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Revision 1.69 by root, Fri Dec 7 19:15:39 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.175 by root, Mon Sep 8 16:36:14 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_<type>
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		18
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	21	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	23	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	24	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	31	}
24		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	34	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	36	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	37	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	40	}
31		41
32	int	42	int
33	main (void)	43	main (void)
34	{	44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		47
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		57
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	58	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	62	return 0;
49	}	63	}
50		64
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		66
53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted	67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
56		70
57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
59	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
60		74
61	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	75	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
62	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	76	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
63	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	77	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
65	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
66	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
67	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
68	watcher.	82	watcher.
69		83
70	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
71		85
72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
…		…
82		96
83	It also is quite fast (see this	97	It also is quite fast (see this
84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
85	for example).	99	for example).
86		100
87	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
88		102
89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		109	this argument.
95		110
96	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
97		112
98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
103	it, you should treat it as such.	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
		119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
104		142
105	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
106		144
107	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
108	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
113		151
114	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
115	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
116	you actually want to know.	154	you actually want to know.
117		155
		156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		157
		158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		161
118	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
119		163
120	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
121		165
122	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	166	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
123	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	167	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
124	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	168	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
125	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	169	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
126	version of the library your program was compiled against.	170	version of the library your program was compiled against.
127		171
		172	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		173	release version.
		174
128	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	175	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
129	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	176	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
130	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	177	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
131	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
132		179
133	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
134	version.	181	version.
135		182
136	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
137	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
138	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
139		186
140	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
141		188
142	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
143	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
145	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
146		193
147	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
148	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
149		196
150	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
151	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
152		199
153	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
154		201
155	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
156	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
157	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
158	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
159	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
160	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
161		208
162	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
163		210
…		…
170	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
171		218
172	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
173		220
174	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
175	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
176	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
177	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
178	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
179	function.	226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
180		230
181	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
182	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
183	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
184		234
185	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
186	retries).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
187		237
188	static void *	238	static void *
189	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
190	{	240	{
191	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
…		…
202	...	252	...
203	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
204		254
205	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
206		256
207	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
208	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
209	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
210	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
211	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
212	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
213	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
214		264
215	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
229	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
230		280
231	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
232	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
233	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
234
235	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
236	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
237	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
238	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
239	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
240	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
241		284
242	=over 4	285	=over 4
243		286
244	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
245		288
…		…
249	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	292	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
250		293
251	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
252	function.	295	function.
253		296
		297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		300
		301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		305	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		306	C<ev_default_init>.
		307
254	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	308	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
255	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	309	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
256		310
257	The following flags are supported:	311	The following flags are supported:
258		312
…		…
263	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	317	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
264	thing, believe me).	318	thing, believe me).
265		319
266	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	320	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
267		321
268	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	322	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
269	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	323	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
270	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	324	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
271	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	325	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
272	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
273	around bugs.	327	around bugs.
…		…
279	enabling this flag.	333	enabling this flag.
280		334
281	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
282	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
283	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
284	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
285	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	339	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
286	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	340	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
287		341
288	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	342	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
289	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	343	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
290	flag.	344	flag.
291		345
292	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
293	environment variable.	347	environment variable.
294		348
295	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
296		350
297	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
298	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	352	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
299	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
300	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	354	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
301	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	355	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		356
		357	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		358	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
302		363
303	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	364	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
304		365
305	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	366	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
306	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	367	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
307	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	368	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
308	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	369	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		370	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		371	performance tips.
309		372
310	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	373	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
311		374
312	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	375	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
313	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	376	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
314	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	377	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
315	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	378	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		379	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		380	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
		381	support for dup.
316		382
317	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	383	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
318	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	384	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
319	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	385	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
320	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	386	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
321	well if you register events for both fds.	387	very well if you register events for both fds.
322		388
323	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	389	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
324	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	390	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
325	(or space) is available.	391	(or space) is available.
326		392
		393	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		394	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.
		395	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.
		396
		397	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		398	all kernel versions tested so far.
		399
327	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	400	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
328		401
329	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	402	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
330	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	403	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
331	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	404	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
332	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	405	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"
333	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	406	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
334	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	407	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		408	system like NetBSD.
		409
		410	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		411	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		412	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
335		413
336	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	414	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
337	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	415	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
338	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	416	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
339	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	417	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
340	incident, so its best to avoid that.	418	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
		419	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		420
		421	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		422
		423	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		424	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		425	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		426	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		427	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for
		428	sockets.
341		429
342	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	430	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
343		431
344	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	432	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		433	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		434	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		435	immensely.
345		436
346	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	437	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
347		438
348	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	439	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
349	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	440	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
350		441
351	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	442	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
352	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	443	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
353	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	444	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		445
		446	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		447	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		448	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		449	might perform better.
		450
		451	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this
		452	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully
		453	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.
354		454
355	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	455	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
356		456
357	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	457	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
358	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	458	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
359	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	459	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
360		460
		461	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		462
361	=back	463	=back
362		464
363	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	465	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
364	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	466	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
365	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	467	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
366	order of their flag values :)
367		468
368	The most typical usage is like this:	469	The most typical usage is like this:
369		470
370	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	471	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
371	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	472	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
372		473
373	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	474	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
374	environment settings to be taken into account:	475	environment settings to be taken into account:
375		476
376	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	477	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
377		478
378	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	479	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
379	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	480	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
380	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	481	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
381		482
382	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	483	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
383		484
384	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	485	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
385		486
386	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	487	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
387	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	488	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
388	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	489	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
389	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	490	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
390		491
		492	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		493	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		494	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		495
391	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	496	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
392		497
393	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	498	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
394	if (!epoller)	499	if (!epoller)
395	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	500	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
396		501
397	=item ev_default_destroy ()	502	=item ev_default_destroy ()
398		503
399	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	504	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
400	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	505	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
401	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	506	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
402	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	507	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
403	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	508	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
404	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	509	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
405	for example).	510	for example).
		511
		512	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		513	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		514	would need to be stopped manually.
		515
		516	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		517	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		518	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		519	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
406		520
407	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	521	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
408		522
409	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	523	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
410	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	524	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
411		525
412	=item ev_default_fork ()	526	=item ev_default_fork ()
413		527
		528	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
414	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	529	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
415	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	530	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
416	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	531	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
417	again makes little sense).	532	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		533	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
418		534
419	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	535	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
420	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	536	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
421	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	537	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
422		538
423	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	539	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
424	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	540	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
425	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	541	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
426		542
427	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	543	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
428		544
429	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
430	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
431	do not need to care.
432
433	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	545	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
434		546
435	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	547	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
436	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	548	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
437	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	549	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
		550
		551	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		552
		553	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.
