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Revision 1.58 by root, Wed Nov 28 11:31:34 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.168 by root, Mon Jun 9 14:31:36 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_<type>
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		18
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	21	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	23	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	24	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	31	}
24		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	34	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	36	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	37	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	40	}
31		41
32	int	42	int
33	main (void)	43	main (void)
34	{	44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		47
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		57
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	58	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	62	return 0;
49	}	63	}
50		64
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		66
		67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
		68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		70
53	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
54	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
55	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
56		74
57	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	75	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
58	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	76	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
59	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	77	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
61	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
62	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
63	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
64	watcher.	82	watcher.
65		83
66	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
67		85
68	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
69	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
70	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
71	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
…		…
78		96
79	It also is quite fast (see this	97	It also is quite fast (see this
80	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
81	for example).	99	for example).
82		100
83	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
84		102
85	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
86	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
87	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
88	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
89	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
90	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		109	this argument.
91		110
92	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
93		112
94	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
95	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
96	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
97	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
98	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
99	it, you should treat it as such.	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
		119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
100		142
101	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
102		144
103	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
104	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
109		151
110	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
111	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
112	you actually want to know.	154	you actually want to know.
113		155
		156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		157
		158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		161
114	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
115		163
116	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
117		165
118	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	166	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
119	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	167	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
120	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	168	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
121	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	169	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
122	version of the library your program was compiled against.	170	version of the library your program was compiled against.
123		171
		172	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		173	release version.
		174
124	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	175	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
125	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	176	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
126	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	177	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
127	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
128		179
129	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
130	version.	181	version.
131		182
132	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
133	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
134	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
135		186
136	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
137		188
138	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
139	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
141	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
142		193
143	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
144	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
145		196
146	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
147	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
148		199
149	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
150		201
151	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
152	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
153	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
154	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
155	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
156	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
157		208
158	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
159		210
…		…
163	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	214	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
164	recommended ones.	215	recommended ones.
165		216
166	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
167		218
168	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, size_t size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
169		220
170	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype and semantics are	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
171	identical to the realloc C function). It is used to allocate and free	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
172	memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory needs to be	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
173	allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially destructive	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
174	action. The default is your system realloc function.	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
		226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
175		230
176	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
177	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
178	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
179		234
180	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
181	retries).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
182		237
183	static void *	238	static void *
184	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
185	{	240	{
186	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
…		…
197	...	252	...
198	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
199		254
200	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
201		256
202	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
203	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
204	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
205	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
206	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
207	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
208	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
209		264
210	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
224	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
225		280
226	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
227	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
228	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
229
230	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
231	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
232	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
233	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
234	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
235	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
236		284
237	=over 4	285	=over 4
238		286
239	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
240		288
…		…
244	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	292	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
245		293
246	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
247	function.	295	function.
248		296
		297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		300
		301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		305	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		306	C<ev_default_init>.
		307
249	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	308	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
250	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	309	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
251		310
252	The following flags are supported:	311	The following flags are supported:
253		312
…		…
258	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	317	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
259	thing, believe me).	318	thing, believe me).
260		319
261	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	320	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
262		321
263	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	322	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
264	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	323	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
265	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	324	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
266	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	325	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
267	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
268	around bugs.	327	around bugs.
269		328
		329	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		330
		331	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		332	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		333	enabling this flag.
		334
		335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		339	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
		340	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		341
		342	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		343	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		344	flag.
		345
		346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		347	environment variable.
		348
270	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
271		350
272	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
273	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	352	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
274	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
275	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	354	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
276	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	355	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		356
		357	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		358	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
277		363
278	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	364	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
279		365
280	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	366	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
281	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	367	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
282	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	368	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
283	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	369	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		370	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		371	performance tips.
284		372
285	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	373	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
286		374
287	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	375	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
288	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	376	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
289	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	377	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
290	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	378	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		379	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		380	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
		381	support for dup.
291		382
292	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	383	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
293	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	384	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
294	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	385	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
295	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	386	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
296	well if you register events for both fds.	387	very well if you register events for both fds.
297		388
298	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	389	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
299	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	390	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
300	(or space) is available.	391	(or space) is available.
301		392
		393	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		394	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.
		395	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.
		396
		397	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		398	all kernel versions tested so far.
		399
302	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	400	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
303		401
304	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	402	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
305	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	403	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
306	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	404	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
307	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	405	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"
308	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	406	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
309	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	407	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		408	system like NetBSD.
		409
		410	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		411	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		412	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
310		413
311	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	414	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
312	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	415	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
313	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	416	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
314	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	417	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
315	incident, so its best to avoid that.	418	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
		419	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		420
		421	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		422
		423	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		424	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		425	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		426	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		427	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for
		428	sockets.
316		429
317	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	430	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
318		431
319	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	432	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		433	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		434	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		435	immensely.
320		436
321	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	437	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
322		438
323	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	439	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
324	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	440	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
325		441
326	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	442	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
327	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	443	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
328	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	444	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		445
		446	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		447	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		448	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		449	might perform better.
		450
		451	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this
		452	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully
		453	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.
329		454
330	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	455	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
331		456
332	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	457	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
333	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	458	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
334	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	459	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
335		460
		461	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		462
336	=back	463	=back
337		464
338	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	465	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
339	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	466	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
340	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	467	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
341	order of their flag values :)
342		468
343	The most typical usage is like this:	469	The most typical usage is like this:
344		470
345	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	471	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
346	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	472	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
347		473
348	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	474	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
349	environment settings to be taken into account:	475	environment settings to be taken into account:
350		476
351	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	477	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
352		478
353	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	479	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
354	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	480	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
355	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	481	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
356		482
357	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	483	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
358		484
359	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	485	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
360		486
361	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	487	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
362	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	488	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
363	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	489	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
364	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	490	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
365		491
		492	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		493	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		494	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		495
366	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	496	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
367		497
368	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	498	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
369	if (!epoller)	499	if (!epoller)
370	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	500	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
371		501
372	=item ev_default_destroy ()	502	=item ev_default_destroy ()
373		503
374	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	504	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
375	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	505	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
376	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	506	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
377	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	507	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
378	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	508	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
379	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	509	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
380	for example).	510	for example).
		511
		512	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		513	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		514	would need to be stopped manually.
		515
		516	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		517	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		518	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		519	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
381		520
382	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	521	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
383		522
384	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	523	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
385	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	524	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
386		525
387	=item ev_default_fork ()	526	=item ev_default_fork ()
388		527
		528	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
389	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	529	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
390	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	530	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
391	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	531	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
392	again makes little sense).	532	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		533	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
393		534
394	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	535	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
395	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	536	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
396	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	537	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
397		538
398	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	539	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
399	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	540	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
400	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	541	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
401		542
402	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	543	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
403		544
404	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
405	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
406	do not need to care.
407
408	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	545	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
409		546
410	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	547	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
411	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	548	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
412	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	549	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
		550
		551	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		552
		553	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.
		554
		555	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		556
		557	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		558	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		559	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		560
		561	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		562	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		563	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
413		564
414	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	565	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
415		566
416	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	567	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
417	use.	568	use.
