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Revision 1.161 by root, Sat May 24 03:08:03 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.226 by root, Wed Mar 4 12:51:37 2009 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
13		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_<type>	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
18		20
19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin	22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
21	static void	23	static void
22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
23	{	25	{
24	puts ("stdin ready");	26	puts ("stdin ready");
25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
26	// with its corresponding stop function.	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
28		30
29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
31	}	33	}
32		34
33	// another callback, this time for a time-out	35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
34	static void	36	static void
35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
36	{	38	{
37	puts ("timeout");	39	puts ("timeout");
38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
40	}	42	}
41		43
42	int	44	int
43	main (void)	45	main (void)
44	{	46	{
45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
47		49
48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
52		54
53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it	55	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
57		59
58	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
59	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_loop (loop, 0);
60		62
61	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	64	return 0;
63	}	65	}
64		66
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 DESCRIPTION
66		68
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	69	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	70	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
…		…
103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)	105	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For	106	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at	107	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support	108	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of	109	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have	110	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	111	this argument.
110		112
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	113	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		114
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	115	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
…		…
178	not a problem.	180	not a problem.
179		181
180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	182	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
181	version.	183	version.
182		184
183	assert (("libev version mismatch",	185	assert (("libev version mismatch",
184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	186	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	187	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
186		188
187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	189	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
188		190
189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	191	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	192	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
192	a description of the set values.	194	a description of the set values.
193		195
194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	196	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	197	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
196		198
197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	199	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	200	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
199		201
200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	202	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
201		203
202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	204	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	205	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
…		…
214	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	216	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
215	recommended ones.	217	recommended ones.
216		218
217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	219	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
218		220
219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	221	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
220		222
221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	223	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	224	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	225	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	226	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
250	}	252	}
251		253
252	...	254	...
253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	255	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
254		256
255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	257	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
256		258
257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	259	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	260	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	261	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	262	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
276		278
277	=back	279	=back
278		280
279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	281	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
280		282
281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	283	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	284	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	285	I<function>).
		286
		287	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
		288	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
		289	not.
284		290
285	=over 4	291	=over 4
286		292
287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	293	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
288		294
…		…
294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	300	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
295	function.	301	function.
296		302
297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	303	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	304	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).	305	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
300		306
301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	307	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	308	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	309	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	310	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
…		…
359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	365	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	366	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	367	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.	368	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
363		369
		370	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		371	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		372	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
		373
364	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	374	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
365		375
366	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	376	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
367	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	377	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
368	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down	378	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
369	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,	379	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
370	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for	380	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
371	performance tips.	381	performance tips.
372		382
		383	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		384	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
		385
373	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	386	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
374		387
375	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	388	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
376	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	389	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
377	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	390	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
378	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	391	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
379	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	392
380	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad	393	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
381	support for dup.	394	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		395	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		396	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		397	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		398	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		399	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		400	hard to detect.
		401
		402	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		403	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		404	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		405	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		406	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		407	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		408	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
382		409
383	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	410	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
384	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident	411	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
385	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	412	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
386	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	413	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
387	very well if you register events for both fds.	414	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
388		415	file descriptors.
389	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
390	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
391	(or space) is available.
392		416
393	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	417	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
394	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	418	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
395	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	419	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		420	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		421	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		422	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		423	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		424
		425	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		426	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		427	the usage. So sad.
396		428
397	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	429	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
398	all kernel versions tested so far.	430	all kernel versions tested so far.
		431
		432	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		433	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
399		434
400	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	435	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
401		436
402	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	437	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
403	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	438	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
404	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	439	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
405	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"	440	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		441	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		442	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
406	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	443	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
407	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	444	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
408	system like NetBSD.	445	system like NetBSD.
409		446
410	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	447	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
411	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	448	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
…		…
413		450
414	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	451	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
415	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	452	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
416	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	453	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
417	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	454	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
418	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	455	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
419	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	456	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		457	cases
420		458
421	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	459	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
422		460
423	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	461	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
424	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	462	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
425	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	463	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
426	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	464	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
427	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for	465	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
428	sockets.	466	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		467
		468	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		469	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		470	C<NOTE_EOF>.
429		471
430	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	472	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
431		473
432	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an	474	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
433	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets	475	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
…		…
446	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	488	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
447	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	489	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
448	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	490	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
449	might perform better.	491	might perform better.
450		492
451	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this	493	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
452	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully	494	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
453	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.	495	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		496	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		497
		498	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		499	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
454		500
455	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	501	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
456		502
457	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	503	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
458	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	504	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
…		…
464		510
465	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these	511	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
466	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	512	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
467	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	513	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
468		514
469	The most typical usage is like this:	515	Example: This is the most typical usage.
470		516
471	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	517	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
472	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	518	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
473		519
474	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	520	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
475	environment settings to be taken into account:	521	environment settings to be taken into account:
476		522
477	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	523	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
478		524
479	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	525	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
480	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	526	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
481	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	527	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		528	fds):
482		529
483	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	530	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
484		531
485	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	532	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
486		533
487	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	534	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
488	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	535	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
…		…
493	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the	540	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
494	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.	541	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
495		542
496	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	543	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
497		544
498	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	545	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
499	if (!epoller)	546	if (!epoller)
500	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	547	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
501		548
502	=item ev_default_destroy ()	549	=item ev_default_destroy ()
503		550
504	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	551	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
505	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	552	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
…		…
507	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	554	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
508	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	555	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
509	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	556	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
510	for example).	557	for example).
511		558
512	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	559	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
513	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	560	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
514	would need to be stopped manually.	561	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
515		562
516	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	563	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
517	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	564	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
518	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	565	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
519	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	566	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
…		…
544		591
545	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	592	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
546		593
547	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	594	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
548	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	595	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
549	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	596	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
		597	entirely your own problem.
550		598
551	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	599	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
552		600
553	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.	601	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		602	otherwise.
554		603
555	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	604	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
556		605
557	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	606	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
558	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	607	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
573	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	622	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
574	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	623	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
575	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	624	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
576	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	625	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
577		626
		627	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		628
		629	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		630	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		631	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		632
		633	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		634	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		635	the current time is a good idea.
		636
		637	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.
		638
578	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	639	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
579		640
580	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	641	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
581	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	642	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
582	events.	643	events.
…		…
584	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	645	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
585	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	646	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
586		647
587	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	648	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
588	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	649	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
589	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	650	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
590	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	651	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
591	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	652	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		653	beauty.
592		654
593	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	655	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
594	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	656	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your
595	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	657	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of
		658	the loop.
596		659
597	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	660	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
598	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	661	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
599	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	662	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
600	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	663	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
601	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	664	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		665	iteration of the loop.
		666
		667	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		668	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
602	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	669	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
603	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	670	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
604		671
605	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	672	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
606		673
607	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	674	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
608	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	675	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
609	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.	676	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
610	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	677	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
611	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	678	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		679	as to not disturb the other process.
612	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	680	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
613	- Update the "event loop time".	681	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
614	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	682	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
615	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	683	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
616	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	684	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
617	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	685	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
618	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	686	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
619	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	687	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
620	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	688	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
621	- Queue all outstanding timers.	689	- Queue all expired timers.
622	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	690	- Queue all expired periodics.
623	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	691	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
624	- Queue all check watchers.	692	- Queue all check watchers.