438		554
439	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	555	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
440		556
441	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	557	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
442	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	558	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
455		571
456	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	572	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
457	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	573	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
458	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	574	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
459	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	575	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
460	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	576	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
461		577
462	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	578	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
463		579
464	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	580	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
465	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	581	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
477	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	593	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
478	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	594	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
479	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	595	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
480		596
481	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	597	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
482	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	598	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
483	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	599	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
484	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	600	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
485	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	601	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
486	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	602	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
487	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	603	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
488		604
489	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	605	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
490		606
491	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	607	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
492	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	608	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
		609	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
		610	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
493	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	611	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		612	as to not disturb the other process.
494	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	613	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
495	- Update the "event loop time".	614	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
496	- Calculate for how long to block.	615	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		616	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		617	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		618	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
497	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	619	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
498	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	620	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
499	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	621	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
500	- Queue all outstanding timers.	622	- Queue all outstanding timers.
501	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	623	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
502	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	624	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
503	- Queue all check watchers.	625	- Queue all check watchers.
504	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	626	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
505	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	627	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
506	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	628	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
507	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	629	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
508	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	630	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		631	continue with step *.
509		632
510	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	633	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
511	anymore.	634	anymore.
512		635
513	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	636	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
514	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	637	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
515	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	638	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
516	... jobs done. yeah!	639	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
517		640
518	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	641	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
519		642
520	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	643	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
521	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	644	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
522	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	645	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
523	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	646	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
		647
		648	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
524		649
525	=item ev_ref (loop)	650	=item ev_ref (loop)
526		651
527	=item ev_unref (loop)	652	=item ev_unref (loop)
528		653
…		…
533	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	658	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
534	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	659	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
535	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	660	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
536	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	661	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
537	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	662	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
538	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	663	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		664	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		665	respectively).
539		666
540	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	667	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
541	running when nothing else is active.	668	running when nothing else is active.
542		669
543	struct ev_signal exitsig;	670	struct ev_signal exitsig;
544	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	671	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
545	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	672	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
546	evf_unref (loop);	673	evf_unref (loop);
547		674
548	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	675	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
549		676
550	ev_ref (loop);	677	ev_ref (loop);
551	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	678	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		679
		680	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		681
		682	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		683
		684	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		685	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
		686	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		687	latency.
		688
		689	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		690	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
		691	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		692	opportunities).
		693
		694	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to
		695	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes
		696	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		697	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		698	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		699
		700	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		701	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		702	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		703	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		704	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		705
		706	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		707	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		708	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers
		709	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce
		710	any overhead in libev.
		711
		712	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		713	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		714	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		715	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		716	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		717
		718	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		719	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		720	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		721	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		722	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		723	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		724
		725	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		726
		727	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		728	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks
		729	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print
		730	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.
		731
		732	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		733	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		734	data structures consistent.
552		735
553	=back	736	=back
554		737
555		738
556	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	739	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
557		740
558	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	741	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
559	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	742	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
560	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	743	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
561		744
562	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	745	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
563	{	746	{
564	ev_io_stop (w);	747	ev_io_stop (w);
565	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	748	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
566	}	749	}
567		750
568	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	751	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
569	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	752	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
570	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	753	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
571	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	754	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
572	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	755	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
573	ev_loop (loop, 0);	756	ev_loop (loop, 0);
574		757
575	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	758	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
576	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	759	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,
577	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	760	although this can sometimes be quite valid).
578		761
579	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	762	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
580	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	763	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
581	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	764	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
582	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	765	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
583	is readable and/or writable).	766	is readable and/or writable).
584		767
585	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	768	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro
586	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	769	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
…		…
656	=item C<EV_FORK>	839	=item C<EV_FORK>
657		840
658	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	841	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
659	C<ev_fork>).	842	C<ev_fork>).
660		843
		844	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		845
		846	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		847
661	=item C<EV_ERROR>	848	=item C<EV_ERROR>
662		849
663	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	850	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
664	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	851	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
665	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	852	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
666	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	853	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
667	with the watcher being stopped.	854	with the watcher being stopped.
668		855
669	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	856	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,
670	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	857	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if
671	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	858	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope
672	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	859	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
673	programs, though, so beware.	860	programs, though, so beware.
674		861
675	=back	862	=back
676		863
677	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	864	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
707	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	894	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
708	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	895	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
709		896
710	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	897	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
711		898
712	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	899	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
713	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	900	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
714	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	901	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
715		902
716	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	903	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
717		904
718	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	905	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
…		…
736	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	923	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
737		924
738	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	925	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
739	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	926	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
740	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	927	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
741	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	928	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
742	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	929	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		930	it).
743		931
744	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	932	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
745		933
746	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	934	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
747		935
…		…
766	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.	954	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
767		955
768	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	956	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
769	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	957	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
770		958
		959	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		960	pending.
		961
771	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	962	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
772	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	963	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
773		964
774	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	965	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
775	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	966	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
776	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.	967	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		968
		969	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		970
		971	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		972	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		973	can deal with that fact.
		974
		975	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		976
		977	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		978	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		979	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
777		980
778	=back	981	=back
779		982
780		983
781	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	984	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
785	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	988	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
786	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	989	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
787	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	990	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
788	data:	991	data:
789		992
790	struct my_io	993	struct my_io
791	{	994	{
792	struct ev_io io;	995	struct ev_io io;
793	int otherfd;	996	int otherfd;
794	void *somedata;	997	void *somedata;
795	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	998	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
796	}	999	}
797		1000
798	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1001	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
799	can cast it back to your own type:	1002	can cast it back to your own type:
800		1003
801	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1004	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
802	{	1005	{
803	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1006	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
804	...	1007	...
805	}	1008	}
806		1009
807	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1010	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
808	instead have been omitted.	1011	instead have been omitted.
809		1012
810	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1013	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
811	watchers:	1014	watchers:
812		1015
813	struct my_biggy	1016	struct my_biggy
814	{	1017	{
815	int some_data;	1018	int some_data;
816	ev_timer t1;	1019	ev_timer t1;
817	ev_timer t2;	1020	ev_timer t2;
818	}	1021	}
819		1022
820	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1023	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
821	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1024	you need to use C<offsetof>:
822		1025
823	#include <stddef.h>	1026	#include <stddef.h>
824		1027
825	static void	1028	static void
826	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1029	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
827	{	1030	{
828	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1031	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
829	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1032	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
830	}	1033	}
831		1034
832	static void	1035	static void
833	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1036	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
834	{	1037	{
835	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1038	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
836	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1039	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
837	}	1040	}
838		1041
839		1042
840	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1043	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
841		1044
842	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1045	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
866	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1069	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
867	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1070	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
868	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1071	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
869	required if you know what you are doing).	1072	required if you know what you are doing).
870		1073
871	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
872	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
873	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
874	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
875	the same underlying "file open").
876
877	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1074	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
878	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1075	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
879	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1076	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
880		1077
881	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1078	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
882	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1079	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
883	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1080	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
884	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1081	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
885	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1082	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
886	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1083	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
887	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1084	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
888	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1085	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
889		1086
890	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1087	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
891	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1088	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test
892	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1089	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
893	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1090	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
894	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1091	its own, so its quite safe to use).
