[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.207 by root, Tue Oct 28 14:13:52 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.226 by root, Wed Mar 4 12:51:37 2009 UTC

 =head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
    // a single header file is required
    #include <ev.h>
+   #include <stdio.h> // for puts
    // every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
    // with the name ev_TYPE
    ev_io stdin_watcher;
    ev_timer timeout_watcher;
    int
    main (void)
    {
      // use the default event loop unless you have special needs
-     ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
+     struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
      // initialise an io watcher, then start it
      // this one will watch for stdin to become readable
      ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
      ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
 If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
 function.
 Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
 from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
-as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
+as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
 The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
 C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
 for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
 create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
 For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
 but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
 like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
 epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
-The epoll syscalls are the most misdesigned of the more advanced event
+The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
-mechanisms: problems include silently dropping fds, requiring a system
+of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
-call per change per fd (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems
+dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
+descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
-with dup and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a
+so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
-program forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the
+I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
-epoll set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per fd) and is of
+take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
-course hard to detect.
+hard to detect.
-Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds should work, but
+Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
-of course doesn't, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
+of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
 I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
 even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
 on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
 employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
-events to filter out spurious ones.
+events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
 While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
-will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
+will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
-(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
+incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
-best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
+I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
-very well if you register events for both fds.
+file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
+file descriptors.
 Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
 watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
 i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
 starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
 extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
 as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
 take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
+All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
+faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
+the usage. So sad.
 While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
 all kernel versions tested so far.
 This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
 C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
 =item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>  (value 8, most BSD clones)
-Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it was
+Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
-broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably with
+was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
-anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's
+with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
-completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected" unless
+it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
-you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or
+is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
-libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.
+without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
+"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
+C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
+system like NetBSD.
 You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
 only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
 the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
 While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
 everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
 almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
 (for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
-(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and, did I mention it,
+(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
-using it only for sockets.
+also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
 This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
 C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
 C<NOTE_EOF>.
 the loop.
 A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
 necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
 will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
-be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarentee that a
+be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
 user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
 iteration of the loop.
 This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
 with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
      else
        {
          // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
          // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
          // guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
-         w->again = timeout - now;
+         w->repeat = timeout - now;
          ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
        }
    }
 To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
 =over 4
 =item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
-=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
+=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
 Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
 operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
 =over 4
 ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
 reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
 current time as second argument.
 NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
-ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
+ever, or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever>.
 If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
 it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
 only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
 C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
 and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
 it did.
 The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
-not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
+not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
-not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
+exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
-otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
+C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
-the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
+least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
+contents.
 The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
 C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
 your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
 to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
 interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
 recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
 (which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
 change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
-currently around C<0.1>, but thats usually overkill.
+currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
 This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
 as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
 resource-intensive.
 At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
-is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as
+is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
-an exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way
+exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
-of implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue).
+implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
 =head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
 Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
 compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
 to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
 default compilation environment.
 =head3 Inotify and Kqueue
-When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally
+When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
-only available with Linux 2.6.25 or above due to bugs in earlier
+runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
-implementations) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
+inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
-change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created
+watcher is being started.
-lazily when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
 Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
 except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
 making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
 there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
-but as long as the path exists, libev usually gets away without polling.
+but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
+many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
+a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
+xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
 There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
 implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
 descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
 etc. is difficult.
+=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
+Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
+the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
+()>, which is a synchronous operation.
+For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
+busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
+as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
+watcher).
+For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
+time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
+often takes multiple milliseconds.
+Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
+paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
 =head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
 The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
 and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
 =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
 =over 4
-=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
+=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
 Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
 kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
 believe me.
 some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
 and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
 this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
 the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
-As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
+As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
-there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
+time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
-call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke
+must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
-their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
+sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
-loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback
+C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
-to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the
+to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
-embedded loop sweep.
-As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The
+You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
-callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can
+will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
-set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
-interested in that.
-Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
+Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
-when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,
+is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
-but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers
+embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
-yourself - but you can use a fork watcher to handle this automatically,
+C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
-and future versions of libev might do just that.
 Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
 C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
 portable one.
 =over 4
 =item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
 Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
-kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
+kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
 trust me.
 =item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
 Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
    myclass obj;
    ev::io iow;
    iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
+=item w->set (object *)
+This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
+This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
+will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
+functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
+the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
+list.
+The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
+int revents)>.
+See the method-C<set> above for more details.
+Example: use a functor object as callback.
+   struct myfunctor
+   {
+     void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
+     {
+       ...
+     }
+   }
+   myfunctor f;
+   ev::io w;
+   w.set (&f);
 =item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
 Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
 callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
 C<data> member and is free for you to use.
 Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
 of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
 more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
 L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
+Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
+makes rev work even on mingw.
 =item D
 Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
 be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
    #define EV_STANDALONE 1
    #include "ev.h"
 Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
-compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
+compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
 as a bug).
 You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
 in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
 keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
 implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
 supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
 F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
+In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
+configuration, but has to be more conservative.
 =item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
 If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
-monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
+monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
-of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
+use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
-usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
+you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
-the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
+when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
 to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
-function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
+function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
 =item EV_USE_REALTIME
 If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
-real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
+real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
-runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
+at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
-be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
+option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
-(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
+by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
-note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
+correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
+C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
+C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
+=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
+If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
+of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
+exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
+unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
+programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
+theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
+the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
+higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
 =item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
 If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
 and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
 =item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
 If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
 structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
-C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
+C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
-exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
+on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
-low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
+some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
-allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
+only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
-influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
+configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
 =item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
 When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
 select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
 loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
 you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
 Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
 C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
-they do not clal any callbacks.
+they do not call any callbacks.
 =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
 Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
 lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
    ==2274==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
    ==2274==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
    ==2274==    still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
 Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
-is not a memleak - the memory is still being refernced, and didn't leak.
+is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
 Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
 as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
 although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
 confused.
 =back
 =head1 AUTHOR
-Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
+Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.207 by root, Tue Oct 28 14:13:52 2008 UTC vs. Revision 1.226 by root, Wed Mar 4 12:51:37 2009 UTC

Diff Legend

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.207 by root, Tue Oct 28 14:13:52 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.226 by root, Wed Mar 4 12:51:37 2009 UTC