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Revision 1.77 by root, Sat Dec 8 22:11:14 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.198 by root, Thu Oct 23 06:30:48 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_<type>
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		18
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	21	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	23	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	24	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	31	}
24		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	34	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	36	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	37	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	40	}
31		41
32	int	42	int
33	main (void)	43	main (void)
34	{	44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		47
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		57
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	58	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	62	return 0;
49	}	63	}
50		64
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		66
53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted	67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
56		70
57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
59	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
60		74
61	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	75	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
62	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	76	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
63	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	77	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
65	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
66	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
67	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
68	watcher.	82	watcher.
69		83
70	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
71		85
72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
…		…
82		96
83	It also is quite fast (see this	97	It also is quite fast (see this
84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
85	for example).	99	for example).
86		100
87	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
88		102
89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
		109	this argument.
95		110
96	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
97		112
98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
103	it, you should treat it as such.	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
		119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
104		142
105	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
106		144
107	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
108	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
113		151
114	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
115	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
116	you actually want to know.	154	you actually want to know.
117		155
		156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		157
		158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		161
118	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
119		163
120	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
121		165
122	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	166	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
123	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	167	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
124	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	168	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
125	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	169	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
126	version of the library your program was compiled against.	170	version of the library your program was compiled against.
127		171
		172	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		173	release version.
		174
128	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	175	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
129	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	176	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
130	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	177	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
131	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
132		179
133	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
134	version.	181	version.
135		182
136	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
137	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
138	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
139		186
140	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
141		188
142	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
143	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
145	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
146		193
147	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
148	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
149		196
150	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
151	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
152		199
153	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
154		201
155	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
156	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
157	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
158	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
159	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
160	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
161		208
162	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
163		210
…		…
167	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	214	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
168	recommended ones.	215	recommended ones.
169		216
170	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
171		218
172	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
173		220
174	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
175	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
176	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
177	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
178	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
179	function.	226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
180		230
181	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
182	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
183	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
184		234
185	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
186	retries).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
187		237
188	static void *	238	static void *
189	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
190	{	240	{
191	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
…		…
200	}	250	}
201		251
202	...	252	...
203	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
204		254
205	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
206		256
207	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
208	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
209	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
210	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
211	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
212	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
213	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
214		264
215	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
226		276
227	=back	277	=back
228		278
229	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
230		280
231	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<ev_loop *>. The library knows two
232	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
233	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
234
235	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
236	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
237	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
238	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
239	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
240	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
241		284
242	=over 4	285	=over 4
243		286
244	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
245		288
…		…
249	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	292	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
250		293
251	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
252	function.	295	function.
253		296
		297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		300
		301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		305	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		306	C<ev_default_init>.
		307
254	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	308	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
255	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	309	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
256		310
257	The following flags are supported:	311	The following flags are supported:
258		312
…		…
263	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	317	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
264	thing, believe me).	318	thing, believe me).
265		319
266	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	320	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
267		321
268	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	322	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
269	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	323	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
270	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	324	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
271	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	325	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
272	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
273	around bugs.	327	around bugs.
…		…
279	enabling this flag.	333	enabling this flag.
280		334
281	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
282	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
283	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
284	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
285	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	339	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
286	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	340	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
287		341
288	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	342	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
289	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	343	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
290	flag.	344	flag.
291		345
292	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
293	environment variable.	347	environment variable.
294		348
295	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
296		350
297	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
298	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	352	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
299	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
300	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	354	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
301	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	355	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		356
		357	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		358	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		363
		364	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		365	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		366	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
302		367
303	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	368	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
304		369
305	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	370	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
306	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	371	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
307	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	372	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
308	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	373	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		374	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		375	performance tips.
		376
		377	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		378	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
309		379
310	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	380	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
311		381
312	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	382	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
313	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	383	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
314	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	384	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
315	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	385	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		386	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		387	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
		388	support for dup.
316		389
317	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	390	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
318	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	391	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
319	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	392	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
320	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	393	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
321	well if you register events for both fds.	394	very well if you register events for both fds.
322		395
323	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	396	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
324	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	397	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
325	(or space) is available.	398	(or space) is available.
326		399
		400	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		401	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
		402	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		403	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		404	extra overhead.
		405
		406	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		407	all kernel versions tested so far.
		408
		409	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		410	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		411
327	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	412	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
328		413
329	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	414	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was
330	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	415	broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with
331	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	416	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's
332	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	417	completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless
333	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	418	you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or
334	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	419	libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.
		420
		421	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		422	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		423	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
335		424
336	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	425	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
337	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	426	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
338	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	427	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
339	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	428	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
340	incident, so its best to avoid that.	429	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
		430	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		431
		432	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		433
		434	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		435	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		436	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		437	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		438	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,
		439	using it only for sockets.
		440
		441	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		442	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		443	C<NOTE_EOF>.
341		444
342	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	445	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
343		446
344	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	447	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		448	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		449	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		450	immensely.
345		451
346	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	452	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
347		453
348	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	454	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
349	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	455	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
350		456
351	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	457	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
352	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	458	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
353	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	459	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		460
		461	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		462	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		463	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		464	might perform better.
		465
		466	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
		467	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
		468	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		469	OS-specific backends.
		470
		471	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		472	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
354		473
355	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	474	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
356		475
357	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	476	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
358	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	477	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
359	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	478	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
360		479
		480	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		481
361	=back	482	=back
362		483
363	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	484	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
364	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	485	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
365	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	486	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
366	order of their flag values :)
367		487
368	The most typical usage is like this:	488	Example: This is the most typical usage.
369		489
370	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	490	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
371	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	491	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
372		492
373	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	493	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
374	environment settings to be taken into account:	494	environment settings to be taken into account:
375		495
376	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	496	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
377		497
378	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	498	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
379	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	499	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
380	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	500	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		501	fds):
381		502
382	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	503	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
383		504
384	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	505	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
385		506
386	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	507	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
387	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	508	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
388	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	509	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
389	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	510	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
390		511
		512	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		513	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		514	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		515
391	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	516	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
392		517
393	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	518	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
394	if (!epoller)	519	if (!epoller)
395	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	520	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
396		521
397	=item ev_default_destroy ()	522	=item ev_default_destroy ()
398		523
399	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	524	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
400	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	525	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
401	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	526	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
402	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	527	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
403	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	528	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
404	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	529	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
405	for example).	530	for example).
		531
		532	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		533	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		534	would need to be stopped manually.
		535
		536	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		537	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		538	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		539	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
406		540
407	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	541	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
408		542
409	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	543	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
410	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	544	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
411		545
412	=item ev_default_fork ()	546	=item ev_default_fork ()
413		547
		548	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
414	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	549	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
415	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	550	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
416	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	551	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
417	again makes little sense).	552	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		553	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
418		554
419	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	555	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
420	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	556	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
421	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	557	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
422		558
423	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	559	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
424	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	560	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
425	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	561	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
426		562
427	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	563	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
428		564
429	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
430	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
431	do not need to care.
432
433	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	565	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
434		566
435	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	567	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
436	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	568	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
437	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	569	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
		570	entirely your own problem.
		571
		572	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		573
		574	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		575	otherwise.
438		576
439	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	577	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
440		578
441	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	579	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
442	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	580	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
455		593
456	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	594	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
457	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	595	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
458	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	596	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
459	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	597	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
460	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	598	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
		599
		600	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		601
		602	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		603	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		604	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		605
		606	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		607	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		608	the current time is a good idea.
		609
		610	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.
461		611
462	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	612	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
463		613
464	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	614	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
465	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	615	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
468	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	618	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
469	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	619	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
470		620
471	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	621	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
472	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	622	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
473	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	623	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
474	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	624	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
475	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	625	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		626	beauty.
476		627
477	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	628	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
478	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	629	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your
479	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	630	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of
		631	the loop.
