ViewVC Help

View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File

/cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.136 by root, Thu Mar 13 13:06:16 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.271 by root, Fri Sep 18 21:16:10 2009 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
13		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_<type>	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
18		20
19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin	22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
21	static void	23	static void
22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
23	{	25	{
24	puts ("stdin ready");	26	puts ("stdin ready");
25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
26	// with its corresponding stop function.	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
28		30
29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
31	}	33	}
32		34
33	// another callback, this time for a time-out	35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
34	static void	36	static void
35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
36	{	38	{
37	puts ("timeout");	39	puts ("timeout");
38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
40	}	42	}
41		43
42	int	44	int
43	main (void)	45	main (void)
44	{	46	{
45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
47		49
48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
52		54
53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it	55	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
57		59
58	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
59	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_loop (loop, 0);
60		62
61	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	64	return 0;
63	}	65	}
64		66
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
66		70
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
69	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
70		84
71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
73	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
74		88
…		…
84	=head2 FEATURES	98	=head2 FEATURES
85		99
86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
90	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals	104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
91	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event	105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
92	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,	106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
93	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as	107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
94	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events	108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
95	(C<ev_fork>).	109	C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even
		110	limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>).
96		111
97	It also is quite fast (see this	112	It also is quite fast (see this
98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	113	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
99	for example).	114	for example).
100		115
…		…
103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)	118	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For	119	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at	120	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support	121	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of	122	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have	123	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	124	this argument.
110		125
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		127
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	130	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	131	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	132	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
118	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name	133	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	134	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
120	throughout libev.	135	throughout libev.
		136
		137	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		138
		139	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		140	and internal errors (bugs).
		141
		142	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		143	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		144	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		145	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		146	()>.
		147
		148	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		149	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		150	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		151	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		152
		153	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		154	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		155	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		156
121		157
122	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	158	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
123		159
124	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	160	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
125	library in any way.	161	library in any way.
…		…
134		170
135	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	171	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
136		172
137	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	173	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
138	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	174	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
139	this is a subsecond-resolution C<sleep ()>.	175	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
140		176
141	=item int ev_version_major ()	177	=item int ev_version_major ()
142		178
143	=item int ev_version_minor ()	179	=item int ev_version_minor ()
144		180
…		…
157	not a problem.	193	not a problem.
158		194
159	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	195	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
160	version.	196	version.
161		197
162	assert (("libev version mismatch",	198	assert (("libev version mismatch",
163	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	199	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
164	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	200	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
165		201
166	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	202	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
167		203
168	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	204	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
169	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	205	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
171	a description of the set values.	207	a description of the set values.
172		208
173	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	209	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
174	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	210	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
175		211
176	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	212	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
177	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	213	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
178		214
179	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	215	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
180		216
181	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	217	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
182	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	218	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
183	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	219	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
184	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	220	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
185	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	221	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
186	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	222	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
187		223
188	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	224	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
189		225
…		…
193	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	229	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
194	recommended ones.	230	recommended ones.
195		231
196	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	232	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
197		233
198	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	234	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
199		235
200	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	236	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
201	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	237	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
202	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	238	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
203	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	239	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
204	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	240	or take some potentially destructive action.
205	function.	241
		242	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		243	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		244	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
206		245
207	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	246	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
208	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	247	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
209	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	248	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
210		249
211	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	250	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
212	retries).	251	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
213		252
214	static void *	253	static void *
215	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	254	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
216	{	255	{
217	for (;;)	256	for (;;)
…		…
226	}	265	}
227		266
228	...	267	...
229	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	268	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
230		269
231	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	270	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
232		271
233	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	272	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
234	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	273	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
235	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	274	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
236	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	275	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
237	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	276	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
238	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	277	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
239	(such as abort).	278	(such as abort).
240		279
241	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	280	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
252		291
253	=back	292	=back
254		293
255	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	294	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
256		295
257	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	296	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
258	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	297	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
259	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	298	I<function>).
260		299
261	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	300	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
262	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you	301	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
263	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	302	not.
264	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
265	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
266	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
267		303
268	=over 4	304	=over 4
269		305
270	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	306	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
271		307
…		…
275	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	311	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
276		312
277	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	313	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
278	function.	314	function.
279		315
		316	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		317	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		318	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
		319
280	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	320	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
281	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	321	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
282	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your app you can either	322	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
283	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	323	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
284	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	324	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
285	C<ev_default_init>.	325	C<ev_default_init>.
286		326
287	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	327	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
…		…
296	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	336	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
297	thing, believe me).	337	thing, believe me).
298		338
299	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	339	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
300		340
301	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	341	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
302	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	342	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
303	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	343	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
304	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	344	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
305	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	345	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
306	around bugs.	346	around bugs.
…		…
313		353
314	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	354	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
315	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	355	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
316	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	356	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
317	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	357	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
318	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has	358	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
319	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	359	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
320		360
321	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	361	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
322	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	362	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
323	flag.	363	flag.
324		364
325	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	365	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
326	environment variable.	366	environment variable.
		367
		368	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
		369
		370	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		371	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
		372	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
		373	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
		374
		375	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGFD>
		376
		377	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		378	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This is
		379	probably only useful to work around any bugs in libev. Consequently, this
		380	flag might go away once the signalfd functionality is considered stable,
		381	so it's useful mostly in environment variables and not in program code.
327		382
328	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	383	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
329		384
330	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	385	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
331	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	386	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
332	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	387	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
333	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its	388	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
334	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.	389	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
335		390
336	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of	391	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
337	parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are	392	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
338	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	393	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
339	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	394	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
340	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	395	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
341	readyness notifications you get per iteration.	396	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		397
		398	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		399	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		400	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
342		401
343	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	402	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
344		403
345	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	404	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
346	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	405	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
347	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down	406	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
348	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,	407	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
349	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for	408	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
350	performance tips.	409	performance tips.
351		410
		411	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		412	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
		413
352	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	414	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
353		415
354	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	416	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
355	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	417	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
356	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	418	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
357	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	419	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
358	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	420
359	cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad	421	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
360	support for dup.	422	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		423	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		424	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		425	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		426	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		427	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		428	hard to detect.
		429
		430	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		431	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		432	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		433	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		434	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		435	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		436	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
361		437
362	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	438	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
363	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	439	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
364	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	440	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
365	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	441	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
366	very well if you register events for both fds.	442	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
367		443	file descriptors.
368	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
369	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
370	(or space) is available.
371		444
372	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	445	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
373	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	446	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
374	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	447	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		448	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		449	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		450	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		451	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
375		452
		453	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		454	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		455	the usage. So sad.
		456
376	While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in	457	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
377	all kernel versions tested so far.	458	all kernel versions tested so far.
		459
		460	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		461	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
378		462
379	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	463	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
380		464
381	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	465	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
382	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	466	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
383	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	467	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
384	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"	468	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		469	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		470	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
385	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	471	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
386	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	472	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
387	system like NetBSD.	473	system like NetBSD.
388		474
389	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	475	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
390	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	476	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
391	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	477	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
392		478
393	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	479	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
394	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	480	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
395	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	481	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
396	cause an extra syscall as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	482	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
397	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	483	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
398	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	484	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		485	cases
399		486
400	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	487	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
401		488
402	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	489	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
403	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	490	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
404	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	491	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
405	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	492	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
406	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for	493	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
407	sockets.	494	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		495
		496	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		497	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		498	C<NOTE_EOF>.
408		499
409	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	500	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
410		501
411	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an	502	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
412	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets	503	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
…		…
416	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	507	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
417		508
418	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	509	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
419	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	510	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
420		511
421	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious	512	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
422	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	513	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
423	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	514	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
424		515
425	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	516	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
426	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	517	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
427	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	518	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
428	might perform better.	519	might perform better.
429		520
430	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this	521	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
431	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully	522	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
432	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.	523	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		524	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		525
		526	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		527	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
433		528
434	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	529	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
435		530
436	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	531	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
437	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	532	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
…		…
439		534
440	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	535	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
441		536
442	=back	537	=back
443		538
444	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	539	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
445	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	540	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
446	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	541	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
		542	()> will be tried.
447		543
448	The most typical usage is like this:	544	Example: This is the most typical usage.
449		545
450	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	546	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
451	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	547	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
452		548
453	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	549	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
454	environment settings to be taken into account:	550	environment settings to be taken into account:
455		551
456	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	552	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
457		553
458	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	554	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
459	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	555	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
460	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	556	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		557	fds):
461		558
462	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	559	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
463		560
464	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	561	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
465		562
466	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	563	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
467	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	564	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
468	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	565	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
469	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	566	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
470		567
		568	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		569	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		570	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		571
471	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	572	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
472		573
473	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	574	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
474	if (!epoller)	575	if (!epoller)
475	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	576	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
476		577
477	=item ev_default_destroy ()	578	=item ev_default_destroy ()
478		579
479	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	580	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
480	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	581	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
481	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	582	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
482	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	583	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
483	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	584	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
484	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	585	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
485	for example).	586	for example).
486		587
487	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	588	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
488	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	589	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
489	would need to be stopped manually.	590	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
490		591
491	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	592	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
492	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	593	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
493	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	594	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
494	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	595	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
495		596
496	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	597	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
497		598
498	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	599	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
499	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	600	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
519		620
520	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	621	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
521		622
522	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	623	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
523	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	624	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
524	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	625	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
		626	entirely your own problem.
525		627
526	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	628	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
527		629
528	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.	630	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		631	otherwise.
529		632
530	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	633	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
531		634
532	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	635	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
533	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	636	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
534	happily wraps around with enough iterations.	637	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
535		638
536	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	639	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
537	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	640	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
538	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	641	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
		642
		643	=item unsigned int ev_loop_depth (loop)
		644
		645	Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of
		646	times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		647
		648	Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		649	C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		650	in which case it is higher.
