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…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_<type>
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		18
		19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	21	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	23	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	24	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	31	}
24		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	34	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	36	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	37	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	40	}
31		41
32	int	42	int
33	main (void)	43	main (void)
34	{	44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		47
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		57
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	58	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	62	return 0;
49	}	63	}
50		64
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		66
		67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
		68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		69	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.
		70
53	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
54	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
55	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
56		74
57	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	75	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
58	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	76	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
59	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	77	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
61	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
62	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
63	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
64	watcher.	82	watcher.
65		83
66	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
67		85
68	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
69	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
70	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
71	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
…		…
78		96
79	It also is quite fast (see this	97	It also is quite fast (see this
80	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
81	for example).	99	for example).
82		100
83	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
84		102
85	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
86	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
87	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
88	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
89	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
90	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		109	this argument.
91		110
92	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
93		112
94	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
95	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
96	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
97	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
98	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
99	it, you should treat it as such.	118	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name
		119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		120	throughout libev.
100		121
101	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	122	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
102		123
103	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	124	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
104	library in any way.	125	library in any way.
…		…
109		130
110	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	131	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
111	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	132	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
112	you actually want to know.	133	you actually want to know.
113		134
		135	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		136
		137	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		138	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		139	this is a subsecond-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		140
114	=item int ev_version_major ()	141	=item int ev_version_major ()
115		142
116	=item int ev_version_minor ()	143	=item int ev_version_minor ()
117		144
118	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	145	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
119	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	146	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
120	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	147	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
121	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	148	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
122	version of the library your program was compiled against.	149	version of the library your program was compiled against.
123		150
		151	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		152	release version.
		153
124	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	154	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
125	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	155	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
126	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	156	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
127	not a problem.	157	not a problem.
128		158
129	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	159	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
130	version.	160	version.
…		…
166	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	196	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
167		197
168	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	198	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
169		199
170	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	200	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
171	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	201	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
172	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	202	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
173	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	203	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
174	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	204	or take some potentially destructive action.
175	function.	205
		206	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		207	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		208	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
176		209
177	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	210	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
178	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	211	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
179	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	212	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
180		213
181	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	214	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
182	retries).	215	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
183		216
184	static void *	217	static void *
185	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	218	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
186	{	219	{
187	for (;;)	220	for (;;)
…		…
226		259
227	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	260	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
228	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	261	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
229	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	262	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
230		263
231	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
232	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
233	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
234	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
235	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
236	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
237
238	=over 4	264	=over 4
239		265
240	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	266	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
241		267
242	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	268	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised
…		…
244	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	270	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the
245	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	271	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
246		272
247	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	273	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
248	function.	274	function.
		275
		276	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		277	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		278	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		279
		280	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		281	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		282	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your app you can either
		283	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		284	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		285	C<ev_default_init>.
249		286
250	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	287	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
251	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	288	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
252		289
253	The following flags are supported:	290	The following flags are supported:
…		…
275	enabling this flag.	312	enabling this flag.
276		313
277	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	314	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
278	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	315	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
279	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	316	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
280	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	317	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
281	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	318	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
282	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	319	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
283		320
284	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	321	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
285	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	322	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
286	flag.	323	flag.
…		…
291	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	328	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
292		329
293	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	330	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
294	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	331	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
295	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	332	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
296	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	333	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
297	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	334	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		335
		336	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		337	parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		338	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		339	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		340	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		341	readyness notifications you get per iteration.
298		342
299	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	343	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
300		344
301	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	345	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
302	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	346	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
303	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	347	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
304	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	348	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		349	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		350	performance tips.
305		351
306	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	352	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
307		353
308	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	354	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
309	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	355	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
310	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	356	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
311	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	357	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		358	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		359	cases and requiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad
		360	support for dup.
312		361
313	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	362	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
314	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	363	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident
315	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	364	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
316	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	365	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
317	well if you register events for both fds.	366	very well if you register events for both fds.
318		367
319	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	368	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
320	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	369	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
321	(or space) is available.	370	(or space) is available.
322		371
		372	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		373	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.
		374	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.
		375
		376	While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		377	all kernel versions tested so far.
		378
323	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	379	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
324		380
325	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	381	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
326	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	382	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
327	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	383	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
328	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	384	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"
329	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	385	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
330	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	386	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		387	system like NetBSD.
		388
		389	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		390	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		391	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
331		392
332	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	393	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
333	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	394	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
334	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	395	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
335	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	396	cause an extra syscall as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
336	incident, so its best to avoid that.	397	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
		398	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		399
		400	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		401
		402	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		403	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		404	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		405	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		406	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for
		407	sockets.
337		408
338	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	409	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
339		410
340	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	411	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		412	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		413	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		414	immensely.
341		415
342	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	416	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
343		417
344	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	418	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
345	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	419	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
346		420
347	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	421	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
348	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	422	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
349	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	423	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		424
		425	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		426	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		427	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		428	might perform better.
		429
		430	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this
		431	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully
		432	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.