480		632
481	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	633	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
482	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	634	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
483	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	635	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
484	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	636	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a
485	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	637	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		638	iteration of the loop.
		639
		640	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		641	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
486	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	642	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
487	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	643	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
488		644
489	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	645	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
490		646
491	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	647	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
492	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	648	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
493	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	649	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
		650	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
494	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	651	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		652	as to not disturb the other process.
495	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	653	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
496	- Update the "event loop time".	654	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
497	- Calculate for how long to block.	655	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		656	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		657	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		658	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
498	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	659	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
499	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	660	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
500	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	661	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
501	- Queue all outstanding timers.	662	- Queue all expired timers.
502	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	663	- Queue all expired periodics.
503	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	664	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
504	- Queue all check watchers.	665	- Queue all check watchers.
505	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	666	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
506	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	667	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
507	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	668	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
508	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	669	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
509	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	670	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		671	continue with step *.
510		672
511	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	673	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
512	anymore.	674	anymore.
513		675
514	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	676	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
515	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	677	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
516	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	678	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
517	... jobs done. yeah!	679	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
518		680
519	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	681	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
520		682
521	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	683	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
522	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	684	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
523	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	685	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
524	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	686	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
525		687
		688	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
		689
		690	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.
		691
526	=item ev_ref (loop)	692	=item ev_ref (loop)
527		693
528	=item ev_unref (loop)	694	=item ev_unref (loop)
529		695
530	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	696	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
531	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	697	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
532	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	698	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
		699
533	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	700	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
534	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	701	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
		702	stopping it.
		703
535	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	704	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is
536	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	705	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting
537	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	706	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
538	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	707	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
539	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	708	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		709	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		710	respectively).
540		711
541	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	712	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
542	running when nothing else is active.	713	running when nothing else is active.
543		714
544	struct ev_signal exitsig;	715	ev_signal exitsig;
545	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	716	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
546	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	717	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
547	evf_unref (loop);	718	evf_unref (loop);
548		719
549	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	720	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
550		721
551	ev_ref (loop);	722	ev_ref (loop);
552	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	723	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		724
		725	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		726
		727	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		728
		729	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		730	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
		731	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		732	latency.
		733
		734	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		735	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
		736	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		737	opportunities).
		738
		739	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
		740	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
		741	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		742	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		743	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		744
		745	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		746	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		747	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		748	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		749	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		750
		751	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		752	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		753	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
		754	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
		755	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
		756
		757	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		758	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		759	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		760	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		761	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		762
		763	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		764	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		765	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		766	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		767	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		768	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		769
		770	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		771
		772	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		773	compiled in. which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		774	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		775	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		776	error and call C<abort ()>.
		777
		778	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		779	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		780	data structures consistent.
553		781
554	=back	782	=back
555		783
556		784
557	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	785	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
558		786
559	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	787	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
560	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	788	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
561	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	789	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
562		790
563	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	791	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
564	{	792	{
565	ev_io_stop (w);	793	ev_io_stop (w);
566	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	794	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
567	}	795	}
568		796
569	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	797	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
570	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	798	ev_io stdin_watcher;
571	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	799	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
572	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	800	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
573	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	801	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
574	ev_loop (loop, 0);	802	ev_loop (loop, 0);
575		803
576	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	804	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
577	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	805	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,
578	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	806	although this can sometimes be quite valid).
579		807
580	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	808	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
581	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	809	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
582	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	810	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
583	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	811	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
584	is readable and/or writable).	812	is readable and/or writable).
585		813
586	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	814	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro
587	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	815	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
…		…
657	=item C<EV_FORK>	885	=item C<EV_FORK>
658		886
659	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	887	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
660	C<ev_fork>).	888	C<ev_fork>).
661		889
		890	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		891
		892	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		893
662	=item C<EV_ERROR>	894	=item C<EV_ERROR>
663		895
664	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	896	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
665	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	897	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
666	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	898	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		899	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		900
667	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	901	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
668	with the watcher being stopped.	902	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		903	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		904	bug in your program.
669		905
670	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	906	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
671	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	907	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
672	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	908	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
673	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	909	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
674	programs, though, so beware.	910	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		911	thing, so beware.
675		912
676	=back	913	=back
677		914
678	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	915	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
679		916
…		…
692	which rolls both calls into one.	929	which rolls both calls into one.
693		930
694	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	931	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
695	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	932	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
696		933
697	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	934	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
698	int revents)>.	935	int revents)>.
		936
		937	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		938
		939	ev_io w;
		940	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		941	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
699		942
700	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	943	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
701		944
702	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	945	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
703	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	946	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
…		…
706	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	949	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
707		950
708	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	951	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
709	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	952	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
710		953
		954	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		955
711	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	956	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
712		957
713	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	958	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
714	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	959	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
715	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	960	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		961
		962	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		963
		964	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
716		965
717	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	966	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
718		967
719	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	968	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
720	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	969	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
721		970
		971	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		972	whole section.
		973
		974	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		975
722	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	976	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
723		977
724	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	978	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		979	the watcher was active or not).
		980
725	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	981	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
726	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	982	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
727	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	983	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
728	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	984	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
729	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	985	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
730		986
731	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	987	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
732		988
733	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	989	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
734	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	990	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
782		1038
783	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1039	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
784		1040
785	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1041	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
786	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1042	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
787	can deal with that fact.	1043	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1044	callback.
788		1045
789	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1046	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
790		1047
791	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1048	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
792	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1049	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
793	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1050	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
794		1051
		1052	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1053	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1054
795	=back	1055	=back
796		1056
797		1057
798	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1058	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
799		1059
800	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1060	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
801	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1061	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
802	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1062	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
803	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1063	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
804	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1064	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
805	data:	1065	data:
806		1066
807	struct my_io	1067	struct my_io
808	{	1068	{
809	struct ev_io io;	1069	ev_io io;
810	int otherfd;	1070	int otherfd;
811	void *somedata;	1071	void *somedata;
812	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1072	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
813	}	1073	};
		1074
		1075	...
		1076	struct my_io w;
		1077	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
814		1078
815	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1079	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
816	can cast it back to your own type:	1080	can cast it back to your own type:
817		1081
818	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1082	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
819	{	1083	{
820	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1084	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
821	...	1085	...
822	}	1086	}
823		1087
824	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1088	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
825	instead have been omitted.	1089	instead have been omitted.
826		1090
827	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1091	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
828	watchers:	1092	embedded watchers:
829		1093
830	struct my_biggy	1094	struct my_biggy
831	{	1095	{
832	int some_data;	1096	int some_data;
833	ev_timer t1;	1097	ev_timer t1;
834	ev_timer t2;	1098	ev_timer t2;
835	}	1099	}
836		1100
837	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1101	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
838	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1102	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1103	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1104	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1105	programmers):
839		1106
840	#include <stddef.h>	1107	#include <stddef.h>
841		1108
842	static void	1109	static void
843	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1110	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
844	{	1111	{
845	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1112	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
846	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1113	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
847	}	1114	}
848		1115
849	static void	1116	static void
850	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1117	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
851	{	1118	{
852	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1119	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
853	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1120	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
854	}	1121	}
855		1122
856		1123
857	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1124	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
858		1125
859	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1126	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
883	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1150	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
884	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1151	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
885	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1152	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
886	required if you know what you are doing).	1153	required if you know what you are doing).
887		1154
888	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends	1155	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
889	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file	1156	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
890	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing	1157	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
891	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
892	the same underlying "file open").
893
894	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
895	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
896	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
897		1158
898	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1159	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
899	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1160	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
900	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1161	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
901	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1162	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
902	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1163	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
903	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1164	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
904	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1165	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
905	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1166	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
906		1167
907	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1168	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
908	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1169	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
909	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1170	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
910	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1171	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
911	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1172	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1173	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1174	indefinitely.
