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…		…
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
13		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_TYPE	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
…		…
41		43
42	int	44	int
43	main (void)	45	main (void)
44	{	46	{
45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
46	ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
47		49
48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
…		…
60		62
61	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	64	return 0;
63	}	65	}
64		66
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
66		70
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
70		84
71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
73	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
74		88
…		…
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have	122	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	123	this argument.
110		124
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	125	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		126
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	127	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	128	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	129	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	130	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	131	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	132	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	133	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
120	throughout libev.	134	throughout libev.
121		135
122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	136	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
123		137
…		…
298	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	312	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
299	function.	313	function.
300		314
301	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	315	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
302	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	316	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
303	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).	317	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
304		318
305	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	319	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
306	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	320	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
307	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	321	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
308	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	322	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
…		…
384	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	398	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
385		399
386	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	400	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
387	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	401	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
388	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	402	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
389	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	403	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
390	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	404
391	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad	405	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
392	support for dup.	406	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		407	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		408	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		409	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		410	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		411	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		412	hard to detect.
		413
		414	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		415	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		416	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		417	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		418	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		419	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		420	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
393		421
394	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	422	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
395	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident	423	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
396	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	424	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
397	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	425	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
398	very well if you register events for both fds.	426	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
399		427	file descriptors.
400	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
401	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
402	(or space) is available.
403		428
404	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	429	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
405	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,	430	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
406	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and	431	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
407	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause	432	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
408	extra overhead.	433	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		434	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		435	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		436
		437	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		438	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		439	the usage. So sad.
409		440
410	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	441	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
411	all kernel versions tested so far.	442	all kernel versions tested so far.
412		443
413	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	444	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
414	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	445	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
415		446
416	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	447	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
417		448
418	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was	449	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
419	broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with	450	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
420	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's	451	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
421	completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless	452	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
422	you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or	453	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
423	libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.	454	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
		455	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
		456	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		457	system like NetBSD.
424		458
425	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	459	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
426	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	460	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
427	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	461	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
428		462
429	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	463	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
430	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	464	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
431	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	465	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
432	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	466	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
433	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	467	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
434	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	468	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		469	cases
435		470
436	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	471	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
437		472
438	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	473	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
439	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	474	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
440	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	475	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
441	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	476	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
442	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,	477	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
443	using it only for sockets.	478	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
444		479
445	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with	480	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
446	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with	481	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
447	C<NOTE_EOF>.	482	C<NOTE_EOF>.
448		483
…		…
468	might perform better.	503	might perform better.
469		504
470	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	505	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
471	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification	506	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
472	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	507	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
473	OS-specific backends.	508	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
474		509
475	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	510	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
476	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	511	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
477		512
478	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	513	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
…		…
531	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	566	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
532	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	567	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
533	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	568	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
534	for example).	569	for example).
535		570
536	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	571	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
537	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	572	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
538	would need to be stopped manually.	573	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
539		574
540	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	575	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
541	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	576	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
542	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	577	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
543	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	578	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
…		…
586		621
587	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	622	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
588	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	623	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
589	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	624	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
590		625
		626	=item unsigned int ev_loop_depth (loop)
		627
		628	Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of
		629	times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		630
		631	Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		632	C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		633	in which case it is higher.
		634
		635	Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		636	etc.), doesn't count as exit.
		637
591	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	638	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
592		639
593	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	640	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
594	use.	641	use.
595		642
…		…
609		656
610	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	657	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
611	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	658	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
612	the current time is a good idea.	659	the current time is a good idea.
613		660
614	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.	661	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		662
		663	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		664
		665	=item ev_resume (loop)
		666
		667	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
		668	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		669
		670	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		671	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		672	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		673	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		674	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		675	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		676
		677	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		678	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		679	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		680	occured while suspended).
		681
		682	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		683	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		684	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		685
		686	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		687	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
615		688
616	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	689	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
617		690
618	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	691	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
619	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	692	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
635	the loop.	708	the loop.
