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…		…
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
13		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_TYPE	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
…		…
41		43
42	int	44	int
43	main (void)	45	main (void)
44	{	46	{
45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
46	ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
47		49
48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
…		…
60		62
61	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	64	return 0;
63	}	65	}
64		66
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
66		70
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
70		84
71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
73	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
74		88
…		…
84	=head2 FEATURES	98	=head2 FEATURES
85		99
86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
90	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals	104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
91	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event	105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
92	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,	106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
93	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as	107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
94	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events	108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
95	(C<ev_fork>).	109	C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even
		110	limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>).
96		111
97	It also is quite fast (see this	112	It also is quite fast (see this
98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	113	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
99	for example).	114	for example).
100		115
…		…
103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)	118	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For	119	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at	120	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support	121	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of	122	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have	123	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	124	this argument.
110		125
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		127
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	130	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	131	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	132	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	133	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	134	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
120	throughout libev.	135	throughout libev.
121		136
122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	137	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
123		138
…		…
298	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	313	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
299	function.	314	function.
300		315
301	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	316	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
302	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	317	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
303	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).	318	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
304		319
305	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	320	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
306	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	321	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
307	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	322	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
308	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	323	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
…		…
348	flag.	363	flag.
349		364
350	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	365	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
351	environment variable.	366	environment variable.
352		367
		368	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
		369
		370	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		371	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
		372	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
		373	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
		374
		375	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
		376
		377	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
		378	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
		379	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
		380	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
		381	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
		382	threads that are not interested in handling them.
		383
		384	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
		385	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
		386	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		387
353	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	388	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
354		389
355	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	390	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
356	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	391	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
357	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	392	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
…		…
381	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and	416	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
382	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.	417	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
383		418
384	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	419	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
385		420
		421	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
		422	kernels).
		423
386	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	424	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
387	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	425	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
388	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	426	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
389	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	427	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
390	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	428
391	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad	429	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
392	support for dup.	430	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		431	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		432	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		433	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		434	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		435	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		436	hard to detect.
		437
		438	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		439	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		440	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		441	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		442	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		443	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		444	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
393		445
394	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	446	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
395	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident	447	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
396	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	448	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
397	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	449	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
398	very well if you register events for both fds.	450	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
399		451	file descriptors.
400	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
401	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
402	(or space) is available.
403		452
404	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	453	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
405	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,	454	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
406	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and	455	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
407	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause	456	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
408	extra overhead.	457	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		458	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		459	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		460
		461	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		462	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		463	the usage. So sad.
409		464
410	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	465	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
411	all kernel versions tested so far.	466	all kernel versions tested so far.
412		467
413	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	468	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
414	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	469	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
415		470
416	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	471	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
417		472
418	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was	473	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
419	broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with	474	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
420	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's	475	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
421	completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless	476	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
422	you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or	477	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
423	libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.	478	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
		479	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
		480	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		481	system like NetBSD.
424		482
425	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	483	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
426	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	484	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
427	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	485	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
428		486
429	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	487	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
430	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	488	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
431	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	489	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
432	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	490	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
433	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	491	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
434	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	492	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		493	cases
435		494
436	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	495	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
437		496
438	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	497	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
439	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	498	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
440	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	499	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
441	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	500	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
442	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,	501	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
443	using it only for sockets.	502	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
444		503
445	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with	504	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
446	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with	505	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
447	C<NOTE_EOF>.	506	C<NOTE_EOF>.
448		507
…		…
468	might perform better.	527	might perform better.
469		528
470	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	529	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
471	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification	530	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
472	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	531	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
473	OS-specific backends.	532	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
474		533
475	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	534	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
476	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	535	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
477		536
478	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	537	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
…		…
483		542
484	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	543	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
485		544
486	=back	545	=back
487		546
488	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these	547	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
489	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	548	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
490	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	549	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
		550	()> will be tried.
491		551
492	Example: This is the most typical usage.	552	Example: This is the most typical usage.
493		553
494	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	554	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
495	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	555	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
…		…
507	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	567	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
508		568
509	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	569	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
510		570
511	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	571	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
512	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	572	always distinct from the default loop.
513	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
514	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
515		573
516	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use	574	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
517	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the	575	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
518	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.	576	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
519		577
520	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	578	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
521		579
…		…
523	if (!epoller)	581	if (!epoller)
524	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	582	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
525		583
526	=item ev_default_destroy ()	584	=item ev_default_destroy ()
527		585
528	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	586	Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None
529	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	587	of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so
530	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	588	e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to
531	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	589	either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function,
532	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	590	or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you
533	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	591	can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example).
534	for example).
535		592
536	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	593	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
537	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	594	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
538	would need to be stopped manually.	595	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
539		596
540	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	597	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
541	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	598	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
542	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	599	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
543	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	600	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
544		601
545	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	602	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
546		603
547	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	604	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
548	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	605	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
586		643
587	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	644	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
588	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	645	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
589	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	646	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
590		647
		648	=item unsigned int ev_loop_depth (loop)
		649
		650	Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of
		651	times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		652
		653	Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		654	C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		655	in which case it is higher.
		656
		657	Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		658	etc.), doesn't count as exit.
		659
591	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	660	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
592		661
593	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	662	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
594	use.	663	use.
595		664
…		…
609		678
610	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	679	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
611	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	680	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
612	the current time is a good idea.	681	the current time is a good idea.
613		682
614	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.	683	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		684
		685	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		686
		687	=item ev_resume (loop)
		688
		689	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
		690	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		691
		692	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		693	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		694	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		695	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		696	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		697	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		698
		699	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		700	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		701	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		702	occured while suspended).
