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…		…
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
13		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_<type>	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
18		20
19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin	22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
21	static void	23	static void
22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
23	{	25	{
24	puts ("stdin ready");	26	puts ("stdin ready");
25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
26	// with its corresponding stop function.	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
…		…
30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
31	}	33	}
32		34
33	// another callback, this time for a time-out	35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
34	static void	36	static void
35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
36	{	38	{
37	puts ("timeout");	39	puts ("timeout");
38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
40	}	42	}
…		…
60		62
61	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	64	return 0;
63	}	65	}
64		66
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
66		70
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
70		84
71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
73	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
74		88
…		…
103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)	117	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For	118	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at	119	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support	120	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of	121	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have	122	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	123	this argument.
110		124
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	125	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		126
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	127	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	128	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	129	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	130	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	131	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	132	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	133	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
120	throughout libev.	134	throughout libev.
121		135
122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	136	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
123		137
…		…
276		290
277	=back	291	=back
278		292
279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	293	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
280		294
281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	295	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	296	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	297	I<function>).
		298
		299	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
		300	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
		301	not.
284		302
285	=over 4	303	=over 4
286		304
287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	305	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
288		306
…		…
294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	312	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
295	function.	313	function.
296		314
297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	315	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	316	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).	317	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
300		318
301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	319	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	320	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	321	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	322	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
…		…
380	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	398	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
381		399
382	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	400	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
383	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	401	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
384	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	402	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
385	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	403	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
386	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	404
387	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad	405	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
388	support for dup.	406	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		407	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		408	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		409	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		410	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		411	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		412	hard to detect.
		413
		414	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		415	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		416	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		417	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		418	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		419	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		420	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
389		421
390	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	422	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
391	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident	423	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
392	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	424	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
393	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	425	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
394	very well if you register events for both fds.	426	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
395		427	file descriptors.
396	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
397	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
398	(or space) is available.
399		428
400	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	429	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
401	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,	430	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
402	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and	431	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
403	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause	432	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
404	extra overhead.	433	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		434	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		435	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		436
		437	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		438	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		439	the usage. So sad.
405		440
406	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	441	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
407	all kernel versions tested so far.	442	all kernel versions tested so far.
408		443
409	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	444	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
410	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	445	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
411		446
412	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	447	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
413		448
414	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was	449	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
415	broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with	450	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
416	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's	451	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
417	completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless	452	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
418	you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or	453	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
419	libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.	454	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
		455	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
		456	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		457	system like NetBSD.
420		458
421	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	459	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
422	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	460	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
423	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	461	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
424		462
425	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	463	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
426	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	464	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
427	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	465	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
428	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	466	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
429	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	467	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
430	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	468	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		469	cases
431		470
432	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	471	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
433		472
434	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	473	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
435	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	474	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
436	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	475	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
437	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	476	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
438	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,	477	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
439	using it only for sockets.	478	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
440		479
441	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with	480	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
442	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with	481	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
443	C<NOTE_EOF>.	482	C<NOTE_EOF>.
444		483
…		…
464	might perform better.	503	might perform better.
465		504
466	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	505	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
467	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification	506	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
468	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	507	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
469	OS-specific backends.	508	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
470		509
471	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	510	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
472	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	511	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
473		512
474	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	513	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
…		…
527	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	566	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
528	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	567	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
529	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	568	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
530	for example).	569	for example).
531		570
532	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	571	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
533	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	572	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
534	would need to be stopped manually.	573	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
535		574
536	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	575	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
537	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	576	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
538	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	577	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
539	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	578	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
…		…
582		621
583	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	622	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
584	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	623	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
585	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	624	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
586		625
		626	=item unsigned int ev_loop_depth (loop)
		627
		628	Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of
		629	times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		630
		631	Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		632	C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		633	in which case it is higher.
		634
		635	Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		636	etc.), doesn't count as exit.
		637
587	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	638	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
588		639
589	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	640	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
590	use.	641	use.
591		642
…		…
605		656
606	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	657	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
607	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	658	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
608	the current time is a good idea.	659	the current time is a good idea.
609		660
610	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.	661	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		662
		663	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		664
		665	=item ev_resume (loop)
		666
		667	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
		668	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		669
		670	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		671	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		672	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		673	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		674	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		675	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		676
		677	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		678	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		679	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		680	occured while suspended).
		681
		682	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		683	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		684	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		685
		686	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		687	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
611		688
612	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	689	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
613		690
614	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	691	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
615	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	692	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
631	the loop.	708	the loop.
632		709
633	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	710	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
634	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	711	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
635	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	712	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
636	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a	713	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
637	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	714	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
638	iteration of the loop.	715	iteration of the loop.
639		716
640	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	717	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
641	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	718	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
…		…
699		776
700	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>	777	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
701	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before	778	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
702	stopping it.	779	stopping it.