636		709
637	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	710	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
638	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	711	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
639	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	712	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
640	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a	713	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
641	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	714	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
642	iteration of the loop.	715	iteration of the loop.
643		716
644	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	717	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
645	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	718	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
…		…
703		776
704	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>	777	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
705	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before	778	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
706	stopping it.	779	stopping it.
707		780
708	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is	781	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
709	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting	782	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
710	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	783	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
711	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	784	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
712	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	785	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
713	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	786	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
714	respectively).	787	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		788	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		789	in the callback).
715		790
716	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	791	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
717	running when nothing else is active.	792	running when nothing else is active.
718		793
719	ev_signal exitsig;	794	ev_signal exitsig;
…		…
748		823
749	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	824	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
750	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	825	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
751	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	826	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
752	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	827	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
753	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	828	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		829	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		830	once per this interval, on average.
754		831
755	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	832	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
756	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	833	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
757	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	834	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
758	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	835	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
760		837
761	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect	838	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
762	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	839	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
763	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	840	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
764	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	841	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
765	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.	842	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		843	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		844	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		845	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		846	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).
766		847
767	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	848	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
768	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	849	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
769	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	850	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
770	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	851	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
771	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure	852	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
772	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.	853	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		854
		855	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		856	more often than 100 times per second:
		857
		858	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		859	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		860
		861	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		862
		863	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		864	pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required,
		865	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.
		866
		867	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		868
		869	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		870	are pending.
		871
		872	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		873
		874	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		875	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call
		876	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		877	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		878
		879	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		880	callback.
		881
		882	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		883
		884	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		885	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		886	each call to a libev function.
		887
		888	However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to
		889	wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via
		890	C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release>
		891	and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		892
		893	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		894	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		895	afterwards.
		896
		897	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		898	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		899
		900	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		901	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		902	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		903	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		904	waited. USe an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it
		905	to take note of any changes you made.
		906
		907	In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between
		908	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		909
		910	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		911	document.
		912
		913	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		914
		915	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		916
		917	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		918	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		919	C<0.>
		920
		921	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		922	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		923	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		924	any other purpose as well.
773		925
774	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	926	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
775		927
776	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	928	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
777	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	929	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
…		…
903		1055
904	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1056	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
905		1057
906	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1058	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
907		1059
		1060	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1061
		1062	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1063	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		1064
908	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1065	=item C<EV_ERROR>
909		1066
910	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1067	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
911	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1068	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
912	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1069	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
…		…
1027	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1184	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
1028	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1185	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
1029	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1186	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
1030	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1187	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
1031		1188
1032	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
1033	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
1034	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
1035	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
1036
1037	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1189	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
1038	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1190	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
1039		1191
1040	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1192	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
1041	pending.	1193	pending.
1042
1043	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1044	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1045		1194
1046	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1195	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
1047	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1196	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
1048	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1197	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1198
		1199	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1200	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1201
		1202	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
		1203	priorities.
1049		1204
1050	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1205	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1051		1206
1052	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1207	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1053	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1208	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
…		…
1118	#include <stddef.h>	1273	#include <stddef.h>
1119		1274
1120	static void	1275	static void
1121	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1276	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1122	{	1277	{
1123	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1278	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1124	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1279	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1125	}	1280	}
1126		1281
1127	static void	1282	static void
1128	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1283	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1129	{	1284	{
1130	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1285	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1131	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1286	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1132	}	1287	}
		1288
		1289	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1290
		1291	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1292	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1293	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1294
		1295	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1296	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1297	range.
		1298
		1299	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1300	by event loops:
		1301
		1302	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1303	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1304	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1305
		1306	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1307	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1308	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1309	before polling for new events.
		1310
		1311	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1312	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1313
		1314	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1315	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1316	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1317	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1318	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1319	priority ones.
		1320
		1321	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1322	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1323	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1324	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1325	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1326	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1327	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1328	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1329	always, what you want).
		1330
		1331	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1332	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1333	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1334	required.
		1335
		1336	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1337	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1338	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1339	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1340	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1341	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1342	workable.