		703
		704	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		705	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		706	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		707
		708	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		709	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
615		710
616	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	711	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
617		712
618	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	713	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
619	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	714	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
620	events.	715	handling events.
621		716
622	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	717	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
623	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	718	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
624		719
625	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	720	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
…		…
635	the loop.	730	the loop.
636		731
637	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	732	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
638	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	733	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
639	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	734	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
640	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a	735	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
641	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	736	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
642	iteration of the loop.	737	iteration of the loop.
643		738
644	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	739	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
645	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	740	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
…		…
699		794
700	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	795	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
701	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	796	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
702	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.	797	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
703		798
704	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>	799	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
705	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before	800	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_loop> from
		801	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
706	stopping it.	802	before stopping it.
707		803
708	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is	804	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
709	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting	805	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
710	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	806	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
711	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	807	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
712	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	808	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
713	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	809	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
714	respectively).	810	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		811	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		812	in the callback).
715		813
716	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	814	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
717	running when nothing else is active.	815	running when nothing else is active.
718		816
719	ev_signal exitsig;	817	ev_signal exitsig;
…		…
748		846
749	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	847	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
750	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	848	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
751	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	849	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
752	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	850	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
753	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	851	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		852	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		853	once per this interval, on average.
754		854
755	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	855	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
756	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	856	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
757	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	857	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
758	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	858	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
760		860
761	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect	861	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
762	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	862	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
763	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	863	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
764	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	864	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
765	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.	865	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		866	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		867	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		868	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		869	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).
766		870
767	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	871	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
768	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	872	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
769	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	873	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
770	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	874	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
771	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure	875	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
772	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.	876	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
773		877
		878	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		879	more often than 100 times per second:
		880
		881	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		882	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		883
		884	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		885
		886	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		887	pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required,
		888	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.
		889
		890	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		891
		892	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		893	are pending.
		894
		895	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		896
		897	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		898	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call
		899	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		900	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		901
		902	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		903	callback.
		904
		905	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		906
		907	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		908	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		909	each call to a libev function.
		910
		911	However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to
		912	wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via
		913	C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release>
		914	and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		915
		916	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		917	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		918	afterwards.
		919
		920	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		921	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		922
		923	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		924	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		925	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		926	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		927	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it
		928	to take note of any changes you made.
		929
		930	In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between
		931	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		932
		933	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		934	document.
		935
		936	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		937
		938	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		939
		940	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		941	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		942	C<0.>
		943
		944	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		945	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		946	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		947	any other purpose as well.
		948
774	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	949	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
775		950
776	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	951	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
777	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	952	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
778	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything	953	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
…		…
854	=item C<EV_WRITE>	1029	=item C<EV_WRITE>
855		1030
856	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or	1031	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
857	writable.	1032	writable.
858		1033
859	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>	1034	=item C<EV_TIMER>
860		1035
861	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.	1036	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
862		1037
863	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>	1038	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
864		1039
…		…
903		1078
904	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1079	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
905		1080
906	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1081	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
907		1082
		1083	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1084
		1085	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1086	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		1087
908	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1088	=item C<EV_ERROR>
909		1089
910	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1090	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
911	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1091	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
912	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1092	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
…		…
949		1129
950	ev_io w;	1130	ev_io w;
951	ev_init (&w, my_cb);	1131	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
952	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1132	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
953		1133
954	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1134	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
955		1135
956	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1136	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
957	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1137	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
958	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this	1138	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
959	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a	1139	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
…		…
972		1152
973	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.	1153	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
974		1154
975	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1155	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
976		1156
977	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1157	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
978		1158
979	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1159	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
980	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1160	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
981		1161
982	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this	1162	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
983	whole section.	1163	whole section.
984		1164
985	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);	1165	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
986		1166
987	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1167	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
988		1168
989	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether	1169	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
990	the watcher was active or not).	1170	the watcher was active or not).
991		1171
992	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,	1172	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
…		…
1017	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1197	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1018		1198
1019	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1199	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1020	(modulo threads).	1200	(modulo threads).
1021		1201
1022	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)	1202	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
1023		1203
1024	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1204	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1025		1205
1026	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small	1206	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
1027	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1207	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
1028	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1208	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
1029	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1209	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
1030	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1210	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
1031		1211
1032	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
1033	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
1034	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
1035	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
1036
1037	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1212	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
1038	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1213	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
1039		1214
1040	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1215	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
1041	pending.	1216	pending.
1042
1043	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1044	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1045		1217
1046	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1218	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
1047	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1219	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
1048	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1220	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1221
		1222	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1223	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1224
		1225	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
		1226	priorities.
1049		1227
1050	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1228	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1051		1229
1052	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1230	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1053	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1231	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
…		…
1060	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1238	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
1061	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1239	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
1062		1240
1063	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its	1241	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
1064	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.	1242	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1243
		1244	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1245
		1246	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1247	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1248	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1249	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1250
		1251	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1252	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1253	not started in the first place.
		1254
		1255	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1256	functions that do not need a watcher.
1065		1257
1066	=back	1258	=back
1067		1259
1068		1260
1069	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1261	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
1118	#include <stddef.h>	1310	#include <stddef.h>
1119		1311
1120	static void	1312	static void
1121	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1313	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1122	{	1314	{
1123	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1315	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1124	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1316	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1125	}	1317	}
1126		1318
1127	static void	1319	static void
1128	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1320	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1129	{	1321	{
1130	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1322	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1131	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1323	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1132	}	1324	}
		1325
		1326	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1327
		1328	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1329	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1330	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1331
		1332	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1333	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1334	range.
