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…		…
26	puts ("stdin ready");	26	puts ("stdin ready");
27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
28	// with its corresponding stop function.	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
30		30
31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	31	// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating
32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	32	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
33	}	33	}
34		34
35	// another callback, this time for a time-out	35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
36	static void	36	static void
37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
38	{	38	{
39	puts ("timeout");	39	puts ("timeout");
40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	40	// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	41	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
42	}	42	}
43		43
44	int	44	int
45	main (void)	45	main (void)
46	{	46	{
47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;
49		49
50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
…		…
56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		59
60	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		62
63	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	64	return 0;
65	}	65	}
66		66
67	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
68		70
69	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
70	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
71	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
		84
		85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
		86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
		87	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
		88	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
		89	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
		90
		91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
72		92
73	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
74	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
75	these event sources and provide your program with events.	95	these event sources and provide your program with events.
76		96
…		…
86	=head2 FEATURES	106	=head2 FEATURES
87		107
88	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	108	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
89	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	109	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
90	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	110	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
91	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	111	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
92	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals	112	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
93	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event	113	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
94	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,	114	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
95	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as	115	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
96	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events	116	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
97	(C<ev_fork>).	117	C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even
		118	limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>).
98		119
99	It also is quite fast (see this	120	It also is quite fast (see this
100	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	121	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
101	for example).	122	for example).
102		123
…		…
105	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)	126	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
106	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For	127	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
107	more info about various configuration options please have a look at	128	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
108	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support	129	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
109	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of	130	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
110	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have	131	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
111	this argument.	132	this argument.
112		133
113	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	134	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
114		135
115	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	136	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
116	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	137	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
117	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	138	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
118	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	139	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
119	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	140	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
120	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	141	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
		142
121	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	143	Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for
122	throughout libev.	144	time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev.
123		145
124	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	146	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
125		147
126	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors	148	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
127	and internal errors (bugs).	149	and internal errors (bugs).
…		…
151		173
152	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
153		175
154	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
155	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
156	you actually want to know.	178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
		179	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
157		180
158	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
159		182
160	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
161	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	184	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		185	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		186	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		187
162	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	188	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		189
		190	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		191	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
163		192
164	=item int ev_version_major ()	193	=item int ev_version_major ()
165		194
166	=item int ev_version_minor ()	195	=item int ev_version_minor ()
167		196
…		…
178	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	207	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
179	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	208	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
180	not a problem.	209	not a problem.
181		210
182	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	211	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
183	version.	212	version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches,
		213	such as LFS or reentrancy).
184		214
185	assert (("libev version mismatch",	215	assert (("libev version mismatch",
186	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	216	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
187	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	217	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
188		218
…		…
199	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	229	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
200	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	230	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
201		231
202	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	232	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
203		233
204	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	234	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
205	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	235	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		236	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
206	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	237	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
207	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it	238	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
208	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	239	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
209	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	240	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
210		241
211	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	242	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
212		243
213	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	244	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
214	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	245	value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the
215	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at	246	current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
216	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	247	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
217	recommended ones.	248	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
218		249
219	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	250	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
220		251
221	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	252	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
222		253
223	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	254	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
224	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	255	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
225	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	256	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
226	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	257	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
252	}	283	}
253		284
254	...	285	...
255	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	286	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
256		287
257	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	288	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
258		289
259	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	290	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
260	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	291	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
261	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	292	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
262	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	293	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
274	}	305	}
275		306
276	...	307	...
277	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	308	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
278		309
		310	=item ev_feed_signal (int signum)
		311
		312	This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely
		313	safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
		314	handlers or random threads.
		315
		316	Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
		317	in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
		318	by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when
		319	creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other
		320	mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling
		321	C<ev_feed_signal>.
		322
279	=back	323	=back
280		324
281	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	325	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
282		326
283	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>	327	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
284	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>	328	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
285	I<function>).	329	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
286		330
287	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which	331	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
288	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do	332	supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which
289	not.	333	do not.
290		334
291	=over 4	335	=over 4
292		336
293	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	337	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
294		338
295	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	339	This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should
296	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	340	normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and
297	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	341	the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for
298	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	342	C<ev_loop_new>.
		343
		344	If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply
		345	returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check
		346	C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given
		347	flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the
		348	one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".
299		349
300	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	350	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
301	function.	351	function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro).
302		352
303	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	353	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
304	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	354	from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also
305	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).	355	that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between
		356	threads anyway).
306		357
307	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	358	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers,
308	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	359	and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is
309	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	360	a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with
310	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	361	C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
311	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	362	C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>.
312	C<ev_default_init>.	363
		364	Example: This is the most typical usage.
		365
		366	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		367	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		368
		369	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		370	environment settings to be taken into account:
		371
		372	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		373
		374	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
		375
		376	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
		377	could not be initialised, returns false.
		378
		379	This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
		380	threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
		381	loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
313		382
314	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	383	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
315	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	384	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
316		385
317	The following flags are supported:	386	The following flags are supported:
…		…
327		396
328	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	397	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
329	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	398	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
330	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	399	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
331	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	400	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
332	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	401	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work
333	around bugs.	402	around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
		403	cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other
		404	thread modifies them).
334		405
335	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	406	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
336		407
337	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after	408	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
338	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by	409	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
339	enabling this flag.
340		410
341	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	411	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
342	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	412	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
343	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	413	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
344	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	414	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
…		…
350	flag.	420	flag.
351		421
352	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	422	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
353	environment variable.	423	environment variable.
354		424
		425	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
		426
		427	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		428	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
		429	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
		430	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
		431
		432	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
		433
		434	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
		435	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
		436	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
		437	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
		438	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
		439	threads that are not interested in handling them.
		440
		441	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
		442	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
		443	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		444
		445	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
		446
		447	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
		448	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
		449	when you want to receive them.
		450
		451	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
		452	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
		453	unblocking the signals.
		454
		455	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		456	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		457
		458	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
		459
355	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	460	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
356		461
357	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	462	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
358	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	463	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
359	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	464	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
…		…
383	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and	488	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
384	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.	489	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
385		490
386	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	491	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
387		492
		493	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
		494	kernels).
		495
388	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	496	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
389	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	497	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
390	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	498	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
391	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	499	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
392		500
393	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	501	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
394	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	502	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
395	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	503	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
396	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	504	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		505	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		506	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
397	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	507	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
398	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	508	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
399	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	509	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
400	hard to detect.	510	and is of course hard to detect.
401		511
402	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	512	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
403	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	513	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
404	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	514	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
405	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	515	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
406	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	516	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
407	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	517	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
408	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.	518	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		519	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		520	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		521	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
		522	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
		523	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		524
		525	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		526	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		527	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
409		528
410	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	529	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
411	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	530	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
412	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	531	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
413	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	532	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
450		569
451	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	570	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
452	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	571	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
453	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	572	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
454	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	573	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
455	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	574	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
456	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	575	might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
457	cases	576	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
458		577
459	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	578	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
460		579
461	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	580	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
462	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	581	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
479	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	598	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
480		599
481	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	600	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
482	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	601	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
483		602
484	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
485	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
486	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
487
488	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	603	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
489	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	604	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
490	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	605	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
491	might perform better.	606	might perform better.
492		607
493	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	608	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
494	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
495	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	609	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
496	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).	610	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
		611	hacks).
		612
		613	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		614	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
		615	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
		616	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
		617	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		618	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		619	to re-arm the watcher.
		620
		621	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
497		622
498	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	623	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
499	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	624	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
500		625
501	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	626	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
502		627
503	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	628	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
504	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	629	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
505	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	630	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
506		631
507	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	632	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
		633	C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend
		634	at all.
		635
		636	=item C<EVBACKEND_MASK>
		637
		638	Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
		639	C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
		640	value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable).
508		641
509	=back	642	=back
510		643
511	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these	644	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
512	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	645	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
513	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	646	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
514		647	()> will be tried.
515	Example: This is the most typical usage.
516
517	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
518	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
519
520	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
521	environment settings to be taken into account:
522
523	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
524
525	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
526	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
527	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
528	fds):
529
530	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
531
532	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
533
534	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
535	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
536	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
537	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
538
539	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
540	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
541	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
542		648
543	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	649	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
544		650
545	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	651	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
546	if (!epoller)	652	if (!epoller)
547	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	653	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
548		654
		655	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
		656	used if available.
		657
		658	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		659
549	=item ev_default_destroy ()	660	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
550		661
551	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	662	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
552	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	663	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
553	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	664	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
554	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	665	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
555	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	666	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
556	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	667	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
…		…
558		669
559	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal	670	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
560	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such	671	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
561	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.	672	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
562		673
563	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	674	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
564	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	675	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
		676	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
		677
		678	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
		679	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
565	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	680	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
566	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	681	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
567		682
568	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	683	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
569		684
570	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
571	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
572
573	=item ev_default_fork ()
574
575	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations	685	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to
576	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	686	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
577	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	687	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
578	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little	688	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the
579	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev	689	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
580	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.	690
		691	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
		692	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
		693	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
		694	during fork.
