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Revision 1.51 by root, Tue Nov 27 19:23:31 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.202 by root, Fri Oct 24 08:30:01 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
		8
		9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
		10
		11	// a single header file is required
		12	#include <ev.h>
		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_TYPE
		16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		18
		19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
		21	static void
		22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		23	{
		24	puts ("stdin ready");
		25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
		26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		31	}
		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
		34	static void
		35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		36	{
		37	puts ("timeout");
		38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
		40	}
		41
		42	int
		43	main (void)
		44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
		46	ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		47
		48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
		50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
		51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
		54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
		55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
		57
		58	// now wait for events to arrive
		59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
		62	return 0;
		63	}
8		64
9	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
10		66
		67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
		68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		70
11	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
12	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
13	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
14		74
15	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	75	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
16	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	76	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
17	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	77	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
19	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
20	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
21	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
22	watcher.	82	watcher.
23		83
24	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
25		85
26	Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
27	kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
28	timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
29	events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
30	loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite	90	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals
		91	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event
		92	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,
		93	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as
		94	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events
		95	(C<ev_fork>).
		96
		97	It also is quite fast (see this
31	fast (see this L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
32	it to libevent for example).	99	for example).
33		100
34	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
35		102
36	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
37	will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
38	about various configuration options please have a look at the file	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
39	F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
40	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
41	argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>)	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
42	will not have this argument.	109	this argument.
43		110
44	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
45		112
46	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
47	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
48	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
49	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
50	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
51	it, you should treat it as such.	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
		119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
52		142
53	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
54		144
55	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
56	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
61		151
62	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
63	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
64	you actually want to know.	154	you actually want to know.
65		155
		156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		157
		158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		161
66	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
67		163
68	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
69		165
70	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	166	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
71	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	167	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
72	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	168	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
73	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	169	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
74	version of the library your program was compiled against.	170	version of the library your program was compiled against.
75		171
		172	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		173	release version.
		174
76	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	175	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
77	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	176	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
78	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	177	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
79	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
80		179
81	Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
82	version:	181	version.
83		182
84	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
85	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
86	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
87		186
88	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
89		188
90	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
91	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
93	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
94		193
95	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
96	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
97		196
98	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
99	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
100		199
101	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
102		201
103	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
104	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
105	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
106	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
107	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
108	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
109		208
110	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
111		210
…		…
115	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	214	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
116	recommended ones.	215	recommended ones.
117		216
118	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
119		218
120	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
121		220
122	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
123	realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
124	and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
125	needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
126	destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
		226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
127		230
128	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
129	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
130	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
131		234
132	Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
133	retries: better than mine).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
134		237
135	static void *	238	static void *
136	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
137	{	240	{
138	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
139	{	242	{
140	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	243	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
141		244
…		…
147	}	250	}
148		251
149	...	252	...
150	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
151		254
152	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
153		256
154	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
155	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
156	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
157	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
158	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
159	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
160	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
161		264
162	Example: do the same thing as libev does internally:	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
163		266
164	static void	267	static void
165	fatal_error (const char *msg)	268	fatal_error (const char *msg)
166	{	269	{
167	perror (msg);	270	perror (msg);
…		…
173		276
174	=back	277	=back
175		278
176	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
177		280
178	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
179	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
180	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	I<function>).
181		284
182	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	285	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
183	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you	286	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
184	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	287	not.
185	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
186	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
187	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
188		288
189	=over 4	289	=over 4
190		290
191	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	291	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
192		292
…		…
196	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	296	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
197		297
198	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	298	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
199	function.	299	function.
200		300
		301	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		302	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		303	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		304
		305	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		306	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		307	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		308	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		309	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		310	C<ev_default_init>.
		311
201	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	312	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
202	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	313	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
203		314
204	The following flags are supported:	315	The following flags are supported:
205		316
…		…
210	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	321	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
211	thing, believe me).	322	thing, believe me).
212		323
213	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	324	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
214		325
215	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	326	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
216	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	327	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
217	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	328	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
218	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	329	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
219	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	330	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
220	around bugs.	331	around bugs.
221		332
		333	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		334
		335	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		336	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		337	enabling this flag.
		338
		339	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		340	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		341	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		342	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		343	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
		344	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		345
		346	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		347	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		348	flag.
		349
		350	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		351	environment variable.
		352
222	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	353	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
223		354
224	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	355	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
225	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	356	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
226	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	357	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
227	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	358	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
228	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	359	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		360
		361	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		362	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		363	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		364	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		365	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		366	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		367
		368	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		369	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		370	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
229		371
230	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	372	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
231		373
232	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	374	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
233	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	375	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
234	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	376	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
235	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	377	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		378	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		379	performance tips.
		380
		381	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		382	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
236		383
237	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	384	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
238		385
239	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	386	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
240	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	387	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
241	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	388	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
242	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	389	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		390	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		391	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
		392	support for dup.
243		393
244	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	394	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
245	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	395	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
246	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	396	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
247	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	397	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
248	well if you register events for both fds.	398	very well if you register events for both fds.
249		399
250	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	400	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
251	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	401	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
252	(or space) is available.	402	(or space) is available.
253		403
		404	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		405	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
		406	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		407	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		408	extra overhead.
		409
		410	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		411	all kernel versions tested so far.
		412
		413	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		414	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		415
254	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	416	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
255		417
256	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	418	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was
257	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	419	broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with
258	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	420	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's
259	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	421	completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless
260	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	422	you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or
261	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	423	libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.
		424
		425	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		426	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		427	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
262		428
263	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	429	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
264	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	430	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
265	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	431	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
266	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	432	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
267	incident, so its best to avoid that.	433	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
		434	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		435
		436	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		437
		438	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		439	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		440	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		441	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		442	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,
		443	using it only for sockets.
		444
		445	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		446	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		447	C<NOTE_EOF>.
268		448
269	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	449	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
270		450
271	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	451	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		452	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		453	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		454	immensely.
272		455
273	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	456	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
274		457
275	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	458	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
276	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	459	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
277		460
278	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	461	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
279	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	462	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
280	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	463	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		464
		465	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		466	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		467	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		468	might perform better.
		469
		470	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
		471	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
		472	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		473	OS-specific backends.
		474
		475	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		476	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
281		477
282	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	478	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
283		479
284	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	480	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
285	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	481	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
286	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	482	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
287		483
		484	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		485
288	=back	486	=back
289		487
290	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	488	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
291	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	489	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
292	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	490	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
293	order of their flag values :)
294		491
295	The most typical usage is like this:	492	Example: This is the most typical usage.
296		493
297	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	494	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
298	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	495	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
299		496
300	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	497	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
301	environment settings to be taken into account:	498	environment settings to be taken into account:
302		499
303	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	500	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
304		501
305	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	502	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
306	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	503	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
307	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	504	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		505	fds):
308		506
309	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	507	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
310		508
311	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	509	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
312		510
313	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	511	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
314	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	512	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
315	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	513	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
316	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	514	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
317		515
		516	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		517	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		518	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		519
318	Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	520	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
319		521
320	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	522	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
321	if (!epoller)	523	if (!epoller)
322	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	524	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
323		525
324	=item ev_default_destroy ()	526	=item ev_default_destroy ()
325		527
326	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	528	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
327	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	529	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
328	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	530	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
329	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	531	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
330	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	532	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
331	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	533	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
332	for example).	534	for example).
		535
		536	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		537	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		538	would need to be stopped manually.
		539
		540	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		541	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		542	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		543	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
333		544
334	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	545	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
335		546
336	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	547	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
337	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	548	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
338		549
339	=item ev_default_fork ()	550	=item ev_default_fork ()
340		551
		552	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
341	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	553	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
342	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	554	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
343	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	555	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
344	again makes little sense).	556	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		557	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
345		558
346	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	559	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
347	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	560	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
348	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	561	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
349		562
350	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	563	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
351	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	564	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
352	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	565	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
353		566
354	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	567	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
355		568
356	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
357	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
358	do not need to care.
359
360	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	569	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
361		570
362	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	571	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
363	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	572	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
364	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	573	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
		574	entirely your own problem.