350		433
351	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	434	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
352		435
353	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	436	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
354	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	437	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
355	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	438	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
356		439
		440	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		441
357	=back	442	=back
358		443
359	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	444	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these
360	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	445	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
361	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	446	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
362	order of their flag values :)
363		447
364	The most typical usage is like this:	448	The most typical usage is like this:
365		449
366	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	450	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
367	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	451	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
…		…
381		465
382	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	466	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
383	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	467	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
384	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	468	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
385	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	469	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
		470
		471	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		472	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		473	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
386		474
387	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	475	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
388		476
389	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	477	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
390	if (!epoller)	478	if (!epoller)
…		…
395	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	483	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
396	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	484	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
397	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	485	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
398	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	486	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>
399	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	487	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
400	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	488	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
401	for example).	489	for example).
		490
		491	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		492	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		493	would need to be stopped manually.
		494
		495	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		496	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		497	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		498	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
402		499
403	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	500	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
404		501
405	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	502	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
406	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	503	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
407		504
408	=item ev_default_fork ()	505	=item ev_default_fork ()
409		506
		507	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
410	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	508	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
411	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	509	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
412	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	510	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
413	again makes little sense).	511	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		512	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
414		513
415	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	514	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
416	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	515	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
417	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	516	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
418		517
419	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	518	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
420	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	519	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
421	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	520	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
422		521
423	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	522	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
424		523
425	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
426	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
427	do not need to care.
428
429	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	524	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
430		525
431	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	526	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
432	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	527	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
433	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	528	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
		529
		530	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		531
		532	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.
434		533
435	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	534	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
436		535
437	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	536	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
438	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	537	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
451		550
452	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	551	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
453	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	552	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
454	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	553	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
455	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	554	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
456	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	555	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
457		556
458	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	557	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
459		558
460	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	559	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
461	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	560	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
482	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	581	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
483	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	582	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
484		583
485	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	584	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
486		585
487	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	586	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
488	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	587	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
		588	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.
		589	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
489	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	590	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
490	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	591	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
491	- Update the "event loop time".	592	- Update the "event loop time".
492	- Calculate for how long to block.	593	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		594	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		595	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		596	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
493	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	597	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
494	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	598	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
495	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	599	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.
496	- Queue all outstanding timers.	600	- Queue all outstanding timers.
497	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	601	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
498	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	602	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
499	- Queue all check watchers.	603	- Queue all check watchers.
500	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	604	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
501	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	605	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
502	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	606	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
503	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	607	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
504	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	608	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		609	continue with step *.
505		610
506	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	611	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
507	anymore.	612	anymore.
508		613
509	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	614	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
510	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	615	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
511	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	616	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
…		…
515		620
516	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	621	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
517	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	622	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
518	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	623	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
519	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	624	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
		625
		626	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
520		627
521	=item ev_ref (loop)	628	=item ev_ref (loop)
522		629
523	=item ev_unref (loop)	630	=item ev_unref (loop)
524		631
…		…
529	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	636	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
530	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	637	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
531	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	638	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
532	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	639	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
533	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	640	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
534	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	641	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		642	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		643	respectively).
535		644
536	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	645	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
537	running when nothing else is active.	646	running when nothing else is active.
538		647
539	struct ev_signal exitsig;	648	struct ev_signal exitsig;
…		…
543		652
544	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	653	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
545		654
546	ev_ref (loop);	655	ev_ref (loop);
547	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	656	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		657
		658	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		659
		660	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		661
		662	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		663	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to
		664	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.
		665
		666	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		667	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to
		668	increase efficiency of loop iterations.
		669
		670	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to
		671	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes
		672	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		673	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		674	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		675
		676	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		677	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		678	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		679	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		680	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		681
		682	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		683	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		684	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers
		685	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce
		686	any overhead in libev.
		687
		688	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect
		689	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		690	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		691	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		692	as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.
548		693
549	=back	694	=back
550		695
551		696
552	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	697	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
…		…
652	=item C<EV_FORK>	797	=item C<EV_FORK>
653		798
654	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	799	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
655	C<ev_fork>).	800	C<ev_fork>).
656		801
		802	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		803
		804	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		805
657	=item C<EV_ERROR>	806	=item C<EV_ERROR>
658		807
659	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	808	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
660	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	809	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
661	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	810	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
…		…
732	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	881	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
733		882
734	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	883	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
735	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	884	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
736	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	885	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
737	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	886	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
738	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	887	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		888	it).
739		889
740	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	890	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
741		891
742	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	892	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
743		893
…		…
762	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.	912	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
763		913
764	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	914	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
765	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	915	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
766		916
		917	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		918	pending.
		919
767	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	920	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
768	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	921	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
769		922
770	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	923	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
771	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	924	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
772	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.	925	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		926
		927	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		928
		929	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		930	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		931	can deal with that fact.
		932
		933	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		934
		935	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		936	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		937	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
773		938
774	=back	939	=back
775		940
776		941
777	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	942	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
862	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1027	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
863	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1028	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
864	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1029	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
865	required if you know what you are doing).	1030	required if you know what you are doing).