		1335
		1336	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1337	by event loops:
		1338
		1339	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1340	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1341	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1342
		1343	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1344	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1345	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1346	before polling for new events.
		1347
		1348	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1349	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1350
		1351	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1352	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1353	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1354	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1355	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1356	priority ones.
		1357
		1358	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1359	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1360	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1361	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1362	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1363	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1364	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1365	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1366	always, what you want).
		1367
		1368	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1369	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1370	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1371	required.
		1372
		1373	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1374	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1375	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1376	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1377	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1378	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1379	workable.
		1380
		1381	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1382	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1383	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1384	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1385	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1386
		1387	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1388	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1389	other events are pending:
		1390
		1391	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1392	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1393
		1394	static void
		1395	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1396	{
		1397	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1398	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1399	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1400
		1401	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
		1402	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1403	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1404	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1405	}
		1406
		1407	static void
		1408	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1409	{
		1410	// actual processing
		1411	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1412
		1413	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1414	// we have handled the event
		1415	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1416	}
		1417
		1418	// initialisation
		1419	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1420	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1421	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1422
		1423	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1424	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1425	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1426	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1427	important ones.
1133		1428
1134		1429
1135	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1430	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
1136		1431
1137	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1432	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1163	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1458	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1164	required if you know what you are doing).	1459	required if you know what you are doing).
1165		1460
1166	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a	1461	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1167	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only	1462	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1168	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1463	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1464	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1465	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1169		1466
1170	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1467	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1171	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1468	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1172	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1469	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1173	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1470	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
…		…
1238		1535
1239	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you	1536	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
1240	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon	1537	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
1241	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).	1538	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
1242		1539
		1540	=head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
		1541
		1542	Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example,
		1543	found in port-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
		1544	connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
		1545
		1546	For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
		1547	of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not
		1548	rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on
		1549	the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and
		1550	typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage.
		1551
		1552	Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between
		1553	operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the
		1554	situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to
		1555	cope with overload is known (to me).
		1556
		1557	One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it
		1558	- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the
		1559	situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
		1560	event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.
		1561
		1562	A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than
		1563	C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such
		1564	messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
		1565	what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop
		1566	the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU
		1567	usage.
		1568
		1569	If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file
		1570	descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and
		1571	when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>,
		1572	close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse
		1573	clients under typical overload conditions.
		1574
		1575	The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as
		1576	is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy
		1577	opportunity for a DoS attack.
1243		1578
1244	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1579	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1245		1580
1246	=over 4	1581	=over 4
1247		1582
…		…
1294	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because	1629	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1295	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1630	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1296	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1631	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1297		1632
1298	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1633	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1299	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration	1634	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1300	then order of execution is undefined.	1635	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1636	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1637	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1638	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1301		1639
1302	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1640	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1303		1641
1304	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1642	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1305	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1643	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1349	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>	1687	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
1350	member and C<ev_timer_again>.	1688	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
1351		1689
1352	At start:	1690	At start:
1353		1691
1354	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);	1692	ev_init (timer, callback);
1355	timer->repeat = 60.;	1693	timer->repeat = 60.;
1356	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1694	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1357		1695
1358	Each time there is some activity:	1696	Each time there is some activity:
1359		1697
…		…
1398	else	1736	else
1399	{	1737	{
1400	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1738	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
1401	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1739	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
1402	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1740	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
1403	w->again = timeout - now;	1741	w->repeat = timeout - now;
1404	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1742	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
1405	}	1743	}
1406	}	1744	}
1407		1745
1408	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1746	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
…		…
1421		1759
1422	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1760	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
1423	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1761	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
1424	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1762	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
1425		1763
1426	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);	1764	ev_init (timer, callback);
1427	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1765	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
1428	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);	1766	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1429		1767
1430	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1768	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1431	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1769	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1432		1770
1433	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);	1771	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
…		…
1492		1830
1493	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	1831	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1494	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	1832	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1495	()>.	1833	()>.
1496		1834
		1835	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
		1836
		1837	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
		1838	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
		1839
		1840	Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes
		1841	all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue
		1842	to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the
		1843	system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program
		1844	was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted
		1845	towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time
		1846	clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a
		1847	long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would
		1848	be adjusted accordingly.
		1849
		1850	I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between
		1851	operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware.
		1852
		1853	The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a
		1854	time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program
		1855	is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use,
		1856	then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time
		1857	will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in
		1858	use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly.
		1859
		1860	It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend>
		1861	and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get
		1862	deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against
		1863	C<SIGSTOP>).
		1864
1497	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1865	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1498		1866
1499	=over 4	1867	=over 4
1500		1868
1501	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1869	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
…		…
1524	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1892	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1525		1893
1526	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1894	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1527	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1895	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1528		1896
1529	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a	1897	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1530	usage example.	1898	usage example.
		1899
		1900	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
		1901
		1902	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
		1903	then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
		1904	the timeout value currently configured.
		1905
		1906	That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
		1907	C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining>
		1908	will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
		1909	roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
		1910	too), and so on.
1531		1911
1532	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1912	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1533		1913
1534	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1914	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1535	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),	1915	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
…		…
1573	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1953	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1574		1954
1575	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1955	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1576	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1956	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1577		1957
1578	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1958	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1579	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1959	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1580	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1960	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1581	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1961	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1582	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system	1962	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1583	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year	1963	wrist-watch).