…		…
420		571
421	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	572	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
422	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	573	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
423	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	574	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
424	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	575	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
425	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	576	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
426		577
427	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	578	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
428		579
429	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	580	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
430	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	581	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
442	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	593	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
443	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	594	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
444	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	595	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
445		596
446	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	597	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
447	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	598	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
448	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	599	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
449	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	600	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
450	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	601	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
451	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	602	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
452	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	603	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
453		604
454	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	605	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
455		606
456	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	607	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
457	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	608	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
		609	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.
		610	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
458	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	611	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
459	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	612	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
460	- Update the "event loop time".	613	- Update the "event loop time".
461	- Calculate for how long to block.	614	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		615	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		616	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		617	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
462	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	618	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
463	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	619	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
464	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	620	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.
465	- Queue all outstanding timers.	621	- Queue all outstanding timers.
466	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	622	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
467	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	623	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
468	- Queue all check watchers.	624	- Queue all check watchers.
469	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	625	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
470	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	626	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
471	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	627	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
472	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	628	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
473	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	629	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		630	continue with step *.
474		631
475	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	632	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
476	anymore.	633	anymore.
477		634
478	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	635	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
479	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	636	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
480	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	637	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
…		…
484		641
485	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	642	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
486	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	643	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
487	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	644	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
488	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	645	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
		646
		647	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
489		648
490	=item ev_ref (loop)	649	=item ev_ref (loop)
491		650
492	=item ev_unref (loop)	651	=item ev_unref (loop)
493		652
…		…
498	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	657	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
499	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	658	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
500	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	659	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
501	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	660	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
502	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	661	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
503	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	662	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		663	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		664	respectively).
504		665
505	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	666	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
506	running when nothing else is active.	667	running when nothing else is active.
507		668
508	struct ev_signal exitsig;	669	struct ev_signal exitsig;
509	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	670	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
510	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	671	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
511	evf_unref (loop);	672	evf_unref (loop);
512		673
513	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	674	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
514		675
515	ev_ref (loop);	676	ev_ref (loop);
516	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	677	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		678
		679	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		680
		681	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		682
		683	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		684	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to
		685	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.
		686
		687	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		688	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to
		689	increase efficiency of loop iterations.
		690
		691	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to
		692	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes
		693	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		694	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		695	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		696
		697	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		698	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		699	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		700	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		701	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		702
		703	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		704	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		705	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers
		706	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce
		707	any overhead in libev.
		708
		709	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		710	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		711	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		712	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		713	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		714
		715	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		716
		717	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		718	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks
		719	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print
		720	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.
		721
		722	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		723	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		724	data structures consistent.
517		725
518	=back	726	=back
519		727
520		728
521	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	729	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
522		730
523	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	731	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
524	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	732	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
525	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	733	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
526		734
527	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	735	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
528	{	736	{
529	ev_io_stop (w);	737	ev_io_stop (w);
530	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	738	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
531	}	739	}
532		740
533	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	741	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
534	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	742	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
535	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	743	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
536	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	744	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
537	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	745	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
538	ev_loop (loop, 0);	746	ev_loop (loop, 0);
539		747
540	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	748	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
541	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	749	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,
542	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	750	although this can sometimes be quite valid).
543		751
544	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	752	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
545	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	753	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
546	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	754	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
547	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	755	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
548	is readable and/or writable).	756	is readable and/or writable).
549		757
550	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	758	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro
551	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	759	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
…		…
621	=item C<EV_FORK>	829	=item C<EV_FORK>
622		830
623	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	831	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
624	C<ev_fork>).	832	C<ev_fork>).
625		833
		834	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		835
		836	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		837
626	=item C<EV_ERROR>	838	=item C<EV_ERROR>
627		839
628	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	840	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
629	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	841	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
630	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	842	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
631	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	843	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
632	with the watcher being stopped.	844	with the watcher being stopped.
633		845
634	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	846	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,
635	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	847	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if
636	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	848	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope
637	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	849	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
638	programs, though, so beware.	850	programs, though, so beware.
639		851
640	=back	852	=back
641		853
642	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	854	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
672	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	884	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
673	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	885	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
674		886
675	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	887	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
676		888
677	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	889	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
678	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	890	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
679	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	891	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
680		892
681	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	893	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
682		894
683	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	895	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
…		…
701	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	913	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
702		914
703	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	915	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
704	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	916	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
705	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	917	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
706	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	918	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
707	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	919	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		920	it).
708		921
709	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	922	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
710		923
711	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	924	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
712		925
713	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	926	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
714		927
715	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	928	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
716	(modulo threads).	929	(modulo threads).
		930
		931	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		932
		933	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		934
		935	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		936	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		937	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		938	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		939	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		940
		941	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		942	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		943	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		944	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		945
		946	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		947	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		948
		949	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		950	pending.
		951
		952	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		953	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		954
		955	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		956	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		957	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		958
		959	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		960
		961	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		962	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		963	can deal with that fact.
		964
		965	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		966
		967	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		968	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		969	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
717		970
718	=back	971	=back
719		972
720		973
721	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	974	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
725	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	978	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
726	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	979	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
727	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	980	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
728	data:	981	data:
729		982
730	struct my_io	983	struct my_io
731	{	984	{
732	struct ev_io io;	985	struct ev_io io;
733	int otherfd;	986	int otherfd;
734	void *somedata;	987	void *somedata;
735	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	988	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
736	}	989	}
737		990
738	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	991	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
739	can cast it back to your own type:	992	can cast it back to your own type:
740		993
741	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	994	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
742	{	995	{
743	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	996	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
744	...	997	...
745	}	998	}
746		999
747	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1000	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
748	instead have been omitted.	1001	instead have been omitted.
749		1002
750	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1003	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
751	watchers:	1004	watchers:
752		1005
753	struct my_biggy	1006	struct my_biggy
754	{	1007	{
755	int some_data;	1008	int some_data;
756	ev_timer t1;	1009	ev_timer t1;
757	ev_timer t2;	1010	ev_timer t2;
758	}	1011	}
759		1012
760	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1013	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
761	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1014	you need to use C<offsetof>:
762		1015
763	#include <stddef.h>	1016	#include <stddef.h>
764		1017
765	static void	1018	static void
766	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1019	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
767	{	1020	{
768	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1021	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
769	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1022	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
770	}	1023	}
771		1024
772	static void	1025	static void
773	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1026	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
774	{	1027	{
775	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1028	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
776	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1029	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
777	}	1030	}
778		1031
779		1032
780	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1033	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
781		1034
782	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1035	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
806	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1059	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
807	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1060	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
808	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1061	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
809	required if you know what you are doing).	1062	required if you know what you are doing).
810		1063
811	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
812	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
813	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
814	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
815	the same underlying "file open").
816
817	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1064	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
818	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1065	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
819	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1066	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
820		1067
821	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1068	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
822	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1069	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
823	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1070	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
824	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1071	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
825	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1072	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
826	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1073	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
827	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1074	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
828	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1075	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
829		1076
830	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1077	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
831	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1078	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test
832	wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1079	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
833	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1080	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
834	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1081	its own, so its quite safe to use).