		1175
		1176	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
		1177
		1178	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1179
		1180	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1181	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
		1182	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1183	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1184	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1185	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1186	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1187
		1188	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1189	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1190	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1191	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1192	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1193	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1194
		1195	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1196	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1197	optimisations to libev.
		1198
		1199	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1200
		1201	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1202	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1203	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1204	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1205
		1206	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1207	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1208	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1209
		1210	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1211
		1212	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1213	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1214	it in the child.
		1215
		1216	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1217	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1218	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1219	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1220
		1221	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1222
		1223	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1224	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1225	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1226	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1227
		1228	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1229	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1230	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1231
		1232
		1233	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
912		1234
913	=over 4	1235	=over 4
914		1236
915	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1237	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
916		1238
917	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1239	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
918		1240
919	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1241	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
920	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1242	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
921	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1243	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
922		1244
923	=item int fd [read-only]	1245	=item int fd [read-only]
924		1246
925	The file descriptor being watched.	1247	The file descriptor being watched.
926		1248
927	=item int events [read-only]	1249	=item int events [read-only]
928		1250
929	The events being watched.	1251	The events being watched.
930		1252
931	=back	1253	=back
		1254
		1255	=head3 Examples
932		1256
933	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1257	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
934	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1258	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
935	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1259	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
936		1260
937	static void	1261	static void
938	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1262	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
939	{	1263	{
940	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1264	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
941	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1265	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
942	}	1266	}
943		1267
944	...	1268	...
945	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1269	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
946	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1270	ev_io stdin_readable;
947	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1271	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
948	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1272	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
949	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1273	ev_loop (loop, 0);
950		1274
951		1275
952	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1276	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
953		1277
954	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1278	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
955	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1279	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
956		1280
957	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1281	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
958	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1282	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
959	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1283	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
960	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1284	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
961	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1285	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1286
		1287	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1288	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration
		1289	then order of execution is undefined.
		1290
		1291	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1292
		1293	Many real-world problems invole some kind of time-out, usually for error
		1294	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1295	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1296
		1297	Here are some ways on how to handle this problem, from simple and
		1298	inefficient to very efficient.
		1299
		1300	In the following examples a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a
		1301	timeout that gets reset to 60 seconds each time some data ("a lifesign")
		1302	was received.
		1303
		1304	=over 4
		1305
		1306	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise, start it on activity.
		1307
		1308	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1309	start the watcher:
		1310
		1311	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1312	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1313
		1314	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> the timer,
		1315	initialise it again, and start it:
		1316
		1317	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1318	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1319	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1320
		1321	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there
		1322	is some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from it's
		1323	internal data strcuture and then add it again.
		1324
		1325	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1326
		1327	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1328	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1329
		1330	For this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and
		1331	then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you successfully read
		1332	or write some data. If you go into an idle state where you do not expect
		1333	data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and
		1334	C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1335
		1336	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
		1337	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1338
		1339	At start:
		1340
		1341	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 60.);
		1342	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1343
		1344	Each time you receive some data:
		1345
		1346	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1347
		1348	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly:
		1349
		1350	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1351	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1352
		1353	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1354	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1355	remove and re-insert the timer from/into it's internal data structure.
		1356
		1357	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1358
		1359	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1360	relatively long compared to the loop iteration time - in our example,
		1361	within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with associated
		1362	activity resets.
		1363
		1364	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1365	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1366	within the callback:
		1367
		1368	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1369
		1370	static void
		1371	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1372	{
		1373	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1374	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1375
		1376	// if last_activity is older than now - timeout, we did time out
		1377	if (timeout < now)
		1378	{
		1379	// timeout occured, take action
		1380	}
		1381	else
		1382	{
		1383	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1384	// to fire in last_activity + 60.
		1385	w->again = timeout - now;
		1386	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1387	}
		1388	}
		1389
		1390	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real time-out (defined as
		1391	"60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has been
		1392	reached, which means there was a real timeout. Otherwise the callback was
		1393	invoked too early (timeout is in the future), so re-schedule the timer to
		1394	fire at that future time.
		1395
		1396	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1397	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1398
		1399	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds),
		1400	but virtually no calls to libev to change the timeout.
		1401
		1402	To start the timer, simply intiialise the watcher and C<last_activity>,
		1403	then call the callback:
		1404
		1405	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1406	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1407	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1408
		1409	And when there is some activity, simply remember the time in
		1410	C<last_activity>:
		1411
		1412	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1413
		1414	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1415	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1416
		1417	=back
		1418
		1419	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1420
		1421	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1422	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1423	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
		1424	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1425	lots of events in one iteration.
962		1426
963	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1427	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
964	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1428	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
965	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1429	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
966	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1430	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
967	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1431	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
968		1432
969	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1433	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
970		1434
971	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1435	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
972	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1436	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
973	order of execution is undefined.	1437	()>.
		1438
		1439	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
974		1440
975	=over 4	1441	=over 4
976		1442
977	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1443	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
978		1444
979	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1445	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
980		1446
981	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1447	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
982	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1448	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
983	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1449	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
984	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1450	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1451	until stopped manually.
985		1452
986	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1453	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
987	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1454	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
988	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1455	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
989	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1456	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
990	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1457	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
991		1458
992	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1459	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
993		1460
994	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1461	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
995	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1462	repeating. The exact semantics are:
996		1463
997	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1464	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
998		1465
999	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1466	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1000		1467
1001	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1468	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1002	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1469	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1003		1470
1004	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1471	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a
1005	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1472	usage example.
1006	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1007	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1008	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1009	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1010	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1011	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1012	automatically restart it if need be.
1013
1014	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
1015	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1016
1017	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
1018	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1019	...
1020	timer->again = 17.;
1021	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1022	...
1023	timer->again = 10.;
1024	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1025
1026	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
1027	you want to modify its timeout value.
1028		1473
1029	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1474	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1030		1475
1031	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1476	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1032	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1477	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1033	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1478	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1034		1479
1035	=back	1480	=back
1036		1481
		1482	=head3 Examples
		1483
1037	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1484	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1038		1485
1039	static void	1486	static void
1040	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1487	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1041	{	1488	{
1042	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1489	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1043	}	1490	}
1044		1491
1045	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1492	ev_timer mytimer;
1046	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1493	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1047	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1494	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1048		1495
1049	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1496	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1050	inactivity.	1497	inactivity.
1051		1498
1052	static void	1499	static void
1053	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1500	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1054	{	1501	{
1055	.. ten seconds without any activity	1502	.. ten seconds without any activity
1056	}	1503	}
1057		1504
1058	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1505	ev_timer mytimer;
1059	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1506	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1060	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1507	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1061	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1508	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1062		1509
1063	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1510	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1064	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1511	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1065	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1512	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1066		1513
1067		1514
1068	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1515	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1069		1516
1070	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1517	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1071	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1518	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1072		1519
1073	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1520	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
1074	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1521	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
1075	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1522	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
1076	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1523	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
1077	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1524	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1525	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
1078	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1526	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1079	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1527	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1080	again).
1081		1528
1082	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1529	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1083	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1530	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
		1531	complicated rules.
1084		1532
1085	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1533	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1086	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1534	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1087	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1535	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.
		1536
		1537	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1088		1538
1089	=over 4	1539	=over 4
1090		1540
1091	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1541	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1092		1542
1093	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1543	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
1094		1544
1095	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1545	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1096	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1546	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1097		1547
1098	=over 4	1548	=over 4
1099		1549
1100	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1550	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1101		1551
1102	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1552	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1103	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1553	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time
1104	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1554	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1105	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1555	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.
1106		1556
1107	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1557	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1108		1558
1109	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1559	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1110	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1560	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1111	of any time jumps.	1561	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1112		1562
1113	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1563	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1114	time:	1564	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		1565	hour, on the hour:
1115		1566
1116	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1567	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1117		1568
1118	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1569	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1119	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1570	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1120	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1571	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1121	by 3600.	1572	by 3600.