895		1092
		1093	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1094
		1095	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1096	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		1097	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1098	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1099	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1100	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1101	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1102
		1103	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1104	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1105	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1106	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1107	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1108	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1109
		1110	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1111	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1112	optimisations to libev.
		1113
		1114	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1115
		1116	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1117	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1118	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1119	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1120
		1121	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1122	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1123	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1124
		1125	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1126
		1127	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1128	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1129	it in the child.
		1130
		1131	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1132	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1133	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1134	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1135
		1136	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1137
		1138	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:
		1139	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1140	send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1141	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1142
		1143	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1144	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1145	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1146
		1147
		1148	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
		1149
896	=over 4	1150	=over 4
897		1151
898	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1152	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
899		1153
900	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1154	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
901		1155
902	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1156	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
903	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1157	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
904	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1158	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
905		1159
906	=item int fd [read-only]	1160	=item int fd [read-only]
907		1161
908	The file descriptor being watched.	1162	The file descriptor being watched.
…		…
910	=item int events [read-only]	1164	=item int events [read-only]
911		1165
912	The events being watched.	1166	The events being watched.
913		1167
914	=back	1168	=back
		1169
		1170	=head3 Examples
915		1171
916	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1172	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
917	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1173	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
918	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1174	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
919		1175
920	static void	1176	static void
921	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1177	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
922	{	1178	{
923	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1179	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
924	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1180	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
925	}	1181	}
926		1182
927	...	1183	...
928	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1184	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
929	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1185	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
930	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1186	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
931	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1187	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
932	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1188	ev_loop (loop, 0);
933		1189
934		1190
935	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1191	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
936		1192
937	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1193	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
938	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1194	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
939		1195
940	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1196	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
941	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1197	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
942	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1198	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
943	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1199	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
944	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1200	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1201
		1202	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,
		1203	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
		1204	order of execution is undefined.
		1205
		1206	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1207
		1208	Requesting the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1209	least two syscalls): EV therefore updates it's idea of the current time
		1210	only before and after C<ev_loop> polls for new events, which causes the
		1211	difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()>.
945		1212
946	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1213	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
947	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1214	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
948	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1215	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
949	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1216	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
950	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1217	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
951		1218
952	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1219	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
953		1220
954	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1221	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
955	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
956	order of execution is undefined.
957		1222
958	=over 4	1223	=over 4
959		1224
960	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1225	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
961		1226
962	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1227	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
963		1228
964	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1229	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
965	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1230	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
966	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1231	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
967	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1232	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1233	until stopped manually.
968		1234
969	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1235	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
970	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1236	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
971	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1237	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
972	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1238	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
973	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1239	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
974		1240
975	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1241	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
976		1242
977	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1243	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
978	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1244	repeating. The exact semantics are:
979		1245
980	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1246	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
981		1247
982	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1248	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
983		1249
984	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1250	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
985	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1251	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
986		1252
987	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1253	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
988	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1254	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle
989	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1255	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
990	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1256	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
991	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call	1257	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
992	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If	1258	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
993	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the	1259	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
…		…
1015	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1281	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
1016	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1282	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1017		1283
1018	=back	1284	=back
1019		1285
		1286	=head3 Examples
		1287
1020	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1288	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1021		1289
1022	static void	1290	static void
1023	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1291	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1024	{	1292	{
1025	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1293	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1026	}	1294	}
1027		1295
1028	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1296	struct ev_timer mytimer;
1029	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1297	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1030	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1298	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1031		1299
1032	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1300	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1033	inactivity.	1301	inactivity.
1034		1302
1035	static void	1303	static void
1036	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1304	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1037	{	1305	{
1038	.. ten seconds without any activity	1306	.. ten seconds without any activity
1039	}	1307	}
1040		1308
1041	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1309	struct ev_timer mytimer;
1042	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1310	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1043	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1311	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1044	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1312	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1045		1313
1046	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1314	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1047	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1315	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1048	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1316	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1049		1317
1050		1318
1051	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1319	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1052		1320
1053	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1321	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1054	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1322	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1055		1323
1056	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1324	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
1057	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1325	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
1058	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1326	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
1059	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1327	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
1060	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1328	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1329	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
1061	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1330	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1062	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1331	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1063	again).
1064		1332
1065	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1333	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1066	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1334	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
		1335	complicated, rules.
1067		1336
1068	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1337	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1069	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1338	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1070	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1339	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
		1340
		1341	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1071		1342
1072	=over 4	1343	=over 4
1073		1344
1074	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1345	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1075		1346
…		…
1078	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1349	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1079	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1350	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
1080		1351
1081	=over 4	1352	=over 4
1082		1353
1083	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1354	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1084		1355
1085	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1356	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1086	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1357	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time
1087	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1358	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1088	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1359	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1089		1360
1090	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1361	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1091		1362
1092	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1363	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1093	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1364	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1094	of any time jumps.	1365	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1095		1366
1096	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1367	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1097	time:	1368	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on
		1369	the hour:
1098		1370
1099	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1371	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1100		1372
1101	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1373	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1102	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1374	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1103	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1375	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1104	by 3600.	1376	by 3600.
1105		1377
1106	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1378	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1107	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1379	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1108	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1380	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1109		1381
		1382	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1383	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1384	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1385
		1386	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1387	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1388	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1389	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1390
1110	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1391	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1111		1392
1112	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1393	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1113	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1394	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1114	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1395	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1115	current time as second argument.	1396	current time as second argument.
1116		1397
1117	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1398	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1118	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1399	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1119	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1120	starting a prepare watcher).
1121		1400
		1401	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1402	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1403	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1404
1122	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1405	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic
1123	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1406	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1124		1407
1125	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1408	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1126	{	1409	{
1127	return now + 60.;	1410	return now + 60.;
1128	}	1411	}
…		…
1130	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1413	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1131	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1414	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1132	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1415	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1133	might be called at other times, too.	1416	might be called at other times, too.
1134		1417
1135	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1418	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1136	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1419	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1137		1420
1138	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1421	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1139	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1422	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1140	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1423	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1141	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1424	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1142	reason I omitted it as an example).	1425	reason I omitted it as an example).
1143		1426
1144	=back	1427	=back
…		…
1148	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1431	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1149	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1432	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1150	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1433	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1151	program when the crontabs have changed).	1434	program when the crontabs have changed).
1152		1435
		1436	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1437
		1438	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1439	trigger next.
		1440
		1441	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1442
		1443	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1444	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1445
		1446	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1447	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1448
1153	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1449	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1154		1450
1155	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1451	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1156	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1452	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1157	called.	1453	called.