835		1082
		1083	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1084
		1085	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1086	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		1087	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1088	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1089	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1090	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1091	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1092
		1093	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1094	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1095	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1096	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1097	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1098	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1099
		1100	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1101	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1102	optimisations to libev.
		1103
		1104	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1105
		1106	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1107	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1108	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1109	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1110
		1111	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1112	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1113	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1114
		1115	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1116
		1117	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1118	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1119	it in the child.
		1120
		1121	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1122	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1123	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1124	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1125
		1126	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1127
		1128	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:
		1129	when reading from a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program
		1130	gets send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most
		1131	programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually
		1132	undesirable.
		1133
		1134	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1135	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1136	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1137
		1138
		1139	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
		1140
836	=over 4	1141	=over 4
837		1142
838	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1143	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
839		1144
840	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1145	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
841		1146
842	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1147	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
843	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1148	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
844	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1149	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
845		1150
846	=item int fd [read-only]	1151	=item int fd [read-only]
847		1152
848	The file descriptor being watched.	1153	The file descriptor being watched.
…		…
850	=item int events [read-only]	1155	=item int events [read-only]
851		1156
852	The events being watched.	1157	The events being watched.
853		1158
854	=back	1159	=back
		1160
		1161	=head3 Examples
855		1162
856	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1163	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
857	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1164	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
858	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1165	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
859		1166
860	static void	1167	static void
861	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1168	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
862	{	1169	{
863	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1170	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
864	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1171	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
865	}	1172	}
866		1173
867	...	1174	...
868	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1175	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
869	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1176	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
870	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1177	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
871	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1178	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
872	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1179	ev_loop (loop, 0);
873		1180
874		1181
875	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1182	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
876		1183
877	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1184	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
878	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1185	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
879		1186
880	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1187	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
881	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1188	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
882	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1189	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
883	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1190	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
884	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1191	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
885		1192
886	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1193	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
887	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1194	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
…		…
889	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1196	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout
890	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1197	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
891		1198
892	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1199	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
893		1200
894	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1201	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,
895	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1202	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
896	order of execution is undefined.	1203	order of execution is undefined.
897		1204
		1205	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1206
898	=over 4	1207	=over 4
899		1208
900	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1209	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
901		1210
902	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1211	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
903		1212
904	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1213	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
905	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1214	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
906	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1215	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
907	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1216	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1217	until stopped manually.
908		1218
909	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1219	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
910	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1220	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
911	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1221	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
912	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1222	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
913	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1223	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
914		1224
915	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1225	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
916		1226
917	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1227	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
918	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1228	repeating. The exact semantics are:
919		1229
		1230	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		1231
920	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	1232	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
921		1233
922	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1234	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
923	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1235	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
924		1236
925	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1237	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
926	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called	1238	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle
927	idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been,	1239	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
928	say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do	1240	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
929	this is to configure an C<ev_timer> with C<after>=C<repeat>=C<60> and calling	1241	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
930	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If	1242	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
931	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the	1243	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
932	socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if	1244	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
933	need be.	1245	automatically restart it if need be.
934		1246
935	You can also ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> altogether	1247	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
936	and only ever use the C<repeat> value:	1248	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
937		1249
938	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);	1250	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
939	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1251	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
940	...	1252	...
941	timer->again = 17.;	1253	timer->again = 17.;
942	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1254	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
943	...	1255	...
944	timer->again = 10.;	1256	timer->again = 10.;
945	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1257	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
946		1258
947	This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want	1259	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
948	to modify its timeout value.	1260	you want to modify its timeout value.
949		1261
950	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1262	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
951		1263
952	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1264	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
953	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1265	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
954	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1266	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
955		1267
956	=back	1268	=back
957		1269
		1270	=head3 Examples
		1271
958	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1272	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
959		1273
960	static void	1274	static void
961	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1275	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
962	{	1276	{
963	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1277	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
964	}	1278	}
965		1279
966	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1280	struct ev_timer mytimer;
967	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1281	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
968	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1282	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
969		1283
970	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1284	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
971	inactivity.	1285	inactivity.
972		1286
973	static void	1287	static void
974	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1288	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
975	{	1289	{
976	.. ten seconds without any activity	1290	.. ten seconds without any activity
977	}	1291	}
978		1292
979	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1293	struct ev_timer mytimer;
980	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1294	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
981	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1295	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
982	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1296	ev_loop (loop, 0);
983		1297
984	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1298	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
985	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1299	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
986	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1300	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
987		1301
988		1302
989	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1303	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
990		1304
991	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1305	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
992	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1306	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
993		1307
994	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1308	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
995	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1309	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
996	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1310	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
997	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1311	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
998	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1312	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1313	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
999	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1314	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1000	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1315	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1001	again).
1002		1316
1003	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1317	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1004	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1318	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
		1319	complicated, rules.
1005		1320
1006	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1321	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1007	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1322	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1008	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1323	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
		1324
		1325	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1009		1326
1010	=over 4	1327	=over 4
1011		1328
1012	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1329	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1013		1330
…		…
1016	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1333	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1017	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1334	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
1018		1335
1019	=over 4	1336	=over 4
1020		1337
1021	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1338	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1022		1339
1023	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1340	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1024	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1341	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time
1025	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1342	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1026	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1343	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1027		1344
1028	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1345	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1029		1346
1030	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1347	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1031	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1348	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1032	of any time jumps.	1349	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1033		1350
1034	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1351	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1035	time:	1352	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on
		1353	the hour:
1036		1354
1037	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1355	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1038		1356
1039	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1357	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1040	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1358	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1041	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1359	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1042	by 3600.	1360	by 3600.
1043		1361
1044	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1362	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1045	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1363	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1046	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1364	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1047		1365
		1366	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1367	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1368	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1369
		1370	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1371	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1372	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1373	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1374
1048	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1375	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1049		1376
1050	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1377	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1051	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1378	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1052	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1379	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1053	current time as second argument.	1380	current time as second argument.
1054		1381
1055	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1382	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1056	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1383	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1057	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1058	starting a prepare watcher).
1059		1384
		1385	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1386	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1387	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1388
1060	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1389	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic
1061	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1390	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1062		1391
1063	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1392	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1064	{	1393	{
1065	return now + 60.;	1394	return now + 60.;
1066	}	1395	}
…		…
1068	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1397	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1069	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1398	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1070	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1399	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1071	might be called at other times, too.	1400	might be called at other times, too.
1072		1401
1073	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1402	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1074	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1403	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1075		1404
1076	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1405	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1077	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1406	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1078	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1407	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1079	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1408	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1080	reason I omitted it as an example).	1409	reason I omitted it as an example).
1081		1410
1082	=back	1411	=back
…		…
1086	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1415	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1087	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1416	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1088	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1417	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1089	program when the crontabs have changed).	1418	program when the crontabs have changed).
1090		1419
		1420	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1421
		1422	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1423	trigger next.
		1424
		1425	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1426
		1427	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1428	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1429
		1430	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1431	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1432
1091	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1433	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1092		1434
1093	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1435	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1094	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1436	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1095	called.	1437	called.