		651
		652	Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		653	etc.), doesn't count as exit.
539		654
540	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	655	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
541		656
542	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	657	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
543	use.	658	use.
…		…
548	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	663	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
549	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	664	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
550	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	665	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
551	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	666	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
552		667
		668	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		669
		670	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		671	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		672	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		673
		674	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		675	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		676	the current time is a good idea.
		677
		678	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		679
		680	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		681
		682	=item ev_resume (loop)
		683
		684	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
		685	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		686
		687	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		688	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		689	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		690	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		691	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		692	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		693
		694	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		695	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		696	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		697	occured while suspended).
		698
		699	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		700	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		701	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		702
		703	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		704	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
		705
553	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	706	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
554		707
555	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	708	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
556	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	709	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
557	events.	710	handling events.
558		711
559	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	712	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
560	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	713	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
561		714
562	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	715	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
563	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	716	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
564	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	717	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
565	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	718	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
566	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	719	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		720	beauty.
567		721
568	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	722	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
569	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	723	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your
570	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	724	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of
		725	the loop.
571		726
572	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	727	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
573	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	728	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
574	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	729	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
575	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	730	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
576	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	731	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		732	iteration of the loop.
		733
		734	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		735	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
577	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	736	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
578	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	737	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
579		738
580	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	739	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
581		740
582	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	741	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
583	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	742	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
584	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.	743	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
585	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	744	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
586	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	745	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		746	as to not disturb the other process.
587	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	747	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
588	- Update the "event loop time".	748	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
589	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	749	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
590	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	750	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
591	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	751	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
592	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	752	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
593	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	753	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
594	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	754	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
595	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	755	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
596	- Queue all outstanding timers.	756	- Queue all expired timers.
597	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	757	- Queue all expired periodics.
598	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	758	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
599	- Queue all check watchers.	759	- Queue all check watchers.
600	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	760	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
601	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	761	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
602	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	762	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
603	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	763	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
…		…
608	anymore.	768	anymore.
609		769
610	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	770	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
611	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	771	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
612	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	772	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
613	... jobs done. yeah!	773	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
614		774
615	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	775	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
616		776
617	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	777	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
618	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	778	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
619	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	779	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
620	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	780	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
621		781
622	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	782	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
623		783
		784	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.
		785
624	=item ev_ref (loop)	786	=item ev_ref (loop)
625		787
626	=item ev_unref (loop)	788	=item ev_unref (loop)
627		789
628	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	790	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
629	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	791	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
630	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	792	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
		793
631	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	794	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
632	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	795	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
		796	stopping it.
		797
633	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	798	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
634	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	799	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
635	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	800	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
636	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	801	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
637	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	802	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
638	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	803	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
639	respectively).	804	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		805	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		806	in the callback).
640		807
641	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	808	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
642	running when nothing else is active.	809	running when nothing else is active.
643		810
644	struct ev_signal exitsig;	811	ev_signal exitsig;
645	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	812	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
646	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	813	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
647	evf_unref (loop);	814	evf_unref (loop);
648		815
649	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	816	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
650		817
651	ev_ref (loop);	818	ev_ref (loop);
652	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	819	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
653		820
654	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	821	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
655		822
656	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	823	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
657		824
658	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting	825	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
659	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to	826	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
660	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.	827	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		828	latency.
661		829
662	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	830	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
663	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to	831	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
664	increase efficiency of loop iterations.	832	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		833	opportunities).
665		834
666	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	835	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
667	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	836	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
668	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	837	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
669	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	838	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
670	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	839	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
671		840
672	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	841	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
673	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	842	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
674	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	843	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
675	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	844	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
676	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	845	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		846	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		847	once per this interval, on average.
677		848
678	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	849	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
679	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	850	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
680	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	851	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
681	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	852	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
682	any overhead in libev.	853	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
683		854
684	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect	855	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
685	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	856	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
686	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	857	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
687	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	858	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
688	as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.	859	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		860	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		861	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		862	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		863	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).
		864
		865	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		866	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		867	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		868	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		869	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		870	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		871
		872	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		873	more often than 100 times per second:
		874
		875	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		876	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		877
		878	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		879
		880	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		881	pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required,
		882	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.
		883
		884	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		885
		886	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		887	are pending.
		888
		889	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		890
		891	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		892	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call
		893	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		894	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		895
		896	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		897	callback.
		898
		899	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		900
		901	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		902	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		903	each call to a libev function.
		904
		905	However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to
		906	wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via
		907	C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release>
		908	and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		909
		910	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		911	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		912	afterwards.
		913
		914	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		915	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		916
		917	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		918	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		919	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		920	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		921	waited. USe an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it
		922	to take note of any changes you made.
		923
		924	In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between
		925	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		926
		927	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		928	document.
		929
		930	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		931
		932	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		933
		934	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		935	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		936	C<0.>
		937
		938	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		939	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		940	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		941	any other purpose as well.
		942
		943	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		944
		945	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		946	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		947	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		948	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		949	error and call C<abort ()>.
		950
		951	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		952	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		953	data structures consistent.
689		954
690	=back	955	=back
691		956
692		957
693	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	958	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
		959
		960	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		961	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		962	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
694		963
695	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	964	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
696	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	965	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
697	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	966	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
698		967
699	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	968	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
700	{	969	{
701	ev_io_stop (w);	970	ev_io_stop (w);
702	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	971	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
703	}	972	}
704		973
705	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	974	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		975
706	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	976	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		977
707	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	978	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
708	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	979	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
709	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	980	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		981
710	ev_loop (loop, 0);	982	ev_loop (loop, 0);
711		983
712	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	984	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
713	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	985	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
714	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	986	stack).
		987
		988	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		989	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
715		990
716	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	991	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
717	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	992	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
718	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	993	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
719	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	994	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
720	is readable and/or writable).	995	is readable and/or writable).
721		996
722	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	997	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
723	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	998	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
724	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	999	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
725	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1000	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
726		1001
727	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	1002	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
728	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	1003	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
729	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	1004	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
730	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	1005	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
731		1006
732	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	1007	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
733	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	1008	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
734	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	1009	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
735		1010
736	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	1011	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
737	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	1012	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
738	third argument.	1013	third argument.
739		1014
…		…
797		1072
798	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1073	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
799		1074
800	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1075	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
801		1076
		1077	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1078
		1079	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1080	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		1081
802	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1082	=item C<EV_ERROR>
803		1083
804	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1084	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
805	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1085	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
806	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1086	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		1087	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		1088
807	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	1089	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
808	with the watcher being stopped.	1090	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		1091	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		1092	bug in your program.
809		1093
810	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	1094	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
811	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	1095	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
812	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	1096	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
813	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	1097	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
814	programs, though, so beware.	1098	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		1099	thing, so beware.
815		1100
816	=back	1101	=back
817		1102
818	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	1103	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
819
820	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
821	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
822		1104
823	=over 4	1105	=over 4
824		1106
825	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1107	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
826		1108
…		…
832	which rolls both calls into one.	1114	which rolls both calls into one.
833		1115
834	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1116	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
835	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1117	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
836		1118
837	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1119	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
838	int revents)>.	1120	int revents)>.
		1121
		1122	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1123
		1124	ev_io w;
		1125	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1126	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
839		1127
840	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1128	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
841		1129
842	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1130	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
843	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1131	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
…		…
846	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	1134	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
847		1135
848	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	1136	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
849	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	1137	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
850		1138
		1139	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1140
851	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	1141	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
852		1142
853	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	1143	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
854	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	1144	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
855	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	1145	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		1146
		1147	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1148
		1149	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
856		1150
857	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1151	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
858		1152
859	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1153	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
860	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1154	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
861		1155
		1156	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1157	whole section.
		1158
		1159	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1160
862	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1161	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
863		1162
864	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1163	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1164	the watcher was active or not).
		1165
865	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1166	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
866	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1167	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
867	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1168	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
868	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1169	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
869	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1170	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
870		1171
871	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1172	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
872		1173
873	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1174	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
874	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1175	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
900	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1201	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
901	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1202	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
902	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1203	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
903	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1204	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
904		1205
905	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
906	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
907	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
908	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
909
910	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1206	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
911	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1207	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
912		1208
913	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1209	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
914	pending.	1210	pending.
915		1211
		1212	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1213	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1214	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1215
916	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1216	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
917	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1217	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
918		1218
919	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1219	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
920	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1220	priorities.
921	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
922		1221
923	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1222	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
924		1223
925	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1224	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
926	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1225	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
927	can deal with that fact.	1226	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1227	callback.
928		1228
929	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1229	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
930		1230
931	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1231	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
932	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1232	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
933	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1233	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
934		1234
		1235	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1236	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1237
935	=back	1238	=back
936		1239
937		1240
938	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1241	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
939		1242
940	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1243	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
941	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1244	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
942	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1245	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
943	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1246	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
944	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1247	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
945	data:	1248	data:
946		1249
947	struct my_io	1250	struct my_io
948	{	1251	{
949	struct ev_io io;	1252	ev_io io;
950	int otherfd;	1253	int otherfd;
951	void *somedata;	1254	void *somedata;
952	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1255	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
953	}	1256	};
		1257
		1258	...
		1259	struct my_io w;
		1260	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
954		1261
955	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1262	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
956	can cast it back to your own type:	1263	can cast it back to your own type:
957		1264
958	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1265	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
959	{	1266	{
960	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1267	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
961	...	1268	...
962	}	1269	}
963		1270
964	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1271	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
965	instead have been omitted.	1272	instead have been omitted.