581		695
582	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	696	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
583	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If	697	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If
584	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.	698	you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to
		699	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
		700	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
		701	costly reset of the backend).
585		702
586	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	703	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
587	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	704	it just in case after a fork.
588	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
589		705
		706	Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when
		707	using pthreads.
		708
		709	static void
		710	post_fork_child (void)
		711	{
		712	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		713	}
		714
		715	...
590	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	716	pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);
591
592	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
593
594	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
595	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
596	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
597	entirely your own problem.
598		717
599	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	718	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
600		719
601	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false	720	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
602	otherwise.	721	otherwise.
603		722
604	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	723	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)
605		724
606	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	725	Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical
607	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	726	to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0>
608	happily wraps around with enough iterations.	727	and happily wraps around with enough iterations.
609		728
610	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	729	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
611	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	730	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
612	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	731	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the
		732	prepare and check phases.
		733
		734	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
		735
		736	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
		737	times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
		738
		739	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		740	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		741	in which case it is higher.
		742
		743	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
		744	throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this
		745	as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
		746	convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
613		747
614	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	748	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
615		749
616	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	750	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
617	use.	751	use.
…		…
626		760
627	=item ev_now_update (loop)	761	=item ev_now_update (loop)
628		762
629	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time	763	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
630	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and	764	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
631	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.	765	is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>.
632		766
633	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	767	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
634	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	768	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
635	the current time is a good idea.	769	the current time is a good idea.
636		770
637	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.	771	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
638		772
639	=item ev_suspend (loop)	773	=item ev_suspend (loop)
640		774
641	=item ev_resume (loop)	775	=item ev_resume (loop)
642		776
643	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is	777	These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the
644	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.	778	loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
645		779
646	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When	780	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
647	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it	781	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
648	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while	782	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
649	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>	783	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
…		…
651	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.	785	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
652		786
653	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend	787	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
654	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers	788	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
655	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have	789	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
656	occured while suspended).	790	occurred while suspended).
657		791
658	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the	792	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
659	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>	793	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
660	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	794	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
661		795
662	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	796	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
663	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	797	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
664		798
665	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	799	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
666		800
667	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	801	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
668	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	802	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
669	events.	803	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
		804	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
		805	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
670		806
671	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	807	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
672	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	808	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
		809	called.
673		810
		811	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		812	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		813	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
		814
674	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	815	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
675	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	816	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
676	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	817	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
677	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	818	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
678	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	819	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
679	beauty.	820	beauty.
680		821
		822	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
		823	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
		824	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
		825	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
		826
681	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	827	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
682	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your	828	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
683	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of	829	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
684	the loop.	830	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
		831	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
685		832
686	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	833	A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if
687	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	834	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
688	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	835	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
689	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a	836	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
690	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	837	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
691	iteration of the loop.	838	iteration of the loop.
692		839
693	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	840	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
694	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	841	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
695	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	842	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
696	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	843	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
697		844
698	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	845	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		846	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		847	future versions):
699		848
		849	- Increment loop depth.
		850	- Reset the ev_break status.
700	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	851	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		852	LOOP:
701	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	853	- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
702	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.	854	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
703	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	855	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
		856	- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
704	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state	857	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
705	as to not disturb the other process.	858	as to not disturb the other process.
706	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	859	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
707	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).	860	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
708	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	861	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
709	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	862	(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
710	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	863	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
711	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	864	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
		865	- Increment loop iteration counter.
712	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	866	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
713	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	867	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
714	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.	868	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
715	- Queue all expired timers.	869	- Queue all expired timers.
716	- Queue all expired periodics.	870	- Queue all expired periodics.
717	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	871	- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
718	- Queue all check watchers.	872	- Queue all check watchers.
719	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	873	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
720	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	874	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
721	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	875	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
722	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	876	- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
723	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise	877	were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
724	continue with step *.	878	continue with step LOOP.
		879	FINISH:
		880	- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
		881	- Decrement the loop depth.
		882	- Return.
725		883
726	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding	884	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
727	anymore.	885	anymore.
728		886
729	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	887	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
730	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	888	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
731	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	889	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
732	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	890	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
733		891
734	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	892	=item ev_break (loop, how)
735		893
736	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	894	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
737	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	895	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
738	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	896	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
739	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	897	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
740		898
741	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	899	This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>.
742		900
743	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.	901	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in
		902	which case it will have no effect.
744		903
745	=item ev_ref (loop)	904	=item ev_ref (loop)
746		905
747	=item ev_unref (loop)	906	=item ev_unref (loop)
748		907
749	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	908	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
750	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	909	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
751	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.	910	count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own.
752		911
753	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>	912	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
754	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before	913	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from
		914	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
755	stopping it.	915	before stopping it.
756		916
757	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It	917	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
758	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from	918	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from
759	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an	919	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
760	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within	920	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
761	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref	921	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
762	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active	922	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
763	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself	923	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
764	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>	924	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
765	in the callback).	925	in the callback).
766		926
767	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	927	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run>
768	running when nothing else is active.	928	running when nothing else is active.
769		929
770	ev_signal exitsig;	930	ev_signal exitsig;
771	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	931	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
772	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	932	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
773	evf_unref (loop);	933	ev_unref (loop);
774		934
775	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	935	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
776		936
777	ev_ref (loop);	937	ev_ref (loop);
778	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	938	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
…		…
798	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	958	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
799		959
800	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	960	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
801	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	961	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
802	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	962	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
803	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	963	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
804	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	964	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		965	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		966	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		967	good enough).
805		968
806	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	969	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
807	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	970	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
808	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	971	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
809	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	972	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
811		974
812	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect	975	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
813	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	976	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
814	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	977	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
815	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	978	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
816	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.	979	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		980	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		981	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		982	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		983	then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
817		984
818	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	985	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
819	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	986	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
820	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	987	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
821	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	988	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
822	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure	989	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
823	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.	990	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
824		991
		992	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		993	more often than 100 times per second:
		994
		995	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		996	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		997
		998	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		999
		1000	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		1001	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
		1002	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		1003	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		1004	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		1005	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		1006	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
		1007
		1008	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		1009
		1010	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		1011	are pending.
		1012
		1013	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		1014
		1015	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		1016	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call
		1017	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		1018	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		1019
		1020	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		1021	callback.
		1022
		1023	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
		1024
		1025	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		1026	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		1027	each call to a libev function.
		1028
		1029	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
		1030	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
		1031	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
		1032	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		1033
		1034	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		1035	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		1036	afterwards.
		1037
		1038	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		1039	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		1040
		1041	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		1042	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		1043	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		1044	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		1045	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it
		1046	to take note of any changes you made.
		1047
		1048	In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between
		1049	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		1050
		1051	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		1052	document.
		1053
		1054	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		1055
		1056	=item void *ev_userdata (loop)
		1057
		1058	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		1059	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		1060	C<0>.
		1061
		1062	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		1063	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		1064	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		1065	any other purpose as well.
		1066
825	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	1067	=item ev_verify (loop)
826		1068
827	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	1069	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
828	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	1070	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
829	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything	1071	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
830	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard	1072	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
…		…
841		1083
842	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the	1084	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
843	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer	1085	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
844	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.	1086	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
845		1087
846	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1088	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
847	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1089	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
848	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1090	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1091	for that:
849		1092
850	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1093	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
851	{	1094	{
852	ev_io_stop (w);	1095	ev_io_stop (w);
853	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1096	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
854	}	1097	}
855		1098
856	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	1099	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
857		1100
858	ev_io stdin_watcher;	1101	ev_io stdin_watcher;
859		1102
860	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	1103	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
861	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1104	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
862	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	1105	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
863		1106
864	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1107	ev_run (loop, 0);
865		1108
866	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	1109	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
867	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the	1110	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
868	stack).	1111	stack).
869		1112
870	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>	1113	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
871	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).	1114	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
872		1115
873	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1116	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
874	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1117	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
875	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	1118	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
876	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1119	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
877	is readable and/or writable).	1120	and/or writable).
878		1121
879	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>	1122	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
880	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There	1123	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
881	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<	1124	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
882	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1125	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
…		…
905	=item C<EV_WRITE>	1148	=item C<EV_WRITE>
906		1149
907	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or	1150	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
908	writable.	1151	writable.
909		1152
910	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>	1153	=item C<EV_TIMER>
911		1154
912	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.	1155	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
913		1156
914	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>	1157	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
915		1158
…		…
933		1176
934	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1177	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
935		1178
936	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1179	=item C<EV_CHECK>
937		1180
938	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	1181	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
939	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1182	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
940	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1183	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1184	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1185	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1186	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1187	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1188
941	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1189	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
942	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1190	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
943	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1191	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
944	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	1192	blocking).