		1343
		1344	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1345	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1346	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1347	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1348	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1349
		1350	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1351	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1352	other events are pending:
		1353
		1354	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1355	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1356
		1357	static void
		1358	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1359	{
		1360	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1361	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1362	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1363
		1364	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
		1365	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1366	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1367	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1368	}
		1369
		1370	static void
		1371	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1372	{
		1373	// actual processing
		1374	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1375
		1376	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1377	// we have handled the event
		1378	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1379	}
		1380
		1381	// initialisation
		1382	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1383	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1384	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1385
		1386	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1387	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1388	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1389	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1390	important ones.
1133		1391
1134		1392
1135	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1393	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
1136		1394
1137	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1395	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1163	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1421	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1164	required if you know what you are doing).	1422	required if you know what you are doing).
1165		1423
1166	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a	1424	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1167	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only	1425	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1168	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1426	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1427	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1428	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1169		1429
1170	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1430	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1171	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1431	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1172	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1432	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1173	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1433	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
…		…
1294	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because	1554	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1295	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1555	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1296	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1556	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1297		1557
1298	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1558	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1299	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration	1559	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1300	then order of execution is undefined.	1560	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1561	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1562	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1563	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1301		1564
1302	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1565	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1303		1566
1304	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1567	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1305	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1568	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1349	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>	1612	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
1350	member and C<ev_timer_again>.	1613	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
1351		1614
1352	At start:	1615	At start:
1353		1616
1354	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);	1617	ev_init (timer, callback);
1355	timer->repeat = 60.;	1618	timer->repeat = 60.;
1356	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1619	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1357		1620
1358	Each time there is some activity:	1621	Each time there is some activity:
1359		1622
…		…
1398	else	1661	else
1399	{	1662	{
1400	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1663	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
1401	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1664	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
1402	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1665	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
1403	w->again = timeout - now;	1666	w->repeat = timeout - now;
1404	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1667	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
1405	}	1668	}
1406	}	1669	}
1407		1670
1408	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1671	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
…		…
1421		1684
1422	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1685	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
1423	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1686	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
1424	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1687	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
1425		1688
1426	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);	1689	ev_init (timer, callback);
1427	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1690	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
1428	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);	1691	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
1429		1692
1430	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1693	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1431	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1694	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
…		…
1524	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1787	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1525		1788
1526	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1789	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1527	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1790	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1528		1791
1529	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a	1792	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1530	usage example.	1793	usage example.
1531		1794
1532	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1795	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1533		1796
1534	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1797	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
…		…
1573	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1836	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1574		1837
1575	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1838	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1576	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1839	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1577		1840
1578	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1841	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1579	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1842	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1580	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1843	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1581	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1844	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1582	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system	1845	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1583	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year	1846	wrist-watch).
1584	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1585	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1586		1847
		1848	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
		1849	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
		1850	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1851	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1852	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1853	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1854	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
		1855
1587	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,	1856	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
1588	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other	1857	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
1589	complicated rules.	1858	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1859	those cannot react to time jumps.
1590		1860
1591	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	1861	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1592	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1862	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1593	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.	1863	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		1864	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		1865	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1594		1866
1595	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1867	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1596		1868
1597	=over 4	1869	=over 4
1598		1870
1599	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1871	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1600		1872
1601	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1873	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1602		1874
1603	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1875	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1604	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:	1876	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1605		1877
1606	=over 4	1878	=over 4
1607		1879
1608	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1880	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1609		1881
1610	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock	1882	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1611	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time	1883	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1612	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will	1884	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1613	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.	1885	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		1886	this point in time.
1614		1887
1615	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1888	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1616		1889
1617	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1890	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1618	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1891	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1619	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1892	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		1893	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1620		1894
1621	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the	1895	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1622	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each	1896	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
1623	hour, on the hour:	1897	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1624		1898
1625	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1899	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1626		1900
1627	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1901	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1628	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1902	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1629	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1903	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1630	by 3600.	1904	by 3600.