966		1273
967	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1274	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
968	watchers:	1275	embedded watchers:
969		1276
970	struct my_biggy	1277	struct my_biggy
971	{	1278	{
972	int some_data;	1279	int some_data;
973	ev_timer t1;	1280	ev_timer t1;
974	ev_timer t2;	1281	ev_timer t2;
975	}	1282	}
976		1283
977	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1284	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
978	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1285	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1286	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1287	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1288	programmers):
979		1289
980	#include <stddef.h>	1290	#include <stddef.h>
981		1291
982	static void	1292	static void
983	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1293	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
984	{	1294	{
985	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1295	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
986	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1296	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
987	}	1297	}
988		1298
989	static void	1299	static void
990	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1300	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
991	{	1301	{
992	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1302	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
993	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1303	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
994	}	1304	}
		1305
		1306	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1307
		1308	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1309	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1310	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1311
		1312	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1313	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1314	range.
		1315
		1316	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1317	by event loops:
		1318
		1319	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1320	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1321	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1322
		1323	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1324	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1325	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1326	before polling for new events.
		1327
		1328	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1329	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1330
		1331	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1332	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1333	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1334	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1335	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1336	priority ones.
		1337
		1338	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1339	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1340	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1341	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1342	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1343	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1344	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1345	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1346	always, what you want).
		1347
		1348	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1349	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1350	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1351	required.
		1352
		1353	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1354	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1355	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1356	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1357	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1358	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1359	workable.
		1360
		1361	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1362	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1363	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1364	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1365	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1366
		1367	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1368	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1369	other events are pending:
		1370
		1371	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1372	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1373
		1374	static void
		1375	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1376	{
		1377	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1378	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1379	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1380
		1381	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
		1382	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1383	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1384	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1385	}
		1386
		1387	static void
		1388	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1389	{
		1390	// actual processing
		1391	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1392
		1393	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1394	// we have handled the event
		1395	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1396	}
		1397
		1398	// initialisation
		1399	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1400	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1401	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1402
		1403	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1404	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1405	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1406	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1407	important ones.
995		1408
996		1409
997	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1410	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
998		1411
999	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1412	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1023	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1436	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1024	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1437	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1025	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1438	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1026	required if you know what you are doing).	1439	required if you know what you are doing).
1027		1440
1028	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1441	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1029	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1442	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1030	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1443	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1444	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1445	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1031		1446
1032	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1447	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1033	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1448	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1034	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1449	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1035	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1450	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1036	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1451	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1037	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1452	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1038	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1453	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1039	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1454	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1040		1455
1041	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1456	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1042	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1457	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1043	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1458	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1044	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1459	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
1045	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1460	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1461	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1462	indefinitely.
		1463
		1464	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1046		1465
1047	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1466	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1048		1467
1049	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1468	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
1050	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,	1469	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
1051	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1470	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
1052	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1471	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
1053	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1472	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
1054	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1473	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
1055	fact, a different file descriptor.	1474	fact, a different file descriptor.
1056		1475
…		…
1085	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1504	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
1086	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1505	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
1087	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1506	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1088	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1507	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1089		1508
		1509	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1510
		1511	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1512	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1513	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1514	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1515
		1516	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1517	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1518	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1519
1090		1520
1091	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1521	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1092		1522
1093	=over 4	1523	=over 4
1094		1524
1095	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1525	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1096		1526
1097	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1527	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1098		1528
1099	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1529	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1100	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1530	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1101	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1531	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1102		1532
1103	=item int fd [read-only]	1533	=item int fd [read-only]
1104		1534
1105	The file descriptor being watched.	1535	The file descriptor being watched.
1106		1536
…		…
1114		1544
1115	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1545	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1116	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1546	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1117	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1547	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1118		1548
1119	static void	1549	static void
1120	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1550	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1121	{	1551	{
1122	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1552	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1123	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1553	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1124	}	1554	}
1125		1555
1126	...	1556	...
1127	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1557	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1128	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1558	ev_io stdin_readable;
1129	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1559	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1130	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1560	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1131	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1561	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1132		1562
1133		1563
1134	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1564	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1135		1565
1136	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1566	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1137	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1567	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1138		1568
1139	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1569	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1140	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1570	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1141	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1571	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1142	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1572	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1143	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1573	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1574
		1575	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1576	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
		1577	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1578	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1579	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1580	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
		1581
		1582	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1583
		1584	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1585	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1586	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1587
		1588	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1589	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1590
		1591	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1592	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1593	data or other life sign was received).
		1594
		1595	=over 4
		1596
		1597	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1598
		1599	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1600	start the watcher:
		1601
		1602	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1603	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1604
		1605	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1606	and start it again:
		1607
		1608	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1609	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1610	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1611
		1612	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1613	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1614	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1615	still not a constant-time operation.
		1616
		1617	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1618
		1619	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1620	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1621
		1622	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1623	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1624	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1625	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1626	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1627
		1628	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1629	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1630	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1631
		1632	At start:
		1633
		1634	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1635	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1636	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1637
		1638	Each time there is some activity:
		1639
		1640	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1641
		1642	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1643	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1644
		1645	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1646	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1647
		1648	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1649	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1650	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1651
		1652	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1653
		1654	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1655
		1656	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1657	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1658	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1659	associated activity resets.
		1660
		1661	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1662	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1663	within the callback:
		1664
		1665	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1666
		1667	static void
		1668	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1669	{
		1670	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1671	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1672
		1673	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1674	if (timeout < now)
		1675	{
		1676	// timeout occured, take action
		1677	}
		1678	else
		1679	{
		1680	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1681	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1682	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1683	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1684	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1685	}
		1686	}
		1687
		1688	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1689	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1690	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1691	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1692	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1693	a timeout then.
		1694
		1695	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1696	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1697
		1698	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1699	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1700	libev to change the timeout.
		1701
		1702	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1703	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1704	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1705
		1706	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1707	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1708	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1709
		1710	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1711	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1712
		1713	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1714
		1715	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1716	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1717
		1718	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1719	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1720	fix things for you.
		1721
		1722	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1723
		1724	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1725	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1726	do even better:
		1727
		1728	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1729	at the I<end> of the list.
		1730
		1731	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1732	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1733
		1734	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1735	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1736	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1737
		1738	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1739	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1740	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1741	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1742
		1743	=back
		1744
		1745	So which method the best?
		1746
		1747	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1748	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1749	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1750	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1751
		1752	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1753	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1754	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1755	overkill :)
		1756
		1757	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1758
		1759	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1760	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1761	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
		1762	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1763	lots of events in one iteration.
1144		1764
1145	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1765	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1146	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1766	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1147	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1767	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1148	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1768	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1149	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1769	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1150		1770
1151	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1771	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1152		1772
1153	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1773	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1154	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1774	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1155	order of execution is undefined.	1775	()>.
		1776
		1777	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
		1778
		1779	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
		1780	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
		1781
		1782	Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes
		1783	all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue
		1784	to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the
		1785	system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program
		1786	was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted
		1787	towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time
		1788	clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a
		1789	long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would
		1790	be adjusted accordingly.
		1791
		1792	I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between
		1793	operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware.
		1794
		1795	The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a
		1796	time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program
		1797	is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use,
		1798	then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time
		1799	will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in
		1800	use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly.
		1801
		1802	It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend>
		1803	and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get
		1804	deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against
		1805	C<SIGSTOP>).
1156		1806
1157	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1807	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1158		1808
1159	=over 4	1809	=over 4
1160		1810
1161	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1811	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1162		1812
1163	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1813	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1164		1814
1165	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1815	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
1166	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1816	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
1167	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1817	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
1168	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1818	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1819	until stopped manually.
1169		1820
1170	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1821	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1171	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1822	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1172	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1823	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1173	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1824	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1174	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1825	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1175		1826
1176	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	1827	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1177		1828
1178	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1829	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
1179	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1830	repeating. The exact semantics are:
1180		1831
1181	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1832	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1182		1833
1183	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1834	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1184		1835
1185	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1836	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1186	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1837	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1187		1838
1188	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1839	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1189	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1840	usage example.
1190	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1191	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1192	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1193	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1194	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1195	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1196	automatically restart it if need be.
1197		1841
1198	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>	1842	=item ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
1199	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1200		1843
1201	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);	1844	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
1202	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1845	then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
1203	...	1846	the timeout value currently configured.
1204	timer->again = 17.;
1205	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1206	...
1207	timer->again = 10.;
1208	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1209		1847
1210	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time	1848	That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
1211	you want to modify its timeout value.	1849	C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remain>
		1850	will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
		1851	roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
		1852	too), and so on.
1212		1853
1213	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1854	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1214		1855
1215	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1856	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1216	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1857	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1217	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1858	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1218		1859
1219	=back	1860	=back
1220		1861
1221	=head3 Examples	1862	=head3 Examples
1222		1863
1223	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1864	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1224		1865
1225	static void	1866	static void
1226	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1867	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1227	{	1868	{
1228	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1869	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1229	}	1870	}
1230		1871
1231	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1872	ev_timer mytimer;
1232	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1873	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1233	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1874	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1234		1875
1235	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1876	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1236	inactivity.	1877	inactivity.
1237		1878
1238	static void	1879	static void
1239	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1880	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1240	{	1881	{
1241	.. ten seconds without any activity	1882	.. ten seconds without any activity
1242	}	1883	}
1243		1884
1244	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1885	ev_timer mytimer;
1245	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1886	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1246	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1887	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1247	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1888	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1248		1889
1249	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1890	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1250	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1891	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1251	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1892	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1252		1893
1253		1894
1254	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1895	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1255		1896
1256	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1897	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1257	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1898	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1258		1899
1259	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1900	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1260	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1901	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1261	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1902	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1262	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1903	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1263	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1904	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1264	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1905	wrist-watch).
1265	roughly 10 seconds later).
1266		1906
1267	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1907	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
1268	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,	1908	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
1269	rules.	1909	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1910	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1911	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1912	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1913	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
1270		1914
		1915	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
		1916	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
		1917	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1918	those cannot react to time jumps.