945		1193
946	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1194	=item C<EV_EMBED>
947		1195
948	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1196	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
949		1197
950	=item C<EV_FORK>	1198	=item C<EV_FORK>
951		1199
952	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1200	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
953	C<ev_fork>).	1201	C<ev_fork>).
		1202
		1203	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
		1204
		1205	The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
954		1206
955	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1207	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
956		1208
957	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1209	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
958		1210
…		…
1005		1257
1006	ev_io w;	1258	ev_io w;
1007	ev_init (&w, my_cb);	1259	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
1008	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1260	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1009		1261
1010	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1262	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
1011		1263
1012	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1264	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
1013	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1265	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
1014	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this	1266	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
1015	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a	1267	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
…		…
1028		1280
1029	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.	1281	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
1030		1282
1031	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1283	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1032		1284
1033	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1285	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1034		1286
1035	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1287	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
1036	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1288	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
1037		1289
1038	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this	1290	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
1039	whole section.	1291	whole section.
1040		1292
1041	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);	1293	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
1042		1294
1043	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1295	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1044		1296
1045	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether	1297	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
1046	the watcher was active or not).	1298	the watcher was active or not).
1047		1299
1048	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,	1300	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
…		…
1068		1320
1069	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1321	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1070		1322
1071	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1323	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1072		1324
1073	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1325	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1074		1326
1075	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1327	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1076	(modulo threads).	1328	(modulo threads).
1077		1329
1078	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)	1330	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
1079		1331
1080	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1332	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1081		1333
1082	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small	1334	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
1083	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1335	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
1084	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1336	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
1085	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1337	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
1086	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1338	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
1087		1339
1088	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
1089	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
1090	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
1091	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
1092
1093	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1340	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
1094	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1341	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
1095		1342
1096	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1343	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
1097	pending.	1344	pending.
1098
1099	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1100	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1101		1345
1102	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1346	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
1103	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1347	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
1104	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1348	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1349
		1350	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1351	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1352
		1353	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
		1354	priorities.
1105		1355
1106	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1356	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1107		1357
1108	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1358	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1109	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1359	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
…		…
1117	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1367	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
1118		1368
1119	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its	1369	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
1120	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.	1370	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
1121		1371
		1372	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1373
		1374	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1375	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1376	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1377	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1378
		1379	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1380	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1381	not started in the first place.
		1382
		1383	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1384	functions that do not need a watcher.
		1385
1122	=back	1386	=back
1123		1387
		1388	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
		1389	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1124		1390
1125	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1391	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1126		1392
1127	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1393	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1128	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1394	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1129	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1395	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1130	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1396	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1131	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1132	data:
1133		1397
1134	struct my_io	1398	=over 4
		1399
		1400	=item initialised
		1401
		1402	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
		1403	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1404	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
		1405
		1406	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
		1407	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1408	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1409	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
		1410
		1411	=item started/running/active
		1412
		1413	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
		1414	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1415	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1416	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1417	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
		1418
		1419	=item pending
		1420
		1421	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
		1422	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
		1423	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
		1424	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
		1425	callback.
		1426
		1427	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1428	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1429	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1430	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1431	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1432	previous item still apply.
		1433
		1434	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
		1435	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
		1436	active.
		1437
		1438	=item stopped
		1439
		1440	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
		1441	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
		1442	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
		1443	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1444	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1445
		1446	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1447	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1448	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1449	it again).
		1450
		1451	=back
		1452
		1453	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1454
		1455	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1456	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1457	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1458
		1459	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1460	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1461	range.
		1462
		1463	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1464	by event loops:
		1465
		1466	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1467	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1468	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1469
		1470	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1471	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1472	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1473	before polling for new events.
		1474
		1475	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1476	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1477
		1478	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1479	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1480	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1481	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1482	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1483	priority ones.
		1484
		1485	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1486	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1487	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1488	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1489	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1490	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1491	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1492	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1493	always, what you want).
		1494
		1495	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1496	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1497	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1498	required.
		1499
		1500	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1501	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1502	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1503	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1504	continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1505	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1506	workable.
		1507
		1508	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1509	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1510	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1511	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1512	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1513
		1514	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1515	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1516	other events are pending:
		1517
		1518	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1519	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1520
		1521	static void
		1522	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1135	{	1523	{
1136	ev_io io;	1524	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
1137	int otherfd;	1525	// are not yet ready to handle it.
1138	void *somedata;	1526	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
1139	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1527
		1528	// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.
		1529	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1530	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1531	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
1140	};	1532	}
1141		1533
1142	...	1534	static void
1143	struct my_io w;	1535	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
1144	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1145
1146	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1147	can cast it back to your own type:
1148
1149	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1150	{	1536	{
1151	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1537	// actual processing
1152	...	1538	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1539
		1540	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1541	// we have handled the event
		1542	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
1153	}	1543	}
1154		1544
1155	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1545	// initialisation
1156	instead have been omitted.	1546	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1547	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1548	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
1157		1549
1158	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple	1550	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
1159	embedded watchers:	1551	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
1160		1552	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
1161	struct my_biggy	1553	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
1162	{	1554	important ones.
1163	int some_data;
1164	ev_timer t1;
1165	ev_timer t2;
1166	}
1167
1168	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1169	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1170	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1171	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1172	programmers):
1173
1174	#include <stddef.h>
1175
1176	static void
1177	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1178	{
1179	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
1180	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1181	}
1182
1183	static void
1184	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1185	{
1186	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
1187	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1188	}
1189		1555
1190		1556
1191	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1557	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
1192		1558
1193	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1559	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1217	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1583	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1218	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1584	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1219	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1585	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1220	required if you know what you are doing).	1586	required if you know what you are doing).
1221		1587
1222	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1223	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1224	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
1225
1226	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1588	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1227	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1589	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1228	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1590	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1229	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1591	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1230	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1592	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1231	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1593	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1232	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1233	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1594	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1234		1595
1235	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1596	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1236	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1597	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1237	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1598	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1238	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1599	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1239	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1600	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1240	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1601	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1241	indefinitely.	1602	indefinitely.
1242		1603
1243	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1604	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1244		1605
…		…
1272		1633
1273	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1634	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1274	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1635	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1275	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1636	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1276		1637
		1638	=head3 The special problem of files
		1639
		1640	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1641	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1642	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1643
		1644	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1645	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1646	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1647	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1648	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1649
		1650	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1651	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1652	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1653	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1654	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1655
		1656	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1657	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1658	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1659	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1660	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1661	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1662	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1663	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1664	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1665
		1666	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1667	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1668	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1669	reuse the same code path.
		1670
1277	=head3 The special problem of fork	1671	=head3 The special problem of fork
1278		1672
1279	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1673	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
1280	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1674	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
1281	it in the child.	1675	it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
1282		1676
1283	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1677	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1284	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1678	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1285	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1679	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1286	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1287		1680
1288	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1681	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1289		1682
1290	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1683	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1291	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1684	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1294		1687
1295	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you	1688	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
1296	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon	1689	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
1297	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).	1690	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
1298		1691
		1692	=head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
		1693
		1694	Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example,
		1695	found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
		1696	connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
		1697
		1698	For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
		1699	of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not
		1700	rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on
		1701	the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and
		1702	typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage.
		1703
		1704	Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between
		1705	operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the
		1706	situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to
		1707	cope with overload is known (to me).
		1708
		1709	One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it
		1710	- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the
		1711	situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
		1712	event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.
		1713
		1714	A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than
		1715	C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such
		1716	messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
		1717	what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop
		1718	the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU
		1719	usage.
		1720
		1721	If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file
		1722	descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and
		1723	when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>,
		1724	close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse
		1725	clients under typical overload conditions.
		1726
		1727	The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as
		1728	is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy
		1729	opportunity for a DoS attack.
1299		1730
1300	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1731	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1301		1732
1302	=over 4	1733	=over 4
1303		1734
…		…
1335	...	1766	...
1336	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1767	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1337	ev_io stdin_readable;	1768	ev_io stdin_readable;
1338	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1769	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1339	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1770	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1340	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1771	ev_run (loop, 0);
1341		1772
1342		1773
1343	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1774	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1344		1775
1345	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1776	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
…		…
1350	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because	1781	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1351	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1782	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1352	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1783	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1353		1784
1354	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1785	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1786	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
		1787	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
1355	passed. If multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration	1788	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1356	then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with	1789	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1357	later time-out values (but this is no longer true when a callback calls	1790	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1358	C<ev_loop> recursively).	1791	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1359		1792
1360	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1793	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1361		1794
1362	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1795	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1363	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1796	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1407	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>	1840	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
1408	member and C<ev_timer_again>.	1841	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
1409		1842
1410	At start:	1843	At start:
1411		1844
1412	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);	1845	ev_init (timer, callback);
1413	timer->repeat = 60.;	1846	timer->repeat = 60.;
1414	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1847	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1415		1848
1416	Each time there is some activity:	1849	Each time there is some activity:
1417		1850
…		…
1438		1871
1439	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1872	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1440	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1873	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1441	within the callback:	1874	within the callback:
1442		1875
		1876	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1443	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1877	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1878	ev_timer timer;
1444		1879
1445	static void	1880	static void
1446	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1881	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1447	{	1882	{
1448	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1883	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1449	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1884	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1450		1885
1451	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1886	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1452	if (timeout < now)	1887	if (after < 0.)