625	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	693	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
626	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	694	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
627	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	695	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
628	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	696	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
…		…
633	anymore.	701	anymore.
634		702
635	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	703	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
636	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	704	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
637	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	705	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
638	... jobs done. yeah!	706	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
639		707
640	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	708	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
641		709
642	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	710	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
643	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	711	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
644	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	712	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
645	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	713	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
646		714
647	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	715	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
648		716
		717	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.
		718
649	=item ev_ref (loop)	719	=item ev_ref (loop)
650		720
651	=item ev_unref (loop)	721	=item ev_unref (loop)
652		722
653	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	723	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
654	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	724	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
655	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	725	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
		726
656	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	727	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
657	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	728	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
		729	stopping it.
		730
658	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	731	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is
659	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	732	not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting
660	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	733	if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
661	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	734	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
662	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	735	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
663	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	736	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
664	respectively).	737	respectively).
665		738
666	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	739	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
667	running when nothing else is active.	740	running when nothing else is active.
668		741
669	struct ev_signal exitsig;	742	ev_signal exitsig;
670	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	743	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
671	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	744	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
672	evf_unref (loop);	745	evf_unref (loop);
673		746
674	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	747	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
675		748
676	ev_ref (loop);	749	ev_ref (loop);
677	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	750	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
678		751
679	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	752	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
680		753
681	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	754	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
682		755
683	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting	756	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
684	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to	757	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
685	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.	758	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		759	latency.
686		760
687	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	761	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
688	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to	762	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
689	increase efficiency of loop iterations.	763	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		764	opportunities).
690		765
691	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	766	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
692	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	767	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
693	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	768	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
694	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	769	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
695	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	770	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
696		771
697	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	772	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
698	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	773	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
…		…
700	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	775	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
701	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	776	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
702		777
703	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	778	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
704	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	779	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
705	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	780	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
706	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	781	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
707	any overhead in libev.	782	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
708		783
709	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect	784	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
710	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	785	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
711	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	786	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
712	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	787	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
713	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.	788	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
714		789
		790	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		791	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		792	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		793	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		794	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		795	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		796
715	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	797	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
716		798
717	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	799	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
718	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks	800	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
719	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print	801	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
720	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.	802	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		803	error and call C<abort ()>.
721		804
722	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal	805	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
723	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its	806	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
724	data structures consistent.	807	data structures consistent.
725		808
726	=back	809	=back
727		810
728		811
729	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	812	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
730		813
		814	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		815	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		816	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
		817
731	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	818	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
732	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	819	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
733	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	820	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
734		821
735	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	822	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
736	{	823	{
737	ev_io_stop (w);	824	ev_io_stop (w);
738	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	825	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
739	}	826	}
740		827
741	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	828	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		829
742	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	830	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		831
743	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	832	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
744	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	833	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
745	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	834	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		835
746	ev_loop (loop, 0);	836	ev_loop (loop, 0);
747		837
748	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	838	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
749	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	839	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
750	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	840	stack).
		841
		842	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		843	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
751		844
752	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	845	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
753	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	846	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
754	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	847	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
755	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	848	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
756	is readable and/or writable).	849	is readable and/or writable).
757		850
758	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	851	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
759	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	852	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
760	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	853	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
761	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	854	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
762		855
763	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	856	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
764	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	857	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
765	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	858	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
766	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	859	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
767		860
768	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	861	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
769	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	862	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
770	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	863	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
771		864
772	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	865	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
773	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	866	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
774	third argument.	867	third argument.
775		868
…		…
838	=item C<EV_ERROR>	931	=item C<EV_ERROR>
839		932
840	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might	933	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
841	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	934	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
842	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	935	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		936	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		937
843	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	938	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
844	with the watcher being stopped.	939	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		940	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		941	bug in your program.
845		942
846	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	943	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
847	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	944	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
848	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	945	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
849	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded	946	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
850	programs, though, so beware.	947	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		948	thing, so beware.
851		949
852	=back	950	=back
853		951
854	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	952	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
855
856	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
857	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
858		953
859	=over 4	954	=over 4
860		955
861	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	956	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
862		957
…		…
868	which rolls both calls into one.	963	which rolls both calls into one.
869		964
870	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	965	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
871	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	966	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
872		967
873	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	968	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
874	int revents)>.	969	int revents)>.
		970
		971	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		972
		973	ev_io w;
		974	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		975	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
875		976
876	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	977	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
877		978
878	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	979	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
879	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	980	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
…		…
882	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	983	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
883		984
884	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	985	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
885	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	986	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
886		987
		988	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		989
887	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	990	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
888		991
889	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	992	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
890	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise	993	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
891	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	994	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
892		995
		996	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		997
		998	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		999
893	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1000	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
894		1001
895	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1002	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
896	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1003	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
897		1004
		1005	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1006	whole section.
		1007
		1008	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1009
898	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1010	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
899		1011
900	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1012	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1013	the watcher was active or not).
		1014
901	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1015	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
902	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1016	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
903	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1017	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
904	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1018	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
905	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1019	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
906		1020
907	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1021	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
908		1022
909	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1023	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
910	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1024	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
952	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1066	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
953	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1067	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
954		1068
955	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1069	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
956	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1070	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
957	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.	1071	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
958		1072
959	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1073	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
960		1074
961	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1075	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
962	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1076	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
963	can deal with that fact.	1077	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1078	callback.
964		1079
965	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1080	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
966		1081
967	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1082	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
968	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1083	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
969	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1084	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
970		1085
		1086	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1087	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1088
971	=back	1089	=back
972		1090
973		1091
974	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1092	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
975		1093
976	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1094	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
977	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1095	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
978	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1096	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
979	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1097	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
980	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1098	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
981	data:	1099	data:
982		1100
983	struct my_io	1101	struct my_io
984	{	1102	{
985	struct ev_io io;	1103	ev_io io;
986	int otherfd;	1104	int otherfd;
987	void *somedata;	1105	void *somedata;
988	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1106	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
989	}	1107	};
		1108
		1109	...
		1110	struct my_io w;
		1111	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
990		1112
991	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1113	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
992	can cast it back to your own type:	1114	can cast it back to your own type:
993		1115
994	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1116	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
995	{	1117	{
996	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1118	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
997	...	1119	...
998	}	1120	}
999		1121
1000	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1122	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1001	instead have been omitted.	1123	instead have been omitted.
1002		1124
1003	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1125	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1004	watchers:	1126	embedded watchers:
1005		1127
1006	struct my_biggy	1128	struct my_biggy
1007	{	1129	{
1008	int some_data;	1130	int some_data;
1009	ev_timer t1;	1131	ev_timer t1;
1010	ev_timer t2;	1132	ev_timer t2;
1011	}	1133	}
1012		1134
1013	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1135	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1014	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1136	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1137	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1138	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1139	programmers):
1015		1140
1016	#include <stddef.h>	1141	#include <stddef.h>
1017		1142
1018	static void	1143	static void
1019	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1144	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1020	{	1145	{
1021	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1146	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
1022	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1147	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1023	}	1148	}
1024		1149
1025	static void	1150	static void
1026	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1151	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1027	{	1152	{
1028	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1153	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
1029	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1154	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1030	}	1155	}
1031		1156
1032		1157
1033	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1158	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
1034		1159
1035	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1160	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1059	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1184	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1060	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1185	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1061	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1186	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1062	required if you know what you are doing).	1187	required if you know what you are doing).