		1919
1271	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1920	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1272	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1921	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1273	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1922	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		1923	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		1924	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1274		1925
1275	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1926	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1276		1927
1277	=over 4	1928	=over 4
1278		1929
1279	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1930	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1280		1931
1281	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1932	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1282		1933
1283	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1934	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1284	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1935	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1285		1936
1286	=over 4	1937	=over 4
1287		1938
1288	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1939	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1289		1940
1290	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1941	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1291	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1942	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1292	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1943	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1293	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1944	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		1945	this point in time.
1294		1946
1295	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1947	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1296		1948
1297	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1949	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1298	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1950	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1299	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1951	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		1952	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1300		1953
1301	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1954	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1302	time:	1955	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		1956	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1303		1957
1304	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1958	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1305		1959
1306	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1960	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1307	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1961	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1308	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1962	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1309	by 3600.	1963	by 3600.
1310		1964
1311	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1965	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1312	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1966	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1313	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1967	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1314		1968
1315	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1969	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1316	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1970	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1317	this value.	1971	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1318		1972
		1973	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1974	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1975	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1976	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1977
1319	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1978	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1320		1979
1321	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1980	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1322	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1981	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1323	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1982	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1324	current time as second argument.	1983	current time as second argument.
1325		1984
1326	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1985	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1327	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1986	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
1328	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1987	allowed by documentation here>.
1329	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1330		1988
		1989	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1990	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1991	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1992
1331	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1993	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1332	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1994	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1333		1995
		1996	static ev_tstamp
1334	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1997	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1335	{	1998	{
1336	return now + 60.;	1999	return now + 60.;
1337	}	2000	}
1338		2001
1339	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	2002	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1340	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	2003	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1341	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	2004	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1342	might be called at other times, too.	2005	might be called at other times, too.
1343		2006
1344	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	2007	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1345	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	2008	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1346		2009
1347	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2010	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1348	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	2011	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1349	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2012	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1350	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2013	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1351	reason I omitted it as an example).	2014	reason I omitted it as an example).
1352		2015
1353	=back	2016	=back
…		…
1357	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	2020	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1358	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	2021	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1359	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	2022	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1360	program when the crontabs have changed).	2023	program when the crontabs have changed).
1361		2024
		2025	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		2026
		2027	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
		2028	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		2029	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		2030	rescheduling modes.
		2031
1362	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	2032	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1363		2033
1364	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	2034	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1365	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	2035	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		2036	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1366		2037
1367	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	2038	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1368	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2039	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1369		2040
1370	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	2041	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1371		2042
1372	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	2043	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1373	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	2044	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1374	called.	2045	called.
1375		2046
1376	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	2047	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1377		2048
1378	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	2049	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1379	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	2050	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1380	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2051	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1381		2052
1382	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
1383
1384	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
1385	trigger next.
1386
1387	=back	2053	=back
1388		2054
1389	=head3 Examples	2055	=head3 Examples
1390		2056
1391	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2057	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1392	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2058	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1393	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	2059	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1394		2060
1395	static void	2061	static void
1396	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	2062	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1397	{	2063	{
1398	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2064	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1399	}	2065	}
1400		2066
1401	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2067	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1402	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	2068	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1403	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2069	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1404		2070
1405	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	2071	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1406		2072
1407	#include <math.h>	2073	#include <math.h>
1408		2074
1409	static ev_tstamp	2075	static ev_tstamp
1410	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2076	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1411	{	2077	{
1412	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	2078	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1413	}	2079	}
1414		2080
1415	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	2081	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1416		2082
1417	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	2083	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1418		2084
1419	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2085	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1420	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2086	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1421	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2087	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1422	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2088	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1423		2089
1424		2090
1425	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2091	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1426		2092
1427	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2093	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1428	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2094	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1429	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2095	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1430	normal event processing, like any other event.	2096	normal event processing, like any other event.
1431		2097
		2098	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
		2099	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
		2100	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
		2101	synchronously wake up an event loop.
		2102
1432	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	2103	You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but
		2104	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
		2105	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
		2106	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
		2107	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
		2108
1433	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	2109	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something
1434	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	2110	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1435	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	2111	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).
1436	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1437	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1438		2112
1439	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2113	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
1440	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so syscalls should not be unduly	2114	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
1441	interrupted. If you have a problem with syscalls getting interrupted by	2115	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
1442	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock	2116	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
1443	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.	2117	and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		2118
		2119	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over execve
		2120
		2121	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
		2122	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
		2123	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
		2124	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
		2125
		2126	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
		2127	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
		2128	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
		2129	certain signals to be blocked.
		2130
		2131	This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset
		2132	the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good
		2133	choice usually).
		2134
		2135	The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
		2136	to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
		2137	catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
		2138
		2139	In current versions of libev, you can also ensure that the signal mask is
		2140	not blocking any signals (except temporarily, so thread users watch out)
		2141	by specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGFD> when creating the event loop. This
		2142	is not guaranteed for future versions, however.
1444		2143
1445	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2144	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1446		2145
1447	=over 4	2146	=over 4
1448		2147
…		…
1459		2158
1460	=back	2159	=back
1461		2160
1462	=head3 Examples	2161	=head3 Examples
1463		2162
1464	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	2163	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1465		2164
1466	static void	2165	static void
1467	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2166	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
1468	{	2167	{
1469	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2168	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1470	}	2169	}
1471		2170
1472	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2171	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1473	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2172	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1474	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	2173	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
1475		2174
1476		2175
1477	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	2176	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1478		2177
1479	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	2178	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1480	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It	2179	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1481	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been	2180	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1482	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event	2181	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1483	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).	2182	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		2183	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		2184	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
		2185	in the next callback invocation is not.
1484		2186
1485	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2187	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1486	you can only rgeister child watchers in the default event loop.	2188	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2189
		2190	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2191	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2192	libev)
1487		2193
1488	=head3 Process Interaction	2194	=head3 Process Interaction
1489		2195
1490	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2196	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1491	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2197	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the
1492	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurance	2198	first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
1493	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done	2199	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
1494	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all	2200	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
1495	children, even ones not watched.	2201	children, even ones not watched.
1496		2202
1497	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing	2203	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
…		…
1501	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for	2207	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
1502	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the	2208	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
1503	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an	2209	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
1504	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for	2210	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
1505	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.	2211	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		2212
		2213	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		2214
		2215	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		2216	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		2217	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		2218	when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a
		2219	problem).
1506		2220
1507	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2221	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1508		2222
1509	=over 4	2223	=over 4
1510		2224
…		…
1539	=head3 Examples	2253	=head3 Examples
1540		2254
1541	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for	2255	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
1542	its completion.	2256	its completion.
1543		2257
1544	ev_child cw;	2258	ev_child cw;
1545		2259
1546	static void	2260	static void
1547	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	2261	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1548	{	2262	{
1549	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	2263	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1550	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	2264	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1551	}	2265	}
1552		2266
1553	pid_t pid = fork ();	2267	pid_t pid = fork ();
1554		2268
1555	if (pid < 0)	2269	if (pid < 0)
1556	// error	2270	// error
1557	else if (pid == 0)	2271	else if (pid == 0)
1558	{	2272	{
1559	// the forked child executes here	2273	// the forked child executes here
1560	exit (1);	2274	exit (1);
1561	}	2275	}
1562	else	2276	else
1563	{	2277	{
1564	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);	2278	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
1565	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);	2279	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
1566	}	2280	}
1567		2281
1568		2282
1569	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2283	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1570		2284
1571	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2285	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1572	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2286	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1573	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2287	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2288	it did.
1574		2289
1575	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2290	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1576	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2291	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1577	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2292	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1578	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2293	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1579	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2294	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2295	contents.
1580		2296
1581	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2297	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2298	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1582	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2299	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1583		2300
1584	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	2301	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1585	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	2302	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1586	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	2303	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1587	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	2304	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1588	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	2305	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1589	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	2306	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1590	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	2307	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1591	usually overkill.	2308	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1592		2309
1593	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2310	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1594	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2311	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1595	resource-intensive.	2312	resource-intensive.
1596		2313
1597	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	2314	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1598	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	2315	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1599	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	2316	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1600	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	2317	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1601	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1602	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1603	polling.
1604		2318
1605	=head3 Inotify	2319	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1606		2320
		2321	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		2322	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		2323	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		2324	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		2325	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		2326	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		2327	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		2328	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
		2329
		2330	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		2331	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		2332	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		2333	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		2334	default compilation environment.
		2335
		2336	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		2337
1607	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	2338	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1608	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2339	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1609	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	2340	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1610	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	2341	watcher is being started.
1611		2342
1612	Inotify presense does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2343	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1613	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2344	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1614	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presense of inotify support	2345	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1615	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	2346	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		2347	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2348	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2349	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2350	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1616		2351
1617	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2352	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1618	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2353	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1619	descriptor open on the object at all times).	2354	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2355	etc. is difficult.
		2356
		2357	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2358
		2359	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2360	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2361	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2362
		2363	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2364	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2365	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2366	watcher).
		2367
		2368	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2369	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2370	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2371
		2372	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2373	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
1620		2374
1621	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2375	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1622		2376
1623	The C<stat ()> syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2377	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1624	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still	2378	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1625	only support whole seconds.	2379	still only support whole seconds.
1626		2380
1627	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might	2381	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1628	miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and calls	2382	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1629	your callback, which does something. When there is another update within	2383	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1630	the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it.	2384	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		2385	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
1631		2386
1632	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till	2387	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1633	the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay C<ev_timer>	2388	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1634	(C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)>). The C<.01>	2389	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1635	is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating	2390	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
1636	systems.	2391
		2392	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		2393	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		2394	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		2395	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		2396	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		2397	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		2398	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		2399	the timer callback).