1453	{	1888	{
1454	// timeout occured, take action	1889	// timeout occurred, take action
1455	}	1890	}
1456	else	1891	else
1457	{	1892	{
1458	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1893	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1459	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1894	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1460	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1895	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1461	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1896	// the timeout can occur.
		1897	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1462	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1898	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1463	}	1899	}
1464	}	1900	}
1465		1901
1466	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1902	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1467	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1903	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1468	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1904	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1469	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1905	(EV_A)> from that).
1470	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1471	a timeout then.
1472		1906
1473	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1907	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1474	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1908	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1909
		1910	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1911	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1912
		1913	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1914	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1915	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1475		1916
1476	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1917	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1477	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1918	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1478	libev to change the timeout.	1919	libev to change the timeout.
1479		1920
1480	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1921	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1481	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1922	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1482	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1923	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		1924	the timer:
1483		1925
		1926	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1484	ev_timer_init (timer, callback);	1927	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1485	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1928	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1486	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
1487		1929
1488	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1930	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1489	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1931	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1490		1932
		1933	if (activity detected)
1491	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);	1934	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		1935
		1936	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		1937	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		1938	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		1939
		1940	timeout = new_value;
		1941	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		1942	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1492		1943
1493	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	1944	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1494	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	1945	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1495
1496	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1497	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1498	fix things for you.
1499		1946
1500	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	1947	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1501		1948
1502	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	1949	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1503	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	1950	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1530	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	1977	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1531	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	1978	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1532	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	1979	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1533	overkill :)	1980	overkill :)
1534		1981
		1982	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		1983
		1984	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		1985	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		1986	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		1987	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		1988	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		1989
		1990	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		1991	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		1992
		1993	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		1994	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		1995	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		1996	expect.
		1997
		1998	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		1999	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		2000	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		2001	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2002	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2003
		2004	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2005	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2006	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2007	intentions.
		2008
		2009	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2010	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2011	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2012	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2013
		2014	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2015	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2016	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2017	late" side of things.
		2018
1535	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2019	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1536		2020
1537	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2021	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1538	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2022	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1539	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a	2023	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1540	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2024	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1541	lots of events in one iteration.	2025	lots of events in one iteration.
1542		2026
1543	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2027	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1544	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	2028	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
…		…
1550		2034
1551	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2035	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1552	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2036	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1553	()>.	2037	()>.
1554		2038
		2039	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2040
		2041	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2042	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2043	jumps).
		2044
		2045	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2046	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2047	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2048	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2049	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2050
		2051	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2052	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2053	a second or so.
		2054
		2055	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2056	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2057	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2058	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2059
		2060	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2061	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2062	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2063
		2064	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2065	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2066	exactly the right behaviour.
		2067
		2068	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2069	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2070	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
		2071
		2072	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
		2073
		2074	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
		2075	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
		2076
		2077	Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes
		2078	all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue
		2079	to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the
		2080	system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program
		2081	was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted
		2082	towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time
		2083	clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a
		2084	long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would
		2085	be adjusted accordingly.
		2086
		2087	I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between
		2088	operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware.
		2089
		2090	The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a
		2091	time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program
		2092	is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use,
		2093	then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time
		2094	will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in
		2095	use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly.
		2096
		2097	It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend>
		2098	and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get
		2099	deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against
		2100	C<SIGSTOP>).
		2101
1555	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2102	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1556		2103
1557	=over 4	2104	=over 4
1558		2105
1559	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2106	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
…		…
1572	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2119	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1573	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2120	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1574		2121
1575	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2122	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1576		2123
1577	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2124	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
1578	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2125	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2126	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
1579		2127
		2128	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2129	applied to the watcher:
		2130
		2131	=over 4
		2132
1580	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2133	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
1581		2134
1582	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2135	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2136	out, without invoking it).
1583		2137
1584	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2138	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
1585	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2139	and start the timer, if necessary.
1586		2140
		2141	=back
		2142
1587	This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a	2143	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1588	usage example.	2144	usage example.
		2145
		2146	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
		2147
		2148	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
		2149	then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
		2150	the timeout value currently configured.
		2151
		2152	That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
		2153	C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining>
		2154	will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
		2155	roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
		2156	too), and so on.
1589		2157
1590	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	2158	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1591		2159
1592	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	2160	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1593	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),	2161	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
…		…
1619	}	2187	}
1620		2188
1621	ev_timer mytimer;	2189	ev_timer mytimer;
1622	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	2190	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1623	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	2191	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1624	ev_loop (loop, 0);	2192	ev_run (loop, 0);
1625		2193
1626	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	2194	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1627	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	2195	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1628	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	2196	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1629		2197
…		…
1655		2223
1656	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2224	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1657	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple	2225	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1658	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with	2226	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
1659	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values	2227	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
1660	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).	2228	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1661		2229
1662	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2230	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1663		2231
1664	=over 4	2232	=over 4
1665		2233
…		…
1700		2268
1701	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2269	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1702	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2270	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1703	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2271	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1704		2272
1705	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2273	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
1706	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2274	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
1707	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2275	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2276	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2277	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2278	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
1708		2279
1709	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2280	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
1710	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2281	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
1711	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2282	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
1712	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2283	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
1793	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2364	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1794	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2365	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1795	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	2366	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1796		2367
1797	static void	2368	static void
1798	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2369	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
1799	{	2370	{
1800	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2371	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1801	}	2372	}
1802		2373
1803	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2374	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
…		…
1826		2397
1827	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2398	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1828		2399
1829	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2400	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1830	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2401	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1831	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2402	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1832	normal event processing, like any other event.	2403	normal event processing, like any other event.
1833		2404
1834	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would	2405	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
1835	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use	2406	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
1836	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.	2407	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
		2408	synchronously wake up an event loop.
1837		2409
1838	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	2410	You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but
		2411	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
		2412	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
		2413	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
		2414	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
		2415
1839	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler	2416	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something
1840	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2417	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1841	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when	2418	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).
1842	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1843	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1844		2419
1845	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2420	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
1846	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly	2421	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
1847	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by	2422	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
1848	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock	2423	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
1849	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.	2424	and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		2425
		2426	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
		2427
		2428	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
		2429	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
		2430	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
		2431	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2432	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
		2433
		2434	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
		2435	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
		2436	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
		2437	certain signals to be blocked.
		2438
		2439	This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset
		2440	the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good
		2441	choice usually).
		2442
		2443	The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
		2444	to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
		2445	catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
		2446
		2447	In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
		2448	unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces
		2449	the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
		2450	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
		2451
		2452	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
		2453	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
		2454	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
		2455
		2456	=head3 The special problem of threads signal handling
		2457
		2458	POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
		2459	a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
		2460	threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
		2461
		2462	When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
		2463	for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
		2464	all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
		2465	sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating
		2466	loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles
		2467	these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
		2468	in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>.
1850		2469
1851	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2470	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1852		2471
1853	=over 4	2472	=over 4
1854		2473
…		…
1870	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.	2489	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1871		2490
1872	static void	2491	static void
1873	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)	2492	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
1874	{	2493	{
1875	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2494	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
1876	}	2495	}
1877		2496
1878	ev_signal signal_watcher;	2497	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1879	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2498	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1880	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);	2499	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
…		…
1886	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or	2505	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1887	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child	2506	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1888	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long	2507	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1889	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,	2508	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
1890	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,	2509	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
1891	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is	2510	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
1892	not.	2511	in the next callback invocation is not.
1893		2512
1894	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2513	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1895	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.	2514	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
1896		2515
		2516	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2517	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2518	libev)
		2519
1897	=head3 Process Interaction	2520	=head3 Process Interaction
1898		2521
1899	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2522	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1900	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2523	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the
1901	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence	2524	first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
1902	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done	2525	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
1903	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all	2526	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
1904	children, even ones not watched.	2527	children, even ones not watched.
1905		2528
1906	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing	2529	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
…		…
1916	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher	2539	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
1917		2540
1918	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the	2541	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
1919	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the	2542	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
1920	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically	2543	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
1921	when a child exit is detected.	2544	when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a
		2545	problem).