1584	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1585	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1586		1964
		1965	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
		1966	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
		1967	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1968	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1969	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1970	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1971	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
		1972
1587	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,	1973	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
1588	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other	1974	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
1589	complicated rules.	1975	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1976	those cannot react to time jumps.
1590		1977
1591	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	1978	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1592	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1979	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1593	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.	1980	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		1981	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		1982	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1594		1983
1595	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1984	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1596		1985
1597	=over 4	1986	=over 4
1598		1987
1599	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1988	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1600		1989
1601	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1990	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1602		1991
1603	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1992	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1604	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:	1993	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1605		1994
1606	=over 4	1995	=over 4
1607		1996
1608	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1997	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1609		1998
1610	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock	1999	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1611	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time	2000	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1612	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will	2001	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1613	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.	2002	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		2003	this point in time.
1614		2004
1615	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	2005	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1616		2006
1617	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	2007	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1618	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	2008	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1619	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	2009	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		2010	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1620		2011
1621	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the	2012	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1622	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each	2013	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
1623	hour, on the hour:	2014	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1624		2015
1625	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	2016	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1626		2017
1627	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	2018	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1628	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a	2019	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1629	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	2020	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1630	by 3600.	2021	by 3600.
1631		2022
1632	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2023	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1633	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2024	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1634	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2025	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1635		2026
1636	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	2027	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1637	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2028	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1638	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2029	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1639		2030
1640	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2031	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
1641	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2032	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
1642	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2033	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
1643	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2034	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1644		2035
1645	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	2036	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1646		2037
1647	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	2038	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1648	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	2039	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1649	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	2040	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1650	current time as second argument.	2041	current time as second argument.
1651		2042
1652	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	2043	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1653	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.	2044	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
		2045	allowed by documentation here>.
1654		2046
1655	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop	2047	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
1656	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the	2048	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
1657	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).	2049	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
1658		2050
…		…
1688	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	2080	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1689	program when the crontabs have changed).	2081	program when the crontabs have changed).
1690		2082
1691	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)	2083	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
1692		2084
1693	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to	2085	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
1694	trigger next.	2086	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		2087	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		2088	rescheduling modes.
1695		2089
1696	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	2090	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1697		2091
1698	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	2092	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1699	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	2093	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		2094	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1700		2095
1701	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	2096	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1702	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2097	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1703		2098
1704	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	2099	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
…		…
1756	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2151	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1757	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2152	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1758	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2153	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1759	normal event processing, like any other event.	2154	normal event processing, like any other event.
1760		2155
1761	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would	2156	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
1762	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use	2157	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
1763	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.	2158	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
		2159	synchronously wake up an event loop.
1764		2160
1765	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	2161	You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but
		2162	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
		2163	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
		2164	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
		2165	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
		2166
1766	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler	2167	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something
1767	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2168	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1768	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when	2169	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).
1769	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1770	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1771		2170
1772	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2171	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
1773	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly	2172	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
1774	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by	2173	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
1775	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock	2174	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
1776	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.	2175	and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		2176
		2177	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
		2178
		2179	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
		2180	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
		2181	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
		2182	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
		2183
		2184	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
		2185	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
		2186	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
		2187	certain signals to be blocked.
		2188
		2189	This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset
		2190	the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good
		2191	choice usually).
		2192
		2193	The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
		2194	to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
		2195	catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
		2196
		2197	In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
		2198	unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces
		2199	the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
		2200	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
		2201
		2202	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
		2203	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
		2204	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
1777		2205
1778	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2206	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1779		2207
1780	=over 4	2208	=over 4
1781		2209
…		…
1813	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or	2241	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1814	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child	2242	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1815	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long	2243	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1816	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,	2244	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
1817	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,	2245	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
1818	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is	2246	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
1819	not.	2247	in the next callback invocation is not.
1820		2248
1821	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2249	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1822	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.	2250	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
1823		2251
		2252	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2253	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2254	libev)
		2255
1824	=head3 Process Interaction	2256	=head3 Process Interaction
1825		2257
1826	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2258	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1827	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2259	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the
1828	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence	2260	first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
1829	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done	2261	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
1830	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all	2262	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
1831	children, even ones not watched.	2263	children, even ones not watched.
1832		2264
1833	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing	2265	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
…		…
1843	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher	2275	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
1844		2276
1845	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the	2277	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
1846	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the	2278	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
1847	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically	2279	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
1848	when a child exit is detected.	2280	when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a
		2281	problem).
1849		2282
1850	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2283	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1851		2284
1852	=over 4	2285	=over 4
1853		2286
…		…
1910		2343
1911		2344
1912	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2345	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1913		2346
1914	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2347	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1915	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2348	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1916	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2349	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2350	it did.
1917		2351
1918	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2352	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1919	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2353	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1920	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2354	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1921	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2355	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1922	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2356	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2357	contents.
1923		2358
1924	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2359	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2360	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1925	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2361	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1926		2362
1927	Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable	2363	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1928	implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if	2364	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1929	it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for	2365	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1930	this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!)	2366	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1931	then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which	2367	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1932	you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change	2368	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1933	dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently	2369	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1934	around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.	2370	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1935		2371
1936	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2372	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1937	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2373	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1938	resource-intensive.	2374	resource-intensive.
1939		2375
1940	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented	2376	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1941	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as	2377	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1942	an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way	2378	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1943	of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).	2379	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1944		2380
1945	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)	2381	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1946		2382
1947	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default	2383	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
1948	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file	2384	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
1949	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat	2385	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
1950	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to	2386	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
1951	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to	2387	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
1952	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is	2388	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
1953	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is	2389	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
1954	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.	2390	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
1955		2391
1956	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large	2392	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
1957	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not	2393	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
1958	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has	2394	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
1959	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the	2395	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
1960	default compilation environment.	2396	default compilation environment.