…		…
1100	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1442	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1101	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1443	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1102		1444
1103	=back	1445	=back
1104		1446
		1447	=head3 Examples
		1448
1105	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1449	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1106	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1450	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1107	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1451	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1108		1452
1109	static void	1453	static void
1110	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1454	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1111	{	1455	{
1112	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1456	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1113	}	1457	}
1114		1458
1115	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1459	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1116	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1460	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1117	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1461	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1118		1462
1119	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1463	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1120		1464
1121	#include <math.h>	1465	#include <math.h>
1122		1466
1123	static ev_tstamp	1467	static ev_tstamp
1124	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1468	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1125	{	1469	{
1126	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1470	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
1127	}	1471	}
1128		1472
1129	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1473	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1130		1474
1131	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1475	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1132		1476
1133	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1477	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1134	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1478	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1135	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1479	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1136	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1480	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1137		1481
1138		1482
1139	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1483	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1140		1484
1141	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1485	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
…		…
1148	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1492	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
1149	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1493	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1150	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1494	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1151	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1495	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1152		1496
		1497	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1498	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1499	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1500	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1501	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1502
		1503	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1504
1153	=over 4	1505	=over 4
1154		1506
1155	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1507	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1156		1508
1157	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1509	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
…		…
1163		1515
1164	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1516	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1165		1517
1166	=back	1518	=back
1167		1519
		1520	=head3 Examples
		1521
		1522	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1523
		1524	static void
		1525	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1526	{
		1527	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1528	}
		1529
		1530	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1531	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1532	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1533
1168		1534
1169	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1535	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1170		1536
1171	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1537	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1172	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1538	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It
		1539	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been
		1540	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event
		1541	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).
		1542
		1543	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1544	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		1545
		1546	=head3 Process Interaction
		1547
		1548	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1549	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1550	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		1551	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1552	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1553	children, even ones not watched.
		1554
		1555	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1556
		1557	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1558	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1559	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1560	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1561	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1562	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1563	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1564
		1565	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1173		1566
1174	=over 4	1567	=over 4
1175		1568
1176	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1569	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1177		1570
1178	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1571	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1179		1572
1180	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1573	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1181	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1574	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1182	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1575	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1183	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1576	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1184	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1577	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1185	process causing the status change.	1578	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1579	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1580	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1186		1581
1187	=item int pid [read-only]	1582	=item int pid [read-only]
1188		1583
1189	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1584	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1190		1585
…		…
1197	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1592	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1198	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1593	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1199		1594
1200	=back	1595	=back
1201		1596
1202	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1597	=head3 Examples
1203		1598
		1599	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1600	its completion.
		1601
		1602	ev_child cw;
		1603
1204	static void	1604	static void
1205	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1605	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
1206	{	1606	{
1207	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1607	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1608	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1208	}	1609	}
1209		1610
1210	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1611	pid_t pid = fork ();
1211	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1612
1212	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1613	if (pid < 0)
		1614	// error
		1615	else if (pid == 0)
		1616	{
		1617	// the forked child executes here
		1618	exit (1);
		1619	}
		1620	else
		1621	{
		1622	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1623	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1624	}
1213		1625
1214		1626
1215	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1627	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1216		1628
1217	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1629	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1218	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1630	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1219	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1631	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1220		1632
1221	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1633	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1222	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1634	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
1223	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	1635	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
1224	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	1636	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
1225	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	1637	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
		1638
		1639	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
		1640	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
1226		1641
1227	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	1642	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
1228	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	1643	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
1229	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	1644	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
1230	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	1645	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,
…		…
1237	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1652	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1238	resource-intensive.	1653	resource-intensive.
1239		1654
1240	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1655	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1241	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1656	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1657	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat
1242	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1658	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should
1243	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1659	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1244	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1660	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1245	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1661	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1246	polling.	1662	will be no polling.
		1663
		1664	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1665
		1666	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1667	compilation environment, which means that on systems with optionally
		1668	disabled large file support, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1669	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1670	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1671	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1672	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1673	most noticeably with ev_stat and large file support.
		1674
		1675	=head3 Inotify
		1676
		1677	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only
		1678	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1679	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily
		1680	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1681
		1682	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1683	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1684	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		1685	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.
		1686
		1687	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1688	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1689	descriptor open on the object at all times).
		1690
		1691	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1692
		1693	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1694	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still
		1695	only support whole seconds.
		1696
		1697	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		1698	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		1699	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		1700	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat
		1701	data does not change.
		1702
		1703	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		1704	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		1705	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		1706	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		1707
		1708	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1709	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		1710	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		1711	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		1712	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		1713	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		1714	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		1715	the timer callback).
		1716
		1717	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1247		1718
1248	=over 4	1719	=over 4
1249		1720
1250	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	1721	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1251		1722
…		…
1255	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	1726	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1256	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	1727	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1257	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	1728	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1258	path for as long as the watcher is active.	1729	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1259		1730
1260	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1731	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative
1261	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1732	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change
1262	last change was detected).	1733	was detected).
1263		1734
1264	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	1735	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1265		1736
1266	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1737	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1267	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1738	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1268	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1739	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1269	useful simply to find out the new values.	1740	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		1741	new values.
1270		1742
1271	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	1743	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1272		1744
1273	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	1745	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1274	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	1746	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1275	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	1747	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		1748	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1276	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	1749	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1277		1750
1278	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	1751	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1279		1752
1280	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	1753	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1281	C<prev> != C<attr>.	1754	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		1755	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		1756	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1282		1757
1283	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	1758	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1284		1759
1285	The specified interval.	1760	The specified interval.
1286		1761
1287	=item const char *path [read-only]	1762	=item const char *path [read-only]
1288		1763
1289	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1764	The file system path that is being watched.
1290		1765
1291	=back	1766	=back
1292		1767
		1768	=head3 Examples
		1769
1293	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	1770	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1294		1771
1295	static void	1772	static void
1296	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	1773	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1297	{	1774	{
1298	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	1775	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1299	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	1776	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1300	{	1777	{
1301	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	1778	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1302	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1779	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1303	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1780	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1304	}	1781	}
1305	else	1782	else
1306	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	1783	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1307	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	1784	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1308	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	1785	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1309	}	1786	}
1310		1787
1311	...	1788	...
1312	ev_stat passwd;	1789	ev_stat passwd;
1313		1790
1314	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	1791	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1315	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1792	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1793
		1794	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		1795	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		1796	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		1797	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		1798
		1799	static ev_stat passwd;
		1800	static ev_timer timer;
		1801
		1802	static void
		1803	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1804	{
		1805	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1806
		1807	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		1808	}
		1809
		1810	static void
		1811	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1812	{
		1813	/* reset the one-second timer */
		1814	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		1815	}
		1816
		1817	...
		1818	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		1819	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1820	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1316		1821
1317		1822
1318	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1823	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1319		1824
1320	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	1825	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1321	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	1826	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
1322	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	1827	count).