		575
		576	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		577
		578	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		579	otherwise.
		580
		581	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		582
		583	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		584	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		585	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		586
		587	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		588	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		589	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
365		590
366	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	591	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
367		592
368	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	593	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
369	use.	594	use.
…		…
372		597
373	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	598	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
374	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	599	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
375	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	600	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
376	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	601	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
377	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	602	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
		603
		604	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		605
		606	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		607	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		608	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		609
		610	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		611	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		612	the current time is a good idea.
		613
		614	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.
378		615
379	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	616	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
380		617
381	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	618	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
382	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	619	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
385	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	622	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
386	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	623	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
387		624
388	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	625	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
389	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	626	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
390	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	627	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
391	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	628	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
392	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	629	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		630	beauty.
393		631
394	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	632	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
395	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	633	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your
396	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	634	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of
		635	the loop.
397		636
398	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	637	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
399	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	638	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
400	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	639	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
401	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	640	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a
402	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	641	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		642	iteration of the loop.
		643
		644	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		645	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
403	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	646	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
404	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	647	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
405		648
406	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	649	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
407		650
408	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	651	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
409	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	652	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
		653	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
		654	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
410	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	655	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		656	as to not disturb the other process.
411	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	657	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
412	- Update the "event loop time".	658	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
413	- Calculate for how long to block.	659	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		660	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		661	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		662	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
414	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	663	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
415	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	664	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
416	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	665	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
417	- Queue all outstanding timers.	666	- Queue all expired timers.
418	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	667	- Queue all expired periodics.
419	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	668	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
420	- Queue all check watchers.	669	- Queue all check watchers.
421	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	670	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
422	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	671	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
423	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	672	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
424	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	673	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
425	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	674	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		675	continue with step *.
426		676
427	Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	677	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
428	anymore.	678	anymore.
429		679
430	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	680	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
431	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	681	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
432	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	682	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
433	... jobs done. yeah!	683	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
434		684
435	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	685	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
436		686
437	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	687	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
438	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	688	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
439	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	689	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
440	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	690	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
441		691
		692	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
		693
		694	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.
		695
442	=item ev_ref (loop)	696	=item ev_ref (loop)
443		697
444	=item ev_unref (loop)	698	=item ev_unref (loop)
445		699
446	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	700	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
447	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	701	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
448	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	702	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
		703
449	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	704	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
450	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	705	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
		706	stopping it.
		707
451	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	708	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is
452	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	709	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting
453	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	710	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
454	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	711	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
455	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	712	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		713	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		714	respectively).
456		715
457	Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	716	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
458	running when nothing else is active.	717	running when nothing else is active.
459		718
460	struct dv_signal exitsig;	719	ev_signal exitsig;
461	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	720	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
462	ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig);	721	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
463	evf_unref (myloop);	722	evf_unref (loop);
464		723
465	Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	724	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
466		725
467	ev_ref (myloop);	726	ev_ref (loop);
468	ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig);	727	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		728
		729	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		730
		731	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		732
		733	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		734	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
		735	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		736	latency.
		737
		738	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		739	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
		740	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		741	opportunities).
		742
		743	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
		744	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
		745	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		746	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		747	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		748
		749	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		750	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		751	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		752	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		753	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		754
		755	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		756	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		757	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
		758	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
		759	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
		760
		761	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		762	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		763	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		764	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		765	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		766
		767	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		768	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		769	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		770	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		771	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		772	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		773
		774	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		775
		776	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		777	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		778	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		779	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		780	error and call C<abort ()>.
		781
		782	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		783	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		784	data structures consistent.
469		785
470	=back	786	=back
471		787
472		788
473	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	789	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
		790
		791	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		792	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		793	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
474		794
475	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	795	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
476	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	796	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
477	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	797	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
478		798
479	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	799	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
480	{	800	{
481	ev_io_stop (w);	801	ev_io_stop (w);
482	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	802	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
483	}	803	}
484		804
485	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	805	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		806
486	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	807	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		808
487	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	809	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
488	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	810	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
489	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	811	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		812
490	ev_loop (loop, 0);	813	ev_loop (loop, 0);
491		814
492	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	815	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
493	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	816	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
494	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	817	stack).
		818
		819	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		820	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
495		821
496	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	822	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
497	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	823	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
498	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	824	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
499	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	825	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
500	is readable and/or writable).	826	is readable and/or writable).
501		827
502	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	828	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
503	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	829	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
504	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	830	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
505	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	831	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
506		832
507	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	833	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
508	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	834	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
509	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	835	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
510	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	836	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
511		837
512	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	838	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
513	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	839	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
514	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	840	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
515		841
516	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	842	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
517	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	843	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
518	third argument.	844	third argument.
519		845
…		…
573	=item C<EV_FORK>	899	=item C<EV_FORK>
574		900
575	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	901	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
576	C<ev_fork>).	902	C<ev_fork>).
577		903
		904	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		905
		906	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		907
578	=item C<EV_ERROR>	908	=item C<EV_ERROR>
579		909
580	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	910	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
581	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	911	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
582	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	912	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		913	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		914
583	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	915	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
584	with the watcher being stopped.	916	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		917	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		918	bug in your program.
585		919
586	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	920	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
587	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	921	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
588	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	922	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
589	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	923	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
590	programs, though, so beware.	924	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		925	thing, so beware.
591		926
592	=back	927	=back
593		928
594	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	929	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
595
596	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
597	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
598		930
599	=over 4	931	=over 4
600		932
601	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	933	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
602		934
…		…
608	which rolls both calls into one.	940	which rolls both calls into one.
609		941
610	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	942	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
611	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	943	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
612		944
613	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	945	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
614	int revents)>.	946	int revents)>.
		947
		948	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		949
		950	ev_io w;
		951	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		952	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
615		953
616	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	954	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
617		955
618	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	956	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
619	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	957	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
…		…
622	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	960	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
623		961
624	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	962	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
625	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	963	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
626		964
		965	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		966
627	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	967	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
628		968
629	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	969	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
630	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	970	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
631	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	971	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		972
		973	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		974
		975	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
632		976
633	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	977	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
634		978
635	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	979	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
636	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	980	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
637		981
		982	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		983	whole section.
		984
		985	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		986
638	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	987	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
639		988
640	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	989	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		990	the watcher was active or not).
		991
641	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	992	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
642	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	993	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
643	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	994	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
644	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	995	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
645	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	996	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
646		997
647	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	998	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
648		999
649	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1000	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
650	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1001	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
653	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1004	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
654		1005
655	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	1006	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
656	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	1007	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
657	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	1008	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
658	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	1009	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
659	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	1010	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		1011	it).
660		1012
661	=item callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1013	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
662		1014
663	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1015	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
664		1016
665	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1017	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
666		1018
667	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1019	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
668	(modulo threads).	1020	(modulo threads).
669		1021
		1022	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		1023
		1024	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1025
		1026	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		1027	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		1028	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		1029	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		1030	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		1031
		1032	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		1033	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		1034	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		1035	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		1036
		1037	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		1038	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		1039
		1040	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		1041	pending.
		1042
		1043	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1044	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1045
		1046	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1047	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1048	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1049
		1050	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1051
		1052	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		1053	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		1054	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1055	callback.
		1056
		1057	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1058
		1059	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
		1060	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		1061	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
		1062
		1063	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1064	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1065
670	=back	1066	=back
671		1067
672		1068
673	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1069	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
674		1070
675	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1071	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
676	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1072	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
677	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1073	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
678	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1074	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
679	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1075	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
680	data:	1076	data:
681		1077
682	struct my_io	1078	struct my_io
683	{	1079	{
684	struct ev_io io;	1080	ev_io io;
685	int otherfd;	1081	int otherfd;
686	void *somedata;	1082	void *somedata;
687	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1083	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
688	}	1084	};
		1085
		1086	...
		1087	struct my_io w;
		1088	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
689		1089
690	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1090	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
691	can cast it back to your own type:	1091	can cast it back to your own type:
692		1092
693	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1093	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
694	{	1094	{
695	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1095	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
696	...	1096	...