1122		1573
1123	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1574	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1124	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1575	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1125	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1576	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1126		1577
		1578	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1579	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1580	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1581
		1582	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1583	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1584	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1585	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1586
1127	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1587	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1128		1588
1129	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1589	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1130	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1590	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1131	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1591	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1132	current time as second argument.	1592	current time as second argument.
1133		1593
1134	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1594	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1135	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1595	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1136	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1137	starting a prepare watcher).
1138		1596
		1597	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1598	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1599	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1600
1139	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1601	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1140	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1602	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1141		1603
		1604	static ev_tstamp
1142	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1605	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1143	{	1606	{
1144	return now + 60.;	1607	return now + 60.;
1145	}	1608	}
1146		1609
1147	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1610	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1148	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1611	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1149	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1612	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1150	might be called at other times, too.	1613	might be called at other times, too.
1151		1614
1152	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1615	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1153	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1616	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1154		1617
1155	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1618	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1156	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1619	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1157	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1620	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1158	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1621	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1159	reason I omitted it as an example).	1622	reason I omitted it as an example).
1160		1623
1161	=back	1624	=back
…		…
1165	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1628	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1166	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1629	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1167	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1630	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1168	program when the crontabs have changed).	1631	program when the crontabs have changed).
1169		1632
		1633	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1634
		1635	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1636	trigger next.
		1637
		1638	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1639
		1640	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1641	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1642
		1643	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1644	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1645
1170	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1646	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1171		1647
1172	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1648	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1173	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1649	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1174	called.	1650	called.
1175		1651
1176	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1652	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1177		1653
1178	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1654	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1179	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1655	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1180	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1656	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1181		1657
1182	=back	1658	=back
1183		1659
		1660	=head3 Examples
		1661
1184	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1662	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1185	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1663	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1186	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1664	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1187		1665
1188	static void	1666	static void
1189	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1667	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1190	{	1668	{
1191	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1669	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1192	}	1670	}
1193		1671
1194	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1672	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1195	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1673	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1196	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1674	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1197		1675
1198	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1676	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1199		1677
1200	#include <math.h>	1678	#include <math.h>
1201		1679
1202	static ev_tstamp	1680	static ev_tstamp
1203	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1681	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1204	{	1682	{
1205	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1683	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1206	}	1684	}
1207		1685
1208	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1686	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1209		1687
1210	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1688	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1211		1689
1212	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1690	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1213	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1691	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1214	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1692	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1215	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1693	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1216		1694
1217		1695
1218	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1696	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1219		1697
1220	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1698	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1221	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1699	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1222	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1700	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1223	normal event processing, like any other event.	1701	normal event processing, like any other event.
1224		1702
		1703	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would
		1704	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use
		1705	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.
		1706
1225	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1707	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
1226	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1708	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler
1227	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1709	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1228	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1710	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when
1229	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1711	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1230	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1712	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
		1713
		1714	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1715	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1716	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1717	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1718	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1719
		1720	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1231		1721
1232	=over 4	1722	=over 4
1233		1723
1234	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1724	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1235		1725
…		…
1242		1732
1243	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1733	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1244		1734
1245	=back	1735	=back
1246		1736
		1737	=head3 Examples
		1738
		1739	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
		1740
		1741	static void
		1742	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1743	{
		1744	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1745	}
		1746
		1747	ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1748	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1749	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
		1750
1247		1751
1248	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1752	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1249		1753
1250	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1754	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1251	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1755	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
		1756	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
		1757	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
		1758	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		1759	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		1760	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is
		1761	not.
		1762
		1763	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1764	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		1765
		1766	=head3 Process Interaction
		1767
		1768	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1769	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1770	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		1771	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1772	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1773	children, even ones not watched.
		1774
		1775	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1776
		1777	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1778	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1779	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1780	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1781	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1782	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1783	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1784
		1785	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		1786
		1787	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		1788	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		1789	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		1790	when a child exit is detected.
		1791
		1792	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1252		1793
1253	=over 4	1794	=over 4
1254		1795
1255	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1796	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1256		1797
1257	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1798	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1258		1799
1259	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1800	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1260	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1801	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1261	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1802	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1262	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1803	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1263	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1804	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1264	process causing the status change.	1805	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1806	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1807	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1265		1808
1266	=item int pid [read-only]	1809	=item int pid [read-only]
1267		1810
1268	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1811	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1269		1812
…		…
1276	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1819	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1277	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1820	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1278		1821
1279	=back	1822	=back
1280		1823
1281	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1824	=head3 Examples
1282		1825
		1826	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1827	its completion.
		1828
		1829	ev_child cw;
		1830
1283	static void	1831	static void
1284	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1832	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1285	{	1833	{
1286	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1834	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1835	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1287	}	1836	}
1288		1837
1289	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1838	pid_t pid = fork ();
1290	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1839
1291	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1840	if (pid < 0)
		1841	// error
		1842	else if (pid == 0)
		1843	{
		1844	// the forked child executes here
		1845	exit (1);
		1846	}
		1847	else
		1848	{
		1849	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1850	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1851	}
1292		1852
1293		1853
1294	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1854	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1295		1855
1296	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1856	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1297	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1857	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1298	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1858	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1299		1859
1300	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1860	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1301	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1861	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
…		…
1304	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	1864	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
1305		1865
1306	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	1866	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
1307	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	1867	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
1308		1868
1309	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	1869	Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable
1310	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	1870	implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if
1311	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	1871	it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for
1312	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	1872	this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!)
1313	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	1873	then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which
1314	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	1874	you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change
1315	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	1875	dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently
1316	usually overkill.	1876	around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.
1317		1877
1318	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	1878	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1319	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1879	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1320	resource-intensive.	1880	resource-intensive.
1321		1881
1322	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1882	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1323	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1883	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as
1324	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1884	an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way
1325	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1885	of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).
1326	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1886
1327	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1887	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1328	polling.	1888
		1889	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1890	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		1891	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1892	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1893	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1894	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1895	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1896	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.
		1897
		1898	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1899	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1900	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1901	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1902	default compilation environment.
		1903
		1904	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		1905
		1906	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally
		1907	only available with Linux 2.6.25 or above due to bugs in earlier
		1908	implementations) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1909	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created
		1910	lazily when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1911
		1912	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1913	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1914	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		1915	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		1916	but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.
		1917
		1918	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1919	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1920	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		1921	etc. is difficult.
		1922
		1923	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1924
		1925	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1926	even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still
		1927	only support whole seconds.
		1928
		1929	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		1930	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		1931	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		1932	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		1933	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
		1934
		1935	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		1936	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		1937	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		1938	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		1939
		1940	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1941	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		1942	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		1943	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		1944	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		1945	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		1946	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		1947	the timer callback).
		1948
		1949	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1329		1950
1330	=over 4	1951	=over 4
1331		1952
1332	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	1953	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1333		1954
…		…
1337	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	1958	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1338	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	1959	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1339	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	1960	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1340	path for as long as the watcher is active.	1961	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1341		1962
1342	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1963	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1343	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1964	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1344	last change was detected).	1965	last change was detected).
1345		1966
1346	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	1967	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1347		1968
1348	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1969	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1349	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1970	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1350	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1971	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1351	useful simply to find out the new values.	1972	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		1973	new values.
1352		1974
1353	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	1975	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1354		1976
1355	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	1977	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1356	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	1978	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1357	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	1979	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		1980	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1358	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	1981	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1359		1982
1360	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	1983	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1361		1984
1362	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	1985	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1363	C<prev> != C<attr>.	1986	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		1987	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		1988	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1364		1989
1365	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	1990	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1366		1991
1367	The specified interval.	1992	The specified interval.
1368		1993
1369	=item const char *path [read-only]	1994	=item const char *path [read-only]
1370		1995
1371	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1996	The file system path that is being watched.