703		780
704	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is	781	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
705	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting	782	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
706	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	783	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
707	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	784	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
708	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	785	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
709	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	786	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
710	respectively).	787	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		788	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		789	in the callback).
711		790
712	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	791	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
713	running when nothing else is active.	792	running when nothing else is active.
714		793
715	struct ev_signal exitsig;	794	ev_signal exitsig;
716	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	795	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
717	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	796	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
718	evf_unref (loop);	797	evf_unref (loop);
719		798
720	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	799	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
…		…
744		823
745	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	824	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
746	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	825	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
747	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	826	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
748	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	827	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
749	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	828	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		829	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		830	once per this interval, on average.
750		831
751	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	832	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
752	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	833	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
753	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	834	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
754	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	835	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
756		837
757	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect	838	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
758	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	839	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
759	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	840	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
760	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	841	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
761	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.	842	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		843	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		844	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		845	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		846	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).
762		847
763	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	848	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
764	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	849	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
765	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	850	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
766	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	851	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
767	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure	852	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
768	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.	853	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
769		854
		855	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		856	more often than 100 times per second:
		857
		858	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		859	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		860
		861	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		862
		863	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		864	pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required,
		865	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.
		866
		867	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		868
		869	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		870	are pending.
		871
		872	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		873
		874	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		875	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call
		876	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		877	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		878
		879	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		880	callback.
		881
		882	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		883
		884	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		885	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		886	each call to a libev function.
		887
		888	However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to
		889	wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via
		890	C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release>
		891	and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		892
		893	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		894	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		895	afterwards.
		896
		897	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		898	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		899
		900	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		901	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		902	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		903	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		904	waited. USe an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it
		905	to take note of any changes you made.
		906
		907	In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between
		908	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		909
		910	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		911	document.
		912
		913	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		914
		915	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		916
		917	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		918	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		919	C<0.>
		920
		921	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		922	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		923	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		924	any other purpose as well.
		925
770	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	926	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
771		927
772	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	928	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
773	compiled in. which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	929	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
774	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything	930	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
775	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard	931	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
776	error and call C<abort ()>.	932	error and call C<abort ()>.
777		933
778	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal	934	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
…		…
782	=back	938	=back
783		939
784		940
785	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	941	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
786		942
		943	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		944	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		945	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
		946
787	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	947	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
788	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	948	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
789	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	949	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
790		950
791	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	951	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
792	{	952	{
793	ev_io_stop (w);	953	ev_io_stop (w);
794	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	954	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
795	}	955	}
796		956
797	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	957	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		958
798	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	959	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		960
799	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	961	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
800	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	962	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
801	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	963	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		964
802	ev_loop (loop, 0);	965	ev_loop (loop, 0);
803		966
804	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	967	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
805	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	968	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
806	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	969	stack).
		970
		971	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		972	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
807		973
808	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	974	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
809	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	975	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
810	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	976	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
811	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	977	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
812	is readable and/or writable).	978	is readable and/or writable).
813		979
814	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	980	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
815	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	981	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
816	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	982	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
817	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	983	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
818		984
819	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	985	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
820	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	986	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
821	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	987	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
822	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	988	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
823		989
824	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	990	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
825	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	991	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
826	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	992	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
827		993
828	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	994	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
829	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	995	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
830	third argument.	996	third argument.
831		997
…		…
889		1055
890	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1056	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
891		1057
892	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1058	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
893		1059
		1060	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1061
		1062	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1063	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		1064
894	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1065	=item C<EV_ERROR>
895		1066
896	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1067	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
897	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1068	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
898	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1069	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		1070	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		1071
899	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	1072	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
900	with the watcher being stopped.	1073	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		1074	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		1075	bug in your program.
901		1076
902	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for	1077	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
903	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your	1078	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
904	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with	1079	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
905	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded	1080	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
…		…
908		1083
909	=back	1084	=back
910		1085
911	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	1086	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
912		1087
913	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
914	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
915
916	=over 4	1088	=over 4
917		1089
918	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1090	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
919		1091
920	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents	1092	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
…		…
925	which rolls both calls into one.	1097	which rolls both calls into one.
926		1098
927	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1099	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
928	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1100	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
929		1101
930	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1102	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
931	int revents)>.	1103	int revents)>.
932		1104
933	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.	1105	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
934		1106
935	ev_io w;	1107	ev_io w;
…		…
969		1141
970	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);	1142	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
971		1143
972	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1144	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
973		1145
974	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1146	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1147	the watcher was active or not).
		1148
975	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1149	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
976	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1150	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
977	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1151	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
978	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1152	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
979	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1153	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
980		1154
981	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1155	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
982		1156
983	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1157	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
984	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1158	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
1010	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1184	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
1011	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1185	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
1012	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1186	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
1013	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1187	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
1014		1188
1015	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
1016	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
1017	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
1018	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
1019
1020	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1189	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
1021	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1190	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
1022		1191
1023	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1192	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
1024	pending.	1193	pending.