1637		2400
1638	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2401	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1639		2402
1640	=over 4	2403	=over 4
1641		2404
…		…
1647	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2410	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1648	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2411	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1649	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2412	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1650	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2413	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1651		2414
1652	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	2415	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1653	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	2416	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1654	last change was detected).	2417	last change was detected).
1655		2418
1656	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)	2419	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1657		2420
1658	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2421	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1659	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	2422	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1660	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	2423	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1661	useful simply to find out the new values.	2424	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		2425	new values.
1662		2426
1663	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	2427	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1664		2428
1665	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	2429	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1666	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	2430	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1667	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	2431	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		2432	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1668	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	2433	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1669		2434
1670	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	2435	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1671		2436
1672	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	2437	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1673	C<prev> != C<attr>.	2438	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		2439	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		2440	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1674		2441
1675	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	2442	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1676		2443
1677	The specified interval.	2444	The specified interval.
1678		2445
1679	=item const char *path [read-only]	2446	=item const char *path [read-only]
1680		2447
1681	The filesystem path that is being watched.	2448	The file system path that is being watched.
1682		2449
1683	=back	2450	=back
1684		2451
1685	=head3 Examples	2452	=head3 Examples
1686		2453
1687	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2454	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1688		2455
1689	static void	2456	static void
1690	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2457	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1691	{	2458	{
1692	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2459	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1693	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2460	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1694	{	2461	{
1695	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2462	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1696	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2463	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1697	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2464	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1698	}	2465	}
1699	else	2466	else
1700	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2467	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1701	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2468	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1702	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2469	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1703	}	2470	}
1704		2471
1705	...	2472	...
1706	ev_stat passwd;	2473	ev_stat passwd;
1707		2474
1708	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2475	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1709	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2476	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1710		2477
1711	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not	2478	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
1712	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so	2479	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
1713	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on	2480	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
1714	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).	2481	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
1715		2482
1716	static ev_stat passwd;	2483	static ev_stat passwd;
1717	static ev_timer timer;	2484	static ev_timer timer;
1718		2485
1719	static void	2486	static void
1720	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2487	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1721	{	2488	{
1722	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);	2489	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
1723		2490
1724	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */	2491	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
1725	}	2492	}
1726		2493
1727	static void	2494	static void
1728	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)	2495	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
1729	{	2496	{
1730	/* reset the one-second timer */	2497	/* reset the one-second timer */
1731	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);	2498	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
1732	}	2499	}
1733		2500
1734	...	2501	...
1735	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2502	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1736	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2503	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1737	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01);	2504	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1738		2505
1739		2506
1740	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2507	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1741		2508
1742	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2509	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1743	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2510	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1744	count).	2511	as receiving "events").
1745		2512
1746	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2513	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1747	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2514	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1748	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2515	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1749	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2516	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1760		2527
1761	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2528	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1762		2529
1763	=over 4	2530	=over 4
1764		2531
1765	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2532	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1766		2533
1767	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2534	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1768	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2535	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1769	believe me.	2536	believe me.
1770		2537
…		…
1773	=head3 Examples	2540	=head3 Examples
1774		2541
1775	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2542	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1776	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2543	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1777		2544
1778	static void	2545	static void
1779	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2546	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1780	{	2547	{
1781	free (w);	2548	free (w);
1782	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2549	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1783	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2550	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1784	}	2551	}
1785		2552
1786	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2553	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1787	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2554	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1788	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2555	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1789		2556
1790		2557
1791	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2558	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1792		2559
1793	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2560	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1794	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2561	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1795	afterwards.	2562	afterwards.
1796		2563
1797	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2564	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
1798	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2565	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
1801	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2568	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1802	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2569	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1803	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2570	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1804		2571
1805	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2572	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1806	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2573	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1807	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2574	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1808	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2575	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1809	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2576	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1810	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2577	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1811	watcher).	2578	watcher).
1812		2579
1813	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2580	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1814	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2581	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1815	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2582	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1816	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2583	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1817	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2584	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1818	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2585	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1819	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2586	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1820	because you never know, you know?).	2587	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1821		2588
1822	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2589	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1823	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2590	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1824	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2591	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1825	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2592	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1828	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2595	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1829	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2596	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1830		2597
1831	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2598	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1832	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2599	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2600	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2601
1833	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2602	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1834	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2603	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1835	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers	2604	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1836	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	2605	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1837	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	2606	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1838	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	2607	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1839	coexist peacefully with others).	2608	others).
1840		2609
1841	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2610	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1842		2611
1843	=over 4	2612	=over 4
1844		2613
…		…
1846		2615
1847	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2616	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1848		2617
1849	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2618	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1850	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2619	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1851	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2620	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2621	pointless.
1852		2622
1853	=back	2623	=back
1854		2624
1855	=head3 Examples	2625	=head3 Examples
1856		2626
1857	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	2627	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1858	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	2628	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1859	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	2629	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1860	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	2630	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1861	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	2631	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1862	into the Glib event loop).	2632	Glib event loop).
1863		2633
1864	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	2634	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1865	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2635	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1866	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2636	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1867	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2637	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1868	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2638	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1869		2639
1870	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2640	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1871	static ev_timer tw;	2641	static ev_timer tw;
1872		2642
1873	static void	2643	static void
1874	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2644	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1875	{	2645	{
1876	}	2646	}
1877		2647
1878	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2648	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1879	static void	2649	static void
1880	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2650	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1881	{	2651	{
1882	int timeout = 3600000;	2652	int timeout = 3600000;
1883	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2653	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1884	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2654	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1885	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2655	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1886		2656
1887	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2657	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1888	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2658	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
1889	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2659	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1890		2660
1891	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2661	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1892	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2662	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1893	{	2663	{
1894	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2664	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1895	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2665	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1896	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2666	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1897		2667
1898	fds [i].revents = 0;	2668	fds [i].revents = 0;
1899	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2669	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1900	}	2670	}
1901	}	2671	}
1902		2672
1903	// stop all watchers after blocking	2673	// stop all watchers after blocking
1904	static void	2674	static void
1905	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2675	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1906	{	2676	{
1907	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2677	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1908		2678
1909	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2679	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1910	{	2680	{
1911	// set the relevant poll flags	2681	// set the relevant poll flags
1912	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2682	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1913	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2683	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1914	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2684	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1915	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2685	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1916	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2686	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1917		2687
1918	// now stop the watcher	2688	// now stop the watcher
1919	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2689	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1920	}	2690	}
1921		2691
1922	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2692	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1923	}	2693	}
1924		2694
1925	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2695	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1926	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2696	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1927		2697
1928	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2698	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1929	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2699	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1930	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2700	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1931		2701
1932	static void	2702	static void
1933	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2703	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1934	{	2704	{
1935	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2705	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1936	update_now (EV_A);	2706	update_now (EV_A);
1937		2707
1938	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2708	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1939	}	2709	}
1940		2710
1941	static void	2711	static void
1942	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2712	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1943	{	2713	{
1944	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2714	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1945	update_now (EV_A);	2715	update_now (EV_A);
1946		2716
1947	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2717	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1948	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2718	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1949	}	2719	}
1950		2720
1951	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2721	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1952		2722
1953	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2723	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1954	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2724	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
1955	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2725	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
1956	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2726	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
1957	this.	2727	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2728	libglib event loop.
1958		2729
1959	static gint	2730	static gint
1960	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2731	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1961	{	2732	{
1962	int got_events = 0;	2733	int got_events = 0;
1963		2734
1964	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2735	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1965	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2736	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1966		2737
1967	if (timeout >= 0)	2738	if (timeout >= 0)
1968	// create/start timer	2739	// create/start timer
1969		2740
1970	// poll	2741	// poll
1971	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2742	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1972		2743
1973	// stop timer again	2744	// stop timer again
1974	if (timeout >= 0)	2745	if (timeout >= 0)
1975	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2746	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1976		2747
1977	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2748	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1978	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2749	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1979	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2750	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1980		2751
1981	return got_events;	2752	return got_events;
1982	}	2753	}
1983		2754
1984		2755
1985	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2756	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1986		2757
1987	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2758	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1993	prioritise I/O.	2764	prioritise I/O.
1994		2765
1995	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2766	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1996	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2767	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1997	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2768	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1998	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2769	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1999	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2770	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
2000	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2771	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
2001	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2772	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2773	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
2002		2774
2003	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2775	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
2004	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2776	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2005	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2777	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2006	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2778	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2007	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2779	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2008		2780
2009	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2781	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2010	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2782	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2011	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2783	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2012	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2784	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2013	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2785	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2014	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2786	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2015	embedded loop sweep.
2016		2787
2017	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2788	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2018	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2789	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2019	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2020	interested in that.
2021		2790
2022	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2791	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2023	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2792	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2024	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2793	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2025	yourself.	2794	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2026		2795
2027	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2796	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2028	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2797	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2029	portable one.	2798	portable one.
2030		2799
2031	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2800	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
2032	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2801	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
2033	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2802	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
2034	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.	2803	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
2035		2804
		2805	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
		2806
		2807	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
		2808	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
		2809	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
		2810	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
		2811	as applicable.
		2812
2036	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2813	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2037		2814
2038	=over 4	2815	=over 4
2039		2816
2040	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2817	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
…		…
2043		2820
2044	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2821	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2045	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2822	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2046	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2823	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2047	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2824	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
2048	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2825	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2049		2826
2050	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2827	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2051		2828
2052	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2829	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2053	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2830	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
2054	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2831	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2055		2832
2056	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2833	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2057		2834
2058	The embedded event loop.	2835	The embedded event loop.
2059		2836
…		…
2061		2838
2062	=head3 Examples	2839	=head3 Examples
2063		2840
2064	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default	2841	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
2065	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default	2842	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
2066	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the mebeddable loop is stored in	2843	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
2067	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the acse no embeddable loop can be	2844	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2068	used).	2845	used).