1961		2397
1962	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue	2398	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
1963		2399
1964	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally	2400	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1965	only available with Linux 2.6.25 or above due to bugs in earlier	2401	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1966	implementations) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2402	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1967	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created	2403	watcher is being started.
1968	lazily when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
1969		2404
1970	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2405	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1971	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2406	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1972	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support	2407	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1973	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,	2408	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
1974	but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.	2409	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2410	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2411	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2412	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1975		2413
1976	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2414	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1977	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2415	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1978	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks	2416	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
1979	etc. is difficult.	2417	etc. is difficult.
1980		2418
		2419	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2420
		2421	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2422	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2423	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2424
		2425	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2426	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2427	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2428	watcher).
		2429
		2430	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2431	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2432	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2433
		2434	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2435	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
		2436
1981	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2437	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1982		2438
1983	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2439	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1984	even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still	2440	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1985	only support whole seconds.	2441	still only support whole seconds.
1986		2442
1987	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can	2443	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1988	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and	2444	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1989	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update	2445	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1990	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the	2446	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
…		…
2133		2589
2134	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2590	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2135		2591
2136	=over 4	2592	=over 4
2137		2593
2138	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2594	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
2139		2595
2140	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2596	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
2141	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2597	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2142	believe me.	2598	believe me.
2143		2599
…		…
2156	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2612	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2157	}	2613	}
2158		2614
2159	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2615	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
2160	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2616	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
2161	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2617	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2162		2618
2163		2619
2164	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2620	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2165		2621
2166	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2622	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
…		…
2259	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2715	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
2260	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2716	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
2261	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2717	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
2262		2718
2263	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2719	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
2264	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2720	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
2265	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2721	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
2266		2722
2267	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2723	// create one ev_io per pollfd
2268	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2724	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2269	{	2725	{
…		…
2382	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),	2838	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2383	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In	2839	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2384	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all	2840	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2385	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2841	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2386		2842
2387	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2843	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2388	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2844	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2389	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2845	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2390	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2846	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2391	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2847	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2392	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2848	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2393	embedded loop sweep.
2394		2849
2395	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2850	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2396	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2851	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2397	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2398	interested in that.
2399		2852
2400	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2853	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2401	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2854	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2402	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2855	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2403	yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,	2856	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2404	and future versions of libev might do just that.
2405		2857
2406	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by	2858	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2407	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2859	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2408	portable one.	2860	portable one.
2409		2861
…		…
2503	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2955	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2504	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2956	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2505	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2957	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2506	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2958	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2507		2959
		2960	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		2961
		2962	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
		2963	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		2964	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		2965
		2966	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		2967	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		2968	fork.
		2969
		2970	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		2971	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		2972	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		2973
		2974	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		2975	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		2976	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		2977	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		2978
		2979	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		2980	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		2981	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		2982	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		2983	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		2984	signal watchers).
		2985
		2986	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		2987	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		2988	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		2989	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		2990	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		2991	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		2992
2508	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2993	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2509		2994
2510	=over 4	2995	=over 4
2511		2996
2512	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2997	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2541	=head3 Queueing	3026	=head3 Queueing
2542		3027
2543	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3028	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
2544	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3029	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
2545	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't	3030	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
2546	need elaborate support such as pthreads.	3031	need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access
		3032	semantics.
2547		3033
2548	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own	3034	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
2549	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your	3035	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
2550	queue:	3036	queue:
2551		3037
…		…
2629	=over 4	3115	=over 4
2630		3116
2631	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	3117	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2632		3118
2633	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	3119	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2634	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3120	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2635	trust me.	3121	trust me.
2636		3122
2637	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3123	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2638		3124
2639	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3125	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2640	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3126	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2641	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3127	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2642	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3128	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2643	section below on what exactly this means).	3129	section below on what exactly this means).
2644		3130
		3131	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		3132	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		3133	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		3134	reset when the event loop detects that).
		3135
2645	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,	3136	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2646	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated	3137	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2647	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	3138	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
2648		3139
2649	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3140	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
2650		3141
2651	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3142	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
2652	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3143	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
2655	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When	3146	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
2656	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,	3147	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
2657	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very	3148	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
2658	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.	3149	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
2659		3150
2660	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only	3151	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
2661	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.	3152	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3153	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3154	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2662		3155
2663	=back	3156	=back
2664		3157
2665		3158
2666	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3159	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2683		3176
2684	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	3177	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2685	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	3178	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2686	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.	3179	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2687		3180
2688	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	3181	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is
2689	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	3182	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2690	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	3183	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg>
2691	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>	3184	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
2692	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io	3185	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
2693	events precedence.	3186	events precedence.
2694		3187
2695	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.	3188	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
2696		3189
2697	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	3190	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2698	{	3191	{
2699	if (revents & EV_READ)	3192	if (revents & EV_READ)
2700	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	3193	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
2701	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	3194	else if (revents & EV_TIMER)
2702	/* doh, nothing entered */;	3195	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2703	}	3196	}
2704		3197
2705	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3198	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2706		3199
2707	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2708
2709	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2710	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2711	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2712
2713	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3200	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
2714		3201
2715	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3202	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2716	the given events it.	3203	the given events it.
2717		3204
2718	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3205	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
2719		3206
2720	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3207	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2721	loop!).	3208	loop!).