866		1031
867	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
868	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
869	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
870	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
871	the same underlying "file open").
872
873	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1032	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
874	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1033	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
875	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1034	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
876		1035
877	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1036	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
…		…
883	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1042	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
884	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1043	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
885		1044
886	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1045	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
887	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1046	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
888	wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1047	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
889	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1048	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
890	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1049	its own, so its quite safe to use).
		1050
		1051	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1052
		1053	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1054	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		1055	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1056	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1057	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1058	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1059	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1060
		1061	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1062	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1063	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1064	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1065	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1066	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1067
		1068	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1069	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1070	optimisations to libev.
		1071
		1072	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1073
		1074	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1075	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1076	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1077	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1078
		1079	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1080	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1081	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1082
		1083	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1084
		1085	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1086	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1087	it in the child.
		1088
		1089	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1090	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1091	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1092	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1093
		1094	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1095
		1096	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:
		1097	when reading from a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program
		1098	gets send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most
		1099	programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually
		1100	undesirable.
		1101
		1102	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1103	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1104	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1105
		1106
		1107	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
891		1108
892	=over 4	1109	=over 4
893		1110
894	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1111	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
895		1112
…		…
906	=item int events [read-only]	1123	=item int events [read-only]
907		1124
908	The events being watched.	1125	The events being watched.
909		1126
910	=back	1127	=back
		1128
		1129	=head3 Examples
911		1130
912	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1131	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
913	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1132	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
914	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1133	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
915		1134
…		…
949		1168
950	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1169	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,
951	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1170	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
952	order of execution is undefined.	1171	order of execution is undefined.
953		1172
		1173	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1174
954	=over 4	1175	=over 4
955		1176
956	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1177	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
957		1178
958	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1179	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
…		…
966	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1187	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at
967	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1188	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with
968	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1189	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the
969	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1190	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
970		1191
971	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1192	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
972		1193
973	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1194	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
974	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1195	repeating. The exact semantics are:
975		1196
976	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1197	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
…		…
1011	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1232	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
1012	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1233	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1013		1234
1014	=back	1235	=back
1015		1236
		1237	=head3 Examples
		1238
1016	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1239	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1017		1240
1018	static void	1241	static void
1019	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1242	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1020	{	1243	{
…		…
1053	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1276	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
1054	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1277	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
1055	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1278	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()
1056	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1279	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
1057	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1280	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger
1058	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1281	roughly 10 seconds later).
1059	again).
1060		1282
1061	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1283	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
1062	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1284	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,
		1285	rules.
1063		1286
1064	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1287	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
1065	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1288	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1066	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1289	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
1067		1290
		1291	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1292
1068	=over 4	1293	=over 4
1069		1294
1070	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1295	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1071		1296
1072	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1297	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
…		…
1074	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1299	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1075	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1300	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
1076		1301
1077	=over 4	1302	=over 4
1078		1303
1079	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1304	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1080		1305
1081	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1306	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
1082	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1307	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
1083	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1308	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
1084	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1309	system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1085		1310
1086	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1311	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1087		1312
1088	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1313	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1089	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1314	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1090	of any time jumps.	1315	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1091		1316
1092	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1317	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1093	time:	1318	time:
1094		1319
1095	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1320	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
…		…
1101		1326
1102	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1327	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1103	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1328	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1104	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1329	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1105		1330
		1331	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1332	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1333	this value.
		1334
1106	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1335	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1107		1336
1108	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1337	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1109	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1338	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1110	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1339	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1111	current time as second argument.	1340	current time as second argument.
1112		1341
1113	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1342	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1114	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1343	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,
1115	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1344	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1116	starting a prepare watcher).	1345	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1117		1346
1118	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1347	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,
1119	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1348	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1120		1349
1121	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1350	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
…		…
1144	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1373	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1145	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1374	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1146	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1375	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1147	program when the crontabs have changed).	1376	program when the crontabs have changed).
1148		1377
		1378	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1379
		1380	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1381	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1382
		1383	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1384	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1385
1149	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1386	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1150		1387
1151	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1388	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1152	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1389	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1153	called.	1390	called.
…		…
1156		1393
1157	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1394	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1158	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1395	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1159	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1396	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1160		1397
		1398	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
		1399
		1400	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1401	trigger next.
		1402
1161	=back	1403	=back
		1404
		1405	=head3 Examples
1162		1406
1163	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1407	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1164	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1408	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1165	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1409	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
1166		1410
…		…
1206	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1450	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
1207	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1451	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1208	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1452	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1209	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1453	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1210		1454
		1455	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1456	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so syscalls should not be unduly
		1457	interrupted. If you have a problem with syscalls getting interrupted by
		1458	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1459	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1460
		1461	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1462
1211	=over 4	1463	=over 4
1212		1464
1213	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1465	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1214		1466
1215	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1467	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
…		…
1221		1473
1222	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1474	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1223		1475
1224	=back	1476	=back
1225		1477
		1478	=head3 Examples
		1479
		1480	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1481
		1482	static void
		1483	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1484	{
		1485	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1486	}
		1487
		1488	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1489	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1490	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1491
1226		1492
1227	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1493	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1228		1494
1229	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1495	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1230	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1496	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It
		1497	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been
		1498	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event
		1499	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).