697	}	1097	}
698		1098
699	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type	1099	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
700	have been omitted....	1100	instead have been omitted.
		1101
		1102	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		1103	embedded watchers:
		1104
		1105	struct my_biggy
		1106	{
		1107	int some_data;
		1108	ev_timer t1;
		1109	ev_timer t2;
		1110	}
		1111
		1112	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		1113	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1114	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1115	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1116	programmers):
		1117
		1118	#include <stddef.h>
		1119
		1120	static void
		1121	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1122	{
		1123	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		1124	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		1125	}
		1126
		1127	static void
		1128	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1129	{
		1130	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		1131	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		1132	}
701		1133
702		1134
703	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1135	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
704		1136
705	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1137	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
729	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1161	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
730	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1162	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
731	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1163	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
732	required if you know what you are doing).	1164	required if you know what you are doing).
733		1165
734	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends	1166	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
735	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file	1167	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
736	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing	1168	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
737	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
738	the same underlying "file open").
739
740	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
741	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
742	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
743		1169
744	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1170	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
745	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1171	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
746	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1172	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
747	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1173	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
748	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1174	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
749	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1175	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
750	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1176	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
751	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1177	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
752		1178
753	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1179	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
754	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1180	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
755	wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1181	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
756	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1182	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
757	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1183	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1184	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1185	indefinitely.
		1186
		1187	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
		1188
		1189	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1190
		1191	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1192	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
		1193	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1194	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1195	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1196	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1197	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1198
		1199	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1200	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1201	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1202	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1203	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1204	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1205
		1206	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1207	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1208	optimisations to libev.
		1209
		1210	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1211
		1212	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1213	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1214	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1215	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1216
		1217	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1218	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1219	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1220
		1221	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1222
		1223	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1224	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1225	it in the child.
		1226
		1227	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1228	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1229	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1230	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1231
		1232	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1233
		1234	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1235	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1236	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1237	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1238
		1239	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1240	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1241	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1242
		1243
		1244	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
758		1245
759	=over 4	1246	=over 4
760		1247
761	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1248	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
762		1249
763	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1250	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
764		1251
765	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1252	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
766	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1253	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
767	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1254	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
768		1255
769	=item int fd [read-only]	1256	=item int fd [read-only]
770		1257
771	The file descriptor being watched.	1258	The file descriptor being watched.
772		1259
…		…
774		1261
775	The events being watched.	1262	The events being watched.
776		1263
777	=back	1264	=back
778		1265
		1266	=head3 Examples
		1267
779	Example: call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1268	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
780	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1269	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
781	attempt to read a whole line in the callback:	1270	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
782		1271
783	static void	1272	static void
784	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1273	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
785	{	1274	{
786	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1275	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
787	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1276	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
788	}	1277	}
789		1278
790	...	1279	...
791	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1280	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
792	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1281	ev_io stdin_readable;
793	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1282	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
794	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1283	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
795	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1284	ev_loop (loop, 0);
796		1285
797		1286
798	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1287	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
799		1288
800	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1289	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
801	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1290	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
802		1291
803	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1292	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
804	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1293	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
805	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1294	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
806	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1295	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
807	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1296	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1297
		1298	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1299	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration
		1300	then order of execution is undefined.
		1301
		1302	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1303
		1304	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1305	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1306	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1307
		1308	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1309	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1310
		1311	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1312	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1313	data or other life sign was received).
		1314
		1315	=over 4
		1316
		1317	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1318
		1319	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1320	start the watcher:
		1321
		1322	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1323	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1324
		1325	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1326	and start it again:
		1327
		1328	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1329	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1330	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1331
		1332	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1333	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1334	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1335	still not a constant-time operation.
		1336
		1337	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1338
		1339	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1340	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1341
		1342	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1343	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1344	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1345	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1346	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1347
		1348	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1349	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1350	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1351
		1352	At start:
		1353
		1354	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1355	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1356	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1357
		1358	Each time there is some activity:
		1359
		1360	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1361
		1362	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1363	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1364
		1365	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1366	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1367
		1368	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1369	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1370	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1371
		1372	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1373
		1374	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1375
		1376	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1377	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1378	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1379	associated activity resets.
		1380
		1381	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1382	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1383	within the callback:
		1384
		1385	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1386
		1387	static void
		1388	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1389	{
		1390	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1391	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1392
		1393	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1394	if (timeout < now)
		1395	{
		1396	// timeout occured, take action
		1397	}
		1398	else
		1399	{
		1400	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1401	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1402	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1403	w->again = timeout - now;
		1404	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1405	}
		1406	}
		1407
		1408	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1409	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1410	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1411	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1412	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1413	a timeout then.
		1414
		1415	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1416	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1417
		1418	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1419	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1420	libev to change the timeout.
		1421
		1422	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1423	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1424	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1425
		1426	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1427	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1428	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1429
		1430	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1431	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1432
		1433	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1434
		1435	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1436	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1437
		1438	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1439	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1440	fix things for you.
		1441
		1442	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1443
		1444	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1445	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1446	do even better:
		1447
		1448	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1449	at the I<end> of the list.
		1450
		1451	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1452	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1453
		1454	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1455	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1456	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1457
		1458	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1459	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1460	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1461	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1462
		1463	=back
		1464
		1465	So which method the best?
		1466
		1467	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1468	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1469	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1470	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1471
		1472	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1473	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1474	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1475	overkill :)
		1476
		1477	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1478
		1479	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1480	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1481	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
		1482	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1483	lots of events in one iteration.
808		1484
809	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1485	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
810	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1486	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
811	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1487	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
812	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1488	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
813	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1489	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
814		1490
815	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1491	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
816		1492
817	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1493	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
818	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1494	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
819	order of execution is undefined.	1495	()>.
		1496
		1497	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
820		1498
821	=over 4	1499	=over 4
822		1500
823	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1501	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
824		1502
825	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1503	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
826		1504
827	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1505	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
828	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1506	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
829	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1507	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
830	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1508	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1509	until stopped manually.
831		1510
832	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1511	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
833	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1512	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
834	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1513	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
835	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1514	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
836	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1515	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
837		1516
838	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1517	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
839		1518
840	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1519	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
841	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1520	repeating. The exact semantics are:
842		1521
		1522	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		1523
843	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	1524	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
844		1525
845	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1526	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
846	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1527	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
847		1528
848	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1529	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a
849	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called	1530	usage example.
850	idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been,
851	say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do
852	this is to configure an C<ev_timer> with C<after>=C<repeat>=C<60> and calling
853	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
854	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
855	socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if
856	need be.
857
858	You can also ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> altogether
859	and only ever use the C<repeat> value:
860
861	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
862	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
863	...
864	timer->again = 17.;
865	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
866	...
867	timer->again = 10.;
868	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
869
870	This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want
871	to modify its timeout value.
872		1531
873	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1532	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
874		1533
875	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1534	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
876	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1535	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
877	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1536	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
878		1537
879	=back	1538	=back
880		1539
		1540	=head3 Examples
		1541
881	Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1542	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
882		1543
883	static void	1544	static void
884	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1545	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
885	{	1546	{
886	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1547	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
887	}	1548	}
888		1549
889	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1550	ev_timer mytimer;
890	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1551	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
891	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1552	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
892		1553
893	Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1554	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
894	inactivity.	1555	inactivity.
895		1556
896	static void	1557	static void
897	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1558	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
898	{	1559	{
899	.. ten seconds without any activity	1560	.. ten seconds without any activity
900	}	1561	}
901		1562
902	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1563	ev_timer mytimer;
903	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1564	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
904	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1565	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
905	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1566	ev_loop (loop, 0);
906		1567
907	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1568	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
908	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1569	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
909	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1570	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
910		1571
911		1572
912	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1573	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
913		1574
914	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1575	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
915	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1576	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
916		1577
917	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1578	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
918	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1579	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
919	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1580	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
920	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1581	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
921	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1582	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1583	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
922	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1584	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
923	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1585	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
924	again).
925		1586
926	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1587	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
927	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1588	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
		1589	complicated rules.