2069		2846
2070	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2847	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2071	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2848	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2072	struct ev_embed embed;	2849	ev_embed embed;
2073		2850
2074	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2851	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2075	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2852	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2076	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2853	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2077	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2854	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
2078	: 0;	2855	: 0;
2079		2856
2080	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2857	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
2081	if (loop_lo)	2858	if (loop_lo)
2082	{	2859	{
2083	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2860	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
2084	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2861	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
2085	}	2862	}
2086	else	2863	else
2087	loop_lo = loop_hi;	2864	loop_lo = loop_hi;
2088		2865
2089	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create	2866	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
2090	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any	2867	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
2091	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2868	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2092	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2869	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2093		2870
2094	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2871	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2095	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2872	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2096	struct ev_embed embed;	2873	ev_embed embed;
2097		2874
2098	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2875	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2099	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2876	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2100	{	2877	{
2101	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2878	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2102	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	2879	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
2103	}	2880	}
2104		2881
2105	if (!loop_socket)	2882	if (!loop_socket)
2106	loop_socket = loop;	2883	loop_socket = loop;
2107		2884
2108	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else	2885	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
2109		2886
2110		2887
2111	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2888	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2112		2889
2113	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2890	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
2116	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2893	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2117	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2894	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2118	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2895	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2119	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2896	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2120		2897
		2898	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		2899
		2900	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
		2901	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		2902	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		2903
		2904	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		2905	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		2906	fork.
		2907
		2908	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		2909	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		2910	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		2911
		2912	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		2913	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		2914	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		2915	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		2916
		2917	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		2918	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		2919	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		2920	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		2921	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		2922	signal watchers).
		2923
		2924	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		2925	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		2926	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		2927	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		2928	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		2929	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		2930
2121	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2931	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2122		2932
2123	=over 4	2933	=over 4
2124		2934
2125	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2935	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2157	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	2967	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
2158	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't	2968	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
2159	need elaborate support such as pthreads.	2969	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
2160		2970
2161	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own	2971	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
2162	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your	2972	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
2163	queue:	2973	queue:
2164		2974
2165	=over 4	2975	=over 4
2166		2976
2167	=item queueing from a signal handler context	2977	=item queueing from a signal handler context
2168		2978
2169	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal	2979	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
2170	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for	2980	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
2171	some fictitiuous SIGUSR1 handler:	2981	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
2172		2982
2173	static ev_async mysig;	2983	static ev_async mysig;
2174		2984
2175	static void	2985	static void
2176	sigusr1_handler (void)	2986	sigusr1_handler (void)
…		…
2242	=over 4	3052	=over 4
2243		3053
2244	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	3054	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2245		3055
2246	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	3056	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2247	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3057	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2248	believe me.	3058	trust me.
2249		3059
2250	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3060	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2251		3061
2252	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3062	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2253	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3063	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2254	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or	3064	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2255	similar contexts (see the dicusssion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3065	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2256	section below on what exactly this means).	3066	section below on what exactly this means).
2257		3067
		3068	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		3069	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		3070	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		3071	reset when the event loop detects that).
		3072
2258	This call incurs the overhead of a syscall only once per loop iteration,	3073	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2259	so while the overhead might be noticable, it doesn't apply to repeated	3074	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2260	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	3075	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
		3076
		3077	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		3078
		3079	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		3080	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		3081	event loop.
		3082
		3083	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		3084	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		3085	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		3086	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		3087
		3088	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
		3089	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3090	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3091	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2261		3092
2262	=back	3093	=back
2263		3094
2264		3095
2265	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3096	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2269	=over 4	3100	=over 4
2270		3101
2271	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3102	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
2272		3103
2273	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3104	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
2274	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	3105	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
2275	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3106	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
2276	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3107	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2277	more watchers yourself.	3108	more watchers yourself.
2278		3109
2279	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	3110	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
2280	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	3111	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
2281	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	3112	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
2282		3113
2283	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	3114	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2284	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	3115	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2285	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	3116	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2286	dubious value.
2287		3117
2288	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	3118	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
2289	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	3119	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2290	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	3120	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
2291	value passed to C<ev_once>:	3121	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		3122	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		3123	events precedence.
2292		3124
		3125	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		3126
2293	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	3127	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2294	{	3128	{
2295	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
2296	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2297	else if (revents & EV_READ)	3129	if (revents & EV_READ)
2298	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	3130	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		3131	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
		3132	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2299	}	3133	}
2300		3134
2301	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3135	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2302		3136
2303	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	3137	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2304		3138
2305	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	3139	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2306	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	3140	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2307	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	3141	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2308		3142
2309	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3143	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
2310		3144
2311	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3145	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2312	the given events it.	3146	the given events it.
2313		3147
2314	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3148	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2315		3149
2316	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	3150	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2317	loop!).	3151	loop!).
2318		3152
2319	=back	3153	=back
2320		3154
2321		3155
…		…
2337		3171
2338	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3172	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
2339	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3173	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
2340	is an ev_pri field.	3174	is an ev_pri field.
2341		3175
		3176	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		3177	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		3178
2342	=item * Other members are not supported.	3179	=item * Other members are not supported.
2343		3180
2344	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3181	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
2345	to use the libev header file and library.	3182	to use the libev header file and library.
2346		3183
2347	=back	3184	=back
2348		3185
2349	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3186	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
2350		3187
2351	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3188	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
2352	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3189	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2353	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3190	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2354		3191
2355	To use it,	3192	To use it,
2356		3193
2357	#include <ev++.h>	3194	#include <ev++.h>
2358		3195
2359	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	3196	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2360	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	3197	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2361	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	3198	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
2362	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	3199	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2429	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	3266	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2430	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	3267	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2431		3268
2432	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	3269	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2433		3270
2434	struct myclass	3271	struct myclass
2435	{	3272	{
2436	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3273	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2437	}	3274	}
2438		3275
2439	myclass obj;	3276	myclass obj;
2440	ev::io iow;	3277	ev::io iow;
2441	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3278	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		3279
		3280	=item w->set (object *)
		3281
		3282	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		3283
		3284	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3285	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3286	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3287	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3288	list.
		3289
		3290	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3291	int revents)>.
		3292
		3293	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3294
		3295	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3296
		3297	struct myfunctor
		3298	{
		3299	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3300	{
		3301	...
		3302	}
		3303	}
		3304
		3305	myfunctor f;
		3306
		3307	ev::io w;
		3308	w.set (&f);
2442		3309
2443	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3310	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2444		3311
2445	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3312	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2446	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3313	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2448		3315
2449	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	3316	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
2450		3317
2451	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	3318	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2452		3319
2453	Example:	3320	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2454		3321
2455	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3322	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2456	iow.set <io_cb> ();	3323	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2457		3324
2458	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3325	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
2459		3326
2460	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3327	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2461	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3328	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2462		3329
2463	=item w->set ([args])	3330	=item w->set ([arguments])
2464		3331
2465	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	3332	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
2466	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	3333	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
2467	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	3334	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
2468	method.	3335	method.
2469		3336
2470	=item w->start ()	3337	=item w->start ()
…		…
2494	=back	3361	=back
2495		3362
2496	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	3363	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
2497	the constructor.	3364	the constructor.
2498		3365
2499	class myclass	3366	class myclass
2500	{	3367	{
2501	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	3368	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2502	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	3369	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2503		3370
2504	myclass (int fd)	3371	myclass (int fd)
2505	{	3372	{
2506	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	3373	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
2507	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	3374	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2508		3375
2509	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	3376	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
2510	}	3377	}
2511	};	3378	};
2512		3379
2513		3380
2514	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	3381	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
2515		3382
2516	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a	3383	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
2517	numbe rof languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know	3384	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
2518	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop	3385	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
2519	me a note.	3386	me a note.
2520		3387
2521	=over 4	3388	=over 4
2522		3389
2523	=item Perl	3390	=item Perl
2524		3391
2525	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test	3392	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
2526	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,	3393	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
2527	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces	3394	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
2528	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the	3395	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
2529	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).	3396	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3397	and C<EV::Glib>).
2530		3398
2531	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is found at	3399	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
2532	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3400	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2533		3401
		3402	=item Python
		3403
		3404	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		3405	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
		3406
2534	=item Ruby	3407	=item Ruby
2535		3408
2536	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3409	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2537	of the libev API and adds filehandle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3410	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2538	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3411	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2539	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3412	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2540		3413
		3414	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3415	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3416
		3417	=item Haskell
		3418
		3419	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3420	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3421
2541	=item D	3422	=item D
2542		3423
2543	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3424	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2544	be found at L<http://git.llucax.com.ar/?p=software/ev.d.git;a=summary>.	3425	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3426
		3427	=item Ocaml
		3428
		3429	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3430	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3431
		3432	=item Lua
		3433
		3434	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev
		3435	for lua (only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
		3436	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
2545		3437
2546	=back	3438	=back
2547		3439
2548		3440
2549	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3441	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2550		3442
2551	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal	3443	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2552	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)	3444	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2553	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	3445	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2554		3446
2555	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	3447	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2556	following macros are defined:	3448	following macros are defined:
…		…
2561		3453
2562	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3454	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2563	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3455	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2564	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3456	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2565		3457
2566	ev_unref (EV_A);	3458	ev_unref (EV_A);
2567	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3459	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2568	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3460	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2569		3461
2570	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3462	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2571	which is often provided by the following macro.	3463	which is often provided by the following macro.