…		…
1162	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1458	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1163	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1459	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1164		1460
1165	=back	1461	=back
1166		1462
		1463	=head3 Examples
		1464
1167	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1465	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1168	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1466	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1169	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1467	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1170		1468
1171	static void	1469	static void
1172	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1470	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1173	{	1471	{
1174	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1472	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1175	}	1473	}
1176		1474
1177	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1475	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1178	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1476	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1179	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1477	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1180		1478
1181	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1479	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1182		1480
1183	#include <math.h>	1481	#include <math.h>
1184		1482
1185	static ev_tstamp	1483	static ev_tstamp
1186	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1484	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1187	{	1485	{
1188	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1486	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
1189	}	1487	}
1190		1488
1191	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1489	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1192		1490
1193	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1491	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1194		1492
1195	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1493	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1196	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1494	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1197	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1495	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1198	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1496	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1199		1497
1200		1498
1201	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1499	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1202		1500
1203	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1501	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
…		…
1210	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1508	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
1211	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1509	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1212	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1510	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1213	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1511	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1214		1512
		1513	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1514	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1515	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1516	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1517	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1518
		1519	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1520
1215	=over 4	1521	=over 4
1216		1522
1217	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1523	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1218		1524
1219	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1525	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
…		…
1225		1531
1226	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1532	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1227		1533
1228	=back	1534	=back
1229		1535
		1536	=head3 Examples
		1537
		1538	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1539
		1540	static void
		1541	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1542	{
		1543	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1544	}
		1545
		1546	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1547	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1548	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1549
1230		1550
1231	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1551	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1232		1552
1233	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1553	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1234	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1554	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It
		1555	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been
		1556	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event
		1557	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).
		1558
		1559	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1560	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		1561
		1562	=head3 Process Interaction
		1563
		1564	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1565	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1566	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		1567	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1568	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1569	children, even ones not watched.
		1570
		1571	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1572
		1573	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1574	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1575	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1576	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1577	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1578	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1579	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1580
		1581	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		1582
		1583	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		1584	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		1585	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		1586	when a child exit is detected.
		1587
		1588	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1235		1589
1236	=over 4	1590	=over 4
1237		1591
1238	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1592	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1239		1593
1240	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1594	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1241		1595
1242	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1596	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1243	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1597	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1244	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1598	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1245	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1599	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1246	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1600	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1247	process causing the status change.	1601	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1602	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1603	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1248		1604
1249	=item int pid [read-only]	1605	=item int pid [read-only]
1250		1606
1251	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1607	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1252		1608
…		…
1259	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1615	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1260	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1616	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1261		1617
1262	=back	1618	=back
1263		1619
1264	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1620	=head3 Examples
1265		1621
		1622	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1623	its completion.
		1624
		1625	ev_child cw;
		1626
1266	static void	1627	static void
1267	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1628	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
1268	{	1629	{
1269	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1630	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1631	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1270	}	1632	}
1271		1633
1272	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1634	pid_t pid = fork ();
1273	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1635
1274	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1636	if (pid < 0)
		1637	// error
		1638	else if (pid == 0)
		1639	{
		1640	// the forked child executes here
		1641	exit (1);
		1642	}
		1643	else
		1644	{
		1645	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1646	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1647	}
1275		1648
1276		1649
1277	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1650	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1278		1651
1279	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1652	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1280	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1653	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1281	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1654	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1282		1655
1283	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1656	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1284	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1657	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
…		…
1302	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1675	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1303	resource-intensive.	1676	resource-intensive.
1304		1677
1305	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1678	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1306	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1679	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1680	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat
1307	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1681	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should
1308	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1682	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1309	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1683	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1310	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1684	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1311	polling.	1685	will be no polling.
		1686
		1687	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1688
		1689	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1690	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		1691	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1692	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1693	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1694	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1695	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1696	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.
		1697
		1698	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1699	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1700	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1701	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1702	default compilation environment.
		1703
		1704	=head3 Inotify
		1705
		1706	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only
		1707	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1708	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily
		1709	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1710
		1711	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1712	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1713	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		1714	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.
		1715
		1716	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1717	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1718	descriptor open on the object at all times).
		1719
		1720	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1721
		1722	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1723	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still
		1724	only support whole seconds.
		1725
		1726	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		1727	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		1728	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		1729	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat
		1730	data does not change.
		1731
		1732	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		1733	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		1734	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		1735	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		1736
		1737	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1738	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		1739	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		1740	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		1741	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		1742	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		1743	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		1744	the timer callback).
		1745
		1746	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1312		1747
1313	=over 4	1748	=over 4
1314		1749
1315	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	1750	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1316		1751
…		…
1320	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	1755	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1321	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	1756	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1322	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	1757	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1323	path for as long as the watcher is active.	1758	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1324		1759
1325	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1760	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative
1326	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1761	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change
1327	last change was detected).	1762	was detected).
1328		1763
1329	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	1764	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1330		1765
1331	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1766	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1332	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1767	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1333	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1768	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1334	useful simply to find out the new values.	1769	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		1770	new values.
1335		1771
1336	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	1772	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1337		1773
1338	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	1774	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1339	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	1775	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1340	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	1776	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		1777	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1341	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	1778	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1342		1779
1343	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	1780	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1344		1781
1345	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	1782	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1346	C<prev> != C<attr>.	1783	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		1784	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		1785	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1347		1786
1348	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	1787	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1349		1788
1350	The specified interval.	1789	The specified interval.
1351		1790
1352	=item const char *path [read-only]	1791	=item const char *path [read-only]
1353		1792
1354	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1793	The file system path that is being watched.
1355		1794
1356	=back	1795	=back
1357		1796
		1797	=head3 Examples
		1798
1358	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	1799	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1359		1800
1360	static void	1801	static void
1361	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	1802	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1362	{	1803	{
1363	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	1804	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1364	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	1805	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1365	{	1806	{
1366	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	1807	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1367	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1808	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1368	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1809	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1369	}	1810	}
1370	else	1811	else
1371	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	1812	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1372	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	1813	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1373	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	1814	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1374	}	1815	}
1375		1816
1376	...	1817	...
1377	ev_stat passwd;	1818	ev_stat passwd;
1378		1819
1379	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	1820	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1380	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1821	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1822
		1823	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		1824	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		1825	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		1826	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		1827
		1828	static ev_stat passwd;
		1829	static ev_timer timer;
		1830
		1831	static void
		1832	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1833	{
		1834	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1835
		1836	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		1837	}
		1838
		1839	static void
		1840	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1841	{
		1842	/* reset the one-second timer */
		1843	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		1844	}
		1845
		1846	...
		1847	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		1848	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1849	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1381		1850
1382		1851
1383	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1852	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1384		1853
1385	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	1854	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
…		…
1399	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1868	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1400	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1869	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1401	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1870	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1402	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1871	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1403		1872
		1873	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1874
1404	=over 4	1875	=over 4
1405		1876
1406	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1877	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1407		1878
1408	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1879	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1409	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1880	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1410	believe me.	1881	believe me.