928		1590
929	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1591	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
930	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1592	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
931	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1593	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.
		1594
		1595	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
932		1596
933	=over 4	1597	=over 4
934		1598
935	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1599	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
936		1600
937	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1601	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
938		1602
939	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1603	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
940	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1604	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
941		1605
942	=over 4	1606	=over 4
943		1607
944	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1608	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
945		1609
946	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1610	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
947	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1611	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time
948	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1612	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
949	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1613	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.
950		1614
951	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1615	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
952		1616
953	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1617	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
954	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1618	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
955	of any time jumps.	1619	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
956		1620
957	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1621	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
958	time:	1622	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		1623	hour, on the hour:
959		1624
960	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1625	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
961		1626
962	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1627	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
963	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1628	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
964	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1629	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
965	by 3600.	1630	by 3600.
966		1631
967	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1632	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
968	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1633	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
969	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1634	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
970		1635
		1636	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1637	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1638	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1639
		1640	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1641	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1642	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1643	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1644
971	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1645	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
972		1646
973	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1647	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
974	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1648	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
975	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1649	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
976	current time as second argument.	1650	current time as second argument.
977		1651
978	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1652	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
979	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1653	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
980	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
981	starting a prepare watcher).
982		1654
		1655	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1656	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1657	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1658
983	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1659	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
984	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1660	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
985		1661
		1662	static ev_tstamp
986	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1663	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
987	{	1664	{
988	return now + 60.;	1665	return now + 60.;
989	}	1666	}
990		1667
991	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1668	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
992	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1669	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
993	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1670	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
994	might be called at other times, too.	1671	might be called at other times, too.
995		1672
996	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1673	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
997	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1674	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
998		1675
999	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1676	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1000	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1677	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1001	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1678	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1002	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1679	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1003	reason I omitted it as an example).	1680	reason I omitted it as an example).
1004		1681
1005	=back	1682	=back
…		…
1009	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1686	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1010	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1687	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1011	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1688	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1012	program when the crontabs have changed).	1689	program when the crontabs have changed).
1013		1690
		1691	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1692
		1693	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1694	trigger next.
		1695
		1696	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1697
		1698	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1699	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1700
		1701	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1702	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1703
1014	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1704	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1015		1705
1016	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1706	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1017	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1707	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1018	called.	1708	called.
1019		1709
1020	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1710	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1021		1711
1022	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1712	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1023	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1713	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1024	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1714	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1025		1715
1026	=back	1716	=back
1027		1717
		1718	=head3 Examples
		1719
1028	Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1720	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1029	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1721	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1030	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1722	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1031		1723
1032	static void	1724	static void
1033	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1725	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1034	{	1726	{
1035	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1727	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1036	}	1728	}
1037		1729
1038	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1730	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1039	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1731	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1040	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1732	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1041		1733
1042	Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1734	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1043		1735
1044	#include <math.h>	1736	#include <math.h>
1045		1737
1046	static ev_tstamp	1738	static ev_tstamp
1047	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1739	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1048	{	1740	{
1049	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1741	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1050	}	1742	}
1051		1743
1052	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1744	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1053		1745
1054	Example: call a callback every hour, starting now:	1746	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1055		1747
1056	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1748	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1057	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1749	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1058	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1750	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1059	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1751	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1060		1752
1061		1753
1062	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1754	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1063		1755
1064	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1756	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1065	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1757	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1066	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1758	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1067	normal event processing, like any other event.	1759	normal event processing, like any other event.
1068		1760
		1761	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would
		1762	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use
		1763	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.
		1764
1069	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1765	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
1070	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1766	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler
1071	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1767	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1072	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1768	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when
1073	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1769	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1074	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1770	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
		1771
		1772	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1773	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1774	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1775	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1776	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1777
		1778	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1075		1779
1076	=over 4	1780	=over 4
1077		1781
1078	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1782	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1079		1783
…		…
1086		1790
1087	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1791	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1088		1792
1089	=back	1793	=back
1090		1794
		1795	=head3 Examples
		1796
		1797	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
		1798
		1799	static void
		1800	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1801	{
		1802	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1803	}
		1804
		1805	ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1806	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1807	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
		1808
1091		1809
1092	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1810	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1093		1811
1094	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1812	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1095	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1813	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
		1814	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
		1815	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
		1816	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		1817	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		1818	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is
		1819	not.
		1820
		1821	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1822	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		1823
		1824	=head3 Process Interaction
		1825
		1826	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1827	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1828	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		1829	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1830	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1831	children, even ones not watched.
		1832
		1833	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1834
		1835	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1836	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1837	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1838	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1839	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1840	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1841	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1842
		1843	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		1844
		1845	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		1846	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		1847	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		1848	when a child exit is detected.
		1849
		1850	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1096		1851
1097	=over 4	1852	=over 4
1098		1853
1099	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1854	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1100		1855
1101	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1856	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1102		1857
1103	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1858	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1104	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1859	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1105	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1860	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1106	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1861	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1107	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1862	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1108	process causing the status change.	1863	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1864	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1865	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1109		1866
1110	=item int pid [read-only]	1867	=item int pid [read-only]
1111		1868
1112	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1869	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1113		1870
…		…
1120	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1877	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1121	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1878	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1122		1879
1123	=back	1880	=back
1124		1881
1125	Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1882	=head3 Examples
1126		1883
		1884	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1885	its completion.
		1886
		1887	ev_child cw;
		1888
1127	static void	1889	static void
1128	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1890	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1129	{	1891	{
1130	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1892	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1893	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1131	}	1894	}
1132		1895
1133	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1896	pid_t pid = fork ();
1134	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1897
1135	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1898	if (pid < 0)
		1899	// error
		1900	else if (pid == 0)
		1901	{
		1902	// the forked child executes here
		1903	exit (1);
		1904	}
		1905	else
		1906	{
		1907	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1908	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1909	}
1136		1910
1137		1911
1138	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1912	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1139		1913
1140	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1914	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1141	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1915	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1142	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1916	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1143		1917
1144	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1918	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1145	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1919	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
1146	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	1920	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
1147	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	1921	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
1148	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	1922	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
1149		1923
1150	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	1924	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
1151	calls C<stat (2)> regulalry on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	1925	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
1152	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	1926
1153	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	1927	Since there is no standard kernel interface to do this, the portable
1154	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	1928	implementation simply calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if
1155	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	1929	it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling interval for
1156	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	1930	this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!)
1157	usually overkill.	1931	then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used (which
		1932	you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might change
		1933	dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is currently
		1934	around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.
1158		1935
1159	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	1936	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1160	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1937	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1161	resource-intensive.	1938	resource-intensive.
1162		1939
1163	At the time of this writing, no specific OS backends are implemented, but	1940	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1164	if demand increases, at least a kqueue and inotify backend will be added.	1941	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as
		1942	an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way
		1943	of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).
		1944
		1945	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1946
		1947	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1948	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		1949	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1950	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1951	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1952	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1953	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1954	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.
		1955
		1956	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1957	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1958	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1959	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1960	default compilation environment.
		1961
		1962	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		1963
		1964	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally
		1965	only available with Linux 2.6.25 or above due to bugs in earlier
		1966	implementations) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1967	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created
		1968	lazily when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1969
		1970	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1971	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1972	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		1973	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		1974	but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.
		1975
		1976	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1977	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1978	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		1979	etc. is difficult.
		1980
		1981	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1982
		1983	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1984	even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems still
		1985	only support whole seconds.
		1986
		1987	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		1988	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		1989	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		1990	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		1991	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
		1992
		1993	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		1994	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		1995	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		1996	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		1997
		1998	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1999	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		2000	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		2001	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		2002	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		2003	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		2004	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		2005	the timer callback).
		2006
		2007	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1165		2008
1166	=over 4	2009	=over 4
1167		2010
1168	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	2011	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1169		2012
…		…
1173	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2016	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1174	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2017	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1175	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2018	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1176	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2019	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1177		2020
1178	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	2021	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1179	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	2022	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1180	last change was detected).	2023	last change was detected).
