[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.197 by root, Tue Oct 21 20:52:30 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.229 by root, Wed Apr 15 17:49:27 2009 UTC

…		…
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
13		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_<type>	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
18		20
19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin	22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
21	static void	23	static void
22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
23	{	25	{
24	puts ("stdin ready");	26	puts ("stdin ready");
25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
26	// with its corresponding stop function.	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
…		…
30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
31	}	33	}
32		34
33	// another callback, this time for a time-out	35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
34	static void	36	static void
35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
36	{	38	{
37	puts ("timeout");	39	puts ("timeout");
38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
40	}	42	}
…		…
103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)	105	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For	106	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at	107	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support	108	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of	109	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have	110	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	111	this argument.
110		112
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	113	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		114
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	115	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
…		…
276		278
277	=back	279	=back
278		280
279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	281	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
280		282
281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	283	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	284	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	285	I<function>).
		286
		287	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
		288	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
		289	not.
284		290
285	=over 4	291	=over 4
286		292
287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	293	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
288		294
…		…
294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	300	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
295	function.	301	function.
296		302
297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	303	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	304	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).	305	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
300		306
301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	307	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	308	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	309	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	310	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
…		…
380	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	386	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
381		387
382	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	388	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
383	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	389	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
384	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	390	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
385	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	391	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
386	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	392
387	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad	393	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
388	support for dup.	394	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		395	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		396	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		397	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		398	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		399	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		400	hard to detect.
		401
		402	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		403	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		404	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		405	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		406	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		407	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		408	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
389		409
390	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	410	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
391	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident	411	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
392	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	412	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
393	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	413	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
394	very well if you register events for both fds.	414	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
395		415	file descriptors.
396	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
397	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
398	(or space) is available.
399		416
400	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	417	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
401	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,	418	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
402	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and	419	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
403	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause	420	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
404	extra overhead.	421	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		422	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		423	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		424
		425	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		426	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		427	the usage. So sad.
405		428
406	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	429	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
407	all kernel versions tested so far.	430	all kernel versions tested so far.
408		431
409	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	432	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
410	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	433	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
411		434
412	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	435	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
413		436
414	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was	437	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
415	broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with	438	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
416	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's	439	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
417	completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless	440	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
418	you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or	441	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
419	libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.	442	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
		443	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
		444	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		445	system like NetBSD.
420		446
421	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	447	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
422	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	448	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
423	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	449	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
424		450
425	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	451	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
426	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	452	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
427	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	453	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
428	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	454	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
429	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	455	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
430	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	456	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		457	cases
431		458
432	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	459	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
433		460
434	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	461	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
435	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	462	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
436	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	463	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
437	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	464	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
438	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,	465	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
439	using it only for sockets.	466	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
440		467
441	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with	468	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
442	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with	469	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
443	C<NOTE_EOF>.	470	C<NOTE_EOF>.
444		471
…		…
464	might perform better.	491	might perform better.
465		492
466	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	493	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
467	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification	494	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
468	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	495	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
469	OS-specific backends.	496	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
470		497
471	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	498	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
472	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	499	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
473		500
474	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	501	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
…		…
527	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	554	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
528	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	555	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
529	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	556	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
530	for example).	557	for example).
531		558
532	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	559	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
533	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	560	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
534	would need to be stopped manually.	561	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
535		562
536	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	563	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
537	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	564	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
538	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	565	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
539	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	566	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
…		…
631	the loop.	658	the loop.
632		659
633	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	660	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
634	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	661	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
635	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	662	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
636	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a	663	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
637	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	664	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
638	iteration of the loop.	665	iteration of the loop.
639		666
640	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	667	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
641	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	668	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
…		…
699		726
700	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>	727	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
701	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before	728	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
702	stopping it.	729	stopping it.
703		730
704	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is	731	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
705	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting	732	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
706	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	733	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
707	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	734	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
708	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	735	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
709	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	736	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
710	respectively).	737	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		738	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		739	in the callback).