1411		1882
1412	=back	1883	=back
1413		1884
		1885	=head3 Examples
		1886
1414	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	1887	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1415	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	1888	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1416		1889
1417	static void	1890	static void
1418	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1891	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1419	{	1892	{
1420	free (w);	1893	free (w);
1421	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1894	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1422	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	1895	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1423	}	1896	}
1424		1897
1425	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1898	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1426	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1899	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1427	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1900	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1428		1901
1429		1902
1430	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	1903	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1431		1904
1432	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1905	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
…		…
1451		1924
1452	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1925	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1453	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	1926	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
1454	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1927	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1455	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1928	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1456	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	1929	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers
1457	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	1930	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
1458	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	1931	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
1459	because you never know, you know?).	1932	because you never know, you know?).
1460		1933
1461	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1934	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
…		…
1465	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1938	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1466	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1939	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1467	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1940	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1468	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	1941	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1469		1942
		1943	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1944	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1945	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1946	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1947	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers
		1948	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other
		1949	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable
		1950	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to
		1951	coexist peacefully with others).
		1952
		1953	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1954
1470	=over 4	1955	=over 4
1471		1956
1472	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1957	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1473		1958
1474	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1959	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
…		…
1477	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1962	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1478	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	1963	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1479		1964
1480	=back	1965	=back
1481		1966
1482	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	1967	=head3 Examples
1483	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	1968
		1969	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1970	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1971	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1972	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
		1973	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
		1974	Glib event loop).
		1975
		1976	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1484	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	1977	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1485	pseudo-code only of course:	1978	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1979	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1980	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1486		1981
1487	static ev_io iow [nfd];	1982	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1488	static ev_timer tw;	1983	static ev_timer tw;
1489		1984
1490	static void	1985	static void
1491	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1986	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1492	{	1987	{
1493	// set the relevant poll flags
1494	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1495	struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w->data;
1496	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1497	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1498	}	1988	}
1499		1989
1500	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	1990	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1501	static void	1991	static void
1502	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	1992	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1503	{	1993	{
1504	int timeout = 3600000;	1994	int timeout = 3600000;
1505	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	1995	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1506	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	1996	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1507	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	1997	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1508		1998
1509	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	1999	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1510	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2000	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1511	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2001	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1512		2002
1513	// create on ev_io per pollfd	2003	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1514	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2004	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1515	{	2005	{
1516	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2006	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1517	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2007	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1518	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2008	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1519		2009
1520	fds [i].revents = 0;	2010	fds [i].revents = 0;
1521	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1522	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2011	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1523	}	2012	}
1524	}	2013	}
1525		2014
1526	// stop all watchers after blocking	2015	// stop all watchers after blocking
1527	static void	2016	static void
1528	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2017	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1529	{	2018	{
1530	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2019	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1531		2020
1532	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2021	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		2022	{
		2023	// set the relevant poll flags
		2024	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		2025	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		2026	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		2027	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		2028	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		2029
		2030	// now stop the watcher
1533	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2031	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		2032	}
1534		2033
1535	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2034	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1536	}	2035	}
		2036
		2037	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		2038	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		2039
		2040	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		2041	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		2042	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		2043
		2044	static void
		2045	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2046	{
		2047	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2048	update_now (EV_A);
		2049
		2050	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		2051	}
		2052
		2053	static void
		2054	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		2055	{
		2056	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2057	update_now (EV_A);
		2058
		2059	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2060	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2061	}
		2062
		2063	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		2064
		2065	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		2066	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override
		2067	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		2068	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		2069	this.
		2070
		2071	static gint
		2072	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		2073	{
		2074	int got_events = 0;
		2075
		2076	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2077	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		2078
		2079	if (timeout >= 0)
		2080	// create/start timer
		2081
		2082	// poll
		2083	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2084
		2085	// stop timer again
		2086	if (timeout >= 0)
		2087	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		2088
		2089	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		2090	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2091	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		2092
		2093	return got_events;
		2094	}
1537		2095
1538		2096
1539	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2097	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1540		2098
1541	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2099	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1583	portable one.	2141	portable one.
1584		2142
1585	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2143	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1586	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2144	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1587	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2145	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1588	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2146	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1589		2147
1590	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2148	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1591	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1592	struct ev_embed embed;
1593
1594	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1595	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1596	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1597	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1598	: 0;
1599
1600	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
1601	if (loop_lo)
1602	{
1603	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
1604	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1605	}
1606	else
1607	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1608		2149
1609	=over 4	2150	=over 4
1610		2151
1611	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2152	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1612		2153
…		…
1614		2155
1615	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2156	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1616	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2157	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1617	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2158	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1618	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2159	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1619	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2160	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1620		2161
1621	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2162	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1622		2163
1623	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2164	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1624	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2165	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1625	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2166	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1626		2167
1627	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	2168	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1628		2169
1629	The embedded event loop.	2170	The embedded event loop.
1630		2171
1631	=back	2172	=back
		2173
		2174	=head3 Examples
		2175
		2176	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2177	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2178	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		2179	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		2180	used).
		2181
		2182	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		2183	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		2184	struct ev_embed embed;
		2185
		2186	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		2187	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		2188	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		2189	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		2190	: 0;
		2191
		2192	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		2193	if (loop_lo)
		2194	{
		2195	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		2196	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		2197	}
		2198	else
		2199	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		2200
		2201	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2202	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2203	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2204	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		2205
		2206	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2207	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2208	struct ev_embed embed;
		2209
		2210	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2211	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2212	{
		2213	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2214	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2215	}
		2216
		2217	if (!loop_socket)
		2218	loop_socket = loop;
		2219
		2220	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1632		2221
1633		2222
1634	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2223	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1635		2224
1636	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2225	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1639	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2228	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1640	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2229	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1641	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2230	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1642	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2231	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1643		2232
		2233	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2234
1644	=over 4	2235	=over 4
1645		2236
1646	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2237	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1647		2238
1648	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	2239	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
1649	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2240	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1650	believe me.	2241	believe me.
		2242
		2243	=back
		2244
		2245
		2246	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2247
		2248	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2249	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2250	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2251
		2252	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2253	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2254	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2255	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2256	safe.
		2257
		2258	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2259	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2260	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2261	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2262
		2263	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2264	just the default loop.
		2265
		2266	=head3 Queueing
		2267
		2268	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2269	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2270	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2271	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2272
		2273	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2274	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your
		2275	queue:
		2276
		2277	=over 4
		2278
		2279	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2280
		2281	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2282	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for
		2283	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2284
		2285	static ev_async mysig;
		2286
		2287	static void
		2288	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2289	{
		2290	sometype data;
		2291
		2292	// no locking etc.
		2293	queue_put (data);
		2294	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2295	}
		2296
		2297	static void
		2298	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2299	{
		2300	sometype data;
		2301	sigset_t block, prev;
		2302
		2303	sigemptyset (&block);
		2304	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2305	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2306
		2307	while (queue_get (&data))
		2308	process (data);
		2309
		2310	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2311	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2312	}
		2313
		2314	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2315	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2316	either...).