1323	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	1828
1324	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	1829	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		1830	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1831	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1832	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1325	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	1833	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1326	busy.	1834	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
1327		1835
1328	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1836	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1329	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1837	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
1330		1838
1331	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1839	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1332	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1840	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1333	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1841	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1334	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1842	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1335		1843
		1844	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1845
1336	=over 4	1846	=over 4
1337		1847
1338	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1848	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1339		1849
1340	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1850	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1341	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1851	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1342	believe me.	1852	believe me.
1343		1853
1344	=back	1854	=back
1345		1855
		1856	=head3 Examples
		1857
1346	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	1858	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1347	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	1859	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1348		1860
1349	static void	1861	static void
1350	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1862	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1351	{	1863	{
1352	free (w);	1864	free (w);
1353	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1865	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1354	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	1866	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1355	}	1867	}
1356		1868
1357	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1869	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1358	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1870	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1359	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1871	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1360		1872
1361		1873
1362	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	1874	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1363		1875
1364	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1876	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
…		…
1383		1895
1384	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1896	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1385	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	1897	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
1386	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1898	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1387	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1899	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1388	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	1900	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers
1389	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	1901	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
1390	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	1902	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
1391	because you never know, you know?).	1903	because you never know, you know?).
1392		1904
1393	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1905	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
…		…
1397	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1909	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1398	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1910	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1399	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1911	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1400	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	1912	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1401		1913
		1914	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1915	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1916	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1917	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1918	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers
		1919	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other
		1920	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable
		1921	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to
		1922	coexist peacefully with others).
		1923
		1924	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1925
1402	=over 4	1926	=over 4
1403		1927
1404	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1928	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1405		1929
1406	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1930	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
…		…
1409	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1933	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1410	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	1934	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1411		1935
1412	=back	1936	=back
1413		1937
1414	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	1938	=head3 Examples
1415	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	1939
		1940	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1941	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1942	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1943	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
		1944	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
		1945	Glib event loop).
		1946
		1947	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1416	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	1948	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1417	pseudo-code only of course:	1949	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1950	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1951	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1418		1952
1419	static ev_io iow [nfd];	1953	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1420	static ev_timer tw;	1954	static ev_timer tw;
1421		1955
1422	static void	1956	static void
1423	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1957	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1424	{	1958	{
1425	// set the relevant poll flags
1426	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1427	struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w->data;
1428	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1429	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1430	}	1959	}
1431		1960
1432	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	1961	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1433	static void	1962	static void
1434	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	1963	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1435	{	1964	{
1436	int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd];	1965	int timeout = 3600000;
		1966	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1437	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	1967	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1438	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	1968	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1439		1969
1440	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	1970	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1441	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	1971	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1442	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	1972	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1443		1973
1444	// create on ev_io per pollfd	1974	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1445	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1975	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1446	{	1976	{
1447	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	1977	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1448	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	1978	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1449	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	1979	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1450		1980
1451	fds [i].revents = 0;	1981	fds [i].revents = 0;
1452	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1453	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	1982	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1454	}	1983	}
1455	}	1984	}
1456		1985
1457	// stop all watchers after blocking	1986	// stop all watchers after blocking
1458	static void	1987	static void
1459	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	1988	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1460	{	1989	{
1461	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	1990	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1462		1991
1463	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1992	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1993	{
		1994	// set the relevant poll flags
		1995	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1996	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1997	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1998	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1999	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		2000
		2001	// now stop the watcher
1464	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2002	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		2003	}
1465		2004
1466	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2005	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1467	}	2006	}
		2007
		2008	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		2009	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		2010
		2011	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		2012	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		2013	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		2014
		2015	static void
		2016	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2017	{
		2018	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2019	update_now (EV_A);
		2020
		2021	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		2022	}
		2023
		2024	static void
		2025	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		2026	{
		2027	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2028	update_now (EV_A);
		2029
		2030	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2031	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2032	}
		2033
		2034	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		2035
		2036	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		2037	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override
		2038	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		2039	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		2040	this.
		2041
		2042	static gint
		2043	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		2044	{
		2045	int got_events = 0;
		2046
		2047	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2048	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		2049
		2050	if (timeout >= 0)
		2051	// create/start timer
		2052
		2053	// poll
		2054	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2055
		2056	// stop timer again
		2057	if (timeout >= 0)
		2058	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		2059
		2060	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		2061	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2062	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		2063
		2064	return got_events;
		2065	}
1468		2066
1469		2067
1470	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2068	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1471		2069
1472	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2070	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1514	portable one.	2112	portable one.
1515		2113
1516	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2114	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1517	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2115	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1518	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2116	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1519	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2117	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1520		2118
1521	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2119	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1522	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1523	struct ev_embed embed;
1524
1525	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1526	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1527	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1528	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1529	: 0;
1530
1531	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
1532	if (loop_lo)
1533	{
1534	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
1535	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1536	}
1537	else
1538	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1539		2120
1540	=over 4	2121	=over 4
1541		2122
1542	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2123	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1543		2124
…		…
1545		2126
1546	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2127	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1547	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2128	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1548	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2129	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1549	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2130	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1550	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2131	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1551		2132
1552	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2133	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1553		2134
1554	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2135	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1555	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2136	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1556	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2137	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1557		2138
1558	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	2139	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1559		2140
1560	The embedded event loop.	2141	The embedded event loop.
1561		2142
1562	=back	2143	=back
		2144
		2145	=head3 Examples
		2146
		2147	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2148	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2149	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		2150	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		2151	used).
		2152
		2153	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		2154	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		2155	struct ev_embed embed;
		2156
		2157	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		2158	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		2159	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		2160	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		2161	: 0;
		2162
		2163	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		2164	if (loop_lo)
		2165	{
		2166	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		2167	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		2168	}
		2169	else
		2170	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		2171
		2172	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2173	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2174	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2175	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		2176
		2177	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2178	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2179	struct ev_embed embed;
		2180
		2181	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2182	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2183	{
		2184	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2185	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2186	}
		2187
		2188	if (!loop_socket)
		2189	loop_socket = loop;
		2190
		2191	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1563		2192
1564		2193
1565	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2194	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1566		2195
1567	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2196	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1570	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2199	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1571	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2200	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1572	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2201	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1573	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2202	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1574		2203
		2204	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2205
1575	=over 4	2206	=over 4
1576		2207
1577	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2208	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1578		2209
1579	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	2210	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
1580	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2211	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1581	believe me.	2212	believe me.
		2213
		2214	=back
		2215
		2216
		2217	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2218
		2219	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2220	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2221	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2222
		2223	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2224	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2225	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2226	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2227	safe.
		2228
		2229	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2230	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2231	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2232	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2233
		2234	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2235	just the default loop.
		2236
		2237	=head3 Queueing
		2238
		2239	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2240	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2241	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2242	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2243
		2244	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2245	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your
		2246	queue:
		2247
		2248	=over 4
		2249
		2250	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2251
		2252	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2253	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for
		2254	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2255
		2256	static ev_async mysig;
		2257
		2258	static void
		2259	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2260	{
		2261	sometype data;
		2262
		2263	// no locking etc.
		2264	queue_put (data);
		2265	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2266	}
		2267
		2268	static void
		2269	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2270	{
		2271	sometype data;
		2272	sigset_t block, prev;
		2273
		2274	sigemptyset (&block);
		2275	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2276	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2277
		2278	while (queue_get (&data))
		2279	process (data);
		2280
		2281	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2282	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2283	}
		2284
		2285	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2286	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2287	either...).