1631		1905
1632	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1906	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1633	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1907	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1634	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1908	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1635		1909
1636	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1910	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1637	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1911	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1638	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	1912	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1639		1913
1640	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	1914	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
1641	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	1915	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
1642	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	1916	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
1643	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	1917	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1644		1918
1645	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1919	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1646		1920
1647	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1921	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1648	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1922	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1649	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1923	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1650	current time as second argument.	1924	current time as second argument.
1651		1925
1652	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1926	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1653	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.	1927	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
		1928	allowed by documentation here>.
1654		1929
1655	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop	1930	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
1656	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the	1931	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
1657	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).	1932	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
1658		1933
…		…
1688	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1963	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1689	program when the crontabs have changed).	1964	program when the crontabs have changed).
1690		1965
1691	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)	1966	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
1692		1967
1693	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to	1968	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
1694	trigger next.	1969	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		1970	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		1971	rescheduling modes.
1695		1972
1696	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1973	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1697		1974
1698	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1975	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1699	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1976	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		1977	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1700		1978
1701	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	1979	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1702	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1980	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1703		1981
1704	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1982	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
…		…
1813	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or	2091	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1814	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child	2092	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1815	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long	2093	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1816	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,	2094	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
1817	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,	2095	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
1818	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is	2096	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
1819	not.	2097	in the next callback invocation is not.
1820		2098
1821	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2099	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1822	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.	2100	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2101
		2102	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2103	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2104	libev)
1823		2105
1824	=head3 Process Interaction	2106	=head3 Process Interaction
1825		2107
1826	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2108	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1827	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2109	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
…		…
1910		2192
1911		2193
1912	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2194	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1913		2195
1914	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2196	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1915	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2197	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1916	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2198	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2199	it did.
1917		2200
1918	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2201	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1919	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2202	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1920	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2203	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1921	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2204	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1922	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2205	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2206	contents.
1923		2207
1924	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2208	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2209	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1925	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2210	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1926		2211
1927	Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable	2212	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1928	implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if	2213	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1929	it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for	2214	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1930	this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!)	2215	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1931	then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which	2216	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1932	you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change	2217	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1933	dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently	2218	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1934	around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.	2219	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1935		2220
1936	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2221	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1937	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2222	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1938	resource-intensive.	2223	resource-intensive.
1939		2224
1940	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented	2225	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1941	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as	2226	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1942	an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way	2227	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1943	of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).	2228	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1944		2229
1945	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)	2230	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1946		2231
1947	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default	2232	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
1948	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file	2233	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
1949	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat	2234	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
1950	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to	2235	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
1951	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to	2236	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
1952	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is	2237	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
1953	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is	2238	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
1954	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.	2239	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
1955		2240
1956	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large	2241	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
1957	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not	2242	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
1958	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has	2243	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
1959	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the	2244	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
1960	default compilation environment.	2245	default compilation environment.
1961		2246
1962	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue	2247	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
1963		2248
1964	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally	2249	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1965	only available with Linux 2.6.25 or above due to bugs in earlier	2250	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1966	implementations) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2251	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1967	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created	2252	watcher is being started.
1968	lazily when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
1969		2253
1970	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2254	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1971	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2255	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1972	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support	2256	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1973	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,	2257	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
1974	but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.	2258	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2259	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2260	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2261	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1975		2262
1976	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2263	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1977	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2264	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1978	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks	2265	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
1979	etc. is difficult.	2266	etc. is difficult.
1980		2267
		2268	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2269
		2270	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2271	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2272	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2273
		2274	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2275	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2276	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2277	watcher).
		2278
		2279	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2280	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2281	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2282
		2283	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2284	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
		2285
1981	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2286	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1982		2287
1983	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2288	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1984	even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still	2289	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1985	only support whole seconds.	2290	still only support whole seconds.
1986		2291
1987	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can	2292	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1988	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and	2293	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1989	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update	2294	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1990	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the	2295	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
…		…
2133		2438
2134	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2439	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2135		2440
2136	=over 4	2441	=over 4
2137		2442
2138	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2443	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
2139		2444
2140	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2445	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
2141	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2446	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2142	believe me.	2447	believe me.