		1500
		1501	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1502	you can only rgeister child watchers in the default event loop.
		1503
		1504	=head3 Process Interaction
		1505
		1506	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1507	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1508	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurance
		1509	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1510	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1511	children, even ones not watched.
		1512
		1513	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1514
		1515	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1516	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1517	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1518	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1519	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1520	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1521	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1522
		1523	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1231		1524
1232	=over 4	1525	=over 4
1233		1526
1234	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1527	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1235		1528
1236	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1529	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1237		1530
1238	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1531	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1239	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1532	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1240	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1533	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1241	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1534	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1242	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1535	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1243	process causing the status change.	1536	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1537	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1538	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1244		1539
1245	=item int pid [read-only]	1540	=item int pid [read-only]
1246		1541
1247	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1542	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1248		1543
…		…
1255	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1550	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1256	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1551	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1257		1552
1258	=back	1553	=back
1259		1554
1260	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1555	=head3 Examples
		1556
		1557	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1558	its completion.
		1559
		1560	ev_child cw;
1261		1561
1262	static void	1562	static void
1263	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1563	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
1264	{	1564	{
1265	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1565	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1566	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1266	}	1567	}
1267		1568
1268	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1569	pid_t pid = fork ();
1269	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1570
1270	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1571	if (pid < 0)
		1572	// error
		1573	else if (pid == 0)
		1574	{
		1575	// the forked child executes here
		1576	exit (1);
		1577	}
		1578	else
		1579	{
		1580	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1581	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1582	}
1271		1583
1272		1584
1273	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1585	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1274		1586
1275	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1587	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
…		…
1304	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1616	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
1305	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1617	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1306	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1618	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1307	polling.	1619	polling.
1308		1620
		1621	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1622
		1623	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1624	compilation environment, which means that on systems with optionally
		1625	disabled large file support, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1626	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1627	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1628	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1629	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1630	most noticably with ev_stat and largefile support.
		1631
		1632	=head3 Inotify
		1633
		1634	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only
		1635	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1636	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily
		1637	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1638
		1639	Inotify presense does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1640	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1641	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presense of inotify support
		1642	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.
		1643
		1644	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1645	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1646	descriptor open on the object at all times).
		1647
		1648	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1649
		1650	The C<stat ()> syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1651	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still
		1652	only support whole seconds.
		1653
		1654	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might
		1655	miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and calls
		1656	your callback, which does something. When there is another update within
		1657	the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it.
		1658
		1659	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till
		1660	the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay C<ev_timer>
		1661	(C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)>). The C<.01>
		1662	is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating
		1663	systems.
		1664
		1665	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1666
1309	=over 4	1667	=over 4
1310		1668
1311	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	1669	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1312		1670
1313	=item ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	1671	=item ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
…		…
1320		1678
1321	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1679	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,
1322	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1680	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1323	last change was detected).	1681	last change was detected).
1324		1682
1325	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	1683	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1326		1684
1327	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1685	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1328	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1686	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
1329	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1687	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
1330	useful simply to find out the new values.	1688	useful simply to find out the new values.
…		…
1348	=item const char *path [read-only]	1706	=item const char *path [read-only]
1349		1707
1350	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1708	The filesystem path that is being watched.
1351		1709
1352	=back	1710	=back
		1711
		1712	=head3 Examples
1353		1713
1354	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	1714	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1355		1715
1356	static void	1716	static void
1357	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	1717	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
…		…
1370	}	1730	}
1371		1731
1372	...	1732	...
1373	ev_stat passwd;	1733	ev_stat passwd;
1374		1734
1375	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	1735	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1376	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1736	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1737
		1738	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		1739	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		1740	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		1741	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		1742
		1743	static ev_stat passwd;
		1744	static ev_timer timer;
		1745
		1746	static void
		1747	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1748	{
		1749	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1750
		1751	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		1752	}
		1753
		1754	static void
		1755	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1756	{
		1757	/* reset the one-second timer */
		1758	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		1759	}
		1760
		1761	...
		1762	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		1763	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1764	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01);
1377		1765
1378		1766
1379	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1767	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1380		1768
1381	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	1769	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
…		…
1395	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1783	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1396	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1784	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1397	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1785	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1398	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1786	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1399		1787
		1788	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1789
1400	=over 4	1790	=over 4
1401		1791
1402	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1792	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1403		1793
1404	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1794	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1405	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1795	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1406	believe me.	1796	believe me.