2722		3209
2723	=back	3210	=back
…		…
2803		3290
2804	=over 4	3291	=over 4
2805		3292
2806	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()	3293	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
2807		3294
2808	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)	3295	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
2809		3296
2810	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	3297	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
2811		3298
2812	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher	3299	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
2813	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.	3300	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
…		…
2845		3332
2846	myclass obj;	3333	myclass obj;
2847	ev::io iow;	3334	ev::io iow;
2848	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3335	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
2849		3336
		3337	=item w->set (object *)
		3338
		3339	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		3340
		3341	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3342	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3343	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3344	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3345	list.
		3346
		3347	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3348	int revents)>.
		3349
		3350	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3351
		3352	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3353
		3354	struct myfunctor
		3355	{
		3356	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3357	{
		3358	...
		3359	}
		3360	}
		3361
		3362	myfunctor f;
		3363
		3364	ev::io w;
		3365	w.set (&f);
		3366
2850	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3367	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2851		3368
2852	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3369	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2853	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3370	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
2854	C<data> member and is free for you to use.	3371	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
…		…
2860	Example: Use a plain function as callback.	3377	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2861		3378
2862	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3379	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2863	iow.set <io_cb> ();	3380	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2864		3381
2865	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3382	=item w->set (loop)
2866		3383
2867	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3384	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2868	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3385	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2869		3386
2870	=item w->set ([arguments])	3387	=item w->set ([arguments])
…		…
2940	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3457	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2941		3458
2942	=item Python	3459	=item Python
2943		3460
2944	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It	3461	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
2945	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the	3462	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
2946	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
2947	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
2948	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
2949	libev).
2950		3463
2951	=item Ruby	3464	=item Ruby
2952		3465
2953	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3466	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2954	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3467	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2955	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3468	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2956	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3469	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2957		3470
		3471	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3472	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3473
		3474	=item Haskell
		3475
		3476	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3477	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3478
2958	=item D	3479	=item D
2959		3480
2960	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3481	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2961	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	3482	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
2962		3483
2963	=item Ocaml	3484	=item Ocaml
2964		3485
2965	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	3486	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
2966	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	3487	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3488
		3489	=item Lua
		3490
		3491	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
		3492	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
		3493	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
2967		3494
2968	=back	3495	=back
2969		3496
2970		3497
2971	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3498	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
…		…
3072		3599
3073	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3600	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
3074	#include "ev.h"	3601	#include "ev.h"
3075		3602
3076	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3603	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
3077	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3604	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
3078	as a bug).	3605	as a bug).
3079		3606
3080	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3607	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
3081	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3608	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
3082		3609
…		…
3125	libev.m4	3652	libev.m4
3126		3653
3127	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3654	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
3128		3655
3129	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to	3656	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
3130	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of	3657	define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in
3131	autoconf is documented for every option.	3658	the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.
		3659
		3660	Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different
		3661	values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible
		3662	to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breakign compatibility
		3663	to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all
		3664	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
		3665	settings.
3132		3666
3133	=over 4	3667	=over 4
3134		3668
3135	=item EV_STANDALONE	3669	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
3136		3670
3137	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	3671	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
3138	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3672	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
3139	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3673	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
3140	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3674	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3141	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3675	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3142		3676
		3677	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3678	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3679
3143	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3680	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3144		3681
3145	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3682	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3146	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use	3683	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
3147	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3684	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
3148	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3685	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
3149	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3686	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
3150	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3687	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
3151	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3688	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
3152		3689
3153	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3690	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
3154		3691
3155	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3692	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3156	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at	3693	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
3157	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will	3694	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
3158	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3695	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
3159	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3696	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
3160	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3697	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3698	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3699	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3700
		3701	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3702
		3703	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3704	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3705	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3706	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3707	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3708	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3709	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3710	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
3161		3711
3162	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3712	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
3163		3713
3164	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3714	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
3165	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3715	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
…		…
3181		3731
3182	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3732	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
3183		3733
3184	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3734	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
3185	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3735	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
3186	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on	3736	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
3187	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3737	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
3188	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3738	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
3189	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3739	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
3190	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3740	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
3191		3741
3192	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3742	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
3193		3743
3194	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3744	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
3195	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3745	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
3197	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3747	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
3198	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3748	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
3199	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3749	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
3200	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3750	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
3201		3751
3202	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE	3752	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
3203		3753
3204	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map	3754	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
3205	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the	3755	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
3206	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually	3756	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
3207	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,	3757	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
3208	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.	3758	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		3759
		3760	=item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
		3761
		3762	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors
		3763	using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing
		3764	their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier
		3765	to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value.
		3766
		3767	=item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
		3768
		3769	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
		3770	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
		3771	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
		3772	the underlying OS handle.
3209		3773
3210	=item EV_USE_POLL	3774	=item EV_USE_POLL
3211		3775
3212	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3776	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3213	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3777	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
…		…
3260	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	3824	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
3261		3825
3262	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	3826	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
3263	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	3827	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
3264		3828
3265	=item EV_H	3829	=item EV_H (h)
3266		3830
3267	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3831	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
3268	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be	3832	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
3269	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3833	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
3270		3834
3271	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3835	=item EV_CONFIG_H (h)
3272		3836
3273	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3837	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
3274	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3838	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
3275	C<EV_H>, above.	3839	C<EV_H>, above.
3276		3840
3277	=item EV_EVENT_H	3841	=item EV_EVENT_H (h)
3278		3842
3279	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3843	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
3280	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.	3844	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
3281		3845
3282	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3846	=item EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
3283		3847
3284	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3848	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
3285	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3849	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
3286	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions	3850	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
3287	around libev functions.	3851	around libev functions.