2143		2448
…		…
2156	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2461	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2157	}	2462	}
2158		2463
2159	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2464	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
2160	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2465	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
2161	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2466	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2162		2467
2163		2468
2164	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2469	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2165		2470
2166	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2471	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
…		…
2259	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2564	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
2260	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2565	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
2261	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2566	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
2262		2567
2263	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2568	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
2264	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2569	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
2265	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2570	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
2266		2571
2267	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2572	// create one ev_io per pollfd
2268	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2573	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2269	{	2574	{
…		…
2382	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),	2687	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2383	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In	2688	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2384	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all	2689	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2385	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2690	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2386		2691
2387	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2692	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2388	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2693	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2389	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2694	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2390	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2695	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2391	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2696	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2392	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2697	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2393	embedded loop sweep.
2394		2698
2395	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2699	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2396	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2700	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2397	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2398	interested in that.
2399		2701
2400	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2702	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2401	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2703	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2402	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2704	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2403	yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,	2705	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2404	and future versions of libev might do just that.
2405		2706
2406	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by	2707	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2407	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2708	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2408	portable one.	2709	portable one.
2409		2710
…		…
2503	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2804	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2504	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2805	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2505	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2806	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2506	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2807	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2507		2808
		2809	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		2810
		2811	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
		2812	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		2813	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		2814
		2815	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		2816	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		2817	fork.
		2818
		2819	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		2820	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		2821	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		2822
		2823	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		2824	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		2825	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		2826	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		2827
		2828	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		2829	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		2830	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		2831	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		2832	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		2833	signal watchers).
		2834
		2835	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		2836	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		2837	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		2838	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		2839	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		2840	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		2841
2508	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2842	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2509		2843
2510	=over 4	2844	=over 4
2511		2845
2512	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2846	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2629	=over 4	2963	=over 4
2630		2964
2631	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	2965	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2632		2966
2633	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	2967	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2634	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2968	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2635	trust me.	2969	trust me.
2636		2970
2637	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	2971	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2638		2972
2639	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	2973	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2640	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	2974	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2641	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	2975	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2642	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	2976	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2643	section below on what exactly this means).	2977	section below on what exactly this means).
2644		2978
		2979	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		2980	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		2981	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		2982	reset when the event loop detects that).
		2983
2645	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,	2984	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2646	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated	2985	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2647	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	2986	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
2648		2987
2649	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	2988	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
2650		2989
2651	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	2990	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
2652	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	2991	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
2655	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When	2994	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
2656	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,	2995	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
2657	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very	2996	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
2658	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.	2997	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
2659		2998
2660	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only	2999	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
2661	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.	3000	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3001	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3002	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2662		3003
2663	=back	3004	=back
2664		3005
2665		3006
2666	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3007	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2845		3186
2846	myclass obj;	3187	myclass obj;
2847	ev::io iow;	3188	ev::io iow;
2848	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3189	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
2849		3190
		3191	=item w->set (object *)
		3192
		3193	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		3194
		3195	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3196	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3197	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3198	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3199	list.
		3200
		3201	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3202	int revents)>.
		3203
		3204	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3205
		3206	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3207
		3208	struct myfunctor
		3209	{
		3210	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3211	{
		3212	...
		3213	}
		3214	}
		3215
		3216	myfunctor f;
		3217
		3218	ev::io w;
		3219	w.set (&f);
		3220
2850	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3221	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2851		3222
2852	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3223	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2853	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3224	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
2854	C<data> member and is free for you to use.	3225	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
…		…
2940	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3311	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2941		3312
2942	=item Python	3313	=item Python
2943		3314
2944	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It	3315	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
2945	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the	3316	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
2946	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
2947	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
2948	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
2949	libev).
2950		3317
2951	=item Ruby	3318	=item Ruby
2952		3319
2953	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3320	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2954	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3321	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2955	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3322	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2956	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3323	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		3324
		3325	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3326	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3327
		3328	=item Haskell
		3329
		3330	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3331	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
2957		3332
2958	=item D	3333	=item D
2959		3334
2960	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3335	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2961	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	3336	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
…		…
3072		3447
3073	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3448	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
3074	#include "ev.h"	3449	#include "ev.h"
3075		3450
3076	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3451	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
3077	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3452	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
3078	as a bug).	3453	as a bug).