1063		1188
1064	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1189	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1065	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1190	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1066	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1191	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
1067		1192
1068	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1193	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1069	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1194	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1070	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1195	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1071	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1196	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1072	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1197	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1073	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1198	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1074	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1199	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1075	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1200	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1076		1201
1077	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1202	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1078	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test	1203	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1079	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1204	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1080	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1205	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
1081	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1206	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1207	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1208	indefinitely.
		1209
		1210	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1082		1211
1083	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1212	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1084		1213
1085	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1214	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
1086	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,	1215	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
1087	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1216	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
1088	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1217	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
1089	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1218	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
1090	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1219	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
1091	fact, a different file descriptor.	1220	fact, a different file descriptor.
1092		1221
…		…
1123	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1252	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1124	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1253	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1125		1254
1126	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1255	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1127		1256
1128	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:	1257	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1129	when reading from a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program	1258	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
1130	gets send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most	1259	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
1131	programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually	1260	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
1132	undesirable.
1133		1261
1134	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you	1262	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
1135	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon	1263	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
1136	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).	1264	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
1137		1265
…		…
1143	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1271	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1144		1272
1145	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1273	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1146		1274
1147	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1275	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1148	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1276	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1149	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1277	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1150		1278
1151	=item int fd [read-only]	1279	=item int fd [read-only]
1152		1280
1153	The file descriptor being watched.	1281	The file descriptor being watched.
1154		1282
…		…
1162		1290
1163	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1291	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1164	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1292	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1165	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1293	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1166		1294
1167	static void	1295	static void
1168	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1296	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1169	{	1297	{
1170	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1298	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1171	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1299	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1172	}	1300	}
1173		1301
1174	...	1302	...
1175	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1303	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1176	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1304	ev_io stdin_readable;
1177	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1305	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1178	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1306	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1179	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1307	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1180		1308
1181		1309
1182	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1310	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1183		1311
1184	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1312	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1185	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1313	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1186		1314
1187	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1315	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1188	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last	1316	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1189	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1317	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1190	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1318	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1191	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1319	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1320
		1321	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1322	passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration
		1323	then order of execution is undefined.
		1324
		1325	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1326
		1327	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1328	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1329	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1330
		1331	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1332	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1333
		1334	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1335	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1336	data or other life sign was received).
		1337
		1338	=over 4
		1339
		1340	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1341
		1342	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1343	start the watcher:
		1344
		1345	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1346	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1347
		1348	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1349	and start it again:
		1350
		1351	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1352	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1353	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1354
		1355	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1356	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1357	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1358	still not a constant-time operation.
		1359
		1360	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1361
		1362	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1363	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1364
		1365	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1366	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1367	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1368	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1369	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1370
		1371	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1372	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1373	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1374
		1375	At start:
		1376
		1377	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1378	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1379	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1380
		1381	Each time there is some activity:
		1382
		1383	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1384
		1385	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1386	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1387
		1388	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1389	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1390
		1391	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1392	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1393	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1394
		1395	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1396
		1397	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1398
		1399	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1400	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1401	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1402	associated activity resets.
		1403
		1404	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1405	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1406	within the callback:
		1407
		1408	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1409
		1410	static void
		1411	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1412	{
		1413	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1414	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1415
		1416	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1417	if (timeout < now)
		1418	{
		1419	// timeout occured, take action
		1420	}
		1421	else
		1422	{
		1423	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1424	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1425	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1426	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1427	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1428	}
		1429	}
		1430
		1431	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1432	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1433	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1434	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1435	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1436	a timeout then.
		1437
		1438	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1439	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1440
		1441	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1442	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1443	libev to change the timeout.
		1444
		1445	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1446	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1447	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1448
		1449	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
		1450	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1451	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1452
		1453	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1454	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1455
		1456	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1457
		1458	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1459	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1460
		1461	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1462	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1463	fix things for you.
		1464
		1465	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1466
		1467	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1468	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1469	do even better:
		1470
		1471	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1472	at the I<end> of the list.
		1473
		1474	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1475	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1476
		1477	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1478	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1479	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1480
		1481	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1482	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1483	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1484	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1485
		1486	=back
		1487
		1488	So which method the best?
		1489
		1490	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1491	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1492	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1493	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1494
		1495	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1496	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1497	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1498	overkill :)
		1499
		1500	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1501
		1502	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1503	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1504	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
		1505	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1506	lots of events in one iteration.
1192		1507
1193	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1508	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1194	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1509	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1195	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1510	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1196	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1511	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1197	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1512	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1198		1513
1199	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1514	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1200		1515
1201	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,	1516	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1202	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1517	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1203	order of execution is undefined.	1518	()>.
1204		1519
1205	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1520	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1206		1521
1207	=over 4	1522	=over 4
1208		1523
…		…
1232	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1547	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1233		1548
1234	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1549	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1235	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1550	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1236		1551
1237	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1552	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a
1238	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle	1553	usage example.
1239	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1240	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1241	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1242	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1243	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1244	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1245	automatically restart it if need be.
1246
1247	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
1248	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1249
1250	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
1251	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1252	...
1253	timer->again = 17.;
1254	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1255	...
1256	timer->again = 10.;
1257	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1258
1259	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
1260	you want to modify its timeout value.
1261		1554
1262	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1555	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1263		1556
1264	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1557	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1265	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1558	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1266	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1559	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1267		1560
1268	=back	1561	=back
1269		1562
1270	=head3 Examples	1563	=head3 Examples
1271		1564
1272	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1565	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1273		1566
1274	static void	1567	static void
1275	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1568	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1276	{	1569	{
1277	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1570	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1278	}	1571	}
1279		1572
1280	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1573	ev_timer mytimer;
1281	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1574	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1282	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1575	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1283		1576
1284	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1577	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1285	inactivity.	1578	inactivity.
1286		1579
1287	static void	1580	static void
1288	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1581	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1289	{	1582	{
1290	.. ten seconds without any activity	1583	.. ten seconds without any activity
1291	}	1584	}
1292		1585
1293	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1586	ev_timer mytimer;
1294	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1587	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1295	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1588	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1296	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1589	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1297		1590
1298	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1591	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1299	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1592	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1300	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1593	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1301		1594
1302		1595
1303	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1596	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1304		1597
1305	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1598	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
…		…
1314	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger	1607	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1315	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).	1608	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1316		1609
1317	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,	1610	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1318	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other	1611	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
1319	complicated, rules.	1612	complicated rules.
1320		1613
1321	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	1614	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1322	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1615	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1323	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1616	during the same loop iteration, then order of execution is undefined.
1324		1617
1325	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1618	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1326		1619
1327	=over 4	1620	=over 4
1328		1621
1329	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1622	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1330		1623
1331	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1624	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1332		1625
1333	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1626	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1334	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1627	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1335		1628
1336	=over 4	1629	=over 4
1337		1630
1338	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1631	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1339		1632
1340	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock	1633	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1341	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time	1634	time C<at> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a time
1342	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will	1635	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1343	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1636	only run when the system clock reaches or surpasses this time.