711		740
712	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	741	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
713	running when nothing else is active.	742	running when nothing else is active.
714		743
715	struct ev_signal exitsig;	744	ev_signal exitsig;
716	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	745	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
717	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	746	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
718	evf_unref (loop);	747	evf_unref (loop);
719		748
720	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	749	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
…		…
768	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.	797	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
769		798
770	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	799	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
771		800
772	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	801	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
773	compiled in. which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	802	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
774	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything	803	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
775	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard	804	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
776	error and call C<abort ()>.	805	error and call C<abort ()>.
777		806
778	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal	807	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
…		…
782	=back	811	=back
783		812
784		813
785	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	814	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
786		815
		816	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		817	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		818	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
		819
787	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	820	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
788	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	821	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
789	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	822	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
790		823
791	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	824	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
792	{	825	{
793	ev_io_stop (w);	826	ev_io_stop (w);
794	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	827	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
795	}	828	}
796		829
797	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	830	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		831
798	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	832	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		833
799	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	834	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
800	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	835	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
801	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	836	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		837
802	ev_loop (loop, 0);	838	ev_loop (loop, 0);
803		839
804	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	840	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
805	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	841	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
806	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	842	stack).
		843
		844	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		845	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
807		846
808	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	847	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
809	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	848	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
810	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	849	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
811	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	850	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
812	is readable and/or writable).	851	is readable and/or writable).
813		852
814	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	853	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
815	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	854	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
816	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	855	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
817	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	856	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
818		857
819	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	858	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
820	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	859	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
821	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	860	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
822	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	861	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
823		862
824	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	863	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
825	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	864	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
826	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	865	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
827		866
828	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	867	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
829	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	868	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
830	third argument.	869	third argument.
831		870
…		…
889		928
890	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	929	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
891		930
892	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	931	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
893		932
		933	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		934
		935	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		936	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		937
894	=item C<EV_ERROR>	938	=item C<EV_ERROR>
895		939
896	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might	940	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
897	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	941	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
898	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	942	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
…		…
912		956
913	=back	957	=back
914		958
915	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	959	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
916		960
917	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
918	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
919
920	=over 4	961	=over 4
921		962
922	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	963	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
923		964
924	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents	965	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
…		…
929	which rolls both calls into one.	970	which rolls both calls into one.
930		971
931	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	972	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
932	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	973	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
933		974
934	The callback is always of type C<void ()(ev_loop loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	975	The callback is always of type C<void ()(struct ev_loop loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
935	int revents)>.	976	int revents)>.
936		977
937	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.	978	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
938		979
939	ev_io w;	980	ev_io w;
…		…
1032	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1073	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1033	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1074	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1034		1075
1035	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1076	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
1036	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1077	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
1037	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.	1078	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1038		1079
1039	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1080	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1040		1081
1041	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1082	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1042	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1083	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
…		…
1064	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1105	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1065	data:	1106	data:
1066		1107
1067	struct my_io	1108	struct my_io
1068	{	1109	{
1069	struct ev_io io;	1110	ev_io io;
1070	int otherfd;	1111	int otherfd;
1071	void *somedata;	1112	void *somedata;
1072	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1113	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1073	};	1114	};
1074		1115
…		…
1077	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);	1118	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1078		1119
1079	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1120	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1080	can cast it back to your own type:	1121	can cast it back to your own type:
1081		1122
1082	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w_, int revents)	1123	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w_, int revents)
1083	{	1124	{
1084	struct my_io w = (struct my_io )w_;	1125	struct my_io w = (struct my_io )w_;
1085	...	1126	...
1086	}	1127	}
1087		1128
…		…
1105	programmers):	1146	programmers):
1106		1147
1107	#include <stddef.h>	1148	#include <stddef.h>
1108		1149
1109	static void	1150	static void
1110	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1151	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1111	{	1152	{
1112	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1153	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
1113	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1154	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1114	}	1155	}
1115		1156
1116	static void	1157	static void
1117	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1158	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1118	{	1159	{
1119	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1160	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
1120	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1161	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1121	}	1162	}
1122		1163
…		…
1257	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1298	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1258	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1299	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1259	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1300	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1260		1301
1261	static void	1302	static void
1262	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	1303	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
1263	{	1304	{
1264	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1305	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1265	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors	1306	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1266	}	1307	}
1267		1308
1268	...	1309	...