1025		1194
		1195	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1196	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1197	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1198
1026	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1199	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1027	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1200	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1028		1201
1029	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1202	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1030	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1203	priorities.
1031	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
1032		1204
1033	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1205	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1034		1206
1035	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1207	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1036	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1208	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
…		…
1058	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1230	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1059	data:	1231	data:
1060		1232
1061	struct my_io	1233	struct my_io
1062	{	1234	{
1063	struct ev_io io;	1235	ev_io io;
1064	int otherfd;	1236	int otherfd;
1065	void *somedata;	1237	void *somedata;
1066	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1238	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1067	};	1239	};
1068		1240
…		…
1071	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);	1243	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1072		1244
1073	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1245	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1074	can cast it back to your own type:	1246	can cast it back to your own type:
1075		1247
1076	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1248	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1077	{	1249	{
1078	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1250	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1079	...	1251	...
1080	}	1252	}
1081		1253
…		…
1099	programmers):	1271	programmers):
1100		1272
1101	#include <stddef.h>	1273	#include <stddef.h>
1102		1274
1103	static void	1275	static void
1104	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1276	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1105	{	1277	{
1106	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1278	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1107	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1279	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1108	}	1280	}
1109		1281
1110	static void	1282	static void
1111	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1283	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1112	{	1284	{
1113	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1285	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1114	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1286	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1115	}	1287	}
		1288
		1289	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1290
		1291	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1292	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1293	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1294
		1295	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1296	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1297	range.
		1298
		1299	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1300	by event loops:
		1301
		1302	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1303	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1304	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1305
		1306	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1307	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1308	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1309	before polling for new events.
		1310
		1311	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1312	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1313
		1314	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1315	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1316	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1317	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1318	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1319	priority ones.
		1320
		1321	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1322	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1323	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1324	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1325	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1326	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1327	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1328	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1329	always, what you want).
		1330
		1331	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1332	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1333	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1334	required.
		1335
		1336	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1337	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1338	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1339	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1340	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1341	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1342	workable.
		1343
		1344	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1345	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1346	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1347	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1348	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1349
		1350	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1351	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1352	other events are pending:
		1353
		1354	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1355	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1356
		1357	static void
		1358	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1359	{
		1360	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1361	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1362	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1363
		1364	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
		1365	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1366	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1367	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1368	}
		1369
		1370	static void
		1371	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1372	{
		1373	// actual processing
		1374	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1375
		1376	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1377	// we have handled the event
		1378	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1379	}
		1380
		1381	// initialisation
		1382	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1383	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1384	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1385
		1386	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1387	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1388	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1389	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1390	important ones.
1116		1391
1117		1392
1118	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1393	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
1119		1394
1120	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1395	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1146	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1421	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1147	required if you know what you are doing).	1422	required if you know what you are doing).
1148		1423
1149	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a	1424	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1150	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only	1425	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1151	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1426	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1427	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1428	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1152		1429
1153	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1430	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1154	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1431	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1155	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1432	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1156	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1433	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
…		…
1251	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1528	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1252	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1529	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1253	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1530	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1254		1531
1255	static void	1532	static void
1256	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1533	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1257	{	1534	{
1258	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1535	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1259	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors	1536	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1260	}	1537	}
1261		1538
1262	...	1539	...
1263	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1540	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1264	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1541	ev_io stdin_readable;
1265	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1542	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1266	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1543	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1267	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1544	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1268		1545
1269		1546
…		…
1277	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because	1554	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1278	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1555	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1279	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1556	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1280		1557
1281	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1558	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1282	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration	1559	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1283	then order of execution is undefined.	1560	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1561	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1562	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1563	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
		1564
		1565	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1566
		1567	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1568	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1569	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1570
		1571	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1572	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1573
		1574	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1575	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1576	data or other life sign was received).
		1577
		1578	=over 4
		1579
		1580	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1581
		1582	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1583	start the watcher:
		1584
		1585	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1586	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1587
		1588	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1589	and start it again:
		1590
		1591	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1592	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1593	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1594
		1595	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1596	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1597	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1598	still not a constant-time operation.
		1599
		1600	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1601
		1602	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1603	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1604
		1605	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1606	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1607	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1608	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1609	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1610
		1611	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1612	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1613	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1614
		1615	At start:
		1616
		1617	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1618	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1619	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1620
		1621	Each time there is some activity:
		1622
		1623	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1624
		1625	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1626	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1627
		1628	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1629	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1630
		1631	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1632	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1633	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1634
		1635	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1636
		1637	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1638
		1639	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1640	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1641	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1642	associated activity resets.