3079		3454
3080	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3455	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
3081	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3456	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
3082		3457
…		…
3138	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3513	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
3139	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3514	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
3140	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3515	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3141	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3516	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3142		3517
		3518	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3519	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3520
3143	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3521	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3144		3522
3145	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3523	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3146	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use	3524	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
3147	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3525	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
3148	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3526	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
3149	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3527	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
3150	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3528	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
3151	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3529	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
3152		3530
3153	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3531	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
3154		3532
3155	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3533	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3156	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at	3534	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
3157	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will	3535	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
3158	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3536	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
3159	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3537	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
3160	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3538	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3539	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3540	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3541
		3542	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3543
		3544	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3545	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3546	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3547	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3548	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3549	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3550	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3551	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
3161		3552
3162	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3553	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
3163		3554
3164	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3555	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
3165	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3556	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
…		…
3181		3572
3182	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3573	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
3183		3574
3184	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3575	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
3185	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3576	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
3186	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on	3577	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
3187	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3578	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
3188	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3579	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
3189	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3580	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
3190	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3581	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
3191		3582
3192	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3583	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
3193		3584
3194	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3585	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
3195	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3586	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
3345	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3736	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3346		3737
3347	=item EV_MINIMAL	3738	=item EV_MINIMAL
3348		3739
3349	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3740	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3350	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some	3741	speed (but with the full API), define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this
3351	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a	3742	is used to override some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size
3352	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.	3743	on amd64. It also selects a much smaller 2-heap for timer management over
		3744	the default 4-heap.
		3745
		3746	You can save even more by disabling watcher types you do not need
		3747	and setting C<EV_MAXPRI> == C<EV_MINPRI>. Also, disabling C<assert>
		3748	(C<-DNDEBUG>) will usually reduce code size a lot.
		3749
		3750	Defining C<EV_MINIMAL> to C<2> will additionally reduce the core API to
		3751	provide a bare-bones event library. See C<ev.h> for details on what parts
		3752	of the API are still available, and do not complain if this subset changes
		3753	over time.
3353		3754
3354	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3755	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3355		3756
3356	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3757	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3357	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3758	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
…		…
3543	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	3944	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
3544	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	3945	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3545		3946
3546	=back	3947	=back
3547		3948
		3949	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3950
		3951	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3952	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3953	created/added/removed.
		3954
		3955	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3956	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3957	languages).
		3958
		3959	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3960	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3961	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3962
		3963	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3964
		3965	typedef struct {
		3966	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3967	ev_async async_w;
		3968	thread_t tid;
		3969	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3970	} userdata;
		3971
		3972	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3973	{
		3974	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3975	static userdata u;
		3976
		3977	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3978	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3979
		3980	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3981	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3982
		3983	// now associate this with the loop
		3984	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3985	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3986	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3987
		3988	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		3989	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3990	}
		3991
		3992	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3993	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3994	that might have been added:
		3995
		3996	static void
		3997	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3998	{
		3999	// just used for the side effects
		4000	}
		4001
		4002	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4003	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4004
		4005	static void
		4006	l_release (EV_P)
		4007	{
		4008	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4009	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4010	}
		4011
		4012	static void
		4013	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4014	{
		4015	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4016	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4017	}
		4018
		4019	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4020	into C<ev_loop>:
		4021
		4022	void *
		4023	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4024	{
		4025	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4026
		4027	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4028	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4029	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		4030	l_release (EV_A);
		4031
		4032	return 0;
		4033	}
		4034
		4035	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4036	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4037	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4038	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4039	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4040	watchers is very beneficial):
		4041
		4042	static void
		4043	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4044	{
		4045	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4046
		4047	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4048	{
		4049	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4050	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4051	}
		4052	}
		4053
		4054	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4055	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4056	thread to continue:
		4057
		4058	static void
		4059	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4060	{
		4061	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4062
		4063	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4064	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4065	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4066	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4067	}
		4068
		4069	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4070	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4071
		4072	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4073	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4074
		4075	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4076
		4077	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4078	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4079	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4080	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4081
		4082	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4083	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4084	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4085	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4086
3548	=head3 COROUTINES	4087	=head3 COROUTINES
3549		4088
3550	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	4089	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
3551	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	4090	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
3552	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	4091	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
3553	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the	4092	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
3554	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	4093	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
3555	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	4094	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3556		4095
3557	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	4096	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3558	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	4097	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3559	they do not clal any callbacks.	4098	they do not call any callbacks.