1269	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1310	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1270	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1311	ev_io stdin_readable;
1271	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1312	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1272	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1313	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1273	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1314	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1274		1315
1275		1316
…		…
1286		1327
1287	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1328	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1288	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration	1329	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration
1289	then order of execution is undefined.	1330	then order of execution is undefined.
1290		1331
		1332	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1333
		1334	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1335	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1336	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1337
		1338	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1339	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1340
		1341	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1342	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1343	data or other life sign was received).
		1344
		1345	=over 4
		1346
		1347	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1348
		1349	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1350	start the watcher:
		1351
		1352	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1353	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1354
		1355	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1356	and start it again:
		1357
		1358	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1359	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1360	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1361
		1362	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1363	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1364	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1365	still not a constant-time operation.
		1366
		1367	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1368
		1369	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1370	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1371
		1372	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1373	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1374	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1375	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1376	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1377
		1378	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1379	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1380	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1381
		1382	At start:
		1383
		1384	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1385	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1386	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1387
		1388	Each time there is some activity:
		1389
		1390	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1391
		1392	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1393	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1394
		1395	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1396	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1397
		1398	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1399	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1400	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1401
		1402	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1403
		1404	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1405
		1406	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1407	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1408	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1409	associated activity resets.
		1410
		1411	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1412	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1413	within the callback:
		1414
		1415	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1416
		1417	static void
		1418	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1419	{
		1420	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1421	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1422
		1423	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1424	if (timeout < now)
		1425	{
		1426	// timeout occured, take action
		1427	}
		1428	else
		1429	{
		1430	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1431	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1432	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1433	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1434	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1435	}
		1436	}
		1437
		1438	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1439	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1440	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1441	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1442	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1443	a timeout then.
		1444
		1445	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1446	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1447
		1448	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1449	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1450	libev to change the timeout.
		1451
		1452	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1453	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1454	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1455
		1456	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1457	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1458	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1459
		1460	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1461	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1462
		1463	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1464
		1465	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1466	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1467
		1468	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1469	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1470	fix things for you.
		1471
		1472	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1473
		1474	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1475	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1476	do even better:
		1477
		1478	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1479	at the I<end> of the list.
		1480
		1481	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1482	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1483
		1484	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1485	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1486	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1487
		1488	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1489	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1490	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1491	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1492
		1493	=back
		1494
		1495	So which method the best?
		1496
		1497	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1498	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1499	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1500	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1501
		1502	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1503	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1504	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1505	overkill :)
		1506
1291	=head3 The special problem of time updates	1507	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1292		1508
1293	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	1509	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
1294	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	1510	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1295	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a	1511	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
…		…
1338	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1554	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1339		1555
1340	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1556	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1341	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1557	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1342		1558
1343	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1559	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a
1344	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle	1560	usage example.
1345	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1346	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1347	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1348	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1349	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1350	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1351	automatically restart it if need be.
1352
1353	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
1354	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1355
1356	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
1357	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1358	...
1359	timer->again = 17.;
1360	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1361	...
1362	timer->again = 10.;
1363	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1364
1365	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
1366	you want to modify its timeout value.
1367
1368	Note, however, that it is often even more efficient to remember the
1369	time of the last activity and let the timer time-out naturally. In the
1370	callback, you then check whether the time-out is real, or, if there was
1371	some activity, you reschedule the watcher to time-out in "last_activity +
1372	timeout - ev_now ()" seconds.