1407		1797
1408	=back	1798	=back
		1799
		1800	=head3 Examples
1409		1801
1410	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	1802	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1411	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	1803	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1412		1804
1413	static void	1805	static void
1414	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1806	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1415	{	1807	{
1416	free (w);	1808	free (w);
1417	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1809	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1418	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	1810	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1419	}	1811	}
1420		1812
1421	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1813	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1422	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1814	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1423	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1815	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
…		…
1461	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1853	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1462	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1854	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1463	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1855	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1464	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	1856	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1465		1857
		1858	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1859	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1860	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1861	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1862	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers
		1863	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other
		1864	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable
		1865	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to
		1866	coexist peacefully with others).
		1867
		1868	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1869
1466	=over 4	1870	=over 4
1467		1871
1468	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1872	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1469		1873
1470	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1874	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
…		…
1473	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1877	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1474	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	1878	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1475		1879
1476	=back	1880	=back
1477		1881
1478	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	1882	=head3 Examples
1479	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	1883
		1884	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1885	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1886	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1887	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>
		1888	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV
		1889	into the Glib event loop).
		1890
		1891	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1480	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	1892	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1481	pseudo-code only of course:	1893	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1894	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1895	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1482		1896
1483	static ev_io iow [nfd];	1897	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1484	static ev_timer tw;	1898	static ev_timer tw;
1485		1899
1486	static void	1900	static void
1487	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1901	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1488	{	1902	{
1489	// set the relevant poll flags
1490	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1491	struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w->data;
1492	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1493	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1494	}	1903	}
1495		1904
1496	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	1905	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1497	static void	1906	static void
1498	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	1907	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
…		…
1504		1913
1505	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	1914	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1506	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	1915	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1507	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	1916	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1508		1917
1509	// create on ev_io per pollfd	1918	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1510	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1919	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1511	{	1920	{
1512	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	1921	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1513	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	1922	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1514	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	1923	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1515		1924
1516	fds [i].revents = 0;	1925	fds [i].revents = 0;
1517	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1518	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	1926	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1519	}	1927	}
1520	}	1928	}
1521		1929
1522	// stop all watchers after blocking	1930	// stop all watchers after blocking
…		…
1524	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	1932	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1525	{	1933	{
1526	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	1934	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1527		1935
1528	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1936	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1937	{
		1938	// set the relevant poll flags
		1939	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1940	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1941	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1942	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1943	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		1944
		1945	// now stop the watcher
1529	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	1946	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		1947	}
1530		1948
1531	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	1949	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
		1950	}
		1951
		1952	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		1953	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		1954
		1955	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		1956	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		1957	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		1958
		1959	static void
		1960	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1961	{
		1962	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1963	update_now (EV_A);
		1964
		1965	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		1966	}
		1967
		1968	static void
		1969	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1970	{
		1971	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1972	update_now (EV_A);
		1973
		1974	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1975	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1976	}
		1977
		1978	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		1979
		1980	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		1981	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
		1982	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		1983	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		1984	this.
		1985
		1986	static gint
		1987	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		1988	{
		1989	int got_events = 0;
		1990
		1991	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1992	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		1993
		1994	if (timeout >= 0)
		1995	// create/start timer
		1996
		1997	// poll
		1998	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		1999
		2000	// stop timer again
		2001	if (timeout >= 0)
		2002	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		2003
		2004	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		2005	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2006	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		2007
		2008	return got_events;
1532	}	2009	}
1533		2010
1534		2011
1535	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2012	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1536		2013
…		…
1579	portable one.	2056	portable one.
1580		2057
1581	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2058	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1582	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2059	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1583	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2060	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1584	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2061	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
		2062
		2063	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2064
		2065	=over 4
		2066
		2067	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
		2068
		2069	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
		2070
		2071	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
		2072	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
		2073	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
		2074	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
		2075	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
		2076
		2077	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
		2078
		2079	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
		2080	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
		2081	apropriate way for embedded loops.
		2082
		2083	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
		2084
		2085	The embedded event loop.
		2086
		2087	=back
		2088
		2089	=head3 Examples
		2090
		2091	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2092	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2093	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the mebeddable loop is stored in
		2094	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the acse no embeddable loop can be
		2095	used).
1585		2096
1586	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2097	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
1587	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2098	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1588	struct ev_embed embed;	2099	struct ev_embed embed;
1589		2100
…		…
1600	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2111	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1601	}	2112	}
1602	else	2113	else
1603	loop_lo = loop_hi;	2114	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1604		2115
1605	=over 4	2116	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2117	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2118	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2119	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
1606		2120
1607	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2121	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2122	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2123	struct ev_embed embed;
		2124
		2125	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2126	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2127	{
		2128	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2129	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2130	}
1608		2131
1609	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2132	if (!loop_socket)
		2133	loop_socket = loop;
1610		2134
1611	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2135	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1612	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1613	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1614	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1615	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1616
1617	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1618
1619	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1620	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1621	apropriate way for embedded loops.