1372		1997
1373	=back	1998	=back
1374		1999
		2000	=head3 Examples
		2001
1375	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2002	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1376		2003
1377	static void	2004	static void
1378	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2005	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1379	{	2006	{
1380	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2007	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1381	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2008	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1382	{	2009	{
1383	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2010	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1384	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2011	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1385	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2012	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1386	}	2013	}
1387	else	2014	else
1388	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2015	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1389	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2016	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1390	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2017	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1391	}	2018	}
1392		2019
1393	...	2020	...
1394	ev_stat passwd;	2021	ev_stat passwd;
1395		2022
1396	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	2023	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1397	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2024	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		2025
		2026	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		2027	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		2028	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		2029	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		2030
		2031	static ev_stat passwd;
		2032	static ev_timer timer;
		2033
		2034	static void
		2035	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2036	{
		2037	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2038
		2039	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		2040	}
		2041
		2042	static void
		2043	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		2044	{
		2045	/* reset the one-second timer */
		2046	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		2047	}
		2048
		2049	...
		2050	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		2051	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		2052	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1398		2053
1399		2054
1400	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2055	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1401		2056
1402	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2057	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1403	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2058	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1404	count).	2059	as receiving "events").
1405		2060
1406	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2061	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1407	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2062	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1408	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2063	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1409	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2064	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1416	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2071	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1417	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2072	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1418	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2073	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1419	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2074	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1420		2075
		2076	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2077
1421	=over 4	2078	=over 4
1422		2079
1423	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2080	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1424		2081
1425	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2082	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1426	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2083	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1427	believe me.	2084	believe me.
1428		2085
1429	=back	2086	=back
1430		2087
		2088	=head3 Examples
		2089
1431	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2090	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1432	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2091	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1433		2092
1434	static void	2093	static void
1435	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2094	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1436	{	2095	{
1437	free (w);	2096	free (w);
1438	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2097	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1439	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	2098	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1440	}	2099	}
1441		2100
1442	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2101	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1443	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2102	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1444	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2103	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1445		2104
1446		2105
1447	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2106	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1448		2107
1449	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2108	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1450	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2109	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1451	afterwards.	2110	afterwards.
1452		2111
1453	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2112	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
1454	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2113	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
1457	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2116	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1458	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2117	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1459	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2118	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1460		2119
1461	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2120	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1462	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2121	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1463	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2122	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1464	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2123	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1465	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2124	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1466	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2125	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1467	watcher).	2126	watcher).
1468		2127
1469	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2128	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1470	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2129	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1471	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2130	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1472	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2131	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1473	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2132	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1474	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2133	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1475	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2134	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1476	because you never know, you know?).	2135	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1477		2136
1478	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2137	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1479	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2138	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1480	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2139	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1481	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2140	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1484	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2143	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1485	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2144	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1486		2145
1487	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2146	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1488	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2147	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2148	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2149
1489	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2150	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1490	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2151	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1491	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers did	2152	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1492	their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other event	2153	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1493	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	2154	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1494	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	2155	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1495	others).	2156	others).
1496		2157
		2158	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2159
1497	=over 4	2160	=over 4
1498		2161
1499	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	2162	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1500		2163
1501	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2164	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1502		2165
1503	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2166	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1504	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2167	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1505	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2168	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2169	pointless.
1506		2170
1507	=back	2171	=back
		2172
		2173	=head3 Examples
1508		2174
1509	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	2175	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1510	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	2176	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1511	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	2177	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1512	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	2178	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1513	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	2179	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1514	into the Glib event loop).	2180	Glib event loop).
1515		2181
1516	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	2182	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1517	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2183	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1518	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2184	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1519	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2185	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1520	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2186	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1521		2187
1522	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2188	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1523	static ev_timer tw;	2189	static ev_timer tw;
1524		2190
1525	static void	2191	static void
1526	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2192	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1527	{	2193	{
1528	}	2194	}
1529		2195
1530	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2196	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1531	static void	2197	static void
1532	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2198	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1533	{	2199	{
1534	int timeout = 3600000;	2200	int timeout = 3600000;
1535	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2201	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1536	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2202	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1537	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2203	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1538		2204
1539	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2205	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1540	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2206	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1541	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2207	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1542		2208
1543	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2209	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1544	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2210	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1545	{	2211	{
1546	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2212	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1547	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2213	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1548	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2214	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1549		2215
1550	fds [i].revents = 0;	2216	fds [i].revents = 0;
1551	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2217	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1552	}	2218	}
1553	}	2219	}
1554		2220
1555	// stop all watchers after blocking	2221	// stop all watchers after blocking
1556	static void	2222	static void
1557	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2223	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1558	{	2224	{
1559	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2225	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1560		2226
1561	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2227	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1562	{	2228	{
1563	// set the relevant poll flags	2229	// set the relevant poll flags
1564	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2230	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1565	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2231	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1566	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2232	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1567	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2233	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1568	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2234	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1569		2235
1570	// now stop the watcher	2236	// now stop the watcher
1571	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2237	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1572	}	2238	}
1573		2239
1574	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2240	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1575	}	2241	}
1576		2242
1577	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2243	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1578	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2244	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1579		2245
1580	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2246	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1581	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2247	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1582	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2248	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1583		2249
1584	static void	2250	static void
1585	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2251	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1586	{	2252	{
1587	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2253	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1588	update_now (EV_A);	2254	update_now (EV_A);
1589		2255
1590	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2256	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1591	}	2257	}
1592		2258
1593	static void	2259	static void
1594	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2260	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1595	{	2261	{
1596	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2262	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1597	update_now (EV_A);	2263	update_now (EV_A);
1598		2264
1599	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2265	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1600	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2266	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1601	}	2267	}
1602		2268
1603	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2269	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1604		2270
1605	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2271	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1606	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2272	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
1607	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2273	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
1608	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2274	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
1609	this.	2275	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2276	libglib event loop.
1610		2277
1611	static gint	2278	static gint
1612	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2279	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1613	{	2280	{
1614	int got_events = 0;	2281	int got_events = 0;
1615		2282
1616	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2283	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1617	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2284	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1618		2285
1619	if (timeout >= 0)	2286	if (timeout >= 0)
1620	// create/start timer	2287	// create/start timer
1621		2288
1622	// poll	2289	// poll
1623	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2290	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1624		2291
1625	// stop timer again	2292	// stop timer again
1626	if (timeout >= 0)	2293	if (timeout >= 0)
1627	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2294	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1628		2295
1629	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2296	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1630	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2297	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1631	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2298	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1632		2299
1633	return got_events;	2300	return got_events;
1634	}	2301	}
1635		2302
1636		2303
1637	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2304	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1638		2305
1639	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2306	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1645	prioritise I/O.	2312	prioritise I/O.
1646		2313
1647	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2314	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1648	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2315	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1649	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2316	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1650	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2317	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1651	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2318	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
1652	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2319	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
1653	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2320	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2321	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
1654		2322
1655	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2323	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
1656	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2324	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
1657	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2325	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
1658	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2326	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
1659	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2327	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
1660		2328
1661	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2329	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
1662	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2330	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
1663	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2331	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke
1664	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2332	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
…		…
1672	interested in that.	2340	interested in that.
1673		2341
1674	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2342	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
1675	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2343	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,
1676	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2344	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers
1677	yourself.	2345	yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,
		2346	and future versions of libev might do just that.
1678		2347
1679	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2348	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
1680	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2349	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
1681	portable one.	2350	portable one.