1373		1561
1374	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1562	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1375		1563
1376	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1564	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1377	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),	1565	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
…		…
1382	=head3 Examples	1570	=head3 Examples
1383		1571
1384	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1572	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1385		1573
1386	static void	1574	static void
1387	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)	1575	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_timer w, int revents)
1388	{	1576	{
1389	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1577	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1390	}	1578	}
1391		1579
1392	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1580	ev_timer mytimer;
1393	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1581	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1394	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1582	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1395		1583
1396	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1584	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1397	inactivity.	1585	inactivity.
1398		1586
1399	static void	1587	static void
1400	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)	1588	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_timer w, int revents)
1401	{	1589	{
1402	.. ten seconds without any activity	1590	.. ten seconds without any activity
1403	}	1591	}
1404		1592
1405	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1593	ev_timer mytimer;
1406	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1594	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1407	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1595	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1408	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1596	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1409		1597
1410	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1598	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
…		…
1415	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1603	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1416		1604
1417	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1605	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1418	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1606	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1419		1607
1420	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1608	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1421	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1609	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1422	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1610	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1423	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1611	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1424	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system	1612	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1425	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year	1613	wrist-watch).
1426	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1427	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1428		1614
		1615	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
		1616	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
		1617	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1618	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1619	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1620	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1621	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
		1622
1429	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,	1623	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
1430	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other	1624	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
1431	complicated rules.	1625	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1626	those cannot react to time jumps.
1432		1627
1433	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	1628	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1434	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1629	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed, but if multiple
1435	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.	1630	periodic timers become ready during the same loop iteration, then order of
		1631	execution is undefined.
1436		1632
1437	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1633	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1438		1634
1439	=over 4	1635	=over 4
1440		1636
1441	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1637	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1442		1638
1443	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1639	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1444		1640
1445	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1641	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1446	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:	1642	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1447		1643
1448	=over 4	1644	=over 4
1449		1645
1450	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1646	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1451		1647
1452	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock	1648	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1453	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time	1649	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1454	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will	1650	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1455	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.	1651	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		1652	this point in time.
1456		1653
1457	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1654	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1458		1655
1459	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1656	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1460	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1657	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1461	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1658	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		1659	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1462		1660
1463	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the	1661	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1464	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each	1662	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
1465	hour, on the hour:	1663	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1466		1664
1467	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1665	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1468		1666
1469	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1667	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1470	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1668	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1471	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1669	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1472	by 3600.	1670	by 3600.
1473		1671
1474	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1672	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1475	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1673	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1476	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1674	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1477		1675
1478	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1676	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1479	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1677	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1480	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	1678	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1481		1679
1482	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	1680	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
1483	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	1681	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
1484	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	1682	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
1485	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	1683	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1486		1684
1487	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1685	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1488		1686
1489	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1687	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1490	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1688	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1491	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1689	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1492	current time as second argument.	1690	current time as second argument.
1493		1691
1494	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1692	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1495	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.	1693	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
		1694	allowed by documentation here>.
1496		1695
1497	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop	1696	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
1498	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the	1697	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
1499	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).	1698	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
1500		1699
1501	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic	1700	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1502	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1701	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1503		1702
		1703	static ev_tstamp
1504	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1704	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1505	{	1705	{
1506	return now + 60.;	1706	return now + 60.;
1507	}	1707	}
1508		1708
1509	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1709	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
…		…
1529	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1729	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1530	program when the crontabs have changed).	1730	program when the crontabs have changed).
1531		1731
1532	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)	1732	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
1533		1733
1534	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to	1734	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
1535	trigger next.	1735	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		1736	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		1737	rescheduling modes.
1536		1738
1537	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1739	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1538		1740
1539	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1741	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1540	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1742	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		1743	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1541		1744
1542	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	1745	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1543	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1746	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1544		1747
1545	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1748	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1546		1749
1547	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1750	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1548	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1751	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1549	called.	1752	called.