2572		3464
2573	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3465	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2574		3466
2575	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3467	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2576	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	3468	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2577	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	3469	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2578		3470
2579	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3471	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2580	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3472	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2581		3473
2582	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3474	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2583	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3475	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2584		3476
2585	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3477	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2586	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3478	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2587		3479
2588	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3480	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2589		3481
2590	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	3482	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2591	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	3483	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		3484
		3485	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		3486
		3487	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		3488	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		3489	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		3490	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		3491
		3492	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		3493	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2592		3494
2593	=back	3495	=back
2594		3496
2595	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	3497	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2596	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	3498	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2597	or not.	3499	or not.
2598		3500
2599	static void	3501	static void
2600	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3502	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2601	{	3503	{
2602	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3504	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2603	}	3505	}
2604		3506
2605	ev_check check;	3507	ev_check check;
2606	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3508	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2607	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3509	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2608	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3510	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2609		3511
2610	=head1 EMBEDDING	3512	=head1 EMBEDDING
2611		3513
2612	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3514	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2613	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3515	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2620	libev somewhere in your source tree).	3522	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2621		3523
2622	=head2 FILESETS	3524	=head2 FILESETS
2623		3525
2624	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	3526	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2625	in your app.	3527	in your application.
2626		3528
2627	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3529	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2628		3530
2629	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3531	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2630	configuration (no autoconf):	3532	configuration (no autoconf):
2631		3533
2632	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3534	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2633	#include "ev.c"	3535	#include "ev.c"
2634		3536
2635	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3537	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2636	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3538	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2637	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3539	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2638	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3540	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2639	where you can put other configuration options):	3541	where you can put other configuration options):
2640		3542
2641	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3543	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2642	#include "ev.h"	3544	#include "ev.h"
2643		3545
2644	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3546	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2645	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3547	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2646	as a bug).	3548	as a bug).
2647		3549
2648	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3550	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2649	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3551	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2650		3552
2651	ev.h	3553	ev.h
2652	ev.c	3554	ev.c
2653	ev_vars.h	3555	ev_vars.h
2654	ev_wrap.h	3556	ev_wrap.h
2655		3557
2656	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3558	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2657		3559
2658	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	3560	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2659	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3561	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2660	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3562	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2661	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3563	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2662	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3564	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2663		3565
2664	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3566	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2665	to compile this single file.	3567	to compile this single file.
2666		3568
2667	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3569	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2668		3570
2669	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3571	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2670		3572
2671	#include "event.c"	3573	#include "event.c"
2672		3574
2673	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3575	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2674		3576
2675	#include "event.h"	3577	#include "event.h"
2676		3578
2677	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3579	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2678		3580
2679	You need the following additional files for this:	3581	You need the following additional files for this:
2680		3582
2681	event.h	3583	event.h
2682	event.c	3584	event.c
2683		3585
2684	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3586	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2685		3587
2686	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3588	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2687	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3589	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2688	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3590	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2689	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3591	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2690		3592
2691	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3593	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2692		3594
2693	libev.m4	3595	libev.m4
2694		3596
2695	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3597	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2696		3598
2697	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3599	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2698	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3600	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2699	and only include the select backend.	3601	autoconf is documented for every option.
2700		3602
2701	=over 4	3603	=over 4
2702		3604
2703	=item EV_STANDALONE	3605	=item EV_STANDALONE
2704		3606
…		…
2706	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3608	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2707	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3609	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2708	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3610	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2709	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3611	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2710		3612
		3613	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3614	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3615
2711	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3616	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2712		3617
2713	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3618	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2714	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3619	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2715	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3620	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2716	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3621	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2717	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3622	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2718	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3623	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2719	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3624	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2720		3625
2721	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3626	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2722		3627
2723	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3628	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2724	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3629	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2725	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3630	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2726	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3631	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2727	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3632	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2728	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3633	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3634	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3635	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3636
		3637	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3638
		3639	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3640	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3641	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3642	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3643	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3644	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3645	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3646	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2729		3647
2730	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3648	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2731		3649
2732	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3650	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2733	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3651	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
2734		3652
		3653	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3654
		3655	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3656	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3657	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3658	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3659	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3660
2735	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3661	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2736		3662
2737	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3663	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2738	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3664	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2739	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3665	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2740	will not be compiled in.	3666	will not be compiled in.
2741		3667
2742	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3668	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2743		3669
2744	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3670	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2745	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3671	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2746	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3672	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
2747	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3673	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
2748	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3674	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
2749	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3675	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
2750	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3676	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
2751		3677
2752	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3678	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
2753		3679
2754	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3680	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
2755	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3681	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
2757	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3683	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2758	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3684	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2759	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3685	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2760	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3686	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2761		3687
2762	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE	3688	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
2763		3689
2764	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map	3690	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
2765	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the	3691	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
2766	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually	3692	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
2767	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,	3693	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
2768	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.	3694	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
2769		3695
		3696	=item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
		3697
		3698	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors
		3699	using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing
		3700	their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier
		3701	to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value.
		3702
		3703	=item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
		3704
		3705	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
		3706	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
		3707	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
		3708	the underlying OS handle.
		3709
2770	=item EV_USE_POLL	3710	=item EV_USE_POLL
2771		3711
2772	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3712	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2773	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3713	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
2774	takes precedence over select.	3714	takes precedence over select.
2775		3715
2776	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3716	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2777		3717
2778	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3718	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2779	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3719	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2780	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3720	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2781	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3721	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3722	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2782		3723
2783	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3724	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2784		3725
2785	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3726	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2786	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3727	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2799	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3740	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2800	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3741	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2801		3742
2802	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3743	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2803		3744
2804	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3745	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2805		3746
2806	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	3747	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2807		3748
2808	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	3749	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2809	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	3750	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2810	be detected at runtime.	3751	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3752	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2811		3753
2812	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	3754	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
2813		3755
2814	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	3756	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
2815	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	3757	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
2816	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	3758	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
2817	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	3759	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
2818	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	3760	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
2819		3761
2820	In the absense of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	3762	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
2821	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	3763	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2822		3764
2823	=item EV_H	3765	=item EV_H
2824		3766
2825	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3767	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
…		…
2864	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3806	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2865	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3807	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2866	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3808	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2867	fine.	3809	fine.
2868		3810
2869	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3811	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
2870	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3812	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2871		3813
2872	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3814	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2873		3815
2874	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3816	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2875	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3817	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2882	code.	3824	code.
2883		3825
2884	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3826	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2885		3827
2886	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3828	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2887	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3829	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
		3830	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
2888		3831
2889	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE	3832	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2890		3833
2891	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If	3834	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2892	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3835	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
…		…
2902	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3845	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2903		3846
2904	=item EV_MINIMAL	3847	=item EV_MINIMAL
2905		3848
2906	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3849	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2907	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3850	speed (but with the full API), define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this
2908	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3851	is used to override some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size
		3852	on amd64. It also selects a much smaller 2-heap for timer management over
		3853	the default 4-heap.
		3854
		3855	You can save even more by disabling watcher types you do not need
		3856	and setting C<EV_MAXPRI> == C<EV_MINPRI>. Also, disabling C<assert>
		3857	(C<-DNDEBUG>) will usually reduce code size a lot.
		3858
		3859	Defining C<EV_MINIMAL> to C<2> will additionally reduce the core API to
		3860	provide a bare-bones event library. See C<ev.h> for details on what parts
		3861	of the API are still available, and do not complain if this subset changes
		3862	over time.
		3863
		3864	=item EV_NSIG
		3865
		3866	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
		3867	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
		3868	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
		3869	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
		3870	good for about any system in existance) can save some memory, as libev
		3871	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
2909		3872
2910	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3873	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2911		3874
2912	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3875	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2913	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3876	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
…		…
2920	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3883	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2921	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3884	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2922	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3885	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2923	two).	3886	two).
2924		3887
		3888	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3889
		3890	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3891	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3892	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		3893	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3894
		3895	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3896	(disabled).
		3897
		3898	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3899
		3900	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3901	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3902	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3903	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3904	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3905	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3906
		3907	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3908	(disabled).
		3909
		3910	=item EV_VERIFY
		3911
		3912	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3913	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3914	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3915	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3916	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3917	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3918	libev considerably.
		3919
		3920	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3921	C<0>.
		3922
2925	=item EV_COMMON	3923	=item EV_COMMON
2926		3924
2927	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3925	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2928	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3926	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2929	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3927	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2930	though, and it must be identical each time.	3928	though, and it must be identical each time.
2931		3929
2932	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3930	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2933		3931
2934	#define EV_COMMON \	3932	#define EV_COMMON \
2935	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3933	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2936	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3934	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2937		3935
2938	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3936	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2939		3937
2940	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3938	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2941		3939
…		…
2946	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for	3944	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2947	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3945	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2948	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3946	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2949	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3947	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
2950		3948
		3949	=back
		3950
2951	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	3951	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
2952		3952
2953	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of	3953	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
2954	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	3954	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
2955	all public symbols, one per line:	3955	all public symbols, one per line:
2956		3956
2957	Symbols.ev for libev proper	3957	Symbols.ev for libev proper
2958	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	3958	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
2959		3959
2960	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	3960	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
2961	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	3961	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
2962	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).	3962	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
2963		3963
2964	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to	3964	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
2965	include before including F<ev.h>:	3965	include before including F<ev.h>:
2966		3966
2967	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h	3967	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
…		…
2984	file.	3984	file.
2985		3985
2986	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3986	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2987	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3987	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2988		3988
2989	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3989	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2990	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3990	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2991	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3991	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2992	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3992	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2993	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3993	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2994	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3994	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2995	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3995	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2996	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3996	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2997	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3997	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2998		3998
2999	#include "ev++.h"	3999	#include "ev++.h"
3000		4000
3001	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4001	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
3002		4002
3003	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4003	#include "ev_cpp.h"
3004	#include "ev.c"	4004	#include "ev.c"
3005		4005
		4006	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
3006		4007
3007	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	4008	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
3008		4009
3009	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	4010	=head3 THREADS
3010	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
3011	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
3012		4011
3013	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	4012	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
3014	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	4013	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
3015	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	4014	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
3016	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average	4015	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
3017	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.	4016	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		4017	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		4018	structures that need any locking.