		2288
		2289	=item queueing from a thread context
		2290
		2291	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2292	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2293	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2294
		2295	static ev_async mysig;
		2296	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2297
		2298	static void
		2299	otherthread (void)
		2300	{
		2301	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2302	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2303	queue_put (data);
		2304	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2305
		2306	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2307	}
		2308
		2309	static void
		2310	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2311	{
		2312	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2313
		2314	while (queue_get (&data))
		2315	process (data);
		2316
		2317	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2318	}
		2319
		2320	=back
		2321
		2322
		2323	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2324
		2325	=over 4
		2326
		2327	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2328
		2329	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2330	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2331	believe me.
		2332
		2333	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2334
		2335	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2336	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2337	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or
		2338	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2339	section below on what exactly this means).
		2340
		2341	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
		2342	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2343	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2344
		2345	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2346
		2347	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2348	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2349	event loop.
		2350
		2351	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2352	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2353	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2354	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2355
		2356	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2357	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
1582		2358
1583	=back	2359	=back
1584		2360
1585		2361
1586	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2362	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
1597	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2373	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1598	more watchers yourself.	2374	more watchers yourself.
1599		2375
1600	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2376	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
1601	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2377	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
1602	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2378	C<events> set will be created and started.
1603		2379
1604	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2380	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1605	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2381	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1606	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2382	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
1607	dubious value.	2383	dubious value.
…		…
1609	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2385	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
1610	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2386	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1611	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2387	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
1612	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2388	value passed to C<ev_once>:
1613		2389
1614	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2390	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1615	{	2391	{
1616	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	2392	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1617	/* doh, nothing entered */;	2393	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1618	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2394	else if (revents & EV_READ)
1619	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2395	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
1620	}	2396	}
1621		2397
1622	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2398	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1623		2399
1624	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2400	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1625		2401
1626	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2402	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1627	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2403	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
…		…
1632	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2408	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1633	the given events it.	2409	the given events it.
1634		2410
1635	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2411	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
1636		2412
1637	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2413	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1638	loop!).	2414	loop!).
1639		2415
1640	=back	2416	=back
1641		2417
1642		2418
…		…
1658		2434
1659	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2435	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1660	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2436	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1661	is an ev_pri field.	2437	is an ev_pri field.
1662		2438
		2439	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2440	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2441
1663	=item * Other members are not supported.	2442	=item * Other members are not supported.
1664		2443
1665	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2444	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1666	to use the libev header file and library.	2445	to use the libev header file and library.
1667		2446
1668	=back	2447	=back
1669		2448
1670	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2449	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1671		2450
1672	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2451	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1673	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2452	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1674	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2453	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1675		2454
1676	To use it,	2455	To use it,
1677		2456
1678	#include <ev++.h>	2457	#include <ev++.h>
1679		2458
1680	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	2459	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1681	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	2460	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1682	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	2461	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		2462	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1683		2463
1684	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	2464	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1685	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2465	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		2466	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		2467	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		2468
		2469	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		2470	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		2471	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		2472	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		2473	it).
1686		2474
1687	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	2475	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1688		2476
1689	=over 4	2477	=over 4
1690		2478
…		…
1706		2494
1707	All of those classes have these methods:	2495	All of those classes have these methods:
1708		2496
1709	=over 4	2497	=over 4
1710		2498
1711	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)	2499	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1712		2500
1713	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)	2501	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
1714		2502
1715	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	2503	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1716		2504
1717	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	2505	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1718	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	2506	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1719	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	2507
1720	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	2508	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1721	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	2509	C<set> method before starting it.
		2510
		2511	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		2512	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		2513
		2514	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		2515	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1722		2516
1723	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	2517	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		2518
		2519	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		2520
		2521	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		2522	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		2523	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		2524	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		2525
		2526	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		2527	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		2528	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		2529	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		2530	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		2531
		2532	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		2533
		2534	struct myclass
		2535	{
		2536	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2537	}
		2538
		2539	myclass obj;
		2540	ev::io iow;
		2541	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2542
		2543	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		2544
		2545	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		2546	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		2547	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2548
		2549	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2550
		2551	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2552
		2553	Example:
		2554
		2555	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2556	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1724		2557
1725	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2558	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1726		2559
1727	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2560	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1728	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2561	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1729		2562
1730	=item w->set ([args])	2563	=item w->set ([arguments])
1731		2564
1732	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2565	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
1733	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2566	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1734	automatically stopped and restarted.	2567	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2568	method.
1735		2569
1736	=item w->start ()	2570	=item w->start ()
1737		2571
1738	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	2572	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1739	constructor already takes the loop.	2573	constructor already stores the event loop.
1740		2574
1741	=item w->stop ()	2575	=item w->stop ()
1742		2576
1743	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2577	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1744		2578
1745	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2579	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1746		2580
1747	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2581	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1748	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2582	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1749		2583
1750	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2584	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1751		2585
1752	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2586	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1753		2587
1754	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2588	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1755		2589
1756	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2590	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1757		2591
1758	=back	2592	=back
1759		2593
1760	=back	2594	=back
1761		2595
1762	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2596	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1763	the constructor.	2597	the constructor.
1764		2598
1765	class myclass	2599	class myclass
1766	{	2600	{
1767	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2601	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1768	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2602	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1769		2603
1770	myclass ();	2604	myclass (int fd)
1771	}	2605	{
		2606	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2607	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
1772		2608
1773	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1774	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1775	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1776	{
1777	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2609	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2610	}
1778	}	2611	};
		2612
		2613
		2614	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2615
		2616	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2617	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2618	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2619	me a note.
		2620
		2621	=over 4
		2622
		2623	=item Perl
		2624
		2625	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2626	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2627	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2628	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the
		2629	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).
		2630
		2631	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		2632	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2633
		2634	=item Python
		2635
		2636	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2637	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2638	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2639	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2640	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2641	libev).
		2642
		2643	=item Ruby
		2644
		2645	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2646	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2647	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2648	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2649
		2650	=item D
		2651
		2652	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2653	be found at L<http://git.llucax.com.ar/?p=software/ev.d.git;a=summary>.
		2654
		2655	=back
1779		2656
1780		2657
1781	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2658	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1782		2659
1783	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2660	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
1784	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and	2661	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1785	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2662	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1786		2663
1787	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2664	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1788	following macros are defined:	2665	following macros are defined:
1789		2666
1790	=over 4	2667	=over 4
…		…
1793		2670
1794	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2671	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1795	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2672	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1796	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2673	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1797		2674
1798	ev_unref (EV_A);	2675	ev_unref (EV_A);
1799	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2676	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1800	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2677	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1801		2678
1802	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2679	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
1803	which is often provided by the following macro.	2680	which is often provided by the following macro.