1344		1637
1345	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1638	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1346		1639
1347	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1640	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1348	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1641	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1349	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1642	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1350		1643
1351	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1644	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1352	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on	1645	system clock, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
1353	the hour:	1646	hour, on the hour:
1354		1647
1355	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1648	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1356		1649
1357	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1650	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1358	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1651	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
…		…
1378	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1671	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1379	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1672	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1380	current time as second argument.	1673	current time as second argument.
1381		1674
1382	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1675	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1383	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.	1676	ever, or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1384		1677
1385	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop	1678	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
1386	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the	1679	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
1387	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).	1680	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
1388		1681
1389	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic	1682	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1390	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1683	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1391		1684
		1685	static ev_tstamp
1392	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1686	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1393	{	1687	{
1394	return now + 60.;	1688	return now + 60.;
1395	}	1689	}
1396		1690
1397	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1691	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
…		…
1434		1728
1435	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1729	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1436	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1730	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1437	called.	1731	called.
1438		1732
1439	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1733	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1440		1734
1441	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1735	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1442	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1736	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1443	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1737	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1444		1738
1445	=back	1739	=back
1446		1740
1447	=head3 Examples	1741	=head3 Examples
1448		1742
1449	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1743	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1450	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1744	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1451	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	1745	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1452		1746
1453	static void	1747	static void
1454	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1748	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1455	{	1749	{
1456	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1750	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1457	}	1751	}
1458		1752
1459	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1753	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1460	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1754	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1461	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1755	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1462		1756
1463	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1757	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1464		1758
1465	#include <math.h>	1759	#include <math.h>
1466		1760
1467	static ev_tstamp	1761	static ev_tstamp
1468	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1762	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1469	{	1763	{
1470	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1764	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1471	}	1765	}
1472		1766
1473	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1767	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1474		1768
1475	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1769	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1476		1770
1477	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1771	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1478	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1772	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1479	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1773	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1480	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1774	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1481		1775
1482		1776
1483	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1777	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1484		1778
1485	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1779	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1486	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1780	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1487	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1781	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1488	normal event processing, like any other event.	1782	normal event processing, like any other event.
1489		1783
		1784	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would
		1785	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use
		1786	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.
		1787
1490	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1788	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
1491	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1789	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler
1492	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1790	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1493	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1791	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when
1494	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1792	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1495	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1793	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1496		1794
1497	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	1795	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
1498	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly	1796	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
1499	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by	1797	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
1500	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock	1798	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
…		…
1517		1815
1518	=back	1816	=back
1519		1817
1520	=head3 Examples	1818	=head3 Examples
1521		1819
1522	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1820	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1523		1821
1524	static void	1822	static void
1525	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1823	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
1526	{	1824	{
1527	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1825	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
1528	}	1826	}
1529		1827
1530	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1828	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1531	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1829	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1532	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1830	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
1533		1831
1534		1832
1535	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1833	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1536		1834
1537	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1835	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1538	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It	1836	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1539	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been	1837	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1540	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event	1838	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1541	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).	1839	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		1840	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		1841	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is
		1842	not.
1542		1843
1543	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	1844	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1544	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.	1845	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
1545		1846
1546	=head3 Process Interaction	1847	=head3 Process Interaction
…		…
1559	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for	1860	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
1560	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the	1861	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
1561	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an	1862	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
1562	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for	1863	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
1563	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.	1864	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1865
		1866	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		1867
		1868	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		1869	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		1870	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		1871	when a child exit is detected.
1564		1872
1565	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1873	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1566		1874
1567	=over 4	1875	=over 4
1568		1876
…		…
1597	=head3 Examples	1905	=head3 Examples
1598		1906
1599	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for	1907	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
1600	its completion.	1908	its completion.
1601		1909
1602	ev_child cw;	1910	ev_child cw;
1603		1911
1604	static void	1912	static void
1605	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	1913	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1606	{	1914	{
1607	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	1915	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1608	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	1916	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1609	}	1917	}
1610		1918
1611	pid_t pid = fork ();	1919	pid_t pid = fork ();
1612		1920
1613	if (pid < 0)	1921	if (pid < 0)
1614	// error	1922	// error
1615	else if (pid == 0)	1923	else if (pid == 0)
1616	{	1924	{
1617	// the forked child executes here	1925	// the forked child executes here
1618	exit (1);	1926	exit (1);
1619	}	1927	}
1620	else	1928	else
1621	{	1929	{
1622	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);	1930	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
1623	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);	1931	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
1624	}	1932	}
1625		1933
1626		1934
1627	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1935	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1628		1936
1629	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1937	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1630	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1938	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1631	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1939	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		1940	it did.
1632		1941
1633	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1942	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1634	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1943	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1635	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	1944	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1636	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	1945	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1637	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	1946	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		1947	contents.
1638		1948
1639	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	1949	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		1950	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1640	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	1951	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1641		1952
1642	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	1953	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1643	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	1954	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1644	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	1955	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1645	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	1956	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1646	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	1957	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1647	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	1958	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1648	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	1959	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1649	usually overkill.	1960	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1650		1961
1651	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	1962	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1652	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1963	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1653	resource-intensive.	1964	resource-intensive.
1654		1965
1655	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1966	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1656	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1967	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1657	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat	1968	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1658	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should	1969	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1659	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1660	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1661	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1662	will be no polling.
1663		1970
1664	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)	1971	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1665		1972
1666	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default	1973	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
1667	compilation environment, which means that on systems with optionally	1974	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
1668	disabled large file support, you get the 32 bit version of the stat	1975	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
1669	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to	1976	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
1670	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to	1977	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
1671	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is	1978	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
1672	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is	1979	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
1673	most noticeably with ev_stat and large file support.	1980	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
1674		1981
1675	=head3 Inotify	1982	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1983	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1984	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1985	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1986	default compilation environment.
1676		1987
		1988	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		1989
1677	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	1990	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1678	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	1991	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1679	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	1992	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1680	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	1993	watcher is being started.
1681		1994
1682	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	1995	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1683	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	1996	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1684	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support	1997	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1685	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	1998	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		1999	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2000	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2001	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2002	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1686		2003
1687	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2004	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1688	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2005	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1689	descriptor open on the object at all times).	2006	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2007	etc. is difficult.
		2008
		2009	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2010
		2011	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2012	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2013	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2014
		2015	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2016	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2017	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2018	watcher).
		2019
		2020	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2021	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2022	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2023
		2024	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2025	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
1690		2026
1691	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2027	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1692		2028
1693	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2029	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1694	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still	2030	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1695	only support whole seconds.	2031	still only support whole seconds.
1696		2032
1697	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can	2033	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1698	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and	2034	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1699	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update	2035	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1700	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat	2036	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
1701	data does not change.	2037	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
1702		2038
1703	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more	2039	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1704	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using	2040	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1705	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);	2041	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1706	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).	2042	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
…		…
1726	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2062	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1727	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2063	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1728	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2064	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1729	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2065	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1730		2066
1731	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative	2067	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1732	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change	2068	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1733	was detected).	2069	last change was detected).
1734		2070
1735	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)	2071	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1736		2072
1737	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2073	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1738	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid	2074	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
…		…
1767		2103
1768	=head3 Examples	2104	=head3 Examples
1769		2105
1770	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2106	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1771		2107
1772	static void	2108	static void
1773	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2109	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1774	{	2110	{
1775	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2111	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1776	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2112	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1777	{	2113	{
1778	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2114	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1779	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2115	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1780	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2116	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1781	}	2117	}
1782	else	2118	else
1783	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2119	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1784	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2120	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1785	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2121	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1786	}	2122	}
1787		2123
1788	...	2124	...