		4019
		4020	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		4021	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		4022	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		4023	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		4024	a mutex per loop).
		4025
		4026	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		4027	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		4028	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		4029	outside".
		4030
		4031	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		4032	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		4033	help you, but here is some generic advice:
3018		4034
3019	=over 4	4035	=over 4
3020		4036
3021	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	4037	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		4038	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
3022		4039
3023	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	4040	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
3024	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	4041	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
3025	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
3026		4042
3027	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	4043	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
3028		4044
3029	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	4045	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
3030	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	4046	exists, but it is always a good start.
3031		4047
3032	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)	4048	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		4049	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
3033		4050
3034	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	4051	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		4052	better than you currently do :-)
3035		4053
3036	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)	4054	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		4055	event loop.
3037		4056
3038	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	4057	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		4058	(or from signal contexts...).
3039		4059
3040	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	4060	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
3041	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	4061	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
3042	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	4062	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
3043		4063	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3044	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
3045
3046	By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the
3047	beginning of the storage array.
3048
3049	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
3050
3051	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
3052	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
3053	on backend and wether C<ev_io_set> was used).
3054
3055	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
3056
3057	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
3058
3059	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
3060	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
3061	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
3062	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
3063
3064	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
3065
3066	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
3067
3068	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
3069
3070	Sending involves a syscall I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
3071	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
3072	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3073		4064
3074	=back	4065	=back
3075		4066
		4067	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
3076		4068
3077	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds	4069	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		4070	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		4071	created/added/removed.
		4072
		4073	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		4074	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		4075	languages).
		4076
		4077	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		4078	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		4079	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		4080
		4081	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		4082
		4083	typedef struct {
		4084	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		4085	ev_async async_w;
		4086	thread_t tid;
		4087	cond_t invoke_cv;
		4088	} userdata;
		4089
		4090	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		4091	{
		4092	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		4093	static userdata u;
		4094
		4095	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		4096	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4097
		4098	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		4099	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		4100
		4101	// now associate this with the loop
		4102	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		4103	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		4104	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		4105
		4106	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		4107	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		4108	}
		4109
		4110	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		4111	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		4112	that might have been added:
		4113
		4114	static void
		4115	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		4116	{
		4117	// just used for the side effects
		4118	}
		4119
		4120	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4121	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4122
		4123	static void
		4124	l_release (EV_P)
		4125	{
		4126	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4127	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4128	}
		4129
		4130	static void
		4131	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4132	{
		4133	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4134	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4135	}
		4136
		4137	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4138	into C<ev_loop>:
		4139
		4140	void *
		4141	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4142	{
		4143	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4144
		4145	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4146	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4147	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		4148	l_release (EV_A);
		4149
		4150	return 0;
		4151	}
		4152
		4153	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4154	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4155	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4156	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4157	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4158	watchers is very beneficial):
		4159
		4160	static void
		4161	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4162	{
		4163	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4164
		4165	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4166	{
		4167	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4168	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4169	}
		4170	}
		4171
		4172	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4173	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4174	thread to continue:
		4175
		4176	static void
		4177	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4178	{
		4179	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4180
		4181	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4182	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4183	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4184	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4185	}
		4186
		4187	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4188	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4189
		4190	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4191	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4192
		4193	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4194
		4195	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4196	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4197	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4198	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4199
		4200	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4201	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4202	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4203	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4204
		4205	=head3 COROUTINES
		4206
		4207	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		4208	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		4209	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		4210	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
		4211	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
		4212	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		4213
		4214	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		4215	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		4216	they do not call any callbacks.
		4217
		4218	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		4219
		4220	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		4221	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		4222	scared by this.
		4223
		4224	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		4225	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		4226	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		4227	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		4228
		4229	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		4230	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		4231	maintainable.
		4232
		4233	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		4234	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		4235	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		4236	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have
		4237	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		4238	such buggy versions.
		4239
		4240	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		4241	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		4242	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		4243	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		4244	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		4245
		4246
		4247	=head2 VALGRIND
		4248
		4249	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		4250	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		4251
		4252	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		4253	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		4254
		4255	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4256	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4257	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		4258
		4259	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		4260	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
		4261
		4262	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		4263	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		4264	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		4265	confused.
		4266
		4267	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		4268	make it into some kind of religion.
		4269
		4270	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		4271	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		4272	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		4273	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		4274	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		4275
		4276	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		4277	I suggest using suppression lists.
		4278
		4279
		4280	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		4281
		4282	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
3078		4283
3079	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	4284	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
3080	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	4285	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
3081	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	4286	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
3082	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	4287	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
3083	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	4288	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
3084	e.g. cygwin.	4289	e.g. cygwin.
3085		4290
		4291	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		4292	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		4293	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		4294	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		4295
3086	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	4296	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3087	embedding it into other applications.	4297	embedding it into other applications.
3088		4298
		4299	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4300	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		4301
		4302	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		4303	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		4304	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		4305	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		4306	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		4307	available).
		4308
3089	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the	4309	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
3090	abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not	4310	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3091	recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than	4311	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3092	a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different	4312	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3093	implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX model, which cannot	4313	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3094	be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games).	4314	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		4315	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
		4316
		4317	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		4318	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		4319	of F<ev.h>:
		4320
		4321	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		4322	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		4323
		4324	#include "ev.h"
		4325
		4326	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		4327	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		4328
		4329	#include "evwrap.h"
		4330	#include "ev.c"
3095		4331
3096	=over 4	4332	=over 4
3097		4333
3098	=item The winsocket select function	4334	=item The winsocket select function
3099		4335
3100	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires	4336	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
3101	socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors>. This makes select	4337	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
3102	very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors	4338	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
3103	to socket handles. See the discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>,	4339	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
3104	C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor	4340	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
3105	symbols for more info.	4341	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		4342	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
3106		4343
3107	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the microsoft runtime	4344	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
3108	libraries and raw winsocket select is:	4345	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
3109		4346
3110	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1	4347	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3111	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	4348	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
3112		4349
3113	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	4350	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
3114	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	4351	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
3115		4352
3116	=item Limited number of file descriptors	4353	=item Limited number of file descriptors
3117		4354
3118	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions	4355	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
3119	of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of C<64> handles	4356
		4357	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3120	(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for	4358	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3121	C<64> things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a	4359	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3122	chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each).	4360	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		4361	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3123		4362
3124	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4363	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3125	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4364	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3126	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4365	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3127	select emulation on windows).	4366	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3128		4367
3129	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime	4368	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3130	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4369	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3131	or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4370	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3132	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4371	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3133	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime	4372	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3134	libraries.
3135
3136	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4373	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3137	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4374	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3138	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4375	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3139	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4376	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3140		4377
3141	=back	4378	=back
3142		4379
		4380	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		4381
		4382	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		4383	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		4384
		4385	=over 4
		4386
		4387	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		4388	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		4389
		4390	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		4391	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		4392	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		4393	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		4394	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		4395
		4396	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		4397
		4398	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		4399	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		4400	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		4401	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		4402
		4403	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		4404
		4405	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		4406	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		4407	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		4408	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		4409	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		4410	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		4411
		4412	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		4413	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		4414	well.
		4415
		4416	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		4417
		4418	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		4419	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		4420	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		4421	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		4422	watchers.
		4423
		4424	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		4425
		4426	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		4427	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		4428	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		4429	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing
		4430	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least
		4431	2200.
		4432
		4433	=back
		4434
		4435	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		4436
		4437
		4438	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
		4439
		4440	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		4441	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
		4442	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		4443
		4444	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		4445	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		4446	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		4447	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		4448	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		4449
		4450	=over 4
		4451
		4452	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4453
		4454	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		4455	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
		4456	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		4457
		4458	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4459
		4460	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		4461	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		4462
		4463	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4464
		4465	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		4466
		4467	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4468
		4469	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		4470
		4471	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
		4472	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		4473	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		4474	is rare).
		4475
		4476	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		4477
		4478	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		4479	fixed position in the storage array.
		4480
		4481	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		4482
		4483	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		4484	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		4485	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		4486
		4487	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		4488
		4489	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		4490
		4491	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		4492	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		4493	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		4494	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		4495
		4496	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		4497
		4498	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		4499
		4500	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		4501
		4502	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		4503	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		4504	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
		4505
		4506	=back
		4507
		4508
		4509	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4510
		4511	=over 4
		4512
		4513	=item active
		4514
		4515	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
		4516	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
		4517
		4518	=item application
		4519
		4520	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4521
		4522	=item callback
		4523
		4524	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4525	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4526	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4527
		4528	=item callback invocation
		4529
		4530	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4531
		4532	=item event
		4533
		4534	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4535	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4536	any other events happening anymore.
		4537
		4538	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4539	C<EV_TIMEOUT>).
		4540
		4541	=item event library
		4542
		4543	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4544
		4545	=item event loop
		4546
		4547	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4548	into callback invocations.
		4549
		4550	=item event model
		4551
		4552	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4553	watchers and events.
		4554
		4555	=item pending
		4556
		4557	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
		4558	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
		4559	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
		4560
		4561	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
		4562	its pending status.
		4563
		4564	=item real time
		4565
		4566	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4567
		4568	=item wall-clock time
		4569
		4570	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4571	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4572	clock.
		4573
		4574	=item watcher
		4575
		4576	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4577	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4578
		4579	=item watcher invocation
		4580
		4581	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4582
		4583	=back
3143		4584
3144	=head1 AUTHOR	4585	=head1 AUTHOR
3145		4586
3146	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4587	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3147		4588

Diff Legend

–	Removed lines
+	Added lines
<	Changed lines
>	Changed lines