1804		2681
1805	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2682	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
1806		2683
1807	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2684	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1808	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2685	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1809	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2686	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1810		2687
1811	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	2688	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
1812	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	2689	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1813		2690
1814	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	2691	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
1815	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2692	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1816		2693
1817	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	2694	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
1818	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	2695	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
1819		2696
1820	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2697	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1821		2698
1822	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2699	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1823	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2700	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1824		2701
		2702	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2703
		2704	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2705	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2706	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2707	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2708
		2709	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2710	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
		2711
1825	=back	2712	=back
1826		2713
1827	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of	2714	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1828	wether multiple loops are supported or not.	2715	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2716	or not.
1829		2717
1830	static void	2718	static void
1831	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2719	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1832	{	2720	{
1833	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2721	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1834	}	2722	}
1835		2723
1836	ev_check check;	2724	ev_check check;
1837	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2725	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1838	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2726	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1839	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2727	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1840
1841		2728
1842	=head1 EMBEDDING	2729	=head1 EMBEDDING
1843		2730
1844	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2731	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1845	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2732	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1846	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	2733	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1847	and rxvt-unicode.	2734	and rxvt-unicode.
1848		2735
1849	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	2736	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1850	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	2737	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1851	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	2738	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1852	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2739	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1853		2740
1854	=head2 FILESETS	2741	=head2 FILESETS
1855		2742
1856	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	2743	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
1857	in your app.	2744	in your application.
1858		2745
1859	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	2746	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
1860		2747
1861	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	2748	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
1862	configuration (no autoconf):	2749	configuration (no autoconf):
1863		2750
1864	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2751	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1865	#include "ev.c"	2752	#include "ev.c"
1866		2753
1867	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	2754	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
1868	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	2755	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
1869	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	2756	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
1870	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	2757	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
1871	where you can put other configuration options):	2758	where you can put other configuration options):
1872		2759
1873	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2760	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1874	#include "ev.h"	2761	#include "ev.h"
1875		2762
1876	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	2763	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
1877	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	2764	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
1878	as a bug).	2765	as a bug).
1879		2766
1880	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	2767	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
1881	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	2768	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
1882		2769
1883	ev.h	2770	ev.h
1884	ev.c	2771	ev.c
1885	ev_vars.h	2772	ev_vars.h
1886	ev_wrap.h	2773	ev_wrap.h
1887		2774
1888	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	2775	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1889		2776
1890	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default)	2777	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
1891	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2778	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1892	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2779	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1893	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2780	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1894	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2781	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1895		2782
1896	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	2783	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
1897	to compile this single file.	2784	to compile this single file.
1898		2785
1899	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	2786	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
1900		2787
1901	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	2788	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
1902		2789
1903	#include "event.c"	2790	#include "event.c"
1904		2791
1905	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	2792	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
1906		2793
1907	#include "event.h"	2794	#include "event.h"
1908		2795
1909	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	2796	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
1910		2797
1911	You need the following additional files for this:	2798	You need the following additional files for this:
1912		2799
1913	event.h	2800	event.h
1914	event.c	2801	event.c
1915		2802
1916	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	2803	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
1917		2804
1918	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	2805	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
1919	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	2806	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
1920	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	2807	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
1921	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	2808	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
1922		2809
1923	For this of course you need the m4 file:	2810	For this of course you need the m4 file:
1924		2811
1925	libev.m4	2812	libev.m4
1926		2813
1927	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	2814	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
1928		2815
1929	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	2816	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
1930	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	2817	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
1931	and only include the select backend.	2818	autoconf is noted for every option.
1932		2819
1933	=over 4	2820	=over 4
1934		2821
1935	=item EV_STANDALONE	2822	=item EV_STANDALONE
1936		2823
…		…
1941	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	2828	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
1942		2829
1943	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	2830	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
1944		2831
1945	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2832	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1946	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2833	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
1947	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2834	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
1948	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2835	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
1949	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	2836	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
1950	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2837	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
1951	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2838	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
1952		2839
1953	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2840	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
1954		2841
1955	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2842	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1956	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2843	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
1957	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2844	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
1958	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2845	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
1959	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	2846	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
1960	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2847	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2848
		2849	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		2850
		2851	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		2852	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		2853
		2854	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		2855
		2856	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		2857	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		2858	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		2859	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		2860	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
1961		2861
1962	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2862	=item EV_USE_SELECT
1963		2863
1964	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2864	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
1965	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2865	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
1966	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	2866	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
1967	will not be compiled in.	2867	will not be compiled in.
1968		2868
1969	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	2869	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
1970		2870
1971	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	2871	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
1972	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	2872	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
1973	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	2873	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
1974	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	2874	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
1975	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	2875	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
1976	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	2876	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
1977	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	2877	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
1978		2878
…		…
1984	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	2884	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
1985	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	2885	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
1986	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	2886	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
1987	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	2887	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
1988		2888
		2889	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		2890
		2891	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		2892	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		2893	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		2894	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		2895	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		2896
1989	=item EV_USE_POLL	2897	=item EV_USE_POLL
1990		2898
1991	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	2899	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
1992	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	2900	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
1993	takes precedence over select.	2901	takes precedence over select.
1994		2902
1995	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	2903	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
1996		2904
1997	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	2905	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
1998	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	2906	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
1999	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	2907	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2000	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	2908	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		2909	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2001		2910
2002	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	2911	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2003		2912
2004	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	2913	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2005	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	2914	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2018	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	2927	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2019	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	2928	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2020		2929
2021	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	2930	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2022		2931
2023	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	2932	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2024		2933
2025	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	2934	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2026		2935
2027	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	2936	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2028	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	2937	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2029	be detected at runtime.	2938	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		2939	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		2940
		2941	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		2942
		2943	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		2944	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		2945	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		2946	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		2947	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		2948
		2949	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		2950	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2030		2951
2031	=item EV_H	2952	=item EV_H
2032		2953
2033	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	2954	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2034	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	2955	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2035	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	2956	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2036		2957
2037	=item EV_CONFIG_H	2958	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2038		2959
2039	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	2960	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2040	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	2961	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2041	C<EV_H>, above.	2962	C<EV_H>, above.
2042		2963
2043	=item EV_EVENT_H	2964	=item EV_EVENT_H
2044		2965
2045	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	2966	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2046	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	2967	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2047		2968
2048	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	2969	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2049		2970
2050	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	2971	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2051	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	2972	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2058	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	2979	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
2059	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	2980	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
2060	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	2981	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
2061	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	2982	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
2062		2983
		2984	=item EV_MINPRI
		2985
		2986	=item EV_MAXPRI
		2987
		2988	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		2989	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2990	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2991	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		2992
		2993	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2994	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2995	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2996	fine.
		2997
		2998	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2999	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
		3000
2063	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3001	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2064		3002
2065	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3003	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2066	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3004	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2067	code.	3005	code.
2068		3006
		3007	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		3008
		3009	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		3010	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		3011	code.
		3012
2069	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3013	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2070		3014
2071	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3015	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2072	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3016	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2073		3017
…		…
2079	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3023	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2080		3024
2081	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3025	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2082	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3026	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2083		3027
		3028	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3029
		3030	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3031	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3032
2084	=item EV_MINIMAL	3033	=item EV_MINIMAL
2085		3034
2086	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3035	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2087	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3036	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2088	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3037	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3038	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2089		3039
2090	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3040	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2091		3041
2092	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3042	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2093	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3043	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2094	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3044	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2095	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	3045	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2096		3046
2097	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	3047	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2098		3048
2099	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3049	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2100	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3050	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2101	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3051	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2102	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3052	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2103	two).	3053	two).