1682		2351
1683	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2352	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1684	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2353	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1685	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2354	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1686	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2355	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1687		2356
1688	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2357	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
1689	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1690	struct ev_embed embed;
1691
1692	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1693	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1694	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1695	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1696	: 0;
1697		2358
1698	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2359	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
1699	if (loop_lo)	2360	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
1700	{	2361	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
1701	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2362	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
1702	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2363	as applicable.
1703	}	2364
1704	else	2365	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1705	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1706		2366
1707	=over 4	2367	=over 4
1708		2368
1709	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2369	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1710		2370
…		…
1712		2372
1713	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2373	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1714	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2374	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1715	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2375	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1716	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2376	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1717	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2377	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1718		2378
1719	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2379	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1720		2380
1721	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2381	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1722	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2382	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1723	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2383	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1724		2384
1725	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	2385	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1726		2386
1727	The embedded event loop.	2387	The embedded event loop.
1728		2388
1729	=back	2389	=back
		2390
		2391	=head3 Examples
		2392
		2393	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2394	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2395	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		2396	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		2397	used).
		2398
		2399	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		2400	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		2401	ev_embed embed;
		2402
		2403	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		2404	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		2405	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		2406	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		2407	: 0;
		2408
		2409	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		2410	if (loop_lo)
		2411	{
		2412	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		2413	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		2414	}
		2415	else
		2416	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		2417
		2418	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2419	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2420	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2421	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		2422
		2423	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2424	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2425	ev_embed embed;
		2426
		2427	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2428	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2429	{
		2430	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2431	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2432	}
		2433
		2434	if (!loop_socket)
		2435	loop_socket = loop;
		2436
		2437	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1730		2438
1731		2439
1732	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2440	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1733		2441
1734	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2442	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1737	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2445	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1738	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2446	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1739	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2447	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1740	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2448	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1741		2449
		2450	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2451
1742	=over 4	2452	=over 4
1743		2453
1744	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2454	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1745		2455
1746	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	2456	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
…		…
1748	believe me.	2458	believe me.
1749		2459
1750	=back	2460	=back
1751		2461
1752		2462
		2463	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2464
		2465	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2466	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2467	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2468
		2469	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2470	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2471	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2472	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2473	safe.
		2474
		2475	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2476	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2477	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2478	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2479
		2480	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2481	just the default loop.
		2482
		2483	=head3 Queueing
		2484
		2485	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2486	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2487	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2488	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2489
		2490	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2491	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
		2492	queue:
		2493
		2494	=over 4
		2495
		2496	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2497
		2498	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2499	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
		2500	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2501
		2502	static ev_async mysig;
		2503
		2504	static void
		2505	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2506	{
		2507	sometype data;
		2508
		2509	// no locking etc.
		2510	queue_put (data);
		2511	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2512	}
		2513
		2514	static void
		2515	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2516	{
		2517	sometype data;
		2518	sigset_t block, prev;
		2519
		2520	sigemptyset (&block);
		2521	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2522	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2523
		2524	while (queue_get (&data))
		2525	process (data);
		2526
		2527	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2528	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2529	}
		2530
		2531	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2532	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2533	either...).
		2534
		2535	=item queueing from a thread context
		2536
		2537	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2538	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2539	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2540
		2541	static ev_async mysig;
		2542	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2543
		2544	static void
		2545	otherthread (void)
		2546	{
		2547	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2548	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2549	queue_put (data);
		2550	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2551
		2552	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2553	}
		2554
		2555	static void
		2556	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2557	{
		2558	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2559
		2560	while (queue_get (&data))
		2561	process (data);
		2562
		2563	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2564	}
		2565
		2566	=back
		2567
		2568
		2569	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2570
		2571	=over 4
		2572
		2573	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2574
		2575	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2576	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2577	trust me.
		2578
		2579	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2580
		2581	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2582	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2583	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
		2584	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2585	section below on what exactly this means).
		2586
		2587	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
		2588	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2589	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2590
		2591	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2592
		2593	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2594	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2595	event loop.
		2596
		2597	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2598	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2599	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2600	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2601
		2602	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2603	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
		2604
		2605	=back
		2606
		2607
1753	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2608	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
1754		2609
1755	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	2610	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
1756		2611
1757	=over 4	2612	=over 4
1758		2613
1759	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	2614	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
1760		2615
1761	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	2616	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
1762	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	2617	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
1763	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	2618	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
1764	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2619	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1765	more watchers yourself.	2620	more watchers yourself.
1766		2621
1767	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2622	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
1768	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2623	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
1769	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2624	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
1770		2625
1771	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2626	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1772	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2627	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1773	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2628	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
1774	dubious value.
1775		2629
1776	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2630	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
1777	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2631	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1778	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2632	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
1779	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2633	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		2634	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		2635	events precedence.
1780		2636
		2637	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		2638
1781	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2639	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1782	{	2640	{
1783	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1784	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1785	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2641	if (revents & EV_READ)
1786	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2642	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		2643	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
		2644	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1787	}	2645	}
1788		2646
1789	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2647	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1790		2648
1791	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2649	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1792		2650
1793	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2651	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1794	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2652	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
1795	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	2653	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
1796		2654
1797	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	2655	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
1798		2656
1799	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2657	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1800	the given events it.	2658	the given events it.
1801		2659
1802	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2660	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
1803		2661
1804	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2662	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1805	loop!).	2663	loop!).
1806		2664
1807	=back	2665	=back
1808		2666
1809		2667
…		…
1825		2683
1826	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2684	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1827	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2685	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1828	is an ev_pri field.	2686	is an ev_pri field.
1829		2687
		2688	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2689	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2690
1830	=item * Other members are not supported.	2691	=item * Other members are not supported.
1831		2692
1832	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2693	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1833	to use the libev header file and library.	2694	to use the libev header file and library.
1834		2695
1835	=back	2696	=back
1836		2697
1837	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2698	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1838		2699
1839	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2700	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1840	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2701	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1841	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2702	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1842		2703
1843	To use it,	2704	To use it,
1844		2705
1845	#include <ev++.h>	2706	#include <ev++.h>
1846		2707
1847	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	2708	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1848	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	2709	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1849	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	2710	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
1850	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2711	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
1917	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	2778	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
1918	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	2779	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
1919		2780
1920	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	2781	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
1921		2782
1922	struct myclass	2783	struct myclass
1923	{	2784	{
1924	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2785	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
1925	}	2786	}
1926		2787
1927	myclass obj;	2788	myclass obj;
1928	ev::io iow;	2789	ev::io iow;
1929	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	2790	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
1930		2791
1931	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	2792	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
1932		2793
1933	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	2794	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
1934	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	2795	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
1936		2797
1937	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	2798	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
1938		2799
1939	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	2800	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
1940		2801
1941	Example:	2802	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
1942		2803
1943	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2804	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
1944	iow.set <io_cb> ();	2805	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1945		2806
1946	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2807	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1947		2808
1948	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2809	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1949	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2810	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1950		2811
1951	=item w->set ([args])	2812	=item w->set ([arguments])
1952		2813
1953	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2814	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
1954	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2815	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1955	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	2816	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
1956	method.	2817	method.
1957		2818
1958	=item w->start ()	2819	=item w->start ()
…		…
1962		2823
1963	=item w->stop ()	2824	=item w->stop ()
1964		2825
1965	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2826	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1966		2827
1967	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2828	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1968		2829
1969	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2830	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1970	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2831	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1971		2832
1972	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2833	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1973		2834
1974	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2835	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1975		2836
1976	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2837	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1977		2838
1978	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2839	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1979		2840
1980	=back	2841	=back
1981		2842
1982	=back	2843	=back
1983		2844
1984	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2845	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1985	the constructor.	2846	the constructor.
1986		2847
1987	class myclass	2848	class myclass
1988	{	2849	{
1989	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2850	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1990	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2851	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1991		2852
1992	myclass ();	2853	myclass (int fd)
1993	}	2854	{
1994
1995	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1996	{
1997	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	2855	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
1998	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	2856	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
1999		2857
2000	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2858	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2859	}
2001	}	2860	};
		2861
		2862
		2863	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2864
		2865	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2866	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2867	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2868	me a note.