1622
1623	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]
1624
1625	The embedded event loop.
1626
1627	=back
1628		2136
1629		2137
1630	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2138	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1631		2139
1632	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2140	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1635	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2143	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1636	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2144	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1637	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2145	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1638	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2146	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1639		2147
		2148	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2149
1640	=over 4	2150	=over 4
1641		2151
1642	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2152	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1643		2153
1644	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	2154	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
1645	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2155	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1646	believe me.	2156	believe me.
		2157
		2158	=back
		2159
		2160
		2161	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2162
		2163	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2164	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2165	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2166
		2167	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2168	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2169	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2170	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2171	safe.
		2172
		2173	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2174	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2175	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2176	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2177
		2178	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2179	just the default loop.
		2180
		2181	=head3 Queueing
		2182
		2183	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2184	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2185	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2186	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2187
		2188	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2189	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your
		2190	queue:
		2191
		2192	=over 4
		2193
		2194	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2195
		2196	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2197	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for
		2198	some fictitiuous SIGUSR1 handler:
		2199
		2200	static ev_async mysig;
		2201
		2202	static void
		2203	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2204	{
		2205	sometype data;
		2206
		2207	// no locking etc.
		2208	queue_put (data);
		2209	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2210	}
		2211
		2212	static void
		2213	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2214	{
		2215	sometype data;
		2216	sigset_t block, prev;
		2217
		2218	sigemptyset (&block);
		2219	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2220	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2221
		2222	while (queue_get (&data))
		2223	process (data);
		2224
		2225	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2226	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2227	}
		2228
		2229	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2230	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2231	either...).
		2232
		2233	=item queueing from a thread context
		2234
		2235	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2236	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2237	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2238
		2239	static ev_async mysig;
		2240	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2241
		2242	static void
		2243	otherthread (void)
		2244	{
		2245	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2246	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2247	queue_put (data);
		2248	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2249
		2250	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2251	}
		2252
		2253	static void
		2254	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2255	{
		2256	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2257
		2258	while (queue_get (&data))
		2259	process (data);
		2260
		2261	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2262	}
		2263
		2264	=back
		2265
		2266
		2267	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2268
		2269	=over 4
		2270
		2271	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2272
		2273	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2274	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2275	believe me.
		2276
		2277	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2278
		2279	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2280	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2281	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or
		2282	similar contexts (see the dicusssion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2283	section below on what exactly this means).
		2284
		2285	This call incurs the overhead of a syscall only once per loop iteration,
		2286	so while the overhead might be noticable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2287	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2288
		2289	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2290
		2291	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2292	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2293	event loop.
		2294
		2295	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2296	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2297	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2298	quickly check wether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2299
		2300	Not that this does I<not> check wether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2301	wether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
1647		2302
1648	=back	2303	=back
1649		2304
1650		2305
1651	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2306	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
1740		2395
1741	To use it,	2396	To use it,
1742		2397
1743	#include <ev++.h>	2398	#include <ev++.h>
1744		2399
1745	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	2400	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1746	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	2401	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1747	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	2402	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		2403	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1748		2404
1749	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	2405	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1750	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2406	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		2407	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		2408	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		2409
		2410	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		2411	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		2412	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		2413	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		2414	it).
1751		2415
1752	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	2416	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1753		2417
1754	=over 4	2418	=over 4
1755		2419
…		…
1771		2435
1772	All of those classes have these methods:	2436	All of those classes have these methods:
1773		2437
1774	=over 4	2438	=over 4
1775		2439
1776	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)	2440	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1777		2441
1778	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)	2442	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
1779		2443
1780	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	2444	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1781		2445
1782	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	2446	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1783	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	2447	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1784	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	2448
1785	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	2449	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1786	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	2450	C<set> method before starting it.
		2451
		2452	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		2453	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		2454
		2455	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		2456	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1787		2457
1788	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	2458	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		2459
		2460	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		2461
		2462	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		2463	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		2464	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		2465	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		2466
		2467	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		2468	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		2469	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		2470	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		2471	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		2472
		2473	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		2474
		2475	struct myclass
		2476	{
		2477	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2478	}
		2479
		2480	myclass obj;
		2481	ev::io iow;
		2482	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2483
		2484	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		2485
		2486	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		2487	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		2488	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2489
		2490	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2491
		2492	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2493
		2494	Example:
		2495
		2496	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2497	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1789		2498
1790	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2499	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1791		2500
1792	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2501	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1793	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2502	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1794		2503
1795	=item w->set ([args])	2504	=item w->set ([args])
1796		2505
1797	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2506	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be
1798	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2507	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1799	automatically stopped and restarted.	2508	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2509	method.
1800		2510
1801	=item w->start ()	2511	=item w->start ()
1802		2512
1803	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	2513	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1804	constructor already takes the loop.	2514	constructor already stores the event loop.
1805		2515
1806	=item w->stop ()	2516	=item w->stop ()
1807		2517
1808	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2518	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1809		2519
1810	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2520	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1811		2521
1812	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2522	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1813	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2523	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1814		2524
1815	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2525	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1816		2526
1817	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2527	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1818		2528
1819	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2529	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1820		2530
1821	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2531	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1822		2532
1823	=back	2533	=back
1824		2534
…		…
1827	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2537	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1828	the constructor.	2538	the constructor.