2104		3054
		3055	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3056
		3057	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3058	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3059	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has
		3060	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3061
		3062	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3063	(disabled).
		3064
		3065	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3066
		3067	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3068	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3069	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3070	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3071	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3072	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3073
		3074	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3075	(disabled).
		3076
		3077	=item EV_VERIFY
		3078
		3079	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3080	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3081	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3082	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3083	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3084	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3085	libev considerably.
		3086
		3087	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3088	C<0.>
		3089
2105	=item EV_COMMON	3090	=item EV_COMMON
2106		3091
2107	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3092	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2108	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3093	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2109	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3094	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2110	though, and it must be identical each time.	3095	though, and it must be identical each time.
2111		3096
2112	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3097	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2113		3098
2114	#define EV_COMMON \	3099	#define EV_COMMON \
2115	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3100	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2116	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3101	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2117		3102
2118	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3103	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2119		3104
2120	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3105	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2121		3106
2122	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	3107	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2123		3108
2124	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	3109	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2125	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	3110	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2126	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	3111	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2127	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3112	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2128	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3113	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2129	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3114	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		3115
		3116	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		3117
		3118	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
		3119	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		3120	all public symbols, one per line:
		3121
		3122	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		3123	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		3124
		3125	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		3126	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		3127	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
		3128
		3129	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		3130	include before including F<ev.h>:
		3131
		3132	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		3133
		3134	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		3135
		3136	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		3137	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		3138	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		3139	...
2130		3140
2131	=head2 EXAMPLES	3141	=head2 EXAMPLES
2132		3142
2133	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	3143	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2134	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	3144	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2137	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file	3147	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
2138	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header	3148	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
2139	file.	3149	file.
2140		3150
2141	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3151	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2142	that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices:	3152	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2143		3153
		3154	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2144	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3155	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2145	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3156	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2146	#define EV_PERIODICS 0	3157	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		3158	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		3159	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2147	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3160	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		3161	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		3162	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2148		3163
2149	#include "ev++.h"	3164	#include "ev++.h"
2150		3165
2151	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3166	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2152		3167
2153	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3168	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2154	#include "ev.c"	3169	#include "ev.c"
		3170
		3171
		3172	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3173
		3174	=head2 THREADS
		3175
		3176	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This
		3177	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as
		3178	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop
		3179	parameter.
		3180
		3181	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in
		3182	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be
		3183	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one
		3184	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex
		3185	per loop).
		3186
		3187	If you want to know which design is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3188	help you but by giving some generic advice:
		3189
		3190	=over 4
		3191
		3192	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3193	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3194
		3195	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3196	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3197
		3198	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3199
		3200	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3201	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3202
		3203	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3204	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3205
		3206	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3207	better than you currently do :-)
		3208
		3209	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3210	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other
		3211	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).
		3212
		3213	=back
		3214
		3215	=head2 COROUTINES
		3216
		3217	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3218	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different
		3219	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3220	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3221	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3222	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3223
		3224	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local
		3225	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine
		3226	switches.
2155		3227
2156		3228
2157	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3229	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
2158		3230
2159	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3231	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2160	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3232	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2161	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3233	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2162		3234
		3235	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		3236	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		3237	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		3238	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		3239	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		3240
2163	=over 4	3241	=over 4
2164		3242
2165	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3243	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2166		3244
		3245	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		3246	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		3247	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		3248
2167	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3249	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2168		3250
		3251	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		3252	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		3253
2169	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3254	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2170		3255
		3256	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		3257
2171	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3258	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2172		3259
2173	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3260	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2174		3261
		3262	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		3263	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		3264	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		3265
2175	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3266	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3267
		3268	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3269	fixed position in the storage array.
2176		3270
2177	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3271	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2178		3272
2179	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3273	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		3274	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3275	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		3276
		3277	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		3278
		3279	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		3280
		3281	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		3282	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		3283	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3284	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
		3285
		3286	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3287
		3288	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3289
		3290	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3291
		3292	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3293	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3294	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2180		3295
2181	=back	3296	=back
2182		3297
2183		3298
		3299	=head1 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		3300
		3301	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3302	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3303	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3304	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3305	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3306	e.g. cygwin.
		3307
		3308	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3309	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3310	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3311	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3312
		3313	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3314	embedding it into other applications.
		3315
		3316	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3317	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3318	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3319	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3320	megabyte seems safe, but thsi apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3321	available).
		3322
		3323	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		3324	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		3325	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		3326	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		3327	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		3328	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3329	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3330
		3331	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3332	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3333	of F<ev.h>:
		3334
		3335	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3336	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3337
		3338	#include "ev.h"
		3339
		3340	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3341	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded soruce files!):
		3342
		3343	#include "evwrap.h"
		3344	#include "ev.c"
		3345
		3346	=over 4
		3347
		3348	=item The winsocket select function
		3349
		3350	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		3351	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		3352	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		3353	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3354	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		3355	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3356	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		3357
		3358	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		3359	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3360
		3361	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3362	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3363
		3364	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3365	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3366
		3367	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3368
		3369	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		3370
		3371	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		3372	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		3373	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		3374	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3375	previous thread in each. Great).
		3376
		3377	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3378	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3379	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3380	select emulation on windows).
		3381
		3382	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		3383	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3384	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3385	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3386	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
		3387	libraries.
		3388
		3389	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3390	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3391	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3392	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3393
		3394	=back
		3395
		3396
		3397	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3398
		3399	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few
		3400	additional extensions:
		3401
		3402	=over 4
		3403
		3404	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3405	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3406
		3407	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3408	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3409	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3410	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3411	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3412
		3413	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3414
		3415	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3416	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different
		3417	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3418	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3419
		3420	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3421
		3422	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3423	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3424	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3425	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3426	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3427	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3428
		3429	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3430	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3431	well.
		3432
		3433	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3434
		3435	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>
		3436	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On
		3437	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but
		3438	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of
		3439	millions of watchers.
		3440
		3441	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3442
		3443	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3444	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3445	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3446	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3447
		3448	=back
		3449
		3450	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3451
		3452
		3453	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3454
		3455	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3456	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3457	scared by this.
		3458
		3459	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3460	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3461	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3462	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3463
		3464	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3465	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3466	maintainable.
		3467
		3468	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3469	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3470	seems to warn about).
		3471
		3472	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3473	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3474	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3475	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3476	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3477
		3478
		3479	=head1 VALGRIND
		3480
		3481	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3482	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3483
		3484	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3485	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3486
		3487	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3488	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3489	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3490
		3491	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,
		3492	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
		3493	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
		3494
		3495	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3496	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is
		3497	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is
		3498	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind
		3499	properly.
		3500
		3501	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3502	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3503
		3504
2184	=head1 AUTHOR	3505	=head1 AUTHOR
2185		3506
2186	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3507	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
2187		3508

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