…		…
3309	fine.	3873	fine.
3310		3874
3311	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these	3875	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
3312	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.	3876	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
3313		3877
3314	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3878	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,
		3879	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
		3880	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
3315		3881
3316	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3882	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
3317	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3883	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
3318	code.	3884	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves codesize.
3319		3885
3320	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE	3886	=item EV_FEATURES
3321
3322	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
3323	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
3324	code.
3325
3326	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
3327
3328	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
3329	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
3330	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
3331
3332	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
3333
3334	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
3335	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3336
3337	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
3338
3339	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
3340	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3341
3342	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
3343
3344	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
3345	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3346
3347	=item EV_MINIMAL
3348		3887
3349	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3888	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3350	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some	3889	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
3351	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a	3890	certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features
3352	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.	3891	that can be enabled on the platform.
		3892
		3893	A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset
		3894	with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable
		3895	additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal,
		3896	but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
		3897	backend, use this:
		3898
		3899	#define EV_FEATURES 0
		3900	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
		3901	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
		3902	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		3903	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
		3904
		3905	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
		3906	values:
		3907
		3908	=over 4
		3909
		3910	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
		3911
		3912	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
		3913
		3914	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the roughly
		3915	30% code size on amd64.
		3916
		3917	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
		3918	gcc recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
		3919	assertions.
		3920
		3921	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
		3922
		3923	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
		3924	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase codesize
		3925	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
		3926	runtime.
		3927
		3928	=item C<4> - full API configuration
		3929
		3930	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
		3931	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
		3932
		3933	=item C<8> - full API
		3934
		3935	This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for
		3936	details on which parts of the API are still available without this
		3937	feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time.
		3938
		3939	=item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types
		3940
		3941	Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable
		3942	only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare,
		3943	embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining
		3944	C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead.
		3945
		3946	=item C<32> - enable all backends
		3947
		3948	This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at
		3949	least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice).
		3950
		3951	=item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs
		3952
		3953	Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by
		3954	default.
		3955
		3956	=back
		3957
		3958	Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0>
		3959	reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb
		3960	code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O
		3961	watchers, timers and monotonic clock support.
		3962
		3963	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
		3964	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
		3965	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
		3966	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		3967
		3968	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
		3969
		3970	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
		3971	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the codesize
		3972	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
		3973	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
		3974	big.
		3975
		3976	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
		3977	enabled.
		3978
		3979	=item EV_NSIG
		3980
		3981	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
		3982	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
		3983	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
		3984	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
		3985	good for about any system in existance) can save some memory, as libev
		3986	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
3353		3987
3354	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3988	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3355		3989
3356	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3990	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3357	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3991	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled),
3358	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3992	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you
3359	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	3993	might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
3360		3994
3361	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	3995	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
3362		3996
3363	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3997	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3364	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3998	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES>
3365	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3999	disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of
3366	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	4000	C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a
3367	two).	4001	power of two).
3368		4002
3369	=item EV_USE_4HEAP	4003	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
3370		4004
3371	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	4005	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3372	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined	4006	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
3373	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably	4007	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
3374	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.	4008	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
3375		4009
3376	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	4010	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3377	(disabled).	4011	will be C<0>.
3378		4012
3379	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT	4013	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
3380		4014
3381	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	4015	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3382	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within	4016	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
3383	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),	4017	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
3384	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,	4018	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
3385	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance	4019	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
3386	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.	4020	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
3387		4021
3388	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	4022	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3389	(disabled).	4023	will be C<0>.
3390		4024
3391	=item EV_VERIFY	4025	=item EV_VERIFY
3392		4026
3393	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will	4027	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
3394	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled	4028	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
…		…
3396	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be	4030	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
3397	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	4031	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
3398	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	4032	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
3399	libev considerably.	4033	libev considerably.
3400		4034
3401	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be	4035	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3402	C<0>.	4036	will be C<0>.
3403		4037
3404	=item EV_COMMON	4038	=item EV_COMMON
3405		4039
3406	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4040	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
3407	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4041	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
…		…
3465	file.	4099	file.
3466		4100
3467	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	4101	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
3468	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	4102	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
3469		4103
3470	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	4104	#define EV_FEATURES 8
3471	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	4105	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3472	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
3473	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	4106	#define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1
		4107	#define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1
3474	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	4108	#define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1
3475	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	4109	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4110	#define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0
3476	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	4111	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
3477	#define EV_MINPRI 0
3478	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
3479		4112
3480	#include "ev++.h"	4113	#include "ev++.h"
3481		4114
3482	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4115	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
3483		4116
…		…
3543	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	4176	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
3544	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	4177	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3545		4178
3546	=back	4179	=back
3547		4180
		4181	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		4182
		4183	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		4184	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		4185	created/added/removed.
		4186
		4187	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		4188	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		4189	languages).