1829		2539
1830	class myclass	2540	class myclass
1831	{	2541	{
1832	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2542	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1833	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2543	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1834		2544
1835	myclass ();	2545	myclass (int fd)
1836	}
1837
1838	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1839	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1840	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1841	{	2546	{
		2547	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2548	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		2549
1842	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2550	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2551	}
1843	}	2552	};
		2553
		2554
		2555	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2556
		2557	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2558	numbe rof languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2559	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2560	me a note.
		2561
		2562	=over 4
		2563
		2564	=item Perl
		2565
		2566	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2567	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2568	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2569	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the
		2570	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).
		2571
		2572	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is found at
		2573	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2574
		2575	=item Ruby
		2576
		2577	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2578	of the libev API and adds filehandle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2579	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2580	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2581
		2582	=item D
		2583
		2584	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2585	be found at L<http://git.llucax.com.ar/?p=software/ev.d.git;a=summary>.
		2586
		2587	=back
1844		2588
1845		2589
1846	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2590	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1847		2591
1848	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2592	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal
1849	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and	2593	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1850	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2594	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1851		2595
1852	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2596	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1853	following macros are defined:	2597	following macros are defined:
1854		2598
1855	=over 4	2599	=over 4
…		…
1885	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2629	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1886		2630
1887	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2631	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1888	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2632	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1889		2633
		2634	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2635
		2636	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2637	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2638	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2639	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2640
		2641	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2642	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
		2643
1890	=back	2644	=back
1891		2645
1892	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	2646	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1893	macros so it will work regardless of wether multiple loops are supported	2647	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
1894	or not.	2648	or not.
1895		2649
1896	static void	2650	static void
1897	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2651	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1898	{	2652	{
…		…
1909	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2663	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1910	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2664	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1911	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	2665	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1912	and rxvt-unicode.	2666	and rxvt-unicode.
1913		2667
1914	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	2668	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1915	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	2669	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1916	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	2670	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1917	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2671	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1918		2672
1919	=head2 FILESETS	2673	=head2 FILESETS
…		…
1989		2743
1990	libev.m4	2744	libev.m4
1991		2745
1992	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	2746	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
1993		2747
1994	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	2748	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
1995	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	2749	define before including any of its files. The default in the absense of
1996	and only include the select backend.	2750	autoconf is noted for every option.
1997		2751
1998	=over 4	2752	=over 4
1999		2753
2000	=item EV_STANDALONE	2754	=item EV_STANDALONE
2001		2755
…		…
2009		2763
2010	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2764	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2011	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2765	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
2012	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2766	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
2013	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2767	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
2014	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	2768	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2015	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2769	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2016	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2770	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
2017		2771
2018	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2772	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2019		2773
2020	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2774	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2021	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2775	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
2022	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2776	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
2023	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2777	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
2024	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	2778	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
2025	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2779	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2780
		2781	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		2782
		2783	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		2784	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		2785
		2786	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		2787
		2788	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		2789	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		2790	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		2791	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		2792	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2026		2793
2027	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2794	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2028		2795
2029	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2796	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2030	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2797	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
…		…
2049	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	2816	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2050	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	2817	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2051	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	2818	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2052	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	2819	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2053		2820
		2821	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		2822
		2823	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		2824	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		2825	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		2826	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		2827	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		2828
2054	=item EV_USE_POLL	2829	=item EV_USE_POLL
2055		2830
2056	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	2831	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2057	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	2832	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
2058	takes precedence over select.	2833	takes precedence over select.
2059		2834
2060	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	2835	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2061		2836
2062	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	2837	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2063	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	2838	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2064	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	2839	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2065	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	2840	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		2841	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2066		2842
2067	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	2843	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2068		2844
2069	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	2845	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2070	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	2846	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2089		2865
2090	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	2866	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2091		2867
2092	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	2868	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2093	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	2869	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2094	be detected at runtime.	2870	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		2871	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		2872
		2873	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		2874
		2875	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		2876	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		2877	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		2878	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		2879	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		2880
		2881	In the absense of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		2882	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2095		2883
2096	=item EV_H	2884	=item EV_H
2097		2885
2098	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	2886	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2099	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	2887	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2100	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	2888	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2101		2889
2102	=item EV_CONFIG_H	2890	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2103		2891
2104	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	2892	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2105	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	2893	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2106	C<EV_H>, above.	2894	C<EV_H>, above.
2107		2895
2108	=item EV_EVENT_H	2896	=item EV_EVENT_H
2109		2897
2110	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	2898	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2111	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	2899	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2112		2900
2113	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	2901	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2114		2902
2115	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	2903	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2116	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	2904	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2123	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	2911	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
2124	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	2912	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
2125	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	2913	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
2126	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	2914	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
2127		2915
		2916	=item EV_MINPRI
		2917
		2918	=item EV_MAXPRI
		2919
		2920	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		2921	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2922	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2923	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		2924
		2925	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2926	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2927	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2928	fine.