1789	ev_stat passwd;	2125	ev_stat passwd;
1790		2126
1791	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2127	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1792	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2128	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1793		2129
1794	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not	2130	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
1795	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so	2131	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
1796	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on	2132	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
1797	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).	2133	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
1798		2134
1799	static ev_stat passwd;	2135	static ev_stat passwd;
1800	static ev_timer timer;	2136	static ev_timer timer;
1801		2137
1802	static void	2138	static void
1803	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2139	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1804	{	2140	{
1805	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);	2141	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
1806		2142
1807	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */	2143	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
1808	}	2144	}
1809		2145
1810	static void	2146	static void
1811	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)	2147	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
1812	{	2148	{
1813	/* reset the one-second timer */	2149	/* reset the one-second timer */
1814	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);	2150	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
1815	}	2151	}
1816		2152
1817	...	2153	...
1818	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2154	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1819	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2155	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1820	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);	2156	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1821		2157
1822		2158
1823	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2159	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1824		2160
1825	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2161	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1826	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2162	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1827	count).	2163	as receiving "events").
1828		2164
1829	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2165	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1830	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2166	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1831	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2167	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1832	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2168	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1843		2179
1844	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2180	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1845		2181
1846	=over 4	2182	=over 4
1847		2183
1848	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2184	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1849		2185
1850	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2186	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1851	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2187	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1852	believe me.	2188	believe me.
1853		2189
…		…
1856	=head3 Examples	2192	=head3 Examples
1857		2193
1858	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2194	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1859	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2195	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1860		2196
1861	static void	2197	static void
1862	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2198	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1863	{	2199	{
1864	free (w);	2200	free (w);
1865	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2201	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1866	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2202	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1867	}	2203	}
1868		2204
1869	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2205	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1870	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2206	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1871	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2207	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1872		2208
1873		2209
1874	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2210	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1875		2211
1876	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2212	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1877	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2213	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1878	afterwards.	2214	afterwards.
1879		2215
1880	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2216	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
1881	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2217	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
1884	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2220	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1885	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2221	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1886	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2222	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1887		2223
1888	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2224	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1889	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2225	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1890	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2226	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1891	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2227	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1892	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2228	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1893	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2229	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1894	watcher).	2230	watcher).
1895		2231
1896	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2232	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1897	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2233	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1898	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2234	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1899	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2235	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1900	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2236	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1901	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2237	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1902	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2238	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1903	because you never know, you know?).	2239	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1904		2240
1905	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2241	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1906	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2242	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1907	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2243	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1908	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2244	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1911	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2247	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1912	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2248	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1913		2249
1914	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2250	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1915	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2251	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2252	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2253
1916	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2254	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1917	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2255	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1918	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers	2256	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1919	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	2257	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1920	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	2258	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1921	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	2259	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1922	coexist peacefully with others).	2260	others).
1923		2261
1924	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2262	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1925		2263
1926	=over 4	2264	=over 4
1927		2265
…		…
1929		2267
1930	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2268	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1931		2269
1932	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2270	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1933	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2271	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1934	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2272	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2273	pointless.
1935		2274
1936	=back	2275	=back
1937		2276
1938	=head3 Examples	2277	=head3 Examples
1939		2278
…		…
1948	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2287	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1949	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2288	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1950	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2289	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1951	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2290	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1952		2291
1953	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2292	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1954	static ev_timer tw;	2293	static ev_timer tw;
1955		2294
1956	static void	2295	static void
1957	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2296	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1958	{	2297	{
1959	}	2298	}
1960		2299
1961	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2300	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1962	static void	2301	static void
1963	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2302	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1964	{	2303	{
1965	int timeout = 3600000;	2304	int timeout = 3600000;
1966	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2305	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1967	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2306	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1968	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2307	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1969		2308
1970	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2309	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1971	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2310	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1972	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2311	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1973		2312
1974	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2313	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1975	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2314	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1976	{	2315	{
1977	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2316	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1978	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2317	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1979	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2318	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1980		2319
1981	fds [i].revents = 0;	2320	fds [i].revents = 0;
1982	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2321	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1983	}	2322	}
1984	}	2323	}
1985		2324
1986	// stop all watchers after blocking	2325	// stop all watchers after blocking
1987	static void	2326	static void
1988	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2327	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1989	{	2328	{
1990	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2329	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1991		2330
1992	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2331	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1993	{	2332	{
1994	// set the relevant poll flags	2333	// set the relevant poll flags
1995	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2334	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1996	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2335	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1997	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2336	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1998	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2337	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1999	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2338	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
2000		2339
2001	// now stop the watcher	2340	// now stop the watcher
2002	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2341	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
2003	}	2342	}
2004		2343
2005	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2344	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
2006	}	2345	}
2007		2346
2008	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2347	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
2009	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2348	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
2010		2349
2011	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2350	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
2012	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2351	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
2013	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2352	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
2014		2353
2015	static void	2354	static void
2016	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2355	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2017	{	2356	{
2018	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2357	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
2019	update_now (EV_A);	2358	update_now (EV_A);
2020		2359
2021	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2360	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
2022	}	2361	}
2023		2362
2024	static void	2363	static void
2025	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2364	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
2026	{	2365	{
2027	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2366	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
2028	update_now (EV_A);	2367	update_now (EV_A);
2029		2368
2030	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2369	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
2031	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2370	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
2032	}	2371	}
2033		2372
2034	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2373	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
2035		2374
2036	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2375	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
2037	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override	2376	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
2038	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2377	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
2039	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2378	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
2040	this.	2379	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2380	libglib event loop.
2041		2381
2042	static gint	2382	static gint
2043	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2383	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
2044	{	2384	{
2045	int got_events = 0;	2385	int got_events = 0;
2046		2386
2047	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2387	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
2048	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2388	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
2049		2389
2050	if (timeout >= 0)	2390	if (timeout >= 0)
2051	// create/start timer	2391	// create/start timer
2052		2392
2053	// poll	2393	// poll
2054	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2394	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2055		2395
2056	// stop timer again	2396	// stop timer again
2057	if (timeout >= 0)	2397	if (timeout >= 0)
2058	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2398	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
2059		2399
2060	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2400	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
2061	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2401	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
2062	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2402	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
2063		2403
2064	return got_events;	2404	return got_events;
2065	}	2405	}
2066		2406
2067		2407
2068	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2408	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
2069		2409
2070	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2410	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
2076	prioritise I/O.	2416	prioritise I/O.
2077		2417
2078	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2418	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
2079	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2419	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
2080	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2420	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
2081	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2421	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
2082	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2422	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
2083	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2423	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
2084	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2424	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2425	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
2085		2426
2086	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2427	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
2087	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2428	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2088	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2429	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2089	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2430	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2090	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2431	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2091		2432
2092	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2433	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2093	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2434	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2094	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2435	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2095	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2436	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2096	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2437	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2097	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2438	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2098	embedded loop sweep.
2099		2439
2100	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2440	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2101	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2441	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2102	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2103	interested in that.
2104		2442
2105	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2443	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2106	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2444	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2107	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2445	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2108	yourself.	2446	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2109		2447
2110	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2448	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2111	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2449	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2112	portable one.	2450	portable one.