1181		2024
1182	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	2025	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1183		2026
1184	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2027	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1185	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	2028	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1186	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	2029	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1187	useful simply to find out the new values.	2030	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		2031	new values.
1188		2032
1189	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	2033	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1190		2034
1191	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	2035	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1192	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	2036	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1193	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	2037	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		2038	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1194	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	2039	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1195		2040
1196	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	2041	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1197		2042
1198	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	2043	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1199	C<prev> != C<attr>.	2044	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		2045	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		2046	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1200		2047
1201	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	2048	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1202		2049
1203	The specified interval.	2050	The specified interval.
1204		2051
1205	=item const char *path [read-only]	2052	=item const char *path [read-only]
1206		2053
1207	The filesystem path that is being watched.	2054	The file system path that is being watched.
1208		2055
1209	=back	2056	=back
1210		2057
		2058	=head3 Examples
		2059
1211	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2060	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1212		2061
1213	static void	2062	static void
1214	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2063	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1215	{	2064	{
1216	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2065	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1217	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2066	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1218	{	2067	{
1219	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2068	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1220	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2069	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1221	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2070	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1222	}	2071	}
1223	else	2072	else
1224	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2073	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1225	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2074	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1226	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2075	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1227	}	2076	}
1228		2077
1229	...	2078	...
1230	ev_stat passwd;	2079	ev_stat passwd;
1231		2080
1232	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	2081	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1233	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2082	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		2083
		2084	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		2085	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		2086	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		2087	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		2088
		2089	static ev_stat passwd;
		2090	static ev_timer timer;
		2091
		2092	static void
		2093	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2094	{
		2095	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2096
		2097	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		2098	}
		2099
		2100	static void
		2101	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		2102	{
		2103	/* reset the one-second timer */
		2104	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		2105	}
		2106
		2107	...
		2108	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		2109	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		2110	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1234		2111
1235		2112
1236	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2113	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1237		2114
1238	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	2115	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1239	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	2116	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1240	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	2117	as receiving "events").
1241	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	2118
1242	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	2119	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		2120	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		2121	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		2122	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1243	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	2123	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1244	busy.	2124	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
1245		2125
1246	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	2126	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1247	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	2127	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
1248		2128
1249	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2129	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1250	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2130	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1251	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2131	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1252	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2132	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1253		2133
		2134	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2135
1254	=over 4	2136	=over 4
1255		2137
1256	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2138	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1257		2139
1258	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2140	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1259	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2141	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1260	believe me.	2142	believe me.
1261		2143
1262	=back	2144	=back
1263		2145
		2146	=head3 Examples
		2147
1264	Example: dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle>, start it, and in the	2148	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1265	callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual.	2149	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1266		2150
1267	static void	2151	static void
1268	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2152	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1269	{	2153	{
1270	free (w);	2154	free (w);
1271	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2155	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1272	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	2156	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1273	}	2157	}
1274		2158
1275	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2159	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1276	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2160	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1277	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2161	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1278		2162
1279		2163
1280	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2164	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1281		2165
1282	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2166	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1283	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2167	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1284	afterwards.	2168	afterwards.
1285		2169
1286	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2170	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
1287	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2171	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
1290	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2174	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1291	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2175	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1292	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2176	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1293		2177
1294	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2178	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1295	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2179	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1296	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2180	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1297	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2181	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1298	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2182	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1299	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2183	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1300	watcher).	2184	watcher).
1301		2185
1302	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2186	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1303	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2187	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1304	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2188	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1305	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2189	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1306	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2190	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1307	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2191	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1308	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2192	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1309	because you never know, you know?).	2193	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1310		2194
1311	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2195	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1312	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2196	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1313	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2197	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1314	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2198	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
1315	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	2199	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1316	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	2200	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1317	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2201	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1318	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2202	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1319		2203
		2204	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		2205	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2206	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2207
		2208	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
		2209	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
		2210	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
		2211	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
		2212	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		2213	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		2214	others).
		2215
		2216	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2217
1320	=over 4	2218	=over 4
1321		2219
1322	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	2220	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1323		2221
1324	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2222	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1325		2223
1326	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2224	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1327	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2225	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1328	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2226	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2227	pointless.
1329		2228
1330	=back	2229	=back
1331		2230
1332	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	2231	=head3 Examples
1333	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	2232
		2233	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		2234	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		2235	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		2236	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
		2237	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
		2238	Glib event loop).
		2239
		2240	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1334	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	2241	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1335	pseudo-code only of course:	2242	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		2243	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		2244	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1336		2245
1337	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2246	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1338	static ev_timer tw;	2247	static ev_timer tw;
1339		2248
1340	static void	2249	static void
1341	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2250	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1342	{	2251	{
1343	// set the relevant poll flags
1344	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1345	struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w->data;
1346	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1347	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1348	}	2252	}
1349		2253
1350	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2254	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1351	static void	2255	static void
1352	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2256	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1353	{	2257	{
1354	int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd];	2258	int timeout = 3600000;
		2259	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1355	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2260	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1356	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2261	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1357		2262
1358	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2263	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1359	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2264	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1360	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2265	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1361		2266
1362	// create on ev_io per pollfd	2267	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1363	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2268	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1364	{	2269	{
1365	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2270	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1366	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2271	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1367	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2272	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1368		2273
1369	fds [i].revents = 0;	2274	fds [i].revents = 0;
1370	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1371	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2275	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1372	}	2276	}
1373	}	2277	}
1374		2278
1375	// stop all watchers after blocking	2279	// stop all watchers after blocking
1376	static void	2280	static void
1377	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2281	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1378	{	2282	{
1379	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2283	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1380		2284
1381	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2285	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		2286	{
		2287	// set the relevant poll flags
		2288	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		2289	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		2290	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		2291	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		2292	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		2293
		2294	// now stop the watcher
1382	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2295	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		2296	}
1383		2297
1384	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2298	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1385	}	2299	}
		2300
		2301	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		2302	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		2303
		2304	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		2305	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		2306	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		2307
		2308	static void
		2309	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2310	{
		2311	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2312	update_now (EV_A);
		2313
		2314	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		2315	}
		2316
		2317	static void
		2318	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		2319	{
		2320	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2321	update_now (EV_A);
		2322
		2323	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2324	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2325	}
		2326
		2327	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		2328
		2329	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		2330	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
		2331	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
		2332	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
		2333	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2334	libglib event loop.
		2335
		2336	static gint
		2337	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		2338	{
		2339	int got_events = 0;
		2340
		2341	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2342	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		2343
		2344	if (timeout >= 0)
		2345	// create/start timer
		2346
		2347	// poll
		2348	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2349
		2350	// stop timer again
		2351	if (timeout >= 0)
		2352	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		2353
		2354	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		2355	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2356	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		2357
		2358	return got_events;
		2359	}
1386		2360
1387		2361
1388	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2362	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1389		2363
1390	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2364	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1396	prioritise I/O.	2370	prioritise I/O.
1397		2371
1398	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2372	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1399	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2373	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1400	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2374	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1401	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2375	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1402	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2376	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
1403	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2377	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
1404	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2378	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2379	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
1405		2380
1406	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2381	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
1407	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2382	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
1408	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2383	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
1409	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2384	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
1410	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2385	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
1411		2386
1412	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2387	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
1413	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2388	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
1414	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2389	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke
1415	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2390	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
…		…
1423	interested in that.	2398	interested in that.
1424		2399
1425	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2400	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
1426	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2401	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,
1427	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2402	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers
1428	yourself.	2403	yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,
		2404	and future versions of libev might do just that.
1429		2405
1430	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2406	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
1431	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2407	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
1432	portable one.	2408	portable one.
1433		2409
1434	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2410	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1435	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2411	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1436	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2412	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1437	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2413	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1438		2414
1439	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2415	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
1440	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1441	struct ev_embed embed;
1442
1443	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1444	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1445	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1446	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1447	: 0;
1448		2416
1449	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2417	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
1450	if (loop_lo)	2418	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
1451	{	2419	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
1452	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2420	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
1453	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2421	as applicable.