		2869
		2870	=over 4
		2871
		2872	=item Perl
		2873
		2874	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2875	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2876	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2877	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
		2878	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		2879	and C<EV::Glib>).
		2880
		2881	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		2882	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2883
		2884	=item Python
		2885
		2886	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2887	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2888	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2889	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2890	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2891	libev).
		2892
		2893	=item Ruby
		2894
		2895	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2896	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2897	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2898	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2899
		2900	=item D
		2901
		2902	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2903	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		2904
		2905	=back
2002		2906
2003		2907
2004	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2908	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2005		2909
2006	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2910	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2007	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most) functions and	2911	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2008	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2912	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2009		2913
2010	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2914	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2011	following macros are defined:	2915	following macros are defined:
2012		2916
2013	=over 4	2917	=over 4
…		…
2016		2920
2017	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2921	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2018	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2922	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2019	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2923	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2020		2924
2021	ev_unref (EV_A);	2925	ev_unref (EV_A);
2022	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2926	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2023	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2927	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2024		2928
2025	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2929	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2026	which is often provided by the following macro.	2930	which is often provided by the following macro.
2027		2931
2028	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2932	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2029		2933
2030	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2934	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2031	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2935	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2032	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2936	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2033		2937
2034	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	2938	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2035	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	2939	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2036		2940
2037	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	2941	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2038	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2942	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2039		2943
2040	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	2944	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2041	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	2945	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2042		2946
2043	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2947	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2044		2948
2045	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2949	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2046	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2950	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2951
		2952	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2953
		2954	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2955	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2956	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2957	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2958
		2959	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2960	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2047		2961
2048	=back	2962	=back
2049		2963
2050	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	2964	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2051	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	2965	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2052	or not.	2966	or not.
2053		2967
2054	static void	2968	static void
2055	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2969	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2056	{	2970	{
2057	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2971	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2058	}	2972	}
2059		2973
2060	ev_check check;	2974	ev_check check;
2061	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2975	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2062	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2976	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2063	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2977	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2064		2978
2065	=head1 EMBEDDING	2979	=head1 EMBEDDING
2066		2980
2067	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2981	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2068	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2982	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
2069	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	2983	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
2070	and rxvt-unicode.	2984	and rxvt-unicode.
2071		2985
2072	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	2986	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
2073	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	2987	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
2074	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	2988	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
2075	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2989	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2076		2990
2077	=head2 FILESETS	2991	=head2 FILESETS
2078		2992
2079	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	2993	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2080	in your app.	2994	in your application.
2081		2995
2082	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	2996	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2083		2997
2084	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	2998	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2085	configuration (no autoconf):	2999	configuration (no autoconf):
2086		3000
2087	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3001	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2088	#include "ev.c"	3002	#include "ev.c"
2089		3003
2090	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3004	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2091	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3005	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2092	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3006	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2093	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3007	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2094	where you can put other configuration options):	3008	where you can put other configuration options):
2095		3009
2096	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3010	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2097	#include "ev.h"	3011	#include "ev.h"
2098		3012
2099	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3013	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2100	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3014	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2101	as a bug).	3015	as a bug).
2102		3016
2103	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3017	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2104	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3018	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2105		3019
2106	ev.h	3020	ev.h
2107	ev.c	3021	ev.c
2108	ev_vars.h	3022	ev_vars.h
2109	ev_wrap.h	3023	ev_wrap.h
2110		3024
2111	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3025	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2112		3026
2113	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	3027	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2114	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3028	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2115	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3029	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2116	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3030	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2117	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3031	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2118		3032
2119	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3033	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2120	to compile this single file.	3034	to compile this single file.
2121		3035
2122	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3036	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2123		3037
2124	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3038	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2125		3039
2126	#include "event.c"	3040	#include "event.c"
2127		3041
2128	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3042	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2129		3043
2130	#include "event.h"	3044	#include "event.h"
2131		3045
2132	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3046	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2133		3047
2134	You need the following additional files for this:	3048	You need the following additional files for this:
2135		3049
2136	event.h	3050	event.h
2137	event.c	3051	event.c
2138		3052
2139	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3053	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2140		3054
2141	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3055	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2142	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3056	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2143	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3057	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2144	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3058	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2145		3059
2146	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3060	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2147		3061
2148	libev.m4	3062	libev.m4
2149		3063
2150	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3064	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2151		3065
2152	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3066	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2153	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3067	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2154	and only include the select backend.	3068	autoconf is documented for every option.
2155		3069
2156	=over 4	3070	=over 4
2157		3071
2158	=item EV_STANDALONE	3072	=item EV_STANDALONE
2159		3073
…		…
2164	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3078	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2165		3079
2166	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3080	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2167		3081
2168	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3082	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2169	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3083	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
2170	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3084	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
2171	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3085	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
2172	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	3086	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2173	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3087	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2174	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3088	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
2175		3089
2176	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3090	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2177		3091
2178	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3092	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2179	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3093	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
2180	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3094	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
2181	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3095	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
2182	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	3096	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
2183	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3097	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		3098
		3099	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		3100
		3101	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		3102	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		3103
		3104	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3105
		3106	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3107	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3108	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3109	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3110	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2184		3111
2185	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3112	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2186		3113
2187	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3114	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2188	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3115	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2189	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3116	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2190	will not be compiled in.	3117	will not be compiled in.
2191		3118
2192	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3119	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2193		3120
2194	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3121	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2195	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3122	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2196	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3123	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
2197	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3124	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
2198	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3125	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
2199	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3126	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
2200	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3127	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
2201		3128
…		…
2207	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3134	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2208	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3135	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2209	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3136	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2210	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3137	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2211		3138
		3139	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		3140
		3141	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		3142	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		3143	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		3144	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		3145	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		3146
2212	=item EV_USE_POLL	3147	=item EV_USE_POLL
2213		3148
2214	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3149	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2215	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3150	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
2216	takes precedence over select.	3151	takes precedence over select.
2217		3152
2218	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3153	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2219		3154
2220	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3155	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2221	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3156	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2222	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3157	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2223	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3158	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3159	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2224		3160
2225	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3161	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2226		3162
2227	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3163	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2228	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3164	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2241	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3177	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2242	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3178	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2243		3179
2244	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3180	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2245		3181
2246	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3182	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2247		3183
2248	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	3184	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2249		3185
2250	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	3186	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2251	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	3187	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2252	be detected at runtime.	3188	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3189	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3190
		3191	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		3192
		3193	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		3194	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		3195	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		3196	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		3197	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		3198
		3199	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		3200	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2253		3201
2254	=item EV_H	3202	=item EV_H
2255		3203
2256	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3204	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2257	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	3205	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2258	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3206	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2259		3207
2260	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3208	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2261		3209
2262	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3210	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2263	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3211	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2264	C<EV_H>, above.	3212	C<EV_H>, above.
2265		3213
2266	=item EV_EVENT_H	3214	=item EV_EVENT_H
2267		3215
2268	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3216	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2269	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	3217	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2270		3218
2271	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3219	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2272		3220
2273	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3221	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2274	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3222	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2295	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3243	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2296	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3244	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2297	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3245	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2298	fine.	3246	fine.
2299		3247
2300	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3248	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
2301	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3249	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2302		3250
2303	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3251	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2304		3252
2305	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3253	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2306	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3254	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2313	code.	3261	code.