2113		2451
2114	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2452	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
2115	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2453	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
2116	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2454	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
2117	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.	2455	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
		2456
		2457	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
		2458
		2459	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
		2460	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
		2461	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
		2462	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
		2463	as applicable.
2118		2464
2119	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2465	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2120		2466
2121	=over 4	2467	=over 4
2122		2468
…		…
2148	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default	2494	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
2149	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in	2495	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
2150	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be	2496	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2151	used).	2497	used).
2152		2498
2153	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2499	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2154	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2500	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2155	struct ev_embed embed;	2501	ev_embed embed;
2156		2502
2157	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2503	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2158	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2504	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2159	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2505	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2160	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2506	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
2161	: 0;	2507	: 0;
2162		2508
2163	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2509	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
2164	if (loop_lo)	2510	if (loop_lo)
2165	{	2511	{
2166	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2512	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
2167	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2513	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
2168	}	2514	}
2169	else	2515	else
2170	loop_lo = loop_hi;	2516	loop_lo = loop_hi;
2171		2517
2172	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create	2518	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
2173	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any	2519	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
2174	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2520	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2175	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2521	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2176		2522
2177	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2523	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2178	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2524	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2179	struct ev_embed embed;	2525	ev_embed embed;
2180		2526
2181	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2527	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2182	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2528	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2183	{	2529	{
2184	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2530	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2185	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	2531	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
2186	}	2532	}
2187		2533
2188	if (!loop_socket)	2534	if (!loop_socket)
2189	loop_socket = loop;	2535	loop_socket = loop;
2190		2536
2191	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else	2537	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
2192		2538
2193		2539
2194	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2540	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2195		2541
2196	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2542	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
2240	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	2586	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
2241	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't	2587	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
2242	need elaborate support such as pthreads.	2588	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
2243		2589
2244	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own	2590	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
2245	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your	2591	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
2246	queue:	2592	queue:
2247		2593
2248	=over 4	2594	=over 4
2249		2595
2250	=item queueing from a signal handler context	2596	=item queueing from a signal handler context
2251		2597
2252	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal	2598	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
2253	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for	2599	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
2254	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:	2600	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
2255		2601
2256	static ev_async mysig;	2602	static ev_async mysig;
2257		2603
2258	static void	2604	static void
2259	sigusr1_handler (void)	2605	sigusr1_handler (void)
…		…
2325	=over 4	2671	=over 4
2326		2672
2327	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	2673	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2328		2674
2329	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	2675	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2330	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2676	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2331	believe me.	2677	trust me.
2332		2678
2333	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	2679	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2334		2680
2335	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	2681	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2336	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	2682	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2337	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or	2683	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2338	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	2684	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2339	section below on what exactly this means).	2685	section below on what exactly this means).
2340		2686
2341	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,	2687	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
2342	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated	2688	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
…		…
2366	=over 4	2712	=over 4
2367		2713
2368	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	2714	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
2369		2715
2370	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	2716	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
2371	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	2717	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
2372	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	2718	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
2373	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2719	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2374	more watchers yourself.	2720	more watchers yourself.
2375		2721
2376	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2722	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
2377	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2723	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
2378	C<events> set will be created and started.	2724	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
2379		2725
2380	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2726	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2381	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2727	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2382	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2728	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2383	dubious value.
2384		2729
2385	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2730	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
2386	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2731	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2387	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2732	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
2388	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2733	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		2734	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		2735	events precedence.
2389		2736
		2737	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		2738
2390	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2739	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2391	{	2740	{
2392	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
2393	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2394	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2741	if (revents & EV_READ)
2395	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2742	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		2743	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
		2744	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2396	}	2745	}
2397		2746
2398	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2747	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2399		2748
2400	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2749	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2401		2750
2402	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2751	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2403	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2752	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2404	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	2753	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2405		2754
2406	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	2755	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
2407		2756
2408	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2757	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2409	the given events it.	2758	the given events it.
2410		2759
2411	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2760	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2412		2761
2413	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	2762	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2414	loop!).	2763	loop!).
2415		2764
2416	=back	2765	=back
…		…
2452	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2801	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2453	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2802	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2454		2803
2455	To use it,	2804	To use it,
2456		2805
2457	#include <ev++.h>	2806	#include <ev++.h>
2458		2807
2459	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	2808	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2460	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	2809	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2461	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	2810	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
2462	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2811	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2529	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	2878	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2530	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	2879	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2531		2880
2532	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	2881	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2533		2882
2534	struct myclass	2883	struct myclass
2535	{	2884	{
2536	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2885	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2537	}	2886	}
2538		2887
2539	myclass obj;	2888	myclass obj;
2540	ev::io iow;	2889	ev::io iow;
2541	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	2890	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2891
		2892	=item w->set (object *)
		2893
		2894	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		2895
		2896	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		2897	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		2898	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		2899	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		2900	list.
		2901
		2902	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		2903	int revents)>.
		2904
		2905	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2906
		2907	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		2908
		2909	struct myfunctor
		2910	{
		2911	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		2912	{
		2913	...
		2914	}
		2915	}
		2916
		2917	myfunctor f;
		2918
		2919	ev::io w;
		2920	w.set (&f);
2542		2921
2543	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	2922	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2544		2923
2545	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	2924	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2546	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	2925	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2548		2927
2549	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	2928	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
2550		2929
2551	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	2930	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2552		2931
2553	Example:	2932	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2554		2933
2555	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2934	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2556	iow.set <io_cb> ();	2935	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2557		2936
2558	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2937	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
2559		2938
2560	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2939	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2561	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2940	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
…		…
2594	=back	2973	=back
2595		2974
2596	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2975	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
2597	the constructor.	2976	the constructor.
2598		2977
2599	class myclass	2978	class myclass
2600	{	2979	{
2601	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2980	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2602	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2981	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2603		2982
2604	myclass (int fd)	2983	myclass (int fd)
2605	{	2984	{
2606	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	2985	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
2607	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	2986	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2608		2987
2609	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2988	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
2610	}	2989	}
2611	};	2990	};
2612		2991
2613		2992
2614	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	2993	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
2615		2994
2616	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a	2995	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
…		…
2623	=item Perl	3002	=item Perl
2624		3003
2625	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test	3004	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
2626	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,	3005	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
2627	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces	3006	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
2628	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the	3007	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
2629	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).	3008	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3009	and C<EV::Glib>).
2630		3010
2631	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is found at	3011	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
2632	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3012	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		3013
		3014	=item Python
		3015
		3016	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		3017	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		3018	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		3019	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		3020	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		3021	libev).
2633		3022
2634	=item Ruby	3023	=item Ruby
2635		3024
2636	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3025	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2637	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3026	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2638	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3027	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2639	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3028	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2640		3029
		3030	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3031	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3032
2641	=item D	3033	=item D
2642		3034
2643	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3035	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2644	be found at L<http://git.llucax.com.ar/?p=software/ev.d.git;a=summary>.	3036	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3037
		3038	=item Ocaml
		3039
		3040	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3041	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
2645		3042
2646	=back	3043	=back
2647		3044
2648		3045
2649	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3046	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
…		…
2661		3058
2662	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3059	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2663	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3060	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2664	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3061	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2665		3062
2666	ev_unref (EV_A);	3063	ev_unref (EV_A);
2667	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3064	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2668	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3065	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2669		3066
2670	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3067	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2671	which is often provided by the following macro.	3068	which is often provided by the following macro.
