev API and adds filehandle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	2662	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2538	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	2663	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2539	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	2664	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2540		2665
2541	=item D	2666	=item D
2542		2667
2543	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	2668	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2544	be found at L<http://git.llucax.com.ar/?p=software/ev.d.git;a=summary>.	2669	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
2545		2670
2546	=back	2671	=back
2547		2672
2548		2673
2549	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2674	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2550		2675
2551	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal	2676	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2552	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)	2677	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2553	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2678	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2554		2679
2555	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2680	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2556	following macros are defined:	2681	following macros are defined:
…		…
2561		2686
2562	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2687	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2563	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2688	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2564	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2689	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2565		2690
2566	ev_unref (EV_A);	2691	ev_unref (EV_A);
2567	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2692	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2568	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2693	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2569		2694
2570	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2695	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2571	which is often provided by the following macro.	2696	which is often provided by the following macro.
2572		2697
2573	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2698	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2574		2699
2575	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2700	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2576	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2701	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2577	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2702	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2578		2703
2579	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	2704	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2580	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	2705	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2581		2706
2582	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	2707	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2583	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2708	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2584		2709
2585	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	2710	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2586	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	2711	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2587		2712
2588	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2713	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2589		2714
2590	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2715	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2591	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2716	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2717
		2718	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2719
		2720	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2721	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2722	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2723	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2724
		2725	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2726	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2592		2727
2593	=back	2728	=back
2594		2729
2595	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	2730	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2596	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	2731	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2597	or not.	2732	or not.
2598		2733
2599	static void	2734	static void
2600	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2735	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2601	{	2736	{
2602	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2737	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2603	}	2738	}
2604		2739
2605	ev_check check;	2740	ev_check check;
2606	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2741	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2607	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2742	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2608	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2743	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2609		2744
2610	=head1 EMBEDDING	2745	=head1 EMBEDDING
2611		2746
2612	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2747	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2613	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2748	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2620	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2755	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2621		2756
2622	=head2 FILESETS	2757	=head2 FILESETS
2623		2758
2624	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	2759	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2625	in your app.	2760	in your application.
2626		2761
2627	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	2762	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2628		2763
2629	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	2764	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2630	configuration (no autoconf):	2765	configuration (no autoconf):
2631		2766
2632	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2767	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2633	#include "ev.c"	2768	#include "ev.c"
2634		2769
2635	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	2770	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2636	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	2771	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2637	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	2772	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2638	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	2773	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2639	where you can put other configuration options):	2774	where you can put other configuration options):
2640		2775
2641	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2776	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2642	#include "ev.h"	2777	#include "ev.h"
2643		2778
2644	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	2779	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2645	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	2780	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2646	as a bug).	2781	as a bug).
2647		2782
2648	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	2783	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2649	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	2784	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2650		2785
2651	ev.h	2786	ev.h
2652	ev.c	2787	ev.c
2653	ev_vars.h	2788	ev_vars.h
2654	ev_wrap.h	2789	ev_wrap.h
2655		2790
2656	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	2791	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2657		2792
2658	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	2793	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2659	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2794	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2660	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2795	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2661	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2796	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2662	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2797	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2663		2798
2664	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	2799	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2665	to compile this single file.	2800	to compile this single file.
2666		2801
2667	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	2802	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2668		2803
2669	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	2804	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2670		2805
2671	#include "event.c"	2806	#include "event.c"
2672		2807
2673	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	2808	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2674		2809
2675	#include "event.h"	2810	#include "event.h"
2676		2811
2677	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	2812	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2678		2813
2679	You need the following additional files for this:	2814	You need the following additional files for this:
2680		2815
2681	event.h	2816	event.h
2682	event.c	2817	event.c
2683		2818
2684	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	2819	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2685		2820
2686	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	2821	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2687	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	2822	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2688	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	2823	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2689	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	2824	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2690		2825
2691	For this of course you need the m4 file:	2826	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2692		2827
2693	libev.m4	2828	libev.m4
2694		2829
2695	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	2830	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2696		2831
2697	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	2832	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2698	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	2833	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2699	and only include the select backend.	2834	autoconf is noted for every option.
2700		2835
2701	=over 4	2836	=over 4
2702		2837
2703	=item EV_STANDALONE	2838	=item EV_STANDALONE
2704		2839
…		…
2709	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	2844	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2710		2845
2711	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	2846	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2712		2847
2713	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2848	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2714	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2849	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
2715	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2850	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
2716	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2851	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
2717	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	2852	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2718	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2853	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2719	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2854	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
2720		2855
2721	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2856	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2722		2857
2723	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2858	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2724	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2859	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
2725	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2860	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
2726	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2861	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
2727	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	2862	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
2728	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2863	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
2729		2864
2730	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	2865	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2731		2866
2732	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	2867	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2733	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	2868	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
2734		2869
		2870	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		2871
		2872	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		2873	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		2874	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		2875	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		2876	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		2877
2735	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2878	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2736		2879
2737	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2880	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2738	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2881	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2739	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	2882	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2740	will not be compiled in.	2883	will not be compiled in.