1454	}	2422
1455	else	2423	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1456	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1457		2424
1458	=over 4	2425	=over 4
1459		2426
1460	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2427	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1461		2428
…		…
1463		2430
1464	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2431	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1465	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2432	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1466	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2433	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1467	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2434	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1468	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2435	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1469		2436
1470	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2437	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1471		2438
1472	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2439	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1473	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2440	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1474	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2441	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1475		2442
1476	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	2443	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1477		2444
1478	The embedded event loop.	2445	The embedded event loop.
1479		2446
1480	=back	2447	=back
		2448
		2449	=head3 Examples
		2450
		2451	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2452	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2453	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		2454	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		2455	used).
		2456
		2457	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		2458	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		2459	ev_embed embed;
		2460
		2461	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		2462	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		2463	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		2464	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		2465	: 0;
		2466
		2467	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		2468	if (loop_lo)
		2469	{
		2470	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		2471	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		2472	}
		2473	else
		2474	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		2475
		2476	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2477	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2478	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2479	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		2480
		2481	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2482	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2483	ev_embed embed;
		2484
		2485	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2486	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2487	{
		2488	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2489	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2490	}
		2491
		2492	if (!loop_socket)
		2493	loop_socket = loop;
		2494
		2495	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1481		2496
1482		2497
1483	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2498	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1484		2499
1485	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2500	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1488	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2503	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1489	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2504	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1490	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2505	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1491	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2506	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1492		2507
		2508	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2509
1493	=over 4	2510	=over 4
1494		2511
1495	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2512	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1496		2513
1497	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	2514	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
…		…
1499	believe me.	2516	believe me.
1500		2517
1501	=back	2518	=back
1502		2519
1503		2520
		2521	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2522
		2523	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2524	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2525	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2526
		2527	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2528	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2529	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2530	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2531	safe.
		2532
		2533	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2534	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2535	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2536	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2537
		2538	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2539	just the default loop.
		2540
		2541	=head3 Queueing
		2542
		2543	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2544	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2545	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2546	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2547
		2548	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2549	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
		2550	queue:
		2551
		2552	=over 4
		2553
		2554	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2555
		2556	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2557	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
		2558	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2559
		2560	static ev_async mysig;
		2561
		2562	static void
		2563	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2564	{
		2565	sometype data;
		2566
		2567	// no locking etc.
		2568	queue_put (data);
		2569	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2570	}
		2571
		2572	static void
		2573	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2574	{
		2575	sometype data;
		2576	sigset_t block, prev;
		2577
		2578	sigemptyset (&block);
		2579	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2580	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2581
		2582	while (queue_get (&data))
		2583	process (data);
		2584
		2585	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2586	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2587	}
		2588
		2589	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2590	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2591	either...).
		2592
		2593	=item queueing from a thread context
		2594
		2595	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2596	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2597	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2598
		2599	static ev_async mysig;
		2600	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2601
		2602	static void
		2603	otherthread (void)
		2604	{
		2605	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2606	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2607	queue_put (data);
		2608	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2609
		2610	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2611	}
		2612
		2613	static void
		2614	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2615	{
		2616	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2617
		2618	while (queue_get (&data))
		2619	process (data);
		2620
		2621	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2622	}
		2623
		2624	=back
		2625
		2626
		2627	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2628
		2629	=over 4
		2630
		2631	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2632
		2633	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2634	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2635	trust me.
		2636
		2637	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2638
		2639	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2640	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2641	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
		2642	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2643	section below on what exactly this means).
		2644
		2645	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
		2646	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2647	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2648
		2649	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2650
		2651	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2652	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2653	event loop.
		2654
		2655	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2656	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2657	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2658	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2659
		2660	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2661	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
		2662
		2663	=back
		2664
		2665
1504	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2666	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
1505		2667
1506	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	2668	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
1507		2669
1508	=over 4	2670	=over 4
1509		2671
1510	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	2672	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
1511		2673
1512	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	2674	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
1513	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	2675	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
1514	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	2676	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
1515	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2677	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1516	more watchers yourself.	2678	more watchers yourself.
1517		2679
1518	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2680	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
1519	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2681	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
1520	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2682	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
1521		2683
1522	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2684	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1523	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2685	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1524	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2686	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
1525	dubious value.
1526		2687
1527	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2688	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
1528	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2689	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1529	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2690	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
1530	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2691	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		2692	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		2693	events precedence.
1531		2694
		2695	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		2696
1532	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2697	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1533	{	2698	{
1534	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1535	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1536	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2699	if (revents & EV_READ)
1537	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2700	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		2701	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
		2702	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1538	}	2703	}
1539		2704
1540	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2705	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1541		2706
1542	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2707	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1543		2708
1544	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2709	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1545	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2710	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
1546	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	2711	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
1547		2712
1548	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	2713	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
1549		2714
1550	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2715	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1551	the given events it.	2716	the given events it.
1552		2717
1553	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2718	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
1554		2719
1555	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2720	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1556	loop!).	2721	loop!).
1557		2722
1558	=back	2723	=back
1559		2724
1560		2725
…		…
1576		2741
1577	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2742	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1578	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2743	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1579	is an ev_pri field.	2744	is an ev_pri field.
1580		2745
		2746	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2747	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2748
1581	=item * Other members are not supported.	2749	=item * Other members are not supported.
1582		2750
1583	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2751	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1584	to use the libev header file and library.	2752	to use the libev header file and library.
1585		2753
1586	=back	2754	=back
1587		2755
1588	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2756	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1589		2757
1590	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2758	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1591	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2759	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1592	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2760	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1593		2761
1594	To use it,	2762	To use it,
1595		2763
1596	#include <ev++.h>	2764	#include <ev++.h>
1597		2765
1598	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	2766	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1599	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	2767	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1600	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	2768	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		2769	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1601		2770
1602	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	2771	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1603	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2772	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		2773	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		2774	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		2775
		2776	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		2777	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		2778	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		2779	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		2780	it).
1604		2781
1605	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	2782	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1606		2783
1607	=over 4	2784	=over 4
1608		2785
…		…
1624		2801
1625	All of those classes have these methods:	2802	All of those classes have these methods:
1626		2803
1627	=over 4	2804	=over 4
1628		2805
1629	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)	2806	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1630		2807
1631	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)	2808	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
1632		2809
1633	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	2810	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1634		2811
1635	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	2812	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1636	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	2813	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1637	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	2814
1638	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	2815	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1639	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	2816	C<set> method before starting it.
		2817
		2818	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		2819	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		2820
		2821	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		2822	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1640		2823
1641	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	2824	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		2825
		2826	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		2827
		2828	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		2829	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		2830	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		2831	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		2832
		2833	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		2834	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		2835	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		2836	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		2837	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		2838
		2839	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		2840
		2841	struct myclass
		2842	{
		2843	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2844	}
		2845
		2846	myclass obj;
		2847	ev::io iow;
		2848	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2849
		2850	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		2851
		2852	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		2853	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		2854	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2855
		2856	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2857
		2858	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2859
		2860	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
		2861
		2862	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2863	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1642		2864
1643	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2865	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1644		2866
1645	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2867	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1646	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2868	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1647		2869
1648	=item w->set ([args])	2870	=item w->set ([arguments])
1649		2871
1650	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2872	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
1651	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2873	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1652	automatically stopped and restarted.	2874	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2875	method.
1653		2876
1654	=item w->start ()	2877	=item w->start ()
1655		2878
1656	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	2879	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1657	constructor already takes the loop.	2880	constructor already stores the event loop.
1658		2881
1659	=item w->stop ()	2882	=item w->stop ()
1660		2883
1661	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2884	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1662		2885
1663	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2886	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1664		2887
1665	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2888	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1666	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2889	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1667		2890
1668	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2891	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1669		2892
1670	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2893	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1671		2894
1672	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2895	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1673		2896
1674	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2897	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1675		2898
1676	=back	2899	=back
1677		2900
1678	=back	2901	=back
1679		2902
1680	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2903	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1681	the constructor.	2904	the constructor.