		1643
		1644	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1645	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1646	within the callback:
		1647
		1648	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1649
		1650	static void
		1651	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1652	{
		1653	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1654	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1655
		1656	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1657	if (timeout < now)
		1658	{
		1659	// timeout occured, take action
		1660	}
		1661	else
		1662	{
		1663	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1664	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1665	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1666	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1667	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1668	}
		1669	}
		1670
		1671	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1672	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1673	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1674	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1675	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1676	a timeout then.
		1677
		1678	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1679	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1680
		1681	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1682	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1683	libev to change the timeout.
		1684
		1685	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1686	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1687	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1688
		1689	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1690	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1691	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1692
		1693	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1694	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1695
		1696	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1697
		1698	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1699	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1700
		1701	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1702	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1703	fix things for you.
		1704
		1705	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1706
		1707	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1708	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1709	do even better:
		1710
		1711	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1712	at the I<end> of the list.
		1713
		1714	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1715	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1716
		1717	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1718	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1719	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1720
		1721	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1722	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1723	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1724	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1725
		1726	=back
		1727
		1728	So which method the best?
		1729
		1730	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1731	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1732	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1733	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1734
		1735	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1736	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1737	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1738	overkill :)
1284		1739
1285	=head3 The special problem of time updates	1740	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1286		1741
1287	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	1742	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
1288	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	1743	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
…		…
1332	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1787	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1333		1788
1334	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1789	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1335	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1790	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1336		1791
1337	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1792	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1338	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle	1793	usage example.
1339	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1340	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1341	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1342	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1343	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1344	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1345	automatically restart it if need be.
1346
1347	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
1348	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1349
1350	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
1351	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1352	...
1353	timer->again = 17.;
1354	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1355	...
1356	timer->again = 10.;
1357	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1358
1359	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
1360	you want to modify its timeout value.
1361
1362	Note, however, that it is often even more efficient to remember the
1363	time of the last activity and let the timer time-out naturally. In the
1364	callback, you then check whether the time-out is real, or, if there was
1365	some activity, you reschedule the watcher to time-out in "last_activity +
1366	timeout - ev_now ()" seconds.
1367		1794
1368	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1795	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1369		1796
1370	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1797	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1371	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),	1798	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
…		…
1376	=head3 Examples	1803	=head3 Examples
1377		1804
1378	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1805	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1379		1806
1380	static void	1807	static void
1381	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1808	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1382	{	1809	{
1383	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1810	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1384	}	1811	}
1385		1812
1386	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1813	ev_timer mytimer;
1387	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1814	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1388	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1815	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1389		1816
1390	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1817	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1391	inactivity.	1818	inactivity.
1392		1819
1393	static void	1820	static void
1394	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1821	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1395	{	1822	{
1396	.. ten seconds without any activity	1823	.. ten seconds without any activity
1397	}	1824	}
1398		1825
1399	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1826	ev_timer mytimer;
1400	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1827	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1401	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1828	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1402	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1829	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1403		1830
1404	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1831	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
…		…
1409	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1836	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1410		1837
1411	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1838	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1412	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1839	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1413		1840
1414	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1841	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1415	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1842	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1416	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1843	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1417	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1844	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1418	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system	1845	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1419	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year	1846	wrist-watch).
1420	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1421	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1422		1847
		1848	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
		1849	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
		1850	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1851	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1852	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1853	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1854	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
		1855
1423	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,	1856	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
1424	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other	1857	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
1425	complicated rules.	1858	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1859	those cannot react to time jumps.
1426		1860
1427	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	1861	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1428	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1862	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1429	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.	1863	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		1864	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		1865	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1430		1866
1431	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1867	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1432		1868
1433	=over 4	1869	=over 4
1434		1870
1435	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1871	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1436		1872
1437	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1873	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1438		1874
1439	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1875	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1440	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:	1876	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1441		1877
1442	=over 4	1878	=over 4
1443		1879
1444	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1880	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1445		1881
1446	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock	1882	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1447	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time	1883	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1448	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will	1884	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1449	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.	1885	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		1886	this point in time.
1450		1887
1451	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1888	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1452		1889
1453	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1890	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1454	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1891	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1455	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1892	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		1893	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1456		1894
1457	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the	1895	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1458	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each	1896	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
1459	hour, on the hour:	1897	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1460		1898
1461	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1899	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1462		1900
1463	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1901	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1464	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1902	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1465	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1903	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1466	by 3600.	1904	by 3600.
1467		1905
1468	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1906	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1469	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1907	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1470	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1908	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1471		1909
1472	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1910	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1473	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1911	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1474	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	1912	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1475		1913
1476	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	1914	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
1477	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	1915	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
1478	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	1916	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
1479	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	1917	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1480		1918
1481	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1919	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1482		1920
1483	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1921	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1484	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1922	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1485	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1923	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1486	current time as second argument.	1924	current time as second argument.
1487		1925
1488	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1926	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1489	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.	1927	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
		1928	allowed by documentation here>.