2314		3262
2315	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3263	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2316		3264
2317	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3265	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2318	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3266	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
		3267	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
2319		3268
2320	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE	3269	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2321		3270
2322	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If	3271	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2323	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3272	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
…		…
2325	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3274	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2326		3275
2327	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3276	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2328	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3277	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2329		3278
		3279	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3280
		3281	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3282	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3283
2330	=item EV_MINIMAL	3284	=item EV_MINIMAL
2331		3285
2332	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3286	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2333	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3287	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2334	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3288	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3289	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2335		3290
2336	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3291	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2337		3292
2338	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3293	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2339	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3294	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2340	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3295	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2341	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	3296	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2342		3297
2343	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	3298	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2344		3299
2345	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3300	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2346	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3301	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2347	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3302	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2348	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3303	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2349	two).	3304	two).
2350		3305
		3306	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3307
		3308	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3309	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3310	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		3311	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3312
		3313	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3314	(disabled).
		3315
		3316	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3317
		3318	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3319	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3320	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3321	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3322	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3323	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3324
		3325	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3326	(disabled).
		3327
		3328	=item EV_VERIFY
		3329
		3330	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3331	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3332	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3333	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3334	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3335	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3336	libev considerably.
		3337
		3338	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3339	C<0>.
		3340
2351	=item EV_COMMON	3341	=item EV_COMMON
2352		3342
2353	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3343	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2354	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3344	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2355	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3345	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2356	though, and it must be identical each time.	3346	though, and it must be identical each time.
2357		3347
2358	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3348	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2359		3349
2360	#define EV_COMMON \	3350	#define EV_COMMON \
2361	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3351	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2362	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3352	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2363		3353
2364	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3354	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2365		3355
2366	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3356	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2367		3357
2368	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	3358	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2369		3359
2370	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	3360	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2371	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	3361	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2372	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	3362	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2373	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3363	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2374	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3364	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2375	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3365	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		3366
		3367	=back
		3368
		3369	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		3370
		3371	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
		3372	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		3373	all public symbols, one per line:
		3374
		3375	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		3376	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		3377
		3378	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		3379	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		3380	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
		3381
		3382	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		3383	include before including F<ev.h>:
		3384
		3385	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		3386
		3387	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		3388
		3389	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		3390	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		3391	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		3392	...
2376		3393
2377	=head2 EXAMPLES	3394	=head2 EXAMPLES
2378		3395
2379	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	3396	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2380	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	3397	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2385	file.	3402	file.
2386		3403
2387	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3404	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2388	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3405	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2389		3406
2390	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3407	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2391	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3408	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2392	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3409	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2393	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3410	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2394	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3411	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2395	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3412	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2396	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3413	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2397	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3414	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2398	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3415	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2399		3416
2400	#include "ev++.h"	3417	#include "ev++.h"
2401		3418
2402	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3419	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2403		3420
2404	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3421	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2405	#include "ev.c"	3422	#include "ev.c"
2406		3423
		3424	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
2407		3425
		3426	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3427
		3428	=head3 THREADS
		3429
		3430	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
		3431	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
		3432	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
		3433	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
		3434	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		3435	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		3436	structures that need any locking.
		3437
		3438	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		3439	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		3440	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		3441	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		3442	a mutex per loop).
		3443
		3444	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		3445	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		3446	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		3447	outside".
		3448
		3449	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3450	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3451	help you, but here is some generic advice:
		3452
		3453	=over 4
		3454
		3455	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3456	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3457
		3458	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3459	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3460
		3461	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3462
		3463	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3464	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3465
		3466	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3467	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3468
		3469	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3470	better than you currently do :-)
		3471
		3472	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3473	event loop.
		3474
		3475	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		3476	(or from signal contexts...).
		3477
		3478	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
		3479	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
		3480	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
		3481	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
		3482
		3483	=back
		3484
		3485	=head3 COROUTINES
		3486
		3487	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3488	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		3489	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3490	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3491	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3492	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3493
		3494	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		3495	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		3496	they do not clal any callbacks.
		3497
		3498	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3499
		3500	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3501	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3502	scared by this.
		3503
		3504	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3505	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3506	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3507	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3508
		3509	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3510	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3511	maintainable.
		3512
		3513	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3514	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3515	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		3516	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have
		3517	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		3518	such buggy versions.
		3519
		3520	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3521	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3522	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3523	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3524	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3525
		3526
		3527	=head2 VALGRIND
		3528
		3529	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3530	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3531
		3532	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3533	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3534
		3535	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3536	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3537	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3538
		3539	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		3540	is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.
		3541
		3542	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		3543	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		3544	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		3545	confused.
		3546
		3547	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		3548	make it into some kind of religion.
		3549
		3550	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3551	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		3552	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		3553	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		3554	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		3555
		3556	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3557	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3558
		3559
		3560	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		3561
		3562	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		3563
		3564	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3565	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3566	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3567	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3568	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3569	e.g. cygwin.
		3570
		3571	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3572	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3573	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3574	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3575
		3576	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3577	embedding it into other applications.
		3578
		3579	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3580	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3581	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3582	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3583	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3584	available).
		3585
		3586	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		3587	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		3588	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		3589	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		3590	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		3591	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3592	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3593
		3594	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3595	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3596	of F<ev.h>:
		3597
		3598	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3599	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3600
		3601	#include "ev.h"
		3602
		3603	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3604	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		3605
		3606	#include "evwrap.h"
		3607	#include "ev.c"
		3608
		3609	=over 4
		3610
		3611	=item The winsocket select function
		3612
		3613	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		3614	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		3615	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		3616	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3617	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		3618	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3619	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		3620
		3621	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		3622	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3623
		3624	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3625	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3626
		3627	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3628	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3629
		3630	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3631
		3632	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		3633
		3634	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		3635	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		3636	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		3637	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3638	previous thread in each. Great).
		3639
		3640	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3641	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3642	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3643	select emulation on windows).
		3644
		3645	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		3646	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3647	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3648	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3649	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
		3650	libraries.
		3651
		3652	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3653	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3654	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3655	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3656
		3657	=back
		3658
		3659	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3660
		3661	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		3662	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		3663
		3664	=over 4
		3665
		3666	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3667	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3668
		3669	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3670	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3671	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3672	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3673	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3674
		3675	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3676
		3677	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3678	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		3679	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3680	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3681
		3682	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3683
		3684	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3685	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3686	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3687	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3688	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3689	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3690
		3691	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3692	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3693	well.
		3694
		3695	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3696
		3697	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		3698	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		3699	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		3700	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		3701	watchers.
		3702
		3703	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3704
		3705	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3706	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3707	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3708	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3709
		3710	=back
		3711
		3712	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3713
		3714
2408	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3715	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
2409		3716
2410	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3717	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2411	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3718	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
2412	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3719	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2413		3720
2414	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	3721	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
2415	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	3722	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
2416	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	3723	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
2417	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average	3724	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
2418	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.	3725	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
2419		3726
2420	=over 4	3727	=over 4
2421		3728
2422	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3729	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2423		3730
2424	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	3731	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
2425	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	3732	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
2426	have to skip those 100 watchers.	3733	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
2427		3734
2428	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3735	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2429		3736
2430	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	3737	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
2431	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	3738	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
2432		3739
2433	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3740	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2434		3741
2435	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	3742	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		3743
2436	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3744	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2437		3745
2438	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3746	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2439		3747
2440	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	3748	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
2441	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3749	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
2442	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	3750	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		3751	is rare).
2443		3752
2444	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3753	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3754
		3755	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3756	fixed position in the storage array.
2445		3757
2446	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3758	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2447		3759
2448	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires	3760	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
2449	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).	3761	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3762	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
2450		3763
2451	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3764	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
2452		3765
2453	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)	3766	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
2454		3767
2455	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each	3768	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
2456	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to	3769	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
2457	linearly search all the priorities.	3770	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3771	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		3772
		3773	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3774
		3775	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3776
		3777	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3778
		3779	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3780	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3781	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2458		3782
2459	=back	3783	=back
2460		3784
2461		3785
2462	=head1 AUTHOR	3786	=head1 AUTHOR

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