1550		1753
1551	=item ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1754	=item ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1552		1755
1553	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1756	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1554	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1757	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1555	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1758	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1556		1759
…		…
1561	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1764	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1562	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1765	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1563	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	1766	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1564		1767
1565	static void	1768	static void
1566	clock_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	1769	clock_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
1567	{	1770	{
1568	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1771	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1569	}	1772	}
1570		1773
1571	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1774	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1572	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1775	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1573	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1776	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1574		1777
1575	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1778	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1576		1779
1577	#include <math.h>	1780	#include <math.h>
1578		1781
1579	static ev_tstamp	1782	static ev_tstamp
1580	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1783	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1581	{	1784	{
1582	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));	1785	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1583	}	1786	}
1584		1787
1585	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1788	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1586		1789
1587	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1790	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1588		1791
1589	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1792	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1590	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1793	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1591	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1794	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1592	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1795	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1593		1796
1594		1797
…		…
1636	=head3 Examples	1839	=head3 Examples
1637		1840
1638	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.	1841	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1639		1842
1640	static void	1843	static void
1641	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_signal w, int revents)	1844	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_signal w, int revents)
1642	{	1845	{
1643	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1846	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1644	}	1847	}
1645		1848
1646	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1849	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1647	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1850	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1648	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);	1851	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
1649		1852
1650		1853
1651	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1854	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
…		…
1726	its completion.	1929	its completion.
1727		1930
1728	ev_child cw;	1931	ev_child cw;
1729		1932
1730	static void	1933	static void
1731	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	1934	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1732	{	1935	{
1733	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	1936	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1734	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	1937	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1735	}	1938	}
1736		1939
…		…
1751		1954
1752		1955
1753	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1956	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1754		1957
1755	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1958	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1756	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1959	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1757	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1960	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		1961	it did.
1758		1962
1759	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1963	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1760	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1964	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1761	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	1965	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1762	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	1966	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1763	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	1967	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		1968	contents.
1764		1969
1765	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	1970	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		1971	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1766	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	1972	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1767		1973
1768	Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable	1974	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1769	implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if	1975	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1770	it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for	1976	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1771	this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!)	1977	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1772	then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which	1978	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1773	you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change	1979	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1774	dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently	1980	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1775	around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.	1981	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1776		1982
1777	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	1983	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1778	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1984	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1779	resource-intensive.	1985	resource-intensive.
1780		1986
1781	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented	1987	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1782	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as	1988	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1783	an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way	1989	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1784	of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).	1990	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1785		1991
1786	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)	1992	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1787		1993
1788	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default	1994	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
1789	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file	1995	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
1790	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat	1996	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
1791	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to	1997	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
1792	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to	1998	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
1793	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is	1999	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
1794	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is	2000	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
1795	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.	2001	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
1796		2002
1797	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large	2003	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
1798	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not	2004	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
1799	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has	2005	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
1800	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the	2006	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
1801	default compilation environment.	2007	default compilation environment.
1802		2008
1803	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue	2009	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
1804		2010
1805	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally	2011	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1806	only available with Linux 2.6.25 or above due to bugs in earlier	2012	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1807	implementations) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2013	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1808	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created	2014	watcher is being started.
1809	lazily when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
1810		2015
1811	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2016	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1812	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2017	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1813	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support	2018	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1814	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,	2019	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
1815	but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.	2020	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2021	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2022	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2023	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1816		2024
1817	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2025	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1818	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2026	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1819	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks	2027	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
1820	etc. is difficult.	2028	etc. is difficult.
1821		2029
		2030	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2031
		2032	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2033	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2034	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2035
		2036	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2037	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2038	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2039	watcher).
		2040
		2041	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2042	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2043	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2044
		2045	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2046	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
		2047
1822	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2048	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1823		2049
1824	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2050	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1825	even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still	2051	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1826	only support whole seconds.	2052	still only support whole seconds.
1827		2053
1828	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can	2054	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1829	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and	2055	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1830	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update	2056	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1831	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the	2057	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
…		…
1974		2200
1975	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2201	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1976		2202
1977	=over 4	2203	=over 4
1978		2204
1979	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2205	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1980		2206
1981	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2207	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1982	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2208	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1983	believe me.	2209	believe me.