1922		2546
1923	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2547	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1924		2548
1925	=over 4	2549	=over 4
1926		2550
…		…
1984		2608
1985	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2609	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1986		2610
1987	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2611	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1988	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2612	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1989	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2613	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
1990	it did.	2614	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2615	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
1991		2616
1992	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2617	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1993	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2618	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1994	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2619	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1995	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2620	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2225	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2850	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2226	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2851	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2227	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2852	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2228	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2853	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2229		2854
		2855	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2856
		2857	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2858	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2859	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2860	lowest priority will do.
		2861
		2862	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2863	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2864	between different connections.
		2865
		2866	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2867	example.
		2868
2230	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2869	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2231		2870
2232	=over 4	2871	=over 4
2233		2872
2234	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2873	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2245	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2884	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2246		2885
2247	static void	2886	static void
2248	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2887	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2249	{	2888	{
		2889	// stop the watcher
		2890	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2891
		2892	// now we can free it
2250	free (w);	2893	free (w);
		2894
2251	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2895	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2252	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2896	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2253	}	2897	}
2254		2898
2255	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2899	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
2256	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2900	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
2257	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2901	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2258		2902
2259		2903
2260	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2904	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2261		2905
2262	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2906	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2263	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2907	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2264	afterwards.	2908	afterwards.
2265		2909
2266	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2910	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter
2267	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2911	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
2268	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	2912	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
2269	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	2913	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
2270	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2914	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
2271	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2915	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
…		…
2295	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	2939	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2296	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	2940	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2297	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2941	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2298	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2942	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2299		2943
2300	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2944	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2301	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2945	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2302	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	2946	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		2947	watchers).
2303		2948
2304	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	2949	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2305	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	2950	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2306	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	2951	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2307	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	2952	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2308	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	2953	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2309	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	2954	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2310	others).	2955	others).
		2956
		2957	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		2958
		2959	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		2960	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		2961	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		2962	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		2963	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		2964	connections have a chance of making progress.
		2965
		2966	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		2967	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		2968	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		2969
		2970	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		2971	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		2972	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		2973	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		2974	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2311		2975
2312	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2976	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2313		2977
2314	=over 4	2978	=over 4
2315		2979
…		…
2355	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	3019	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
2356	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	3020	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
2357	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	3021	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
2358		3022
2359	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	3023	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
2360	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	3024	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
2361	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	3025	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
2362		3026
2363	// create one ev_io per pollfd	3027	// create one ev_io per pollfd
2364	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	3028	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2365	{	3029	{
…		…
2439		3103
2440	if (timeout >= 0)	3104	if (timeout >= 0)
2441	// create/start timer	3105	// create/start timer
2442		3106
2443	// poll	3107	// poll
2444	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3108	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
2445		3109
2446	// stop timer again	3110	// stop timer again
2447	if (timeout >= 0)	3111	if (timeout >= 0)
2448	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	3112	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
2449		3113
…		…
2516		3180
2517	=over 4	3181	=over 4
2518		3182
2519	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3183	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2520		3184
2521	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3185	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2522		3186
2523	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3187	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2524	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3188	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2525	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3189	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2526	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3190	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
2527	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	3191	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2528		3192
2529	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	3193	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2530		3194
2531	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	3195	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2532	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	3196	similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most
2533	appropriate way for embedded loops.	3197	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2534		3198
2535	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	3199	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2536		3200
2537	The embedded event loop.	3201	The embedded event loop.
…		…
2589		3253
2590	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3254	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2591		3255
2592	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3256	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
2593	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3257	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
2594	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3258	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
2595	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3259	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
2596	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3260	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
2597	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3261	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
2598	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3262	of course.
		3263
		3264	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		3265
		3266	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
		3267	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		3268	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		3269
		3270	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		3271	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		3272	fork.
		3273
		3274	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		3275	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		3276	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		3277
		3278	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		3279	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		3280	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		3281	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		3282
		3283	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		3284	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		3285	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		3286	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		3287	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		3288	signal watchers).
		3289
		3290	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		3291	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		3292	C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>.
		3293	Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered
		3294	watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies
		3295	those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
		3296	signal watchers.
2599		3297
2600	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3298	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2601		3299
2602	=over 4	3300	=over 4
2603		3301
2604	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3302	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
2605		3303
2606	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3304	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
2607	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3305	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2608	believe me.	3306	really.
2609		3307
2610	=back	3308	=back
2611		3309
2612		3310
		3311	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
		3312
		3313	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed
		3314	by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>.
		3315
		3316	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
		3317	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
		3318	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
		3319	loop when you want them to be invoked.
		3320
		3321	Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike
		3322	all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which
		3323	makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you
		3324	can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>.
		3325
		3326	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3327
		3328	=over 4
		3329
		3330	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
		3331
		3332	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
		3333	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
		3334	pointless, I assure you.
		3335
		3336	=back
		3337
		3338	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
		3339	cleanup functions are called.
		3340
		3341	static void
		3342	program_exits (void)
		3343	{
		3344	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		3345	}
		3346
		3347	...
		3348	atexit (program_exits);
		3349
		3350
2613	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop	3351	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
2614		3352
2615	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other	3353	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
2616	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3354	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
2617	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3355	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
2618		3356
2619	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not	3357	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
2620	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what	3358	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
2621	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you	3359	watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal
2622	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal	3360	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
2623	safe.
2624		3361
2625	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3362	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
2626	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3363	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
2627	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3364	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
2628	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3365	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
2629		3366	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
2630	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not	3367	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
2631	just the default loop.	3368	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
2632		3369
2633	=head3 Queueing	3370	=head3 Queueing
2634		3371
2635	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3372	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
2636	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3373	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
2637	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't	3374	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
2638	need elaborate support such as pthreads.	3375	need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access
		3376	semantics.
2639		3377
2640	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own	3378	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
2641	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your	3379	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
2642	queue:	3380	queue:
2643		3381
…		…
2727	trust me.	3465	trust me.
2728		3466
2729	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3467	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2730		3468
2731	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3469	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2732	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3470	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3471	returns.
		3472
2733	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3473	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
2734	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3474	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
2735	section below on what exactly this means).	3475	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
2736		3476
2737	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3477	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
2738	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3478	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
2739	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3479	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
2740	reset when the event loop detects that).	3480	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
2741		3481
2742	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3482	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
2743	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3483	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
2744	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3484	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3485	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3486	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3487	zero) under load.
2745		3488
2746	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3489	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
2747		3490
2748	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3491	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
2749	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3492	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
2782		3525
2783	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	3526	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2784	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	3527	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2785	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.	3528	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2786		3529
2787	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	3530	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is
2788	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	3531	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2789	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	3532	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg>
2790	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>	3533	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
2791	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io	3534	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
2792	events precedence.	3535	events precedence.
2793		3536
2794	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.	3537	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
2795		3538
2796	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	3539	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2797	{	3540	{
2798	if (revents & EV_READ)	3541	if (revents & EV_READ)
2799	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	3542	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
2800	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	3543	else if (revents & EV_TIMER)
2801	/* doh, nothing entered */;	3544	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2802	}	3545	}
2803		3546
2804	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3547	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2805		3548
2806	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2807
2808	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2809	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2810	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2811
2812	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3549	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
2813		3550
2814	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3551	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2815	the given events it.	3552	the given events.
2816		3553
2817	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3554	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
2818		3555
2819	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3556	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
2820	loop!).	3557	which is async-safe.
2821		3558
2822	=back	3559	=back
		3560
		3561
		3562	=head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
		3563
		3564	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
		3565	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
		3566	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
		3567
		3568	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
		3569
		3570	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3571	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3572	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3573	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3574	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3575	data:
		3576
		3577	struct my_io
		3578	{
		3579	ev_io io;
		3580	int otherfd;
		3581	void *somedata;
		3582	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3583	};
		3584
		3585	...
		3586	struct my_io w;
		3587	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3588
		3589	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3590	can cast it back to your own type:
		3591
		3592	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3593	{
		3594	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3595	...
		3596	}
		3597
		3598	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3599	function type instead have been omitted.
		3600
		3601	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3602
		3603	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3604	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3605	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3606
		3607	struct my_biggy
		3608	{
		3609	int some_data;
		3610	ev_timer t1;
		3611	ev_timer t2;
		3612	}
		3613
		3614	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3615	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3616	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3617	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3618	real programmers):
		3619
		3620	#include <stddef.h>
		3621
		3622	static void
		3623	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3624	{
		3625	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3626	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3627	}
		3628
		3629	static void
		3630	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3631	{
		3632	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3633	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3634	}
		3635
		3636	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3637
		3638	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3639
		3640	callback ()
		3641	{
		3642	free (request);
		3643	}
		3644
		3645	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3646
		3647	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3648	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3649
		3650	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3651	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3652	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3653	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3654
		3655	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3656	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3657
		3658	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3659	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3660	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3661	already been invoked.