2672		3069
2673	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3070	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2674		3071
2675	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3072	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2676	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	3073	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2677	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	3074	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2678		3075
2679	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3076	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2680	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3077	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2681		3078
2682	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3079	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2683	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3080	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2684		3081
2685	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3082	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2686	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3083	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2687		3084
2688	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3085	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
…		…
2704		3101
2705	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	3102	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2706	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	3103	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2707	or not.	3104	or not.
2708		3105
2709	static void	3106	static void
2710	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3107	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2711	{	3108	{
2712	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3109	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2713	}	3110	}
2714		3111
2715	ev_check check;	3112	ev_check check;
2716	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3113	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2717	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3114	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2718	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3115	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2719		3116
2720	=head1 EMBEDDING	3117	=head1 EMBEDDING
2721		3118
2722	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3119	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2723	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3120	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2737	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3134	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2738		3135
2739	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3136	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2740	configuration (no autoconf):	3137	configuration (no autoconf):
2741		3138
2742	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3139	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2743	#include "ev.c"	3140	#include "ev.c"
2744		3141
2745	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3142	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2746	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3143	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2747	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3144	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2748	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3145	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2749	where you can put other configuration options):	3146	where you can put other configuration options):
2750		3147
2751	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3148	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2752	#include "ev.h"	3149	#include "ev.h"
2753		3150
2754	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3151	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2755	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3152	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2756	as a bug).	3153	as a bug).
2757		3154
2758	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3155	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2759	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3156	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2760		3157
2761	ev.h	3158	ev.h
2762	ev.c	3159	ev.c
2763	ev_vars.h	3160	ev_vars.h
2764	ev_wrap.h	3161	ev_wrap.h
2765		3162
2766	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3163	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2767		3164
2768	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	3165	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2769	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3166	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2770	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3167	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2771	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3168	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2772	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3169	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2773		3170
2774	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3171	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2775	to compile this single file.	3172	to compile this single file.
2776		3173
2777	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3174	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2778		3175
2779	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3176	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2780		3177
2781	#include "event.c"	3178	#include "event.c"
2782		3179
2783	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3180	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2784		3181
2785	#include "event.h"	3182	#include "event.h"
2786		3183
2787	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3184	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2788		3185
2789	You need the following additional files for this:	3186	You need the following additional files for this:
2790		3187
2791	event.h	3188	event.h
2792	event.c	3189	event.c
2793		3190
2794	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3191	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2795		3192
2796	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in	3193	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2797	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3194	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2798	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3195	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2799	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3196	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2800		3197
2801	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3198	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2802		3199
2803	libev.m4	3200	libev.m4
2804		3201
2805	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3202	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2806		3203
2807	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to	3204	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2808	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of	3205	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2809	autoconf is noted for every option.	3206	autoconf is documented for every option.
2810		3207
2811	=over 4	3208	=over 4
2812		3209
2813	=item EV_STANDALONE	3210	=item EV_STANDALONE
2814		3211
…		…
2816	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3213	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2817	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3214	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2818	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3215	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2819	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3216	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2820		3217
		3218	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3219	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3220
2821	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3221	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2822		3222
2823	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3223	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2824	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use	3224	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2825	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3225	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2826	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3226	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2827	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3227	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2828	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3228	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2829	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3229	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2830		3230
2831	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3231	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2832		3232
2833	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3233	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2834	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at	3234	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2835	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will	3235	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2836	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3236	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2837	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3237	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2838	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3238	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3239	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3240	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3241
		3242	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3243
		3244	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3245	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3246	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3247	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3248	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3249	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3250	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3251	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2839		3252
2840	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3253	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2841		3254
2842	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3255	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2843	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3256	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
…		…
2859		3272
2860	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3273	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2861		3274
2862	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3275	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2863	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3276	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2864	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on	3277	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
2865	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3278	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
2866	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3279	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
2867	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3280	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
2868	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3281	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
2869		3282
2870	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3283	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
2871		3284
2872	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3285	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
2873	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3286	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
2984	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3397	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2985	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3398	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2986	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3399	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2987	fine.	3400	fine.
2988		3401
2989	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3402	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
2990	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.	3403	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2991		3404
2992	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3405	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2993		3406
2994	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3407	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2995	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3408	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
3002	code.	3415	code.
3003		3416
3004	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3417	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
3005		3418
3006	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3419	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
3007	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3420	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
		3421	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
3008		3422
3009	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE	3423	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
3010		3424
3011	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If	3425	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
3012	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3426	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
…		…
3044	two).	3458	two).
3045		3459
3046	=item EV_USE_4HEAP	3460	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
3047		3461
3048	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	3462	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3049	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined	3463	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
3050	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has	3464	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
3051	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.	3465	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
3052		3466
3053	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	3467	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
3054	(disabled).	3468	(disabled).
3055		3469
3056	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT	3470	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
3057		3471
3058	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	3472	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3059	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within	3473	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
3060	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),	3474	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
3061	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,	3475	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
3062	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance	3476	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
3063	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.	3477	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
3064		3478
3065	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	3479	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
3066	(disabled).	3480	(disabled).
3067		3481
3068	=item EV_VERIFY	3482	=item EV_VERIFY
…		…
3074	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	3488	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
3075	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	3489	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
3076	libev considerably.	3490	libev considerably.
3077		3491
3078	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be	3492	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
3079	C<0.>	3493	C<0>.
3080		3494
3081	=item EV_COMMON	3495	=item EV_COMMON
3082		3496
3083	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3497	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
3084	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3498	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
3085	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3499	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
3086	though, and it must be identical each time.	3500	though, and it must be identical each time.
3087		3501
3088	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3502	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
3089		3503
3090	#define EV_COMMON \	3504	#define EV_COMMON \
3091	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3505	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
3092	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3506	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
3093		3507
3094	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3508	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
3095		3509
3096	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3510	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
3097		3511
…		…
3102	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for	3516	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
3103	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3517	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
3104	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3518	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
3105	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3519	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
3106		3520
		3521	=back
		3522
3107	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	3523	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
3108		3524
3109	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of	3525	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
3110	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	3526	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
3111	all public symbols, one per line:	3527	all public symbols, one per line:
3112		3528
3113	Symbols.ev for libev proper	3529	Symbols.ev for libev proper
3114	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	3530	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
3115		3531
3116	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	3532	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
3117	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	3533	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
3118	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).	3534	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
3119		3535
…		…
3140	file.	3556	file.
3141		3557
3142	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3558	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
3143	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3559	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
3144		3560
3145	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3561	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
3146	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3562	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
3147	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3563	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
3148	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3564	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
3149	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3565	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
3150	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3566	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
3151	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3567	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
3152	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3568	#define EV_MINPRI 0
3153	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3569	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
3154		3570
3155	#include "ev++.h"	3571	#include "ev++.h"
3156		3572
3157	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3573	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
3158		3574
3159	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3575	#include "ev_cpp.h"
3160	#include "ev.c"	3576	#include "ev.c"
3161		3577
		3578	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
3162		3579
3163	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES	3580	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
3164		3581
3165	=head2 THREADS	3582	=head3 THREADS
3166		3583
3167	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This	3584	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
		3585	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
3168	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as	3586	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
3169	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop	3587	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
3170	parameter.	3588	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		3589	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		3590	structures that need any locking.