1490		1929
1491	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop	1930	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
1492	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the	1931	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
1493	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).	1932	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
1494		1933
1495	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic	1934	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1496	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1935	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1497		1936
		1937	static ev_tstamp
1498	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1938	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1499	{	1939	{
1500	return now + 60.;	1940	return now + 60.;
1501	}	1941	}
1502		1942
1503	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1943	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
…		…
1523	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1963	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1524	program when the crontabs have changed).	1964	program when the crontabs have changed).
1525		1965
1526	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)	1966	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
1527		1967
1528	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to	1968	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
1529	trigger next.	1969	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		1970	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		1971	rescheduling modes.
1530		1972
1531	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1973	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1532		1974
1533	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1975	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1534	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1976	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		1977	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1535		1978
1536	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	1979	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1537	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1980	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1538		1981
1539	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1982	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1540		1983
1541	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1984	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1542	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1985	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1543	called.	1986	called.
1544		1987
1545	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1988	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1546		1989
1547	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1990	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1548	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1991	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1549	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1992	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1550		1993
…		…
1555	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1998	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1556	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1999	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1557	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	2000	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1558		2001
1559	static void	2002	static void
1560	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	2003	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1561	{	2004	{
1562	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2005	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1563	}	2006	}
1564		2007
1565	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2008	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1566	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	2009	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1567	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2010	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1568		2011
1569	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	2012	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1570		2013
1571	#include <math.h>	2014	#include <math.h>
1572		2015
1573	static ev_tstamp	2016	static ev_tstamp
1574	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2017	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1575	{	2018	{
1576	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));	2019	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1577	}	2020	}
1578		2021
1579	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	2022	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1580		2023
1581	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	2024	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1582		2025
1583	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2026	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1584	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2027	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1585	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2028	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1586	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2029	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1587		2030
1588		2031
…		…
1630	=head3 Examples	2073	=head3 Examples
1631		2074
1632	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.	2075	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1633		2076
1634	static void	2077	static void
1635	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2078	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
1636	{	2079	{
1637	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2080	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1638	}	2081	}
1639		2082
1640	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2083	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1641	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2084	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1642	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);	2085	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
1643		2086
1644		2087
1645	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	2088	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
…		…
1648	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or	2091	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1649	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child	2092	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1650	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long	2093	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1651	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,	2094	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
1652	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,	2095	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
1653	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is	2096	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
1654	not.	2097	in the next callback invocation is not.
1655		2098
1656	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2099	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1657	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.	2100	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2101
		2102	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2103	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2104	libev)
1658		2105
1659	=head3 Process Interaction	2106	=head3 Process Interaction
1660		2107
1661	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2108	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1662	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2109	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
…		…
1720	its completion.	2167	its completion.
1721		2168
1722	ev_child cw;	2169	ev_child cw;
1723		2170
1724	static void	2171	static void
1725	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	2172	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1726	{	2173	{
1727	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	2174	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1728	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	2175	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1729	}	2176	}
1730		2177
…		…
1745		2192
1746		2193
1747	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2194	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1748		2195
1749	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2196	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1750	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2197	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1751	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2198	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2199	it did.
1752		2200
1753	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2201	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1754	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2202	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1755	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2203	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1756	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2204	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1757	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2205	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2206	contents.
1758		2207
1759	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2208	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2209	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1760	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2210	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1761		2211
1762	Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable	2212	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1763	implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if	2213	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1764	it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for	2214	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1765	this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!)	2215	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1766	then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which	2216	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1767	you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change	2217	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1768	dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently	2218	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1769	around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.	2219	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1770		2220
1771	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2221	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1772	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2222	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1773	resource-intensive.	2223	resource-intensive.
1774		2224
1775	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented	2225	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1776	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as	2226	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1777	an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way	2227	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1778	of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).	2228	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1779		2229
1780	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)	2230	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1781		2231
1782	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default	2232	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
1783	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file	2233	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
1784	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat	2234	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
1785	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to	2235	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
1786	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to	2236	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
1787	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is	2237	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
1788	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is	2238	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
1789	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.	2239	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
1790		2240
1791	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large	2241	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
1792	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not	2242	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
1793	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has	2243	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
1794	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the	2244	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
1795	default compilation environment.	2245	default compilation environment.
1796		2246
1797	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue	2247	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
1798		2248
1799	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	2249	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1800	available with Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2250	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1801	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	2251	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1802	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	2252	watcher is being started.
1803		2253
1804	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2254	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1805	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2255	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1806	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support	2256	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1807	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,	2257	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
1808	but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.	2258	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2259	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2260	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2261	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1809		2262
1810	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2263	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1811	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2264	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1812	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks	2265	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
1813	etc. is difficult.	2266	etc. is difficult.
1814		2267
		2268	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2269
		2270	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2271	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2272	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2273
		2274	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2275	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2276	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2277	watcher).
		2278
		2279	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2280	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2281	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2282
		2283	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2284	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
		2285
1815	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2286	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1816		2287
1817	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2288	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1818	even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still	2289	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1819	only support whole seconds.	2290	still only support whole seconds.