1984		2210
…		…
1988		2214
1989	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2215	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1990	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2216	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1991		2217
1992	static void	2218	static void
1993	idle_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_idle w, int revents)	2219	idle_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_idle w, int revents)
1994	{	2220	{
1995	free (w);	2221	free (w);
1996	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2222	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1997	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2223	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1998	}	2224	}
1999		2225
2000	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2226	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
2001	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2227	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
2002	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2228	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
2003		2229
2004		2230
2005	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2231	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
…		…
2086		2312
2087	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2313	static ev_io iow [nfd];
2088	static ev_timer tw;	2314	static ev_timer tw;
2089		2315
2090	static void	2316	static void
2091	io_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)	2317	io_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
2092	{	2318	{
2093	}	2319	}
2094		2320
2095	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2321	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
2096	static void	2322	static void
2097	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_prepare w, int revents)	2323	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_prepare w, int revents)
2098	{	2324	{
2099	int timeout = 3600000;	2325	int timeout = 3600000;
2100	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2326	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
2101	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2327	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
2102	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2328	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
…		…
2117	}	2343	}
2118	}	2344	}
2119		2345
2120	// stop all watchers after blocking	2346	// stop all watchers after blocking
2121	static void	2347	static void
2122	adns_check_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_check w, int revents)	2348	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_check w, int revents)
2123	{	2349	{
2124	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2350	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
2125		2351
2126	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2352	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2127	{	2353	{
…		…
2223	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),	2449	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2224	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In	2450	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2225	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all	2451	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2226	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2452	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2227		2453
2228	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2454	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2229	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2455	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2230	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2456	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2231	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2457	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2232	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2458	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2233	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2459	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2234	embedded loop sweep.
2235		2460
2236	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2461	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2237	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2462	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2238	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2239	interested in that.
2240		2463
2241	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2464	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2242	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2465	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2243	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2466	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2244	yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,	2467	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2245	and future versions of libev might do just that.
2246		2468
2247	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by	2469	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2248	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2470	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2249	portable one.	2471	portable one.
2250		2472
…		…
2295	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be	2517	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2296	used).	2518	used).
2297		2519
2298	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2520	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2299	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2521	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2300	struct ev_embed embed;	2522	ev_embed embed;
2301		2523
2302	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2524	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2303	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2525	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2304	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2526	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2305	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2527	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
…		…
2319	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2541	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2320	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2542	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2321		2543
2322	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2544	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2323	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2545	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2324	struct ev_embed embed;	2546	ev_embed embed;
2325		2547
2326	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2548	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2327	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2549	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2328	{	2550	{
2329	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2551	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
…		…
2470	=over 4	2692	=over 4
2471		2693
2472	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	2694	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2473		2695
2474	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	2696	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2475	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2697	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2476	trust me.	2698	trust me.
2477		2699
2478	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	2700	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2479		2701
2480	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	2702	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2481	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	2703	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2482	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	2704	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2483	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	2705	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2484	section below on what exactly this means).	2706	section below on what exactly this means).
2485		2707
		2708	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		2709	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		2710	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		2711	reset when the event loop detects that).
		2712
2486	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,	2713	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2487	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated	2714	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2488	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	2715	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
2489		2716
2490	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	2717	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
2491		2718
2492	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	2719	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
2493	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	2720	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
2496	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When	2723	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
2497	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,	2724	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
2498	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very	2725	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
2499	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.	2726	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
2500		2727
2501	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only	2728	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
2502	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.	2729	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		2730	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		2731	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2503		2732
2504	=back	2733	=back
2505		2734
2506		2735
2507	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2736	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2543	/* doh, nothing entered */;	2772	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2544	}	2773	}
2545		2774
2546	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2775	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2547		2776
2548	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop , watcher , int revents)	2777	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop , watcher , int revents)
2549		2778
2550	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2779	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2551	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2780	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2552	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	2781	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2553		2782
2554	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	2783	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
2555		2784
2556	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2785	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2557	the given events it.	2786	the given events it.