		2317
		2318	=item queueing from a thread context
		2319
		2320	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2321	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2322	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2323
		2324	static ev_async mysig;
		2325	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2326
		2327	static void
		2328	otherthread (void)
		2329	{
		2330	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2331	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2332	queue_put (data);
		2333	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2334
		2335	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2336	}
		2337
		2338	static void
		2339	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2340	{
		2341	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2342
		2343	while (queue_get (&data))
		2344	process (data);
		2345
		2346	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2347	}
		2348
		2349	=back
		2350
		2351
		2352	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2353
		2354	=over 4
		2355
		2356	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2357
		2358	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2359	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2360	believe me.
		2361
		2362	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2363
		2364	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2365	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2366	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or
		2367	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2368	section below on what exactly this means).
		2369
		2370	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
		2371	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2372	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2373
		2374	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2375
		2376	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2377	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2378	event loop.
		2379
		2380	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2381	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2382	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2383	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2384
		2385	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2386	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
1651		2387
1652	=back	2388	=back
1653		2389
1654		2390
1655	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2391	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
1666	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2402	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1667	more watchers yourself.	2403	more watchers yourself.
1668		2404
1669	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2405	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
1670	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2406	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
1671	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2407	C<events> set will be created and started.
1672		2408
1673	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2409	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1674	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2410	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1675	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2411	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
1676	dubious value.	2412	dubious value.
…		…
1678	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2414	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
1679	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2415	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1680	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2416	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
1681	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2417	value passed to C<ev_once>:
1682		2418
1683	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2419	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1684	{	2420	{
1685	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	2421	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1686	/* doh, nothing entered */;	2422	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1687	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2423	else if (revents & EV_READ)
1688	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2424	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
1689	}	2425	}
1690		2426
1691	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2427	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1692		2428
1693	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2429	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1694		2430
1695	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2431	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1696	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2432	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
…		…
1701	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2437	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1702	the given events it.	2438	the given events it.
1703		2439
1704	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2440	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
1705		2441
1706	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2442	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1707	loop!).	2443	loop!).
1708		2444
1709	=back	2445	=back
1710		2446
1711		2447
…		…
1727		2463
1728	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2464	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1729	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2465	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1730	is an ev_pri field.	2466	is an ev_pri field.
1731		2467
		2468	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2469	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2470
1732	=item * Other members are not supported.	2471	=item * Other members are not supported.
1733		2472
1734	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2473	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1735	to use the libev header file and library.	2474	to use the libev header file and library.
1736		2475
1737	=back	2476	=back
1738		2477
1739	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2478	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1740		2479
1741	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2480	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1742	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2481	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1743	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2482	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1744		2483
1745	To use it,	2484	To use it,
1746		2485
1747	#include <ev++.h>	2486	#include <ev++.h>
1748		2487
1749	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	2488	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1750	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	2489	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1751	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	2490	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		2491	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1752		2492
1753	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	2493	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1754	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2494	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		2495	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		2496	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		2497
		2498	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		2499	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		2500	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		2501	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		2502	it).
1755		2503
1756	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	2504	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1757		2505
1758	=over 4	2506	=over 4
1759		2507
…		…
1775		2523
1776	All of those classes have these methods:	2524	All of those classes have these methods:
1777		2525
1778	=over 4	2526	=over 4
1779		2527
1780	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)	2528	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1781		2529
1782	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)	2530	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
1783		2531
1784	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	2532	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1785		2533
1786	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	2534	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1787	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	2535	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1788	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	2536
1789	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	2537	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1790	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	2538	C<set> method before starting it.
		2539
		2540	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		2541	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		2542
		2543	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		2544	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1791		2545
1792	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	2546	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		2547
		2548	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		2549
		2550	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		2551	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		2552	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		2553	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		2554
		2555	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		2556	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		2557	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		2558	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		2559	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		2560
		2561	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		2562
		2563	struct myclass
		2564	{
		2565	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2566	}
		2567
		2568	myclass obj;
		2569	ev::io iow;
		2570	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2571
		2572	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		2573
		2574	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		2575	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		2576	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2577
		2578	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2579
		2580	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2581
		2582	Example:
		2583
		2584	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2585	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1793		2586
1794	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2587	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1795		2588
1796	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2589	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1797	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2590	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1798		2591
1799	=item w->set ([args])	2592	=item w->set ([arguments])
1800		2593
1801	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2594	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
1802	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2595	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1803	automatically stopped and restarted.	2596	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2597	method.
1804		2598
1805	=item w->start ()	2599	=item w->start ()
1806		2600
1807	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	2601	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1808	constructor already takes the loop.	2602	constructor already stores the event loop.
1809		2603
1810	=item w->stop ()	2604	=item w->stop ()
1811		2605
1812	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2606	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1813		2607
1814	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2608	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1815		2609
1816	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2610	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1817	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2611	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1818		2612
1819	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2613	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1820		2614
1821	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2615	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1822		2616
1823	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2617	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1824		2618
1825	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2619	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1826		2620
1827	=back	2621	=back
1828		2622
1829	=back	2623	=back
1830		2624
1831	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2625	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1832	the constructor.	2626	the constructor.
1833		2627
1834	class myclass	2628	class myclass
1835	{	2629	{
1836	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2630	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1837	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2631	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1838		2632
1839	myclass ();	2633	myclass (int fd)
1840	}	2634	{
		2635	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2636	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
1841		2637
1842	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1843	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1844	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1845	{
1846	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2638	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2639	}
1847	}	2640	};
		2641
		2642
		2643	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2644
		2645	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2646	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2647	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2648	me a note.
		2649
		2650	=over 4
		2651
		2652	=item Perl
		2653
		2654	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2655	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2656	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2657	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the
		2658	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).
		2659
		2660	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		2661	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2662
		2663	=item Python
		2664
		2665	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2666	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2667	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2668	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2669	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2670	libev).
		2671
		2672	=item Ruby
		2673
		2674	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2675	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2676	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2677	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2678
		2679	=item D
		2680
		2681	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2682	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		2683
		2684	=back
1848		2685
1849		2686
1850	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2687	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1851		2688
1852	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2689	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
1853	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most) functions and	2690	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1854	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2691	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1855		2692
1856	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2693	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1857	following macros are defined:	2694	following macros are defined:
1858		2695
1859	=over 4	2696	=over 4
…		…
1862		2699
1863	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2700	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1864	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2701	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1865	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2702	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1866		2703
1867	ev_unref (EV_A);	2704	ev_unref (EV_A);
1868	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2705	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1869	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2706	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1870		2707
1871	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2708	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
1872	which is often provided by the following macro.	2709	which is often provided by the following macro.
1873		2710
1874	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2711	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
1875		2712
1876	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2713	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1877	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2714	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1878	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2715	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1879		2716
1880	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	2717	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
1881	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	2718	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1882		2719
1883	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	2720	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
1884	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2721	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1885		2722
1886	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	2723	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
1887	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	2724	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
1888		2725
1889	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2726	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1890		2727
1891	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2728	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1892	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2729	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2730
		2731	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2732
		2733	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2734	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2735	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2736	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2737
		2738	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2739	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
1893		2740
1894	=back	2741	=back
1895		2742
1896	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	2743	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1897	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	2744	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
1898	or not.	2745	or not.