		3662
		3663	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3664	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3665	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3666	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3667	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3668	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3669
		3670	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3671	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3672
		3673	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3674	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3675
		3676	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
		3677
		3678	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
		3679	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
		3680	invoking C<ev_run>.
		3681
		3682	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
		3683	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
		3684	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
		3685	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
		3686	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
		3687
		3688	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
		3689	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
		3690	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
		3691
		3692	// main loop
		3693	int exit_main_loop = 0;
		3694
		3695	while (!exit_main_loop)
		3696	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3697
		3698	// in a modal watcher
		3699	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
		3700
		3701	while (!exit_nested_loop)
		3702	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3703
		3704	To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
		3705
		3706	// exit modal loop
		3707	exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3708
		3709	// exit main program, after modal loop is finished
		3710	exit_main_loop = 1;
		3711
		3712	// exit both
		3713	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3714
		3715	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3716
		3717	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3718	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3719	created/added/removed.
		3720
		3721	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3722	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3723	languages).
		3724
		3725	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3726	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3727	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3728
		3729	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3730
		3731	typedef struct {
		3732	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3733	ev_async async_w;
		3734	thread_t tid;
		3735	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3736	} userdata;
		3737
		3738	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3739	{
		3740	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3741	static userdata u;
		3742
		3743	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3744	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3745
		3746	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3747	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3748
		3749	// now associate this with the loop
		3750	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3751	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3752	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3753
		3754	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3755	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3756	}
		3757
		3758	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3759	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3760	that might have been added:
		3761
		3762	static void
		3763	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3764	{
		3765	// just used for the side effects
		3766	}
		3767
		3768	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3769	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3770
		3771	static void
		3772	l_release (EV_P)
		3773	{
		3774	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3775	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3776	}
		3777
		3778	static void
		3779	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3780	{
		3781	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3782	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3783	}
		3784
		3785	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3786	into C<ev_run>:
		3787
		3788	void *
		3789	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3790	{
		3791	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3792
		3793	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3794	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3795	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3796	l_release (EV_A);
		3797
		3798	return 0;
		3799	}
		3800
		3801	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3802	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3803	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3804	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3805	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3806	watchers is very beneficial):
		3807
		3808	static void
		3809	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3810	{
		3811	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3812
		3813	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3814	{
		3815	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3816	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3817	}
		3818	}
		3819
		3820	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3821	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3822	thread to continue:
		3823
		3824	static void
		3825	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3826	{
		3827	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3828
		3829	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3830	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3831	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3832	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3833	}
		3834
		3835	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3836	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3837
		3838	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3839	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3840
		3841	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3842
		3843	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3844	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3845	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3846	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3847
		3848	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3849	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3850	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3851	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3852
		3853	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3854
		3855	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3856	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3857	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3858	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3859
		3860	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3861	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3862	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3863	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3864	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3865	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3866
		3867	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3868	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3869
		3870	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3871	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3872	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3873
		3874	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3875	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3876	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3877	called):
		3878
		3879	void
		3880	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3881	{
		3882	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3883	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3884	}
		3885
		3886	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3887	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3888	this or any other coroutine.
		3889
		3890	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3891	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3892	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3893	any waiters.
		3894
		3895	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3896	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3897
		3898	// my_ev.h
		3899	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3900	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb);
		3901	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3902
		3903	// my_ev.c
		3904	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3905	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3906
		3907	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		3908	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		3909	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
2823		3910
2824		3911
2825	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	3912	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
2826		3913
2827	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	3914	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
2828	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:	3915	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
2829		3916
2830	=over 4	3917	=over 4
		3918
		3919	=item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.
		3920
		3921	This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
		3922	and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
2831		3923
2832	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.	3924	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
2833		3925
2834	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,	3926	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
2835	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.	3927	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
…		…
2841	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3933	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
2842	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3934	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
2843	is an ev_pri field.	3935	is an ev_pri field.
2844		3936
2845	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	3937	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
2846	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	3938	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
2847		3939
2848	=item * Other members are not supported.	3940	=item * Other members are not supported.
2849		3941
2850	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3942	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
2851	to use the libev header file and library.	3943	to use the libev header file and library.
2852		3944
2853	=back	3945	=back
2854		3946
2855	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3947	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		3948
		3949	=head2 C API
		3950
		3951	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		3952	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		3953	will work fine.
		3954
		3955	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		3956	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all
		3957	other callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic
		3958	reschedule callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<throw
		3959	()> specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C
		3960	and C++ you can use the C<EV_THROW> macro for this:
		3961
		3962	static void
		3963	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_THROW
		3964	{
		3965	perror (msg);
		3966	abort ();
		3967	}
		3968
		3969	...
		3970	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		3971
		3972	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		3973	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		3974	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		3975
		3976	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		3977	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		3978	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		3979
		3980	=head2 C++ API
2856		3981
2857	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3982	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
2858	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3983	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2859	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3984	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2860		3985
2861	To use it,	3986	To use it,
2862		3987
2863	#include <ev++.h>	3988	#include <ev++.h>
2864		3989
2865	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	3990	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2866	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	3991	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2867	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	3992	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
…		…
2870	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++	3995	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
2871	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer	3996	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
2872	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if	3997	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
2873	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).	3998	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
2874		3999
2875	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be	4000	Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
2876	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only	4001	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
2877	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other	4002	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
2878	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing	4003	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
2879	it).	4004	(preferably after implementing it).
		4005
		4006	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4007	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4008	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
2880		4009
2881	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4010	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
2882		4011
2883	=over 4	4012	=over 4
2884		4013
…		…
2894	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4023	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
2895		4024
2896	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4025	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
2897	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4026	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
2898	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4027	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
2899	defines by many implementations.	4028	defined by many implementations.
2900		4029
2901	All of those classes have these methods:	4030	All of those classes have these methods:
2902		4031
2903	=over 4	4032	=over 4
2904		4033
2905	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()	4034	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
2906		4035
2907	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)	4036	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
2908		4037
2909	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	4038	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
2910		4039
2911	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher	4040	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
2912	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.	4041	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
…		…
2945	myclass obj;	4074	myclass obj;
2946	ev::io iow;	4075	ev::io iow;
2947	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	4076	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
2948		4077
2949	=item w->set (object *)	4078	=item w->set (object *)
2950
2951	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
2952		4079
2953	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call	4080	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
2954	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use	4081	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
2955	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all	4082	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
2956	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument	4083	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
…		…
2989	Example: Use a plain function as callback.	4116	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2990		4117
2991	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	4118	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2992	iow.set <io_cb> ();	4119	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2993		4120
2994	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	4121	=item w->set (loop)
2995		4122
2996	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4123	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2997	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4124	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2998		4125
2999	=item w->set ([arguments])	4126	=item w->set ([arguments])
3000		4127
3001	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be	4128	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
		4129	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3002	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	4130	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3003	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	4131	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
3004	method.	4132	method.
		4133
		4134	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4135	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3005		4136
3006	=item w->start ()	4137	=item w->start ()
3007		4138
3008	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4139	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3009	constructor already stores the event loop.	4140	constructor already stores the event loop.
3010		4141
		4142	=item w->start ([arguments])
		4143
		4144	Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often
		4145	convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as
		4146	the configure C<set> method of the watcher.
		4147
3011	=item w->stop ()	4148	=item w->stop ()
3012		4149
3013	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	4150	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
3014		4151
3015	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)	4152	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
…		…
3027		4164
3028	=back	4165	=back
3029		4166
3030	=back	4167	=back
3031		4168
3032	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	4169	Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O
3033	the constructor.	4170	watchers in the constructor.
3034		4171
3035	class myclass	4172	class myclass
3036	{	4173	{
3037	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4174	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		4175	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3038	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4176	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3039		4177
3040	myclass (int fd)	4178	myclass (int fd)
3041	{	4179	{
3042	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4180	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		4181	io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
3043	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	4182	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
3044		4183
3045	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	4184	io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher
		4185	io.start (); // start it whenever convenient
		4186
		4187	io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call
3046	}	4188	}
3047	};	4189	};
3048		4190
3049		4191
3050	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	4192	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
…		…
3089	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4231	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3090		4232
3091	=item D	4233	=item D
3092		4234
3093	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4235	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3094	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4236	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3095		4237
3096	=item Ocaml	4238	=item Ocaml
3097		4239
3098	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4240	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3099	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4241	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		4242
		4243	=item Lua
		4244
		4245	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
		4246	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
		4247	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
		4248
		4249	=item Javascript
		4250
		4251	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4252
		4253	=item Others
		4254
		4255	There are others, and I stopped counting.
3100		4256
3101	=back	4257	=back
3102		4258
3103		4259
3104	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4260	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
…		…
3118	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	4274	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
3119	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	4275	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
3120		4276
3121	ev_unref (EV_A);	4277	ev_unref (EV_A);
3122	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	4278	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
3123	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	4279	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
3124		4280
3125	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	4281	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
3126	which is often provided by the following macro.	4282	which is often provided by the following macro.