3171		3591
3172	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in	3592	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
3173	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be	3593	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
3174	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one	3594	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
3175	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex	3595	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
3176	per loop).	3596	a mutex per loop).
3177		3597
3178	If you want to know which design is best for your problem, then I cannot	3598	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		3599	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		3600	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		3601	outside".
		3602
		3603	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3604	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
3179	help you but by giving some generic advice:	3605	help you, but here is some generic advice:
3180		3606
3181	=over 4	3607	=over 4
3182		3608
3183	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop	3609	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
3184	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.	3610	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
…		…
3196		3622
3197	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do	3623	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
3198	better than you currently do :-)	3624	better than you currently do :-)
3199		3625
3200	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the	3626	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3627	event loop.
		3628
3201	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other	3629	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
3202	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).	3630	(or from signal contexts...).
		3631
		3632	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
		3633	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
		3634	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
		3635	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3203		3636
3204	=back	3637	=back
3205		3638
3206	=head2 COROUTINES	3639	=head3 COROUTINES
3207		3640
3208	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	3641	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
3209	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different	3642	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
3210	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	3643	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
3211	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the	3644	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the
3212	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	3645	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
3213	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	3646	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3214		3647
3215	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local	3648	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3216	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine	3649	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3217	switches.	3650	they do not call any callbacks.
3218		3651
		3652	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3219		3653
3220	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3654	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3655	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3656	scared by this.
3221		3657
3222	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3658	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
3223	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3659	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
3224	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3660	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3661	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
3225		3662
3226	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	3663	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
3227	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	3664	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
3228	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	3665	maintainable.
3229	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
3230	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
3231		3666
3232	=over 4	3667	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3668	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3669	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		3670	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have
		3671	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		3672	such buggy versions.
3233		3673
3234	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3674	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3675	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3676	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3677	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3678	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
3235		3679
3236	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
3237	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
3238	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
3239		3680
3240	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3681	=head2 VALGRIND
3241		3682
3242	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	3683	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
3243	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	3684	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
3244		3685
3245	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)	3686	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3687	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
3246		3688
3247	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	3689	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3690	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3691	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3248		3692
3249	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)	3693	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		3694	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
3250		3695
3251	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3696	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		3697	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		3698	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		3699	confused.
3252		3700
3253	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	3701	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
3254	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3702	make it into some kind of religion.
3255	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
3256		3703
3257	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)	3704	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3705	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		3706	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		3707	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		3708	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
3258		3709
3259	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a	3710	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
3260	fixed position in the storage array.	3711	I suggest using suppression lists.
3261		3712
3262	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
3263		3713
3264	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires	3714	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
3265	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
3266	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
3267		3715
3268	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)	3716	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
3269
3270	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
3271
3272	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
3273	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
3274	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
3275	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
3276
3277	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
3278
3279	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
3280
3281	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
3282
3283	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
3284	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
3285	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3286
3287	=back
3288
3289
3290	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds
3291		3717
3292	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	3718	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
3293	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	3719	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
3294	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	3720	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
3295	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	3721	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
…		…
3301	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable	3727	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
3302	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	3728	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3303		3729
3304	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	3730	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3305	embedding it into other applications.	3731	embedding it into other applications.
		3732
		3733	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3734	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3735	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3736	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3737	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3738	available).
3306		3739
3307	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and	3740	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
3308	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets	3741	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3309	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use	3742	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3310	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally	3743	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3311	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness	3744	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3312	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows	3745	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
3313	(Microsoft monopoly games).	3746	(Microsoft monopoly games).
3314		3747
		3748	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3749	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3750	of F<ev.h>:
		3751
		3752	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3753	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3754
		3755	#include "ev.h"
		3756
		3757	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3758	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		3759
		3760	#include "evwrap.h"
		3761	#include "ev.c"
		3762
3315	=over 4	3763	=over 4
3316		3764
3317	=item The winsocket select function	3765	=item The winsocket select function
3318		3766
3319	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it	3767	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
3320	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is	3768	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
3321	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also	3769	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
3322	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles. See the	3770	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3771	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
3323	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and	3772	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
3324	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.	3773	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
3325		3774
3326	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime	3775	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
3327	libraries and raw winsocket select is:	3776	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
3328		3777
3329	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1	3778	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3330	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	3779	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
3331		3780
3332	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	3781	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
3333	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	3782	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
3334		3783
3335	=item Limited number of file descriptors	3784	=item Limited number of file descriptors
…		…
3359	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	3808	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
3360	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	3809	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3361		3810
3362	=back	3811	=back
3363		3812
3364
3365	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	3813	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3366		3814
3367	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few	3815	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
3368	additional extensions:	3816	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
3369		3817
3370	=over 4	3818	=over 4
3371		3819
		3820	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3821	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3822
		3823	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3824	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3825	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3826	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3827	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3828
3372	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	3829	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
3373		3830
3374	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	3831	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
3375	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different	3832	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
3376	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is	3833	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
3377	believed to be sufficiently portable.	3834	believed to be sufficiently portable.
3378		3835
3379	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment	3836	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
3380		3837
…		…
3389	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	3846	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
3390	well.	3847	well.
3391		3848
3392	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	3849	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
3393		3850
3394	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>	3851	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
3395	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On	3852	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
3396	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but	3853	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
3397	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of	3854	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
3398	millions of watchers.	3855	watchers.
3399		3856
3400	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	3857	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
3401		3858
3402	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	3859	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
3403	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	3860	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
…		…
3407	=back	3864	=back
3408		3865
3409	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	3866	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
3410		3867
3411		3868
3412	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS	3869	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
3413		3870
3414	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	3871	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
3415	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently	3872	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
3416	scared by this.	3873	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
3417		3874
3418	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler	3875	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
3419	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding	3876	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
3420	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when	3877	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
3421	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.	3878	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		3879	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
3422		3880
3423	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate	3881	=over 4
3424	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
3425	maintainable.
3426		3882
3427	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply	3883	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
3428	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
3429	seems to warn about).
3430		3884
3431	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,	3885	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
3432	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev	3886	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
3433	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with	3887	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
3434	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
3435	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
3436		3888
		3889	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
3437		3890
3438	=head1 VALGRIND	3891	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		3892	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
3439		3893
3440	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is	3894	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
3441	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
3442		3895
3443	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)	3896	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
3444	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
3445		3897
3446	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	3898	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
3447	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3448	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3449		3899
3450	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,	3900	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
3451	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
3452	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
3453		3901
3454	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list	3902	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
3455	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is	3903	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
3456	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is	3904	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
3457	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind	3905	is rare).
3458	properly.
3459		3906
3460	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project	3907	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
3461	I suggest using suppression lists.	3908
		3909	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3910	fixed position in the storage array.
		3911
		3912	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		3913
		3914	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		3915	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3916	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		3917
		3918	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		3919
		3920	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		3921
		3922	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		3923	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		3924	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3925	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		3926
		3927	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3928
		3929	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3930
		3931	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3932
		3933	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3934	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3935	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
		3936
		3937	=back
3462		3938
3463		3939
3464	=head1 AUTHOR	3940	=head1 AUTHOR
3465		3941
3466	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3942	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3467		3943

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