2741		2884
2742	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	2885	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2743		2886
2744	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	2887	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2745	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	2888	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2746	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	2889	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
2747	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	2890	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
2748	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	2891	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
2749	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	2892	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
2750	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	2893	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
2751		2894
…		…
2775		2918
2776	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	2919	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2777		2920
2778	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	2921	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2779	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	2922	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2780	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	2923	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2781	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	2924	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		2925	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2782		2926
2783	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	2927	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2784		2928
2785	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	2929	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2786	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	2930	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2799	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	2943	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2800	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	2944	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2801		2945
2802	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	2946	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2803		2947
2804	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	2948	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2805		2949
2806	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	2950	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2807		2951
2808	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	2952	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2809	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	2953	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2810	be detected at runtime.	2954	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		2955	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2811		2956
2812	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	2957	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
2813		2958
2814	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	2959	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
2815	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	2960	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
2816	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	2961	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
2817	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	2962	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
2818	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	2963	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
2819		2964
2820	In the absense of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	2965	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
2821	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	2966	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2822		2967
2823	=item EV_H	2968	=item EV_H
2824		2969
2825	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	2970	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
…		…
2864	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3009	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2865	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3010	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2866	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3011	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2867	fine.	3012	fine.
2868		3013
2869	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3014	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to
2870	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3015	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2871		3016
2872	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3017	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2873		3018
2874	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3019	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2875	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3020	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2902	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3047	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2903		3048
2904	=item EV_MINIMAL	3049	=item EV_MINIMAL
2905		3050
2906	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3051	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2907	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3052	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2908	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3053	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3054	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2909		3055
2910	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3056	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2911		3057
2912	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3058	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2913	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3059	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
…		…
2920	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3066	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2921	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3067	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2922	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3068	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2923	two).	3069	two).
2924		3070
		3071	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3072
		3073	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3074	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3075	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has
		3076	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3077
		3078	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3079	(disabled).
		3080
		3081	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3082
		3083	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3084	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3085	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3086	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3087	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3088	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3089
		3090	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3091	(disabled).
		3092
		3093	=item EV_VERIFY
		3094
		3095	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3096	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3097	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3098	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3099	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3100	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3101	libev considerably.
		3102
		3103	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3104	C<0.>
		3105
2925	=item EV_COMMON	3106	=item EV_COMMON
2926		3107
2927	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3108	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2928	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3109	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2929	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3110	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2930	though, and it must be identical each time.	3111	though, and it must be identical each time.
2931		3112
2932	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3113	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2933		3114
2934	#define EV_COMMON \	3115	#define EV_COMMON \
2935	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3116	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2936	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3117	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2937		3118
2938	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3119	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2939		3120
2940	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3121	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2941		3122
…		…
2948	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3129	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2949	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3130	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
2950		3131
2951	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	3132	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
2952		3133
2953	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of	3134	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
2954	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	3135	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
2955	all public symbols, one per line:	3136	all public symbols, one per line:
2956		3137
2957	Symbols.ev for libev proper	3138	Symbols.ev for libev proper
2958	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	3139	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
2959		3140
2960	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	3141	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
2961	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	3142	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
2962	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).	3143	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
2963		3144
2964	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to	3145	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
2965	include before including F<ev.h>:	3146	include before including F<ev.h>:
2966		3147
2967	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h	3148	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
…		…
2984	file.	3165	file.
2985		3166
2986	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3167	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2987	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3168	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2988		3169
2989	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3170	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2990	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3171	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2991	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3172	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2992	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3173	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2993	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3174	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2994	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3175	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2995	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3176	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2996	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3177	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2997	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3178	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2998		3179
2999	#include "ev++.h"	3180	#include "ev++.h"
3000		3181
3001	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3182	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
3002		3183
3003	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3184	#include "ev_cpp.h"
3004	#include "ev.c"	3185	#include "ev.c"
		3186
		3187
		3188	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3189
		3190	=head2 THREADS
		3191
		3192	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This
		3193	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as
		3194	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop
		3195	parameter.
		3196
		3197	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in
		3198	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be
		3199	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one
		3200	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex
		3201	per loop).
		3202
		3203	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3204	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3205	help you. I can give some generic advice however:
		3206
		3207	=over 4
		3208
		3209	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3210	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3211
		3212	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3213	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3214
		3215	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3216
		3217	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3218	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3219
		3220	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3221	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3222
		3223	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3224	better than you currently do :-)
		3225
		3226	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3227	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other
		3228	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).
		3229
		3230	=back
		3231
		3232	=head2 COROUTINES
		3233
		3234	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3235	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different
		3236	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3237	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3238	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3239	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3240
		3241	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local
		3242	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine
		3243	switches.