		2929
		2930	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2931	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.
		2932
2128	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	2933	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2129		2934
2130	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	2935	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2131	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	2936	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2132	code.	2937	code.
…		…
2148	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	2953	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2149		2954
2150	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	2955	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2151		2956
2152	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	2957	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
		2958	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2959
		2960	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		2961
		2962	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
2153	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	2963	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2154		2964
2155	=item EV_MINIMAL	2965	=item EV_MINIMAL
2156		2966
2157	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	2967	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
…		…
2165	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	2975	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2166	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	2976	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2167		2977
2168	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	2978	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2169		2979
2170	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	2980	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2171	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	2981	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2172	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	2982	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2173	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	2983	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2174	two).	2984	two).
2175		2985
…		…
2192		3002
2193	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	3003	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2194		3004
2195	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	3005	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2196	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	3006	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2197	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	3007	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2198	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3008	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2199	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3009	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2200	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3010	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		3011
		3012	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		3013
		3014	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of
		3015	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		3016	all public symbols, one per line:
		3017
		3018	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		3019	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		3020
		3021	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		3022	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		3023	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).
		3024
		3025	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		3026	include before including F<ev.h>:
		3027
		3028	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		3029
		3030	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		3031
		3032	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		3033	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		3034	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		3035	...
2201		3036
2202	=head2 EXAMPLES	3037	=head2 EXAMPLES
2203		3038
2204	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	3039	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2205	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	3040	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2228		3063
2229	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3064	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2230	#include "ev.c"	3065	#include "ev.c"
2231		3066
2232		3067
		3068	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3069
		3070	=head2 THREADS
		3071
		3072	Libev itself is completely threadsafe, but it uses no locking. This
		3073	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as
		3074	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop
		3075	parameter.
		3076
		3077	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in
		3078	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be
		3079	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one
		3080	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex
		3081	per loop).
		3082
		3083	If you want to know which design is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3084	help you but by giving some generic advice:
		3085
		3086	=over 4
		3087
		3088	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3089	in that thread, or create a seperate thread running only the default loop.
		3090
		3091	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3092	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3093
		3094	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3095
		3096	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3097	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3098
		3099	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3100	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robbin fashion.
		3101
		3102	Chosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you cna do
		3103	better than you currently do :-)
		3104
		3105	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3106	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other
		3107	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).
		3108
		3109	=back
		3110
		3111	=head2 COROUTINES
		3112
		3113	Libev is much more accomodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3114	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different
		3115	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3116	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3117	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3118	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3119
		3120	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local
		3121	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine
		3122	switches.
		3123
		3124
2233	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3125	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
2234		3126
2235	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3127	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2236	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3128	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2237	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3129	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2238		3130
		3131	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		3132	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		3133	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		3134	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		3135	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		3136
2239	=over 4	3137	=over 4
2240		3138
2241	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3139	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2242		3140
		3141	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		3142	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		3143	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		3144
2243	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3145	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2244		3146
		3147	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		3148	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		3149
2245	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3150	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2246		3151
		3152	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		3153
2247	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3154	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2248		3155
2249	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3156	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2250		3157
		3158	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		3159	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		3160	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		3161
2251	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3162	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3163
		3164	By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the
		3165	beginning of the storage array.
2252		3166
2253	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3167	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2254		3168
2255	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3169	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		3170	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3171	on backend and wether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		3172
		3173	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		3174
		3175	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		3176
		3177	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		3178	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		3179	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3180	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
		3181
		3182	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3183
		3184	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3185
		3186	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3187
		3188	Sending involves a syscall I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3189	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3190	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2256		3191
2257	=back	3192	=back
2258		3193
2259		3194
		3195	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds
		3196
		3197	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3198	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3199	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3200	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3201	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3202	e.g. cygwin.
		3203
		3204	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3205	embedding it into other applications.
		3206
		3207	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the
		3208	abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not
		3209	recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than
		3210	a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different
		3211	implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX model, which cannot
		3212	be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games).
		3213
		3214	=over 4
		3215
		3216	=item The winsocket select function
		3217
		3218	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires
		3219	socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors>. This makes select
		3220	very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors
		3221	to socket handles. See the discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>,
		3222	C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor
		3223	symbols for more info.
		3224
		3225	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the microsoft runtime
		3226	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3227
		3228	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3229	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3230
		3231	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3232	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3233
		3234	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3235
		3236	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions
		3237	of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of C<64> handles
		3238	(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for
		3239	C<64> things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a
		3240	chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each).
		3241
		3242	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3243	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3244	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3245	select emulation on windows).
		3246
		3247	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime
		3248	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3249	or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3250	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3251	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime
		3252	libraries.
		3253
		3254	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3255	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3256	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3257	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3258
		3259	=back
		3260
		3261
2260	=head1 AUTHOR	3262	=head1 AUTHOR
2261		3263
2262	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3264	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
2263		3265

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