1899		2746
1900	static void	2747	static void
1901	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2748	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1902	{	2749	{
1903	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2750	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1904	}	2751	}
1905		2752
1906	ev_check check;	2753	ev_check check;
1907	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2754	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1908	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2755	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1909	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2756	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1910		2757
1911	=head1 EMBEDDING	2758	=head1 EMBEDDING
1912		2759
1913	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2760	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1914	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2761	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1915	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	2762	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1916	and rxvt-unicode.	2763	and rxvt-unicode.
1917		2764
1918	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	2765	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1919	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	2766	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1920	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	2767	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1921	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2768	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1922		2769
1923	=head2 FILESETS	2770	=head2 FILESETS
1924		2771
1925	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	2772	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
1926	in your app.	2773	in your application.
1927		2774
1928	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	2775	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
1929		2776
1930	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	2777	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
1931	configuration (no autoconf):	2778	configuration (no autoconf):
1932		2779
1933	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2780	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1934	#include "ev.c"	2781	#include "ev.c"
1935		2782
1936	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	2783	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
1937	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	2784	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
1938	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	2785	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
1939	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	2786	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
1940	where you can put other configuration options):	2787	where you can put other configuration options):
1941		2788
1942	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2789	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1943	#include "ev.h"	2790	#include "ev.h"
1944		2791
1945	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	2792	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
1946	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	2793	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
1947	as a bug).	2794	as a bug).
1948		2795
1949	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	2796	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
1950	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	2797	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
1951		2798
1952	ev.h	2799	ev.h
1953	ev.c	2800	ev.c
1954	ev_vars.h	2801	ev_vars.h
1955	ev_wrap.h	2802	ev_wrap.h
1956		2803
1957	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	2804	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1958		2805
1959	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	2806	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
1960	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2807	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1961	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2808	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1962	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2809	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1963	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2810	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1964		2811
1965	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	2812	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
1966	to compile this single file.	2813	to compile this single file.
1967		2814
1968	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	2815	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
1969		2816
1970	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	2817	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
1971		2818
1972	#include "event.c"	2819	#include "event.c"
1973		2820
1974	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	2821	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
1975		2822
1976	#include "event.h"	2823	#include "event.h"
1977		2824
1978	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	2825	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
1979		2826
1980	You need the following additional files for this:	2827	You need the following additional files for this:
1981		2828
1982	event.h	2829	event.h
1983	event.c	2830	event.c
1984		2831
1985	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	2832	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
1986		2833
1987	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	2834	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
1988	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	2835	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
1989	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	2836	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
1990	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	2837	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
1991		2838
1992	For this of course you need the m4 file:	2839	For this of course you need the m4 file:
1993		2840
1994	libev.m4	2841	libev.m4
1995		2842
1996	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	2843	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
1997		2844
1998	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	2845	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
1999	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	2846	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2000	and only include the select backend.	2847	autoconf is noted for every option.
2001		2848
2002	=over 4	2849	=over 4
2003		2850
2004	=item EV_STANDALONE	2851	=item EV_STANDALONE
2005		2852
…		…
2010	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	2857	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2011		2858
2012	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	2859	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2013		2860
2014	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2861	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2015	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2862	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
2016	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2863	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
2017	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2864	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
2018	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	2865	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2019	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2866	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2020	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2867	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
2021		2868
2022	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2869	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2023		2870
2024	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2871	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2025	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2872	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
2026	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2873	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
2027	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2874	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
2028	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	2875	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
2029	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2876	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2877
		2878	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		2879
		2880	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		2881	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		2882
		2883	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		2884
		2885	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		2886	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		2887	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		2888	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		2889	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2030		2890
2031	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2891	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2032		2892
2033	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2893	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2034	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2894	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2035	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	2895	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2036	will not be compiled in.	2896	will not be compiled in.
2037		2897
2038	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	2898	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2039		2899
2040	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	2900	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2041	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	2901	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2042	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	2902	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
2043	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	2903	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
2044	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	2904	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
2045	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	2905	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
2046	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	2906	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
2047		2907
…		…
2053	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	2913	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2054	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	2914	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2055	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	2915	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2056	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	2916	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2057		2917
		2918	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		2919
		2920	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		2921	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		2922	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		2923	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		2924	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		2925
2058	=item EV_USE_POLL	2926	=item EV_USE_POLL
2059		2927
2060	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	2928	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2061	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	2929	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
2062	takes precedence over select.	2930	takes precedence over select.
2063		2931
2064	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	2932	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2065		2933
2066	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	2934	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2067	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	2935	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2068	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	2936	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2069	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	2937	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		2938	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2070		2939
2071	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	2940	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2072		2941
2073	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	2942	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2074	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	2943	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2087	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	2956	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2088	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	2957	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2089		2958
2090	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	2959	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2091		2960
2092	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	2961	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2093		2962
2094	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	2963	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2095		2964
2096	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	2965	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2097	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	2966	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2098	be detected at runtime.	2967	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		2968	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		2969
		2970	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		2971
		2972	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		2973	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		2974	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		2975	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		2976	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		2977
		2978	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		2979	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2099		2980
2100	=item EV_H	2981	=item EV_H
2101		2982
2102	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	2983	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2103	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	2984	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2104	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	2985	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2105		2986
2106	=item EV_CONFIG_H	2987	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2107		2988
2108	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	2989	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2109	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	2990	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2110	C<EV_H>, above.	2991	C<EV_H>, above.
2111		2992
2112	=item EV_EVENT_H	2993	=item EV_EVENT_H
2113		2994
2114	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	2995	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2115	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	2996	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2116		2997
2117	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	2998	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2118		2999
2119	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3000	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2120	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3001	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2141	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3022	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2142	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3023	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2143	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3024	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2144	fine.	3025	fine.
2145		3026
2146	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3027	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to
2147	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3028	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2148		3029
2149	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3030	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2150		3031
2151	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3032	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2152	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3033	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2171	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3052	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2172		3053
2173	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3054	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2174	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3055	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2175		3056
		3057	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3058
		3059	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3060	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3061
2176	=item EV_MINIMAL	3062	=item EV_MINIMAL
2177		3063
2178	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3064	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2179	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3065	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2180	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3066	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3067	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2181		3068
2182	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3069	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2183		3070
2184	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3071	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2185	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3072	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2186	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3073	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2187	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	3074	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2188		3075
2189	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	3076	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2190		3077
2191	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3078	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2192	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3079	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2193	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3080	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2194	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3081	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2195	two).	3082	two).
2196		3083
		3084	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3085
		3086	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3087	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3088	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has
		3089	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3090
		3091	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3092	(disabled).
		3093
		3094	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3095
		3096	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3097	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3098	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3099	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3100	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3101	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3102
		3103	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3104	(disabled).