1820		2291
1821	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can	2292	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1822	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and	2293	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1823	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update	2294	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1824	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the	2295	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
…		…
1967		2438
1968	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2439	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1969		2440
1970	=over 4	2441	=over 4
1971		2442
1972	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2443	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1973		2444
1974	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2445	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1975	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2446	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1976	believe me.	2447	believe me.
1977		2448
…		…
1981		2452
1982	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2453	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1983	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2454	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1984		2455
1985	static void	2456	static void
1986	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2457	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1987	{	2458	{
1988	free (w);	2459	free (w);
1989	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2460	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1990	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2461	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1991	}	2462	}
1992		2463
1993	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2464	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1994	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2465	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1995	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2466	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1996		2467
1997		2468
1998	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2469	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1999		2470
2000	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2471	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
…		…
2079		2550
2080	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2551	static ev_io iow [nfd];
2081	static ev_timer tw;	2552	static ev_timer tw;
2082		2553
2083	static void	2554	static void
2084	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2555	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
2085	{	2556	{
2086	}	2557	}
2087		2558
2088	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2559	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
2089	static void	2560	static void
2090	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2561	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
2091	{	2562	{
2092	int timeout = 3600000;	2563	int timeout = 3600000;
2093	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2564	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
2094	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2565	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
2095	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2566	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
2096		2567
2097	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2568	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
2098	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2569	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
2099	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2570	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
2100		2571
2101	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2572	// create one ev_io per pollfd
2102	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2573	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2103	{	2574	{
…		…
2110	}	2581	}
2111	}	2582	}
2112		2583
2113	// stop all watchers after blocking	2584	// stop all watchers after blocking
2114	static void	2585	static void
2115	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2586	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
2116	{	2587	{
2117	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2588	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
2118		2589
2119	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2590	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2120	{	2591	{
…		…
2216	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),	2687	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2217	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In	2688	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2218	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all	2689	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2219	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2690	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2220		2691
2221	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2692	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2222	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2693	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2223	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2694	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2224	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2695	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2225	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2696	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2226	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2697	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2227	embedded loop sweep.
2228		2698
2229	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2699	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2230	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2700	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2231	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2232	interested in that.
2233		2701
2234	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2702	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2235	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2703	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2236	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2704	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2237	yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,	2705	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2238	and future versions of libev might do just that.
2239		2706
2240	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by	2707	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2241	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2708	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2242	portable one.	2709	portable one.
2243		2710
…		…
2288	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be	2755	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2289	used).	2756	used).
2290		2757
2291	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2758	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2292	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2759	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2293	struct ev_embed embed;	2760	ev_embed embed;
2294		2761
2295	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2762	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2296	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2763	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2297	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2764	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2298	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2765	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
…		…
2312	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2779	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2313	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2780	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2314		2781
2315	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2782	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2316	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2783	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2317	struct ev_embed embed;	2784	ev_embed embed;
2318		2785
2319	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2786	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2320	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2787	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2321	{	2788	{
2322	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2789	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
…		…
2337	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2804	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2338	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2805	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2339	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2806	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2340	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2807	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2341		2808
		2809	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		2810
		2811	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
		2812	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		2813	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		2814
		2815	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		2816	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		2817	fork.
		2818
		2819	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		2820	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		2821	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		2822
		2823	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		2824	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		2825	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		2826	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		2827
		2828	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		2829	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		2830	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		2831	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		2832	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		2833	signal watchers).
		2834
		2835	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		2836	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		2837	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		2838	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		2839	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		2840	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		2841
2342	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2842	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2343		2843
2344	=over 4	2844	=over 4
2345		2845
2346	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2846	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2463	=over 4	2963	=over 4
2464		2964
2465	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	2965	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2466		2966
2467	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	2967	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2468	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2968	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2469	trust me.	2969	trust me.
2470		2970
2471	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	2971	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2472		2972
2473	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	2973	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2474	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	2974	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2475	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	2975	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2476	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	2976	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2477	section below on what exactly this means).	2977	section below on what exactly this means).
2478		2978
		2979	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		2980	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		2981	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		2982	reset when the event loop detects that).
		2983
2479	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,	2984	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2480	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated	2985	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2481	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	2986	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
2482		2987
2483	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	2988	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
2484		2989
2485	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	2990	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
2486	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	2991	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
2489	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When	2994	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
2490	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,	2995	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
2491	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very	2996	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
2492	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.	2997	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
2493		2998
2494	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only	2999	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
2495	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.	3000	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3001	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3002	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2496		3003
2497	=back	3004	=back
2498		3005
2499		3006
2500	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3007	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2536	/* doh, nothing entered */;	3043	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2537	}	3044	}
2538		3045
2539	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3046	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2540		3047
2541	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	3048	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2542		3049
2543	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	3050	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2544	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	3051	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2545	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	3052	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2546		3053
2547	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3054	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
2548		3055
2549	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3056	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2550	the given events it.	3057	the given events it.