3127		4283
3128	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	4284	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
…		…
3141	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4297	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3142		4298
3143	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4299	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3144		4300
3145	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4301	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3146	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4302	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4303	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4304
		4305	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4306	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3147		4307
3148	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4308	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3149		4309
3150	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4310	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3151	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4311	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3168	}	4328	}
3169		4329
3170	ev_check check;	4330	ev_check check;
3171	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	4331	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
3172	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	4332	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
3173	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	4333	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
3174		4334
3175	=head1 EMBEDDING	4335	=head1 EMBEDDING
3176		4336
3177	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	4337	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
3178	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	4338	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
3258	libev.m4	4418	libev.m4
3259		4419
3260	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	4420	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
3261		4421
3262	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to	4422	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
3263	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of	4423	define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in
3264	autoconf is documented for every option.	4424	the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.
		4425
		4426	Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different
		4427	values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible
		4428	to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility
		4429	to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all
		4430	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
		4431	settings.
3265		4432
3266	=over 4	4433	=over 4
3267		4434
		4435	=item EV_COMPAT3 (h)
		4436
		4437	Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
		4438	release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
		4439	have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
		4440
		4441	You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future
		4442	versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your
		4443	sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct>
		4444	from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop>
		4445	typedef in that case.
		4446
		4447	In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>,
		4448	and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
		4449	removed completely.
		4450
3268	=item EV_STANDALONE	4451	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
3269		4452
3270	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	4453	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
3271	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	4454	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
3272	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	4455	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
3273	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4456	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3274	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4457	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3275		4458
3276	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4459	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3277	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4460	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4461
		4462	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4463
		4464	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4465	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4466	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4467	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4468	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4469	this.
3278		4470
3279	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4471	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3280		4472
3281	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4473	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3282	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4474	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
3346	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	4538	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
3347	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	4539	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
3348	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	4540	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
3349	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	4541	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
3350		4542
3351	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE	4543	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
3352		4544
3353	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map	4545	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
3354	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the	4546	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
3355	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually	4547	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
3356	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,	4548	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
3357	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.	4549	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		4550
		4551	=item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
		4552
		4553	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors
		4554	using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing
		4555	their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier
		4556	to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value.
		4557
		4558	=item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
		4559
		4560	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
		4561	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
		4562	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
		4563	the underlying OS handle.
		4564
		4565	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4566
		4567	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4568	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4569	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4570	environments.
3358		4571
3359	=item EV_USE_POLL	4572	=item EV_USE_POLL
3360		4573
3361	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4574	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3362	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4575	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
…		…
3398	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4611	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
3399	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4612	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
3400	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4613	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
3401	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4614	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
3402		4615
		4616	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4617
		4618	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4619	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4620	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4621	and makes libev faster.
		4622
		4623	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4624
		4625	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4626	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4627	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4628	libev faster.
		4629
3403	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4630	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
3404		4631
3405	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4632	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
3406	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4633	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
3407	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4634	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
3408	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4635	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
3409	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4636	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4637	watchers.
3410		4638
3411	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4639	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
3412	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4640	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
3413		4641
3414	=item EV_H	4642	=item EV_H (h)
3415		4643
3416	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	4644	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
3417	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be	4645	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
3418	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	4646	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
3419		4647
3420	=item EV_CONFIG_H	4648	=item EV_CONFIG_H (h)
3421		4649
3422	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	4650	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
3423	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	4651	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
3424	C<EV_H>, above.	4652	C<EV_H>, above.
3425		4653
3426	=item EV_EVENT_H	4654	=item EV_EVENT_H (h)
3427		4655
3428	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	4656	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
3429	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.	4657	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
3430		4658
3431	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	4659	=item EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
3432		4660
3433	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	4661	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
3434	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	4662	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
3435	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions	4663	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
3436	around libev functions.	4664	around libev functions.
…		…
3441	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4669	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
3442	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4670	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
3443	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4671	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
3444	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4672	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
3445		4673
		4674	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4675	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4676	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4677
3446	=item EV_MINPRI	4678	=item EV_MINPRI
3447		4679
3448	=item EV_MAXPRI	4680	=item EV_MAXPRI
3449		4681
3450	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4682	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
3458	fine.	4690	fine.
3459		4691
3460	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these	4692	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
3461	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.	4693	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
3462		4694
3463	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	4695	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,
		4696	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
		4697	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
3464		4698
3465	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	4699	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
3466	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	4700	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
3467	code.	4701	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size.
3468		4702
3469	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE	4703	=item EV_FEATURES
3470
3471	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
3472	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
3473	code.
3474
3475	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
3476
3477	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
3478	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
3479	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
3480
3481	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
3482
3483	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
3484	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3485
3486	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
3487
3488	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
3489	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3490
3491	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
3492
3493	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
3494	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3495
3496	=item EV_MINIMAL
3497		4704
3498	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	4705	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3499	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some	4706	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
3500	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a	4707	certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features
3501	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.	4708	that can be enabled on the platform.
		4709
		4710	A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset
		4711	with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable
		4712	additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal,
		4713	but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
		4714	backend, use this:
		4715
		4716	#define EV_FEATURES 0
		4717	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
		4718	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
		4719	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4720	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
		4721
		4722	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
		4723	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
		4724
		4725	=over 4
		4726
		4727	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
		4728
		4729	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
		4730
		4731	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the
		4732	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
		4733
		4734	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
		4735	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
		4736	assertions.
		4737
		4738	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4739	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4740
		4741	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
		4742
		4743	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
		4744	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
		4745	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
		4746	runtime.
		4747
		4748	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4749	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4750
		4751	=item C<4> - full API configuration
		4752
		4753	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
		4754	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
		4755
		4756	=item C<8> - full API
		4757
		4758	This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for
		4759	details on which parts of the API are still available without this
		4760	feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time.
		4761
		4762	=item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types
		4763
		4764	Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable
		4765	only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare,
		4766	embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining
		4767	C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead.
		4768
		4769	=item C<32> - enable all backends
		4770
		4771	This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at
		4772	least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice).
		4773
		4774	=item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs
		4775
		4776	Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by
		4777	default.
		4778
		4779	=back
		4780
		4781	Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0>
		4782	reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb
		4783	code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O
		4784	watchers, timers and monotonic clock support.
		4785
		4786	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
		4787	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
		4788	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
		4789	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4790
		4791	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4792
		4793	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4794	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4795	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4796	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4797	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4798
		4799	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4800	wants to use libev.
		4801
		4802	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4803	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
		4804
		4805	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
		4806
		4807	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
		4808	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
		4809	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
		4810	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
		4811	big.
		4812
		4813	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
		4814	enabled.
		4815
		4816	=item EV_NSIG
		4817
		4818	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
		4819	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
		4820	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
		4821	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
		4822	good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev
		4823	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
3502		4824
3503	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	4825	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3504		4826
3505	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4827	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3506	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	4828	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled),
3507	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	4829	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you
3508	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	4830	might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
3509		4831
3510	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	4832	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
3511		4833
3512	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4834	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3513	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	4835	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES>
3514	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	4836	disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of
3515	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	4837	C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a
3516	two).	4838	power of two).
3517		4839
3518	=item EV_USE_4HEAP	4840	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
3519		4841
3520	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	4842	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3521	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined	4843	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
3522	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably	4844	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
3523	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.	4845	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
3524		4846
3525	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	4847	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3526	(disabled).	4848	will be C<0>.
3527		4849
3528	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT	4850	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
3529		4851
3530	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	4852	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3531	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within	4853	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
3532	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),	4854	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
3533	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,	4855	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
3534	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance	4856	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
3535	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.	4857	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
3536		4858
3537	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	4859	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3538	(disabled).	4860	will be C<0>.
3539		4861
3540	=item EV_VERIFY	4862	=item EV_VERIFY
3541		4863
3542	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will	4864	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will
3543	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled	4865	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
3544	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not	4866	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
3545	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be	4867	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
3546	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	4868	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
3547	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	4869	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
3548	libev considerably.	4870	libev considerably.
3549		4871
3550	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be	4872	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3551	C<0>.	4873	will be C<0>.
3552		4874
3553	=item EV_COMMON	4875	=item EV_COMMON
3554		4876
3555	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4877	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
3556	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4878	this macro to something else you can include more and other types of
3557	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	4879	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
3558	though, and it must be identical each time.	4880	though, and it must be identical each time.
3559		4881
3560	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	4882	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
3561		4883
…		…
3614	file.	4936	file.