1682		2905
1683	class myclass	2906	class myclass
1684	{	2907	{
1685	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2908	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1686	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2909	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1687		2910
1688	myclass ();	2911	myclass (int fd)
1689	}	2912	{
		2913	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2914	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
1690		2915
1691	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1692	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1693	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1694	{
1695	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2916	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2917	}
1696	}	2918	};
		2919
		2920
		2921	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2922
		2923	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2924	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2925	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2926	me a note.
		2927
		2928	=over 4
		2929
		2930	=item Perl
		2931
		2932	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2933	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2934	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2935	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
		2936	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		2937	and C<EV::Glib>).
		2938
		2939	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		2940	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2941
		2942	=item Python
		2943
		2944	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2945	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2946	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2947	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2948	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2949	libev).
		2950
		2951	=item Ruby
		2952
		2953	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2954	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2955	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2956	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2957
		2958	=item D
		2959
		2960	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2961	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		2962
		2963	=item Ocaml
		2964
		2965	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		2966	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		2967
		2968	=back
1697		2969
1698		2970
1699	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2971	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1700		2972
1701	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2973	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
1702	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and	2974	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1703	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2975	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1704		2976
1705	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2977	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1706	following macros are defined:	2978	following macros are defined:
1707		2979
1708	=over 4	2980	=over 4
…		…
1711		2983
1712	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2984	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1713	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2985	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1714	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2986	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1715		2987
1716	ev_unref (EV_A);	2988	ev_unref (EV_A);
1717	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2989	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1718	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2990	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1719		2991
1720	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2992	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
1721	which is often provided by the following macro.	2993	which is often provided by the following macro.
1722		2994
1723	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2995	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
1724		2996
1725	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2997	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1726	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2998	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1727	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2999	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1728		3000
1729	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3001	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
1730	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3002	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1731		3003
1732	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3004	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
1733	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3005	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1734		3006
1735	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3007	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
1736	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3008	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
1737		3009
1738	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3010	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1739		3011
1740	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	3012	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1741	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	3013	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1742		3014
		3015	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		3016
		3017	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		3018	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		3019	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		3020	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		3021
		3022	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		3023	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
		3024
1743	=back	3025	=back
1744		3026
1745	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of	3027	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1746	wether multiple loops are supported or not.	3028	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		3029	or not.
1747		3030
1748	static void	3031	static void
1749	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3032	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1750	{	3033	{
1751	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3034	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1752	}	3035	}
1753		3036
1754	ev_check check;	3037	ev_check check;
1755	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3038	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1756	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3039	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1757	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3040	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1758
1759		3041
1760	=head1 EMBEDDING	3042	=head1 EMBEDDING
1761		3043
1762	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3044	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1763	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3045	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1764	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	3046	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1765	and rxvt-unicode.	3047	and rxvt-unicode.
1766		3048
1767	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	3049	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1768	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	3050	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1769	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	3051	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1770	libev somewhere in your source tree).	3052	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1771		3053
1772	=head2 FILESETS	3054	=head2 FILESETS
1773		3055
1774	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	3056	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
1775	in your app.	3057	in your application.
1776		3058
1777	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3059	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
1778		3060
1779	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3061	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
1780	configuration (no autoconf):	3062	configuration (no autoconf):
1781		3063
1782	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3064	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1783	#include "ev.c"	3065	#include "ev.c"
1784		3066
1785	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3067	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
1786	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3068	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
1787	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3069	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
1788	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3070	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
1789	where you can put other configuration options):	3071	where you can put other configuration options):
1790		3072
1791	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3073	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1792	#include "ev.h"	3074	#include "ev.h"
1793		3075
1794	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3076	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
1795	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3077	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
1796	as a bug).	3078	as a bug).
1797		3079
1798	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3080	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
1799	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3081	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
1800		3082
1801	ev.h	3083	ev.h
1802	ev.c	3084	ev.c
1803	ev_vars.h	3085	ev_vars.h
1804	ev_wrap.h	3086	ev_wrap.h
1805		3087
1806	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3088	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1807		3089
1808	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default)	3090	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
1809	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3091	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1810	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3092	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1811	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3093	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1812	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3094	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1813		3095
1814	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3096	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
1815	to compile this single file.	3097	to compile this single file.
1816		3098
1817	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3099	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
1818		3100
1819	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3101	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
1820		3102
1821	#include "event.c"	3103	#include "event.c"
1822		3104
1823	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3105	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
1824		3106
1825	#include "event.h"	3107	#include "event.h"
1826		3108
1827	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3109	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
1828		3110
1829	You need the following additional files for this:	3111	You need the following additional files for this:
1830		3112
1831	event.h	3113	event.h
1832	event.c	3114	event.c
1833		3115
1834	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3116	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
1835		3117
1836	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3118	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
1837	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3119	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
1838	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3120	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
1839	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3121	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
1840		3122
1841	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3123	For this of course you need the m4 file:
1842		3124
1843	libev.m4	3125	libev.m4
1844		3126
1845	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3127	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
1846		3128
1847	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3129	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
1848	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3130	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
1849	and only include the select backend.	3131	autoconf is documented for every option.
1850		3132
1851	=over 4	3133	=over 4
1852		3134
1853	=item EV_STANDALONE	3135	=item EV_STANDALONE
1854		3136
…		…
1859	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3141	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
1860		3142
1861	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3143	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
1862		3144
1863	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3145	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1864	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3146	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
1865	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3147	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
1866	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3148	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
1867	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	3149	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
1868	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3150	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
1869	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3151	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
1870		3152
1871	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3153	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
1872		3154
1873	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3155	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1874	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3156	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
1875	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3157	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
1876	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3158	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
1877	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	3159	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
1878	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3160	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		3161
		3162	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		3163
		3164	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		3165	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		3166
		3167	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3168
		3169	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3170	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3171	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3172	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3173	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
1879		3174
1880	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3175	=item EV_USE_SELECT
1881		3176
1882	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3177	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
1883	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3178	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
1884	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3179	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
1885	will not be compiled in.	3180	will not be compiled in.
1886		3181
1887	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3182	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
1888		3183
1889	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3184	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
1890	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3185	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
1891	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3186	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
1892	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3187	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
1893	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3188	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
1894	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3189	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
1895	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3190	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
1896		3191
…		…
1902	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3197	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
1903	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3198	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
1904	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3199	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
1905	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3200	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
1906		3201
		3202	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		3203
		3204	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		3205	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		3206	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		3207	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		3208	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		3209
1907	=item EV_USE_POLL	3210	=item EV_USE_POLL
1908		3211
1909	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3212	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
1910	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3213	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
1911	takes precedence over select.	3214	takes precedence over select.
1912		3215
1913	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3216	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
1914		3217
1915	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3218	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
1916	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3219	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
1917	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3220	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
1918	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3221	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3222	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
1919		3223
1920	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3224	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
1921		3225
1922	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3226	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
1923	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3227	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
1936	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3240	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
1937	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3241	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
1938		3242
1939	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3243	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
1940		3244
1941	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3245	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
		3246
		3247	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
		3248
		3249	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
		3250	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
		3251	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3252	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3253
		3254	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		3255
		3256	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		3257	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		3258	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		3259	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		3260	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		3261
		3262	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		3263	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
1942		3264
1943	=item EV_H	3265	=item EV_H
1944		3266
1945	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3267	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
1946	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	3268	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
1947	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3269	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
1948		3270
1949	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3271	=item EV_CONFIG_H
1950		3272
1951	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3273	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
1952	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3274	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
1953	C<EV_H>, above.	3275	C<EV_H>, above.
1954		3276
1955	=item EV_EVENT_H	3277	=item EV_EVENT_H
1956		3278
1957	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3279	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
1958	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	3280	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
1959		3281
1960	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3282	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
1961		3283
1962	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3284	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
1963	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3285	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
1970	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	3292	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
1971	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	3293	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
1972	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	3294	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
1973	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	3295	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
1974		3296
		3297	=item EV_MINPRI
		3298
		3299	=item EV_MAXPRI
		3300
		3301	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		3302	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		3303	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		3304	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		3305
		3306	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		3307	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		3308	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		3309	fine.