2551		3058
2552	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3059	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2553		3060
2554	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3061	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2555	loop!).	3062	loop!).
2556		3063
2557	=back	3064	=back
…		…
2678	}	3185	}
2679		3186
2680	myclass obj;	3187	myclass obj;
2681	ev::io iow;	3188	ev::io iow;
2682	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3189	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		3190
		3191	=item w->set (object *)
		3192
		3193	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		3194
		3195	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3196	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3197	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3198	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3199	list.
		3200
		3201	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3202	int revents)>.
		3203
		3204	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3205
		3206	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3207
		3208	struct myfunctor
		3209	{
		3210	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3211	{
		3212	...
		3213	}
		3214	}
		3215
		3216	myfunctor f;
		3217
		3218	ev::io w;
		3219	w.set (&f);
2683		3220
2684	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3221	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2685		3222
2686	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3223	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2687	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3224	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2774	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3311	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2775		3312
2776	=item Python	3313	=item Python
2777		3314
2778	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It	3315	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
2779	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the	3316	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
2780	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
2781	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
2782	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
2783	libev).
2784		3317
2785	=item Ruby	3318	=item Ruby
2786		3319
2787	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3320	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2788	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3321	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2789	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3322	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2790	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3323	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2791		3324
		3325	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3326	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3327
		3328	=item Haskell
		3329
		3330	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3331	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3332
2792	=item D	3333	=item D
2793		3334
2794	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3335	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2795	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	3336	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3337
		3338	=item Ocaml
		3339
		3340	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3341	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
2796		3342
2797	=back	3343	=back
2798		3344
2799		3345
2800	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3346	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
…		…
2901		3447
2902	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3448	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2903	#include "ev.h"	3449	#include "ev.h"
2904		3450
2905	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3451	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2906	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3452	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2907	as a bug).	3453	as a bug).
2908		3454
2909	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3455	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2910	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3456	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2911		3457
…		…
2967	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3513	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2968	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3514	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2969	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3515	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2970	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3516	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2971		3517
		3518	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3519	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3520
2972	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3521	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2973		3522
2974	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3523	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2975	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use	3524	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2976	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3525	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2977	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3526	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2978	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3527	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2979	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3528	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2980	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3529	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2981		3530
2982	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3531	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2983		3532
2984	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3533	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2985	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at	3534	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2986	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will	3535	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2987	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3536	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2988	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3537	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2989	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3538	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3539	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3540	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3541
		3542	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3543
		3544	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3545	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3546	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3547	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3548	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3549	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3550	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3551	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2990		3552
2991	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3553	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2992		3554
2993	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3555	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2994	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3556	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
…		…
3010		3572
3011	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3573	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
3012		3574
3013	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3575	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
3014	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3576	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
3015	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on	3577	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
3016	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3578	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
3017	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3579	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
3018	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3580	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
3019	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3581	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
3020		3582
3021	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3583	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
3022		3584
3023	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3585	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
3024	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3586	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
3174	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3736	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3175		3737
3176	=item EV_MINIMAL	3738	=item EV_MINIMAL
3177		3739
3178	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3740	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3179	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some	3741	speed (but with the full API), define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this
3180	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a	3742	is used to override some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size
3181	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.	3743	on amd64. It also selects a much smaller 2-heap for timer management over
		3744	the default 4-heap.
		3745
		3746	You can save even more by disabling watcher types you do not need
		3747	and setting C<EV_MAXPRI> == C<EV_MINPRI>. Also, disabling C<assert>
		3748	(C<-DNDEBUG>) will usually reduce code size a lot.
		3749
		3750	Defining C<EV_MINIMAL> to C<2> will additionally reduce the core API to
		3751	provide a bare-bones event library. See C<ev.h> for details on what parts
		3752	of the API are still available, and do not complain if this subset changes
		3753	over time.
3182		3754
3183	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3755	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3184		3756
3185	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3757	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3186	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3758	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
…		…
3372	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	3944	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
3373	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	3945	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3374		3946
3375	=back	3947	=back
3376		3948
		3949	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3950
		3951	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3952	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3953	created/added/removed.
		3954
		3955	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3956	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3957	languages).