3005		3244
3006		3245
3007	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3246	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
3008		3247
3009	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3248	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
…		…
3041	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3280	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
3042	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	3281	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
3043		3282
3044	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)	3283	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
3045		3284
3046	By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the	3285	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
3047	beginning of the storage array.	3286	fixed position in the storage array.
3048		3287
3049	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3288	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
3050		3289
3051	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires	3290	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
3052	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending	3291	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
3053	on backend and wether C<ev_io_set> was used).	3292	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
3054		3293
3055	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)	3294	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
3056		3295
3057	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)	3296	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
3058		3297
…		…
3065		3304
3066	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	3305	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
3067		3306
3068	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	3307	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
3069		3308
3070	Sending involves a syscall I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	3309	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
3071	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	3310	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
3072	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	3311	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3073		3312
3074	=back	3313	=back
3075		3314
3076		3315
3077	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds	3316	=head1 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
3078		3317
3079	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	3318	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
3080	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	3319	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
3081	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	3320	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
3082	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	3321	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
3083	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	3322	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
3084	e.g. cygwin.	3323	e.g. cygwin.
3085		3324
		3325	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3326	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3327	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3328	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3329
3086	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	3330	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3087	embedding it into other applications.	3331	embedding it into other applications.
3088		3332
		3333	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3334	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3335	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3336	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3337	megabyte seems safe, but thsi apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3338	available).
		3339
3089	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the	3340	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
3090	abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not	3341	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3091	recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than	3342	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3092	a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different	3343	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3093	implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX model, which cannot	3344	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3094	be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games).	3345	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3346	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3347
		3348	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3349	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3350	of F<ev.h>:
		3351
		3352	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3353	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3354
		3355	#include "ev.h"
		3356
		3357	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3358	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded soruce files!):
		3359
		3360	#include "evwrap.h"
		3361	#include "ev.c"
3095		3362
3096	=over 4	3363	=over 4
3097		3364
3098	=item The winsocket select function	3365	=item The winsocket select function
3099		3366
3100	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires	3367	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
3101	socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors>. This makes select	3368	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
3102	very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors	3369	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
3103	to socket handles. See the discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>,	3370	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
3104	C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor	3371	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
3105	symbols for more info.	3372	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3373	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
3106		3374
3107	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the microsoft runtime	3375	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
3108	libraries and raw winsocket select is:	3376	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
3109		3377
3110	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1	3378	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3111	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	3379	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
3112		3380
3113	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	3381	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
3114	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	3382	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
3115		3383
3116	=item Limited number of file descriptors	3384	=item Limited number of file descriptors
3117		3385
3118	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions	3386	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
3119	of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of C<64> handles	3387
		3388	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3120	(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for	3389	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3121	C<64> things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a	3390	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3122	chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each).	3391	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3392	previous thread in each. Great).
3123		3393
3124	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	3394	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3125	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	3395	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3126	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	3396	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
3127	select emulation on windows).	3397	select emulation on windows).
3128		3398
3129	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime	3399	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3130	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	3400	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
3131	or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling	3401	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
3132	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	3402	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
3133	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime	3403	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
3134	libraries.	3404	libraries.
3135		3405
3136	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	3406	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
3137	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	3407	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
3138	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	3408	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
3139	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	3409	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3140		3410
3141	=back	3411	=back
3142		3412
3143		3413
		3414	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3415
		3416	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few
		3417	additional extensions:
		3418
		3419	=over 4
		3420
		3421	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3422	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3423
		3424	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3425	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3426	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3427	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3428	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3429
		3430	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3431
		3432	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3433	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different
		3434	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3435	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3436
		3437	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3438
		3439	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3440	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3441	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3442	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3443	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3444	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3445
		3446	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3447	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3448	well.
		3449
		3450	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3451
		3452	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>
		3453	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On
		3454	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but
		3455	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of
		3456	millions of watchers.
		3457
		3458	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3459
		3460	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3461	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3462	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3463	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3464
		3465	=back
		3466
		3467	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3468
		3469
		3470	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3471
		3472	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3473	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3474	scared by this.
		3475
		3476	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3477	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3478	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3479	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3480
		3481	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3482	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3483	maintainable.
		3484
		3485	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3486	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3487	seems to warn about).
		3488
		3489	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3490	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3491	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3492	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3493	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3494
		3495
		3496	=head1 VALGRIND
		3497
		3498	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3499	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3500
		3501	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3502	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3503
		3504	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3505	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3506	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3507
		3508	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,
		3509	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
		3510	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
		3511
		3512	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3513	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is
		3514	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is
		3515	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind
		3516	properly.
		3517
		3518	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3519	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3520
		3521
3144	=head1 AUTHOR	3522	=head1 AUTHOR
3145		3523
3146	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3524	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
3147		3525

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