		3310
		3311	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
		3312	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
		3313
1975	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3314	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
1976		3315
1977	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3316	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
1978	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3317	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
1979	code.	3318	code.
1980		3319
		3320	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		3321
		3322	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		3323	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		3324	code.
		3325
1981	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3326	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
1982		3327
1983	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3328	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
1984	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3329	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
		3330	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
1985		3331
1986	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE	3332	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
1987		3333
1988	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If	3334	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
1989	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3335	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
…		…
1991	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3337	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
1992		3338
1993	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3339	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
1994	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3340	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
1995		3341
		3342	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3343
		3344	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3345	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3346
1996	=item EV_MINIMAL	3347	=item EV_MINIMAL
1997		3348
1998	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3349	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
1999	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3350	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2000	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3351	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3352	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2001		3353
2002	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3354	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2003		3355
2004	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3356	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2005	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3357	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2006	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3358	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2007	increase this value.	3359	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
		3360
		3361	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
		3362
		3363	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		3364	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
		3365	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
		3366	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
		3367	two).
		3368
		3369	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3370
		3371	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3372	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3373	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		3374	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3375
		3376	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3377	(disabled).
		3378
		3379	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3380
		3381	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3382	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3383	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3384	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3385	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3386	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3387
		3388	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3389	(disabled).
		3390
		3391	=item EV_VERIFY
		3392
		3393	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3394	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3395	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3396	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3397	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3398	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3399	libev considerably.
		3400
		3401	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3402	C<0>.
2008		3403
2009	=item EV_COMMON	3404	=item EV_COMMON
2010		3405
2011	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3406	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2012	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3407	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2013	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3408	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2014	though, and it must be identical each time.	3409	though, and it must be identical each time.
2015		3410
2016	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3411	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2017		3412
2018	#define EV_COMMON \	3413	#define EV_COMMON \
2019	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3414	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2020	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3415	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2021		3416
2022	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3417	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2023		3418
2024	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3419	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2025		3420
2026	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	3421	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2027		3422
2028	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	3423	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2029	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	3424	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2030	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	3425	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2031	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3426	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2032	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3427	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2033	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3428	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		3429
		3430	=back
		3431
		3432	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		3433
		3434	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
		3435	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		3436	all public symbols, one per line:
		3437
		3438	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		3439	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		3440
		3441	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		3442	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		3443	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
		3444
		3445	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		3446	include before including F<ev.h>:
		3447
		3448	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		3449
		3450	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		3451
		3452	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		3453	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		3454	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		3455	...
2034		3456
2035	=head2 EXAMPLES	3457	=head2 EXAMPLES
2036		3458
2037	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	3459	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2038	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	3460	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2041	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file	3463	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
2042	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header	3464	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
2043	file.	3465	file.
2044		3466
2045	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3467	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2046	that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices:	3468	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2047		3469
		3470	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2048	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3471	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2049	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3472	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2050	#define EV_PERIODICS 0	3473	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		3474	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		3475	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2051	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3476	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		3477	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		3478	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2052		3479
2053	#include "ev++.h"	3480	#include "ev++.h"
2054		3481
2055	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3482	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2056		3483
2057	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3484	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2058	#include "ev.c"	3485	#include "ev.c"
2059		3486
		3487	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
2060		3488
		3489	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3490
		3491	=head3 THREADS
		3492
		3493	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
		3494	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
		3495	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
		3496	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
		3497	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		3498	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		3499	structures that need any locking.
		3500
		3501	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		3502	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		3503	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		3504	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		3505	a mutex per loop).
		3506
		3507	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		3508	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		3509	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		3510	outside".
		3511
		3512	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3513	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3514	help you, but here is some generic advice:
		3515
		3516	=over 4
		3517
		3518	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3519	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3520
		3521	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3522	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3523
		3524	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3525
		3526	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3527	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3528
		3529	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3530	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3531
		3532	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3533	better than you currently do :-)
		3534
		3535	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3536	event loop.
		3537
		3538	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		3539	(or from signal contexts...).
		3540
		3541	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
		3542	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
		3543	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
		3544	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
		3545
		3546	=back
		3547
		3548	=head3 COROUTINES
		3549
		3550	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3551	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		3552	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3553	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3554	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3555	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3556
		3557	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		3558	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		3559	they do not clal any callbacks.
		3560
		3561	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3562
		3563	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3564	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3565	scared by this.
		3566
		3567	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3568	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3569	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3570	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3571
		3572	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3573	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3574	maintainable.
		3575
		3576	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3577	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3578	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		3579	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have
		3580	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		3581	such buggy versions.
		3582
		3583	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3584	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3585	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3586	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3587	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3588
		3589
		3590	=head2 VALGRIND
		3591
		3592	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3593	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3594
		3595	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3596	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3597
		3598	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3599	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3600	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3601
		3602	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		3603	is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.
		3604
		3605	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		3606	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		3607	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		3608	confused.
		3609
		3610	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		3611	make it into some kind of religion.
		3612
		3613	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3614	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		3615	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		3616	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		3617	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		3618
		3619	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3620	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3621
		3622
		3623	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		3624
		3625	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		3626
		3627	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3628	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3629	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3630	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3631	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3632	e.g. cygwin.
		3633
		3634	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3635	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3636	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3637	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3638
		3639	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3640	embedding it into other applications.
		3641
		3642	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3643	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3644	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3645	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3646	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3647	available).
		3648
		3649	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		3650	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		3651	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		3652	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		3653	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		3654	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3655	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3656
		3657	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3658	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3659	of F<ev.h>:
		3660
		3661	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3662	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3663
		3664	#include "ev.h"
		3665
		3666	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3667	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		3668
		3669	#include "evwrap.h"
		3670	#include "ev.c"
		3671
		3672	=over 4
		3673
		3674	=item The winsocket select function
		3675
		3676	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		3677	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		3678	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		3679	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3680	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		3681	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3682	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		3683
		3684	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		3685	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3686
		3687	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3688	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3689
		3690	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3691	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3692
		3693	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3694
		3695	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		3696
		3697	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		3698	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		3699	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		3700	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3701	previous thread in each. Great).
		3702
		3703	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3704	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3705	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3706	select emulation on windows).
		3707
		3708	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		3709	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3710	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3711	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3712	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
		3713	libraries.
		3714
		3715	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3716	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3717	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3718	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3719
		3720	=back
		3721
		3722	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3723
		3724	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		3725	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		3726
		3727	=over 4
		3728
		3729	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3730	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3731
		3732	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3733	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3734	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3735	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3736	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3737
		3738	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3739
		3740	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3741	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		3742	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3743	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3744
		3745	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3746
		3747	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3748	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3749	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3750	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3751	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3752	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3753
		3754	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3755	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3756	well.
		3757
		3758	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3759
		3760	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		3761	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		3762	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		3763	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		3764	watchers.
		3765
		3766	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3767
		3768	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3769	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3770	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3771	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3772
		3773	=back
		3774
		3775	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3776
		3777
2061	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3778	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
2062		3779
2063	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3780	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2064	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3781	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
2065	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3782	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		3783
		3784	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		3785	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		3786	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		3787	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		3788	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
2066		3789
2067	=over 4	3790	=over 4
2068		3791
2069	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3792	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2070		3793
		3794	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		3795	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
		3796	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		3797
2071	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3798	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2072		3799
		3800	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		3801	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		3802
2073	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3803	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2074		3804
		3805	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		3806
2075	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3807	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2076		3808
2077	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % 16))	3809	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2078		3810
		3811	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
		3812	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		3813	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		3814	is rare).
		3815
2079	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3816	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3817
		3818	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3819	fixed position in the storage array.
2080		3820
2081	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3821	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2082		3822
2083	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3823	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		3824	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3825	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		3826
		3827	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		3828
		3829	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		3830
		3831	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		3832	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		3833	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3834	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		3835
		3836	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3837
		3838	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3839
		3840	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3841
		3842	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3843	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3844	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2084		3845
2085	=back	3846	=back
2086		3847
2087		3848
2088	=head1 AUTHOR	3849	=head1 AUTHOR

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