		3958
		3959	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3960	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3961	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3962
		3963	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3964
		3965	typedef struct {
		3966	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3967	ev_async async_w;
		3968	thread_t tid;
		3969	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3970	} userdata;
		3971
		3972	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3973	{
		3974	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3975	static userdata u;
		3976
		3977	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3978	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3979
		3980	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3981	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3982
		3983	// now associate this with the loop
		3984	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3985	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3986	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3987
		3988	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		3989	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3990	}
		3991
		3992	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3993	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3994	that might have been added:
		3995
		3996	static void
		3997	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3998	{
		3999	// just used for the side effects
		4000	}
		4001
		4002	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4003	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4004
		4005	static void
		4006	l_release (EV_P)
		4007	{
		4008	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4009	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4010	}
		4011
		4012	static void
		4013	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4014	{
		4015	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4016	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4017	}
		4018
		4019	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4020	into C<ev_loop>:
		4021
		4022	void *
		4023	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4024	{
		4025	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4026
		4027	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4028	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4029	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		4030	l_release (EV_A);
		4031
		4032	return 0;
		4033	}
		4034
		4035	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4036	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4037	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4038	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4039	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4040	watchers is very beneficial):
		4041
		4042	static void
		4043	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4044	{
		4045	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4046
		4047	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4048	{
		4049	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4050	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4051	}
		4052	}
		4053
		4054	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4055	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4056	thread to continue:
		4057
		4058	static void
		4059	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4060	{
		4061	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4062
		4063	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4064	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4065	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4066	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4067	}
		4068
		4069	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4070	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4071
		4072	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4073	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4074
		4075	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4076
		4077	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4078	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4079	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4080	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4081
		4082	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4083	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4084	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4085	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4086
3377	=head3 COROUTINES	4087	=head3 COROUTINES
3378		4088
3379	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	4089	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
3380	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	4090	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
3381	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	4091	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
3382	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the	4092	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
3383	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	4093	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
3384	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	4094	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3385		4095
3386	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	4096	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3387	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	4097	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3388	they do not clal any callbacks.	4098	they do not call any callbacks.
3389		4099
3390	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	4100	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3391		4101
3392	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	4102	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
3393	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently	4103	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
…		…
3427	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4137	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3428	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4138	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3429	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.	4139	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3430		4140
3431	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables	4141	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
3432	is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.	4142	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
3433		4143
3434	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs	4144	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
3435	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,	4145	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
3436	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be	4146	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
3437	confused.	4147	confused.
…		…
3466	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	4176	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3467		4177
3468	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	4178	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3469	embedding it into other applications.	4179	embedding it into other applications.
3470		4180
		4181	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4182	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		4183
3471	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't	4184	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
3472	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will	4185	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
3473	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,	4186	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
3474	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a	4187	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
3475	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory	4188	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
…		…
3479	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets	4192	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3480	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use	4193	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3481	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally	4194	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3482	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness	4195	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3483	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows	4196	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
3484	(Microsoft monopoly games).	4197	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
3485		4198
3486	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding	4199	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
3487	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead	4200	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
3488	of F<ev.h>:	4201	of F<ev.h>:
3489		4202
…		…
3525		4238
3526	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	4239	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3527	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	4240	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3528	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft	4241	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3529	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the	4242	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
3530	previous thread in each. Great).	4243	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3531		4244
3532	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4245	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3533	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4246	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3534	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4247	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3535	select emulation on windows).	4248	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3536		4249
3537	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime	4250	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3538	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4251	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3539	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4252	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3540	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4253	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3541	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime	4254	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3542	libraries.
3543
3544	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4255	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3545	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4256	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3546	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4257	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3547	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4258	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3548		4259
3549	=back	4260	=back
3550		4261
3551	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	4262	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3552		4263
…		…
3595	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	4306	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
3596		4307
3597	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	4308	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
3598	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	4309	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
3599	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	4310	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
3600	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).	4311	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing
		4312	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least
		4313	2200.
3601		4314
3602	=back	4315	=back
3603		4316
3604	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	4317	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
3605		4318
…		…
3673	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	4386	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3674		4387
3675	=back	4388	=back
3676		4389
3677		4390
		4391	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4392
		4393	=over 4
		4394
		4395	=item active
		4396
		4397	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
		4398	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
		4399
		4400	=item application
		4401
		4402	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4403
		4404	=item callback
		4405
		4406	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4407	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4408	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4409
		4410	=item callback invocation
		4411
		4412	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4413
		4414	=item event
		4415
		4416	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4417	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4418	any other events happening anymore.
		4419
		4420	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4421	C<EV_TIMEOUT>).
		4422
		4423	=item event library
		4424
		4425	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4426
		4427	=item event loop
		4428
		4429	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4430	into callback invocations.
		4431
		4432	=item event model
		4433
		4434	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4435	watchers and events.
		4436
		4437	=item pending
		4438
		4439	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
		4440	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
		4441	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
		4442
		4443	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
		4444	its pending status.
		4445
		4446	=item real time
		4447
		4448	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4449
		4450	=item wall-clock time
		4451
		4452	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4453	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4454	clock.
		4455
		4456	=item watcher
		4457
		4458	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4459	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4460
		4461	=item watcher invocation
		4462
		4463	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4464
		4465	=back
		4466
3678	=head1 AUTHOR	4467	=head1 AUTHOR
3679		4468
3680	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4469	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3681		4470

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