3615		4937
3616	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	4938	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
3617	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	4939	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
3618		4940
3619	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	4941	#define EV_FEATURES 8
3620	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	4942	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3621	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
3622	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	4943	#define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1
		4944	#define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1
3623	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	4945	#define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1
3624	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	4946	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4947	#define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0
3625	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	4948	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
3626	#define EV_MINPRI 0
3627	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
3628		4949
3629	#include "ev++.h"	4950	#include "ev++.h"
3630		4951
3631	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4952	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
3632		4953
3633	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4954	#include "ev_cpp.h"
3634	#include "ev.c"	4955	#include "ev.c"
3635		4956
3636	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	4957	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
3637		4958
3638	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	4959	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
3639		4960
3640	=head3 THREADS	4961	=head3 THREADS
3641		4962
…		…
3692	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5013	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
3693	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5014	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3694		5015
3695	=back	5016	=back
3696		5017
		5018	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
		5019
3697	=head3 COROUTINES	5020	=head3 COROUTINES
3698		5021
3699	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5022	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
3700	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5023	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
3701	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	5024	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two
3702	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the	5025	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
3703	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	5026	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
3704	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	5027	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3705		5028
3706	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	5029	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3707	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	5030	C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3708	they do not call any callbacks.	5031	they do not call any callbacks.
3709		5032
3710	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	5033	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3711		5034
3712	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	5035	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
…		…
3723	maintainable.	5046	maintainable.
3724		5047
3725	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply	5048	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
3726	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message	5049	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
3727	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some	5050	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
3728	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have	5051	warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have
3729	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with	5052	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
3730	such buggy versions.	5053	such buggy versions.
3731		5054
3732	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,	5055	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
3733	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev	5056	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
…		…
3769	I suggest using suppression lists.	5092	I suggest using suppression lists.
3770		5093
3771		5094
3772	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES	5095	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
3773		5096
		5097	=head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
		5098
		5099	GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file
		5100	interfaces but I<disables> them by default.
		5101
		5102	That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support
		5103	files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers.
		5104
		5105	Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue
		5106	by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the
		5107	standard libev compiled for their system.
		5108
		5109	Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would
		5110	suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment,
		5111	i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.
		5112
		5113	=head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
		5114
		5115	The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface
		5116	you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the
		5117	OpenGL drivers.
		5118
		5119	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
		5120
		5121	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
		5122	only sockets, many support pipes.
		5123
		5124	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
		5125	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
		5126	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		5127	probably going to work well.
		5128
		5129	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
		5130
		5131	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
		5132	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
		5133	release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken.
		5134
		5135	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on
		5136	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating
		5137	a loop.
		5138
		5139	=head3 C<select> is buggy
		5140
		5141	All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
		5142	one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file
		5143	descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when
		5144	you use more.
		5145
		5146	There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining
		5147	C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should>
		5148	work on OS/X.
		5149
		5150	=head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
		5151
		5152	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
		5153
		5154	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
		5155	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
		5156	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
		5157	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
		5158
		5159	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
		5160	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
		5161
		5162	=head3 Event port backend
		5163
		5164	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
		5165	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		5166	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
		5167	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
		5168	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
		5169	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		5170	great.
		5171
		5172	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
		5173	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
		5174	C<select> backends.
		5175
		5176	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
		5177
		5178	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
		5179	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
		5180	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
		5181	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
		5182
3774	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS	5183	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		5184
		5185	=head3 General issues
3775		5186
3776	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	5187	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
3777	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5188	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
3778	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5189	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
3779	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5190	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
3780	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5191	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
3781	e.g. cygwin.	5192	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
		5193	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
		5194	environment.
3782		5195
3783	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5196	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
3784	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of	5197	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
3785	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable	5198	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
3786	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	5199	also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3787		5200
3788	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	5201	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3789	embedding it into other applications.	5202	embedding it into other applications.
		5203
		5204	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		5205	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
3790		5206
3791	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't	5207	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
3792	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will	5208	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
3793	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,	5209	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
3794	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a	5210	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
…		…
3799	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets	5215	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3800	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use	5216	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3801	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally	5217	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3802	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness	5218	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3803	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows	5219	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
3804	(Microsoft monopoly games).	5220	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
3805		5221
3806	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding	5222	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
3807	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead	5223	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
3808	of F<ev.h>:	5224	of F<ev.h>:
3809		5225
…		…
3816	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):	5232	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
3817		5233
3818	#include "evwrap.h"	5234	#include "evwrap.h"
3819	#include "ev.c"	5235	#include "ev.c"
3820		5236
3821	=over 4
3822
3823	=item The winsocket select function	5237	=head3 The winsocket C<select> function
3824		5238
3825	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it	5239	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
3826	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is	5240	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
3827	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also	5241	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
3828	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft	5242	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
…		…
3837	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	5251	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
3838		5252
3839	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	5253	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
3840	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	5254	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
3841		5255
3842	=item Limited number of file descriptors	5256	=head3 Limited number of file descriptors
3843		5257
3844	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.	5258	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
3845		5259
3846	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	5260	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3847	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	5261	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3848	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft	5262	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3849	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the	5263	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
3850	previous thread in each. Great).	5264	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3851		5265
3852	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	5266	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3853	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	5267	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3854	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	5268	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3855	select emulation on windows).	5269	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3856		5270
3857	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime	5271	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3858	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	5272	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3859	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling	5273	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3860	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	5274	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3861	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime	5275	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3862	libraries.
3863
3864	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	5276	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3865	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	5277	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3866	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	5278	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3867	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	5279	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3868
3869	=back
3870		5280
3871	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	5281	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3872		5282
3873	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the	5283	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
3874	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:	5284	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
…		…
3881	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal	5291	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
3882	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5292	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
3883	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5293	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
3884	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5294	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
3885	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5295	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		5296
		5297	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
		5298
		5299	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
		5300	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
3886		5301
3887	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	5302	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
3888		5303
3889	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	5304	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
3890	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different	5305	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
…		…
3899	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5314	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
3900	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5315	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
3901	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5316	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
3902		5317
3903	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5318	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
3904	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5319	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
3905	well.	5320	thread as well.
3906		5321
3907	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5322	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
3908		5323
3909	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5324	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
3910	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5325	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
3913	watchers.	5328	watchers.
3914		5329
3915	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	5330	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
3916		5331
3917	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5332	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
3918	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	5333	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
3919	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	5334	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
		5335	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
3920	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).	5336	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5337
		5338	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
		5339	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5340	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5341	something like that, just kidding).
3921		5342
3922	=back	5343	=back
3923		5344
3924	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5345	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
3925		5346
…		…
3987	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5408	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
3988		5409
3989	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5410	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
3990		5411
3991	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5412	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
3992	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5413	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5414	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
3993	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5415	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3994		5416
3995	=back	5417	=back
3996		5418
3997		5419
		5420	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
		5421
		5422	The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.
		5423
		5424	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions
		5425	for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility
		5426	layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the
		5427	new API early than late.
		5428
		5429	=over 4
		5430
		5431	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		5432
		5433	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		5434	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"> in the L</EMBEDDING>
		5435	section.
		5436
		5437	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
		5438
		5439	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
		5440
		5441	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		5442	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		5443
		5444	=item function/symbol renames
		5445
		5446	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
		5447
		5448	ev_loop => ev_run
		5449	EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
		5450	EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE
		5451
		5452	ev_unloop => ev_break
		5453	EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
		5454	EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
		5455	EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL
		5456
		5457	EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER
		5458
		5459	ev_loop_count => ev_iteration
		5460	ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
		5461	ev_loop_verify => ev_verify
		5462
		5463	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an
		5464	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and
		5465	associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct
		5466	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
		5467	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
		5468	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
		5469	typedef.
		5470
		5471	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
		5472
		5473	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
		5474	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
		5475	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
		5476
		5477	=back
		5478
		5479
		5480	=head1 GLOSSARY
		5481
		5482	=over 4
		5483
		5484	=item active
		5485
		5486	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
		5487	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
		5488
		5489	=item application
		5490
		5491	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		5492
		5493	=item backend
		5494
		5495	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
		5496
		5497	=item callback
		5498
		5499	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		5500	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		5501	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		5502
		5503	=item callback/watcher invocation
		5504
		5505	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		5506
		5507	=item event
		5508
		5509	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		5510	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		5511	any other events happening anymore.
		5512
		5513	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		5514	C<EV_TIMER>).
		5515
		5516	=item event library
		5517
		5518	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		5519
		5520	=item event loop
		5521
		5522	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		5523	into callback invocations.
		5524
		5525	=item event model
		5526
		5527	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		5528	watchers and events.
		5529
		5530	=item pending
		5531
		5532	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
		5533	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
		5534
		5535	=item real time
		5536
		5537	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		5538
		5539	=item wall-clock time
		5540
		5541	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		5542	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
		5543	clock.
		5544
		5545	=item watcher
		5546
		5547	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		5548	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		5549
		5550	=back
		5551
3998	=head1 AUTHOR	5552	=head1 AUTHOR
3999		5553
4000	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.	5554	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
		5555	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
4001		5556

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