3560		4099
3561	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	4100	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3562		4101
3563	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	4102	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
3564	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently	4103	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
…		…
3598	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4137	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3599	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4138	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3600	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.	4139	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3601		4140
3602	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables	4141	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
3603	is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.	4142	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
3604		4143
3605	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs	4144	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
3606	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,	4145	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
3607	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be	4146	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
3608	confused.	4147	confused.
…		…
3637	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	4176	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3638		4177
3639	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	4178	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3640	embedding it into other applications.	4179	embedding it into other applications.
3641		4180
		4181	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4182	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		4183
3642	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't	4184	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
3643	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will	4185	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
3644	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,	4186	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
3645	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a	4187	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
3646	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory	4188	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
…		…
3650	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets	4192	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3651	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use	4193	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3652	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally	4194	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3653	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness	4195	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3654	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows	4196	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
3655	(Microsoft monopoly games).	4197	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
3656		4198
3657	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding	4199	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
3658	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead	4200	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
3659	of F<ev.h>:	4201	of F<ev.h>:
3660		4202
…		…
3696		4238
3697	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	4239	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3698	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	4240	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3699	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft	4241	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3700	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the	4242	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
3701	previous thread in each. Great).	4243	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3702		4244
3703	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4245	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3704	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4246	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3705	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4247	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3706	select emulation on windows).	4248	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3707		4249
3708	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime	4250	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3709	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4251	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3710	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4252	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3711	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4253	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3712	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime	4254	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3713	libraries.
3714
3715	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4255	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3716	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4256	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3717	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4257	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3718	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4258	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3719		4259
3720	=back	4260	=back
3721		4261
3722	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	4262	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3723		4263
…		…
3766	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	4306	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
3767		4307
3768	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	4308	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
3769	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	4309	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
3770	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	4310	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
3771	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).	4311	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing
		4312	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least
		4313	2200.
3772		4314
3773	=back	4315	=back
3774		4316
3775	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	4317	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
3776		4318
…		…
3844	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	4386	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3845		4387
3846	=back	4388	=back
3847		4389
3848		4390
		4391	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4392
		4393	=over 4
		4394
		4395	=item active
		4396
		4397	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
		4398	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
		4399
		4400	=item application
		4401
		4402	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4403
		4404	=item callback
		4405
		4406	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4407	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4408	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4409
		4410	=item callback invocation
		4411
		4412	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4413
		4414	=item event
		4415
		4416	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4417	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4418	any other events happening anymore.
		4419
		4420	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4421	C<EV_TIMEOUT>).
		4422
		4423	=item event library
		4424
		4425	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4426
		4427	=item event loop
		4428
		4429	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4430	into callback invocations.
		4431
		4432	=item event model
		4433
		4434	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4435	watchers and events.
		4436
		4437	=item pending
		4438
		4439	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
		4440	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
		4441	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
		4442
		4443	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
		4444	its pending status.
		4445
		4446	=item real time
		4447
		4448	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4449
		4450	=item wall-clock time
		4451
		4452	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4453	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4454	clock.
		4455
		4456	=item watcher
		4457
		4458	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4459	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4460
		4461	=item watcher invocation
		4462
		4463	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4464
		4465	=back
		4466
3849	=head1 AUTHOR	4467	=head1 AUTHOR
3850		4468
3851	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4469	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3852		4470

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