		4190
		4191	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		4192	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		4193	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		4194
		4195	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		4196
		4197	typedef struct {
		4198	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		4199	ev_async async_w;
		4200	thread_t tid;
		4201	cond_t invoke_cv;
		4202	} userdata;
		4203
		4204	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		4205	{
		4206	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		4207	static userdata u;
		4208
		4209	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		4210	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4211
		4212	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		4213	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		4214
		4215	// now associate this with the loop
		4216	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		4217	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		4218	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		4219
		4220	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		4221	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		4222	}
		4223
		4224	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		4225	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		4226	that might have been added:
		4227
		4228	static void
		4229	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		4230	{
		4231	// just used for the side effects
		4232	}
		4233
		4234	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4235	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4236
		4237	static void
		4238	l_release (EV_P)
		4239	{
		4240	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4241	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4242	}
		4243
		4244	static void
		4245	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4246	{
		4247	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4248	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4249	}
		4250
		4251	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4252	into C<ev_loop>:
		4253
		4254	void *
		4255	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4256	{
		4257	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4258
		4259	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4260	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4261	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		4262	l_release (EV_A);
		4263
		4264	return 0;
		4265	}
		4266
		4267	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4268	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4269	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4270	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4271	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4272	watchers is very beneficial):
		4273
		4274	static void
		4275	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4276	{
		4277	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4278
		4279	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4280	{
		4281	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4282	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4283	}
		4284	}
		4285
		4286	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4287	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4288	thread to continue:
		4289
		4290	static void
		4291	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4292	{
		4293	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4294
		4295	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4296	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4297	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4298	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4299	}
		4300
		4301	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4302	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4303
		4304	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4305	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4306
		4307	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4308
		4309	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4310	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4311	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4312	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4313
		4314	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4315	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4316	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4317	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4318
3548	=head3 COROUTINES	4319	=head3 COROUTINES
3549		4320
3550	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	4321	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
3551	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	4322	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
3552	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	4323	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
3553	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the	4324	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
3554	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	4325	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
3555	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	4326	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3556		4327
3557	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	4328	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3558	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	4329	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3559	they do not clal any callbacks.	4330	they do not call any callbacks.
3560		4331
3561	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	4332	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3562		4333
3563	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	4334	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
3564	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently	4335	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
…		…
3598	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4369	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3599	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4370	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3600	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.	4371	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3601		4372
3602	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables	4373	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
3603	is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.	4374	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
3604		4375
3605	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs	4376	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
3606	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,	4377	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
3607	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be	4378	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
3608	confused.	4379	confused.
…		…
3637	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	4408	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3638		4409
3639	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	4410	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3640	embedding it into other applications.	4411	embedding it into other applications.
3641		4412
		4413	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4414	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		4415
3642	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't	4416	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
3643	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will	4417	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
3644	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,	4418	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
3645	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a	4419	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
3646	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory	4420	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
…		…
3650	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets	4424	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3651	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use	4425	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3652	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally	4426	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3653	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness	4427	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3654	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows	4428	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
3655	(Microsoft monopoly games).	4429	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
3656		4430
3657	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding	4431	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
3658	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead	4432	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
3659	of F<ev.h>:	4433	of F<ev.h>:
3660		4434
…		…
3696		4470
3697	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	4471	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3698	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	4472	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3699	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft	4473	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3700	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the	4474	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
3701	previous thread in each. Great).	4475	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3702		4476
3703	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4477	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3704	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4478	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3705	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4479	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3706	select emulation on windows).	4480	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3707		4481
3708	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime	4482	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3709	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4483	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3710	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4484	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3711	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4485	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3712	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime	4486	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3713	libraries.
3714
3715	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4487	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3716	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4488	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3717	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4489	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3718	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4490	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3719		4491
3720	=back	4492	=back
3721		4493
3722	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	4494	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3723		4495
…		…
3766	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	4538	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
3767		4539
3768	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	4540	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
3769	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	4541	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
3770	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	4542	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
3771	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).	4543	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing
		4544	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least
		4545	2200.
3772		4546
3773	=back	4547	=back
3774		4548
3775	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	4549	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
3776		4550
…		…
3844	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	4618	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3845		4619
3846	=back	4620	=back
3847		4621
3848		4622
		4623	=head1 PORTING FROM 3.X TO 4.X
		4624
		4625	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.
		4626
		4627	=over 4
		4628
		4629	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT> replaced by C<EV_TIMER> in C<revents>
		4630
		4631	This is a simple rename - all other watcher types use their name
		4632	as revents flag, and now C<ev_timer> does, too.
		4633
		4634	Both C<EV_TIMER> and C<EV_TIMEOUT> symbols were present in 3.x versions
		4635	and continue to be present for the forseeable future, so this is mostly a
		4636	documentation change.
		4637
		4638	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
		4639
		4640	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
		4641	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
		4642	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
		4643
		4644	=back
		4645
		4646
		4647	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4648
		4649	=over 4
		4650
		4651	=item active
		4652
		4653	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
		4654	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
		4655
		4656	=item application
		4657
		4658	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4659
		4660	=item callback
		4661
		4662	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4663	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4664	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4665
		4666	=item callback invocation
		4667
		4668	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4669
		4670	=item event
		4671
		4672	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4673	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4674	any other events happening anymore.
		4675
		4676	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4677	C<EV_TIMER>).
		4678
		4679	=item event library
		4680
		4681	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4682
		4683	=item event loop
		4684
		4685	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4686	into callback invocations.
		4687
		4688	=item event model
		4689
		4690	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4691	watchers and events.
		4692
		4693	=item pending
		4694
		4695	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
		4696	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
		4697	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
		4698
		4699	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
		4700	its pending status.
		4701
		4702	=item real time
		4703
		4704	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4705
		4706	=item wall-clock time
		4707
		4708	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4709	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4710	clock.
		4711
		4712	=item watcher
		4713
		4714	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4715	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4716
		4717	=item watcher invocation
		4718
		4719	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4720
		4721	=back
		4722
3849	=head1 AUTHOR	4723	=head1 AUTHOR
3850		4724
3851	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4725	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3852		4726

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