2558		2787
2559	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2788	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2560		2789
2561	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	2790	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2562	loop!).	2791	loop!).
2563		2792
2564	=back	2793	=back
…		…
2685	}	2914	}
2686		2915
2687	myclass obj;	2916	myclass obj;
2688	ev::io iow;	2917	ev::io iow;
2689	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	2918	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2919
		2920	=item w->set (object *)
		2921
		2922	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		2923
		2924	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		2925	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		2926	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		2927	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		2928	list.
		2929
		2930	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		2931	int revents)>.
		2932
		2933	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2934
		2935	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		2936
		2937	struct myfunctor
		2938	{
		2939	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		2940	{
		2941	...
		2942	}
		2943	}
		2944
		2945	myfunctor f;
		2946
		2947	ev::io w;
		2948	w.set (&f);
2690		2949
2691	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	2950	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2692		2951
2693	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	2952	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2694	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	2953	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2781	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3040	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2782		3041
2783	=item Python	3042	=item Python
2784		3043
2785	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It	3044	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
2786	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the	3045	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
2787	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
2788	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
2789	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
2790	libev).
2791		3046
2792	=item Ruby	3047	=item Ruby
2793		3048
2794	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3049	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2795	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3050	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2796	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3051	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2797	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3052	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2798		3053
		3054	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3055	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3056
		3057	=item Haskell
		3058
		3059	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3060	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3061
2799	=item D	3062	=item D
2800		3063
2801	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3064	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2802	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	3065	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3066
		3067	=item Ocaml
		3068
		3069	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3070	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
2803		3071
2804	=back	3072	=back
2805		3073
2806		3074
2807	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3075	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
…		…
2908		3176
2909	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3177	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2910	#include "ev.h"	3178	#include "ev.h"
2911		3179
2912	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3180	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2913	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3181	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2914	as a bug).	3182	as a bug).
2915		3183
2916	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3184	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2917	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3185	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2918		3186
…		…
2974	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3242	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2975	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3243	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2976	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3244	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2977	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3245	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2978		3246
		3247	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3248	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3249
2979	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3250	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2980		3251
2981	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3252	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2982	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use	3253	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2983	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3254	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2984	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3255	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2985	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3256	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2986	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3257	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2987	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3258	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2988		3259
2989	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3260	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2990		3261
2991	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3262	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2992	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at	3263	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2993	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will	3264	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2994	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3265	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2995	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3266	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2996	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3267	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3268	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3269	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3270
		3271	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3272
		3273	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3274	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3275	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3276	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3277	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3278	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3279	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3280	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2997		3281
2998	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3282	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2999		3283
3000	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3284	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
3001	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3285	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
…		…
3017		3301
3018	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3302	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
3019		3303
3020	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3304	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
3021	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3305	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
3022	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on	3306	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
3023	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3307	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
3024	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3308	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
3025	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3309	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
3026	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3310	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
3027		3311
3028	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3312	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
3029		3313
3030	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3314	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
3031	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3315	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
3390	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	3674	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
3391	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	3675	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3392		3676
3393	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	3677	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3394	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	3678	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3395	they do not clal any callbacks.	3679	they do not call any callbacks.
3396		3680
3397	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	3681	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3398		3682
3399	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	3683	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
3400	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently	3684	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
…		…
3434	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	3718	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3435	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	3719	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3436	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.	3720	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3437		3721
3438	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables	3722	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
3439	is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.	3723	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
3440		3724
3441	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs	3725	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
3442	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,	3726	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
3443	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be	3727	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
3444	confused.	3728	confused.
…		…
3682	=back	3966	=back
3683		3967
3684		3968
3685	=head1 AUTHOR	3969	=head1 AUTHOR
3686		3970
3687	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3971	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3688		3972

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.197 by root, Tue Oct 21 20:52:30 2008 UTC vs. Revision 1.229 by root, Wed Apr 15 17:49:27 2009 UTC

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.197 by root, Tue Oct 21 20:52:30 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.229 by root, Wed Apr 15 17:49:27 2009 UTC