		3105
		3106	=item EV_VERIFY
		3107
		3108	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3109	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3110	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3111	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3112	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3113	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3114	libev considerably.
		3115
		3116	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3117	C<0.>
		3118
2197	=item EV_COMMON	3119	=item EV_COMMON
2198		3120
2199	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3121	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2200	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3122	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2201	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3123	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2202	though, and it must be identical each time.	3124	though, and it must be identical each time.
2203		3125
2204	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3126	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2205		3127
2206	#define EV_COMMON \	3128	#define EV_COMMON \
2207	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3129	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2208	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3130	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2209		3131
2210	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3132	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2211		3133
2212	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3134	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2213		3135
2214	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	3136	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2215		3137
2216	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	3138	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2217	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	3139	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2218	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	3140	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2219	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3141	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2220	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3142	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2221	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3143	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		3144
		3145	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		3146
		3147	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
		3148	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		3149	all public symbols, one per line:
		3150
		3151	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		3152	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		3153
		3154	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		3155	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		3156	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
		3157
		3158	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		3159	include before including F<ev.h>:
		3160
		3161	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		3162
		3163	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		3164
		3165	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		3166	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		3167	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		3168	...
2222		3169
2223	=head2 EXAMPLES	3170	=head2 EXAMPLES
2224		3171
2225	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	3172	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2226	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	3173	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2231	file.	3178	file.
2232		3179
2233	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3180	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2234	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3181	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2235		3182
2236	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3183	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2237	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3184	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2238	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3185	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2239	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3186	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2240	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3187	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2241	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3188	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2242	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3189	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2243	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3190	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2244	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3191	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2245		3192
2246	#include "ev++.h"	3193	#include "ev++.h"
2247		3194
2248	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3195	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2249		3196
2250	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3197	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2251	#include "ev.c"	3198	#include "ev.c"
		3199
		3200
		3201	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3202
		3203	=head2 THREADS
		3204
		3205	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This
		3206	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as
		3207	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop
		3208	parameter.
		3209
		3210	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in
		3211	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be
		3212	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one
		3213	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex
		3214	per loop).
		3215
		3216	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3217	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3218	help you. I can give some generic advice however:
		3219
		3220	=over 4
		3221
		3222	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3223	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3224
		3225	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3226	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3227
		3228	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3229
		3230	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3231	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3232
		3233	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3234	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3235
		3236	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3237	better than you currently do :-)
		3238
		3239	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3240	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other
		3241	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).
		3242
		3243	=back
		3244
		3245	=head2 COROUTINES
		3246
		3247	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3248	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different
		3249	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3250	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3251	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3252	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3253
		3254	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local
		3255	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine
		3256	switches.
2252		3257
2253		3258
2254	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3259	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
2255		3260
2256	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3261	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2257	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3262	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2258	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3263	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2259		3264
		3265	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		3266	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		3267	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		3268	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		3269	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		3270
2260	=over 4	3271	=over 4
2261		3272
2262	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3273	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2263		3274
2264	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	3275	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
2265	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	3276	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
2266	have to skip those 100 watchers.	3277	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
2267		3278
2268	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3279	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2269		3280
2270	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	3281	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
2271	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	3282	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
2272		3283
2273	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3284	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2274		3285
2275	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list. If	3286	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
2276	the array needs to be extended libev needs to realloc and move the whole
2277	array, but this happen asymptotically less and less with more watchers,
2278	thus amortised O(1).
2279		3287
2280	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3288	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2281		3289
2282	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3290	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2283		3291
2284	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	3292	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
2285	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3293	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
2286	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	3294	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
2287		3295
2288	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3296	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3297
		3298	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3299	fixed position in the storage array.
2289		3300
2290	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3301	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2291		3302
2292	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires	3303	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
2293	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).	3304	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3305	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
2294		3306
2295	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3307	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
2296		3308
2297	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)	3309	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
2298		3310
2299	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each	3311	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
2300	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to	3312	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
2301	linearly search all the priorities.	3313	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3314	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
		3315
		3316	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3317
		3318	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3319
		3320	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3321
		3322	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3323	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3324	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2302		3325
2303	=back	3326	=back
2304		3327
2305		3328
		3329	=head1 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		3330
		3331	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3332	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3333	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3334	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3335	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3336	e.g. cygwin.
		3337
		3338	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3339	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3340	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3341	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3342
		3343	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3344	embedding it into other applications.
		3345
		3346	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3347	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3348	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3349	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3350	megabyte seems safe, but thsi apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3351	available).
		3352
		3353	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		3354	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		3355	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		3356	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		3357	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		3358	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3359	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3360
		3361	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3362	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3363	of F<ev.h>:
		3364
		3365	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3366	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3367
		3368	#include "ev.h"
		3369
		3370	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3371	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded soruce files!):
		3372
		3373	#include "evwrap.h"
		3374	#include "ev.c"
		3375
		3376	=over 4
		3377
		3378	=item The winsocket select function
		3379
		3380	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		3381	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		3382	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		3383	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3384	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		3385	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3386	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		3387
		3388	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		3389	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3390
		3391	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3392	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3393
		3394	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3395	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3396
		3397	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3398
		3399	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		3400
		3401	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		3402	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		3403	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		3404	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3405	previous thread in each. Great).
		3406
		3407	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3408	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3409	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3410	select emulation on windows).
		3411
		3412	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		3413	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3414	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3415	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3416	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
		3417	libraries.
		3418
		3419	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3420	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3421	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3422	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3423
		3424	=back
		3425
		3426
		3427	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3428
		3429	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few
		3430	additional extensions:
		3431
		3432	=over 4
		3433
		3434	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3435	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3436
		3437	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3438	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3439	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3440	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3441	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3442
		3443	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3444
		3445	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3446	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different
		3447	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3448	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3449
		3450	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3451
		3452	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3453	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3454	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3455	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3456	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3457	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3458
		3459	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3460	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3461	well.
		3462
		3463	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3464
		3465	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>
		3466	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On
		3467	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but
		3468	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of
		3469	millions of watchers.
		3470
		3471	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3472
		3473	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3474	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3475	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3476	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3477
		3478	=back
		3479
		3480	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3481
		3482
		3483	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3484
		3485	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3486	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3487	scared by this.
		3488
		3489	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3490	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3491	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3492	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3493
		3494	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3495	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3496	maintainable.
		3497
		3498	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3499	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3500	seems to warn about).
		3501
		3502	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3503	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3504	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3505	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3506	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3507
		3508
		3509	=head1 VALGRIND
		3510
		3511	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3512	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3513
		3514	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3515	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3516
		3517	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3518	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3519	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3520
		3521	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,
		3522	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
		3523	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
		3524
		3525	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3526	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is
		3527	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is
		3528	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind
		3529	properly.
		3530
		3531	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3532	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3533
		3534
2306	=head1 AUTHOR	3535	=head1 AUTHOR
2307		3536
2308	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3537	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
2309		3538

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