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Revision 1.114 by root, Mon Dec 31 01:31:30 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.244 by root, Mon Jun 29 04:41:34 2009 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
		16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		17	// with the name ev_TYPE
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		20
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	23	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	25	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	26	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
		29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		30
		31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	33	}
24		34
		35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	36	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	38	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	39	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	42	}
31		43
32	int	44	int
33	main (void)	45	main (void)
34	{	46	{
		47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		49
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		54
		55	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		59
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	60	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		62
		63	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	64	return 0;
49	}	65	}
50		66
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
52		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
		70
53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
56		84
57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
59	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
60		88
…		…
84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	112	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
85	for example).	113	for example).
86		114
87	=head2 CONVENTIONS	115	=head2 CONVENTIONS
88		116
89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	117	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	118	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	119	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	120	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	121	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	122	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
		123	this argument.
95		124
96	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	125	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
97		126
98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	127	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	128	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	129	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	130	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	131	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
103	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name	132	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
104	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	133	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
105	throughout libev.	134	throughout libev.
		135
		136	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		137
		138	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		139	and internal errors (bugs).
		140
		141	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		142	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		143	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		144	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		145	()>.
		146
		147	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		148	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		149	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		150	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		151
		152	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		153	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		154	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		155
106		156
107	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	157	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
108		158
109	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	159	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
110	library in any way.	160	library in any way.
…		…
119		169
120	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	170	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
121		171
122	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	172	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
123	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	173	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
124	this is a subsecond-resolution C<sleep ()>.	174	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
125		175
126	=item int ev_version_major ()	176	=item int ev_version_major ()
127		177
128	=item int ev_version_minor ()	178	=item int ev_version_minor ()
129		179
…		…
142	not a problem.	192	not a problem.
143		193
144	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	194	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
145	version.	195	version.
146		196
147	assert (("libev version mismatch",	197	assert (("libev version mismatch",
148	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	198	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
149	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	199	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
150		200
151	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	201	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
152		202
153	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	203	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
154	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	204	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
156	a description of the set values.	206	a description of the set values.
157		207
158	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	208	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
159	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	209	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
160		210
161	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	211	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
162	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	212	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
163		213
164	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	214	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
165		215
166	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	216	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
167	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	217	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
168	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	218	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
169	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	219	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
170	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	220	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
171	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	221	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
172		222
173	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	223	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
174		224
…		…
178	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	228	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
179	recommended ones.	229	recommended ones.
180		230
181	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	231	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
182		232
183	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	233	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
184		234
185	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	235	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
186	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	236	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
187	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	237	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
188	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	238	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
189	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	239	or take some potentially destructive action.
190	function.	240
		241	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		242	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		243	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
191		244
192	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	245	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
193	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	246	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
194	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	247	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
195		248
196	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	249	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
197	retries).	250	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
198		251
199	static void *	252	static void *
200	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	253	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
201	{	254	{
202	for (;;)	255	for (;;)
…		…
211	}	264	}
212		265
213	...	266	...
214	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	267	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
215		268
216	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	269	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
217		270
218	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	271	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
219	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	272	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
220	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	273	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
221	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	274	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
222	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	275	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
223	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	276	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
224	(such as abort).	277	(such as abort).
225		278
226	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	279	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
237		290
238	=back	291	=back
239		292
240	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	293	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
241		294
242	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	295	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
243	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	296	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
244	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	297	I<function>).
245		298
246	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	299	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
247	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you	300	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
248	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	301	not.
249	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
250	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
251	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
252		302
253	=over 4	303	=over 4
254		304
255	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	305	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
256		306
…		…
260	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	310	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
261		311
262	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	312	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
263	function.	313	function.
264		314
		315	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		316	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		317	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
		318
		319	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		320	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		321	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		322	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		323	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		324	C<ev_default_init>.
		325
265	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	326	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
266	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	327	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
267		328
268	The following flags are supported:	329	The following flags are supported:
269		330
…		…
274	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	335	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
275	thing, believe me).	336	thing, believe me).
276		337
277	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	338	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
278		339
279	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	340	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
280	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	341	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
281	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	342	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
282	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	343	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
283	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	344	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
284	around bugs.	345	around bugs.
…		…
290	enabling this flag.	351	enabling this flag.
291		352
292	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	353	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
293	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	354	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
294	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	355	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
295	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	356	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
296	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	357	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
297	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	358	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
298		359
299	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	360	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
300	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	361	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
301	flag.	362	flag.
302		363
303	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	364	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
304	environment variable.	365	environment variable.
305		366
306	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	367	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
307		368
308	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	369	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
…		…
310	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	371	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
311	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its	372	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
312	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.	373	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
313		374
314	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of	375	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
315	parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are	376	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
316	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	377	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
317	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	378	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
318	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	379	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
319	readyness notifications you get per iteration.	380	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		381
		382	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		383	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		384	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
320		385
321	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	386	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
322		387
323	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	388	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
324	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	389	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
325	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down	390	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
326	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,	391	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
327	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for	392	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
328	performance tips.	393	performance tips.
329		394
		395	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		396	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
		397
330	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	398	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
331		399
332	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	400	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
333	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	401	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
334	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	402	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
335	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	403	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
336	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	404
337	cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad	405	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
338	support for dup.	406	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		407	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		408	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		409	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		410	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		411	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		412	hard to detect.
		413
		414	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		415	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		416	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		417	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		418	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		419	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		420	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
339		421
340	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	422	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
341	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	423	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
342	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	424	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
343	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	425	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
344	very well if you register events for both fds.	426	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
345		427	file descriptors.
346	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
347	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
348	(or space) is available.
349		428
350	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	429	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
351	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	430	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
352	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	431	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		432	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		433	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		434	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		435	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
353		436
		437	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		438	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		439	the usage. So sad.
		440
354	While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in	441	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
355	all kernel versions tested so far.	442	all kernel versions tested so far.
		443
		444	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		445	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
356		446
357	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	447	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
358		448
359	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	449	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
360	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	450	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
361	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	451	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
362	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"	452	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		453	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		454	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
363	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	455	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
364	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	456	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
365	system like NetBSD.	457	system like NetBSD.
366		458
367	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	459	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
368	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	460	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
369	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	461	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
370		462
371	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	463	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
372	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	464	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
373	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	465	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
374	cause an extra syscall as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	466	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
375	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	467	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
376	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	468	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		469	cases
377		470
378	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	471	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
379		472
380	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	473	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
381	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	474	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
382	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	475	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
383	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	476	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
384	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for	477	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
385	sockets.	478	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		479
		480	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		481	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		482	C<NOTE_EOF>.
386		483
387	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	484	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
388		485
389	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an	486	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
390	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets	487	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
…		…
394	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	491	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
395		492
396	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	493	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
397	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	494	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
398		495
399	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious	496	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
400	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	497	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
401	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	498	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
402		499
403	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	500	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
404	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	501	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
405	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	502	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
406	might perform better.	503	might perform better.
407		504
		505	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
		506	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
		507	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		508	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		509
		510	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		511	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		512
408	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	513	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
409		514
410	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	515	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
411	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	516	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
412	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	517	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
413		518
414	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	519	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
415		520
416	=back	521	=back
417		522
418	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	523	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
419	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	524	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
420	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	525	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
421	order of their flag values :)
422		526
423	The most typical usage is like this:	527	Example: This is the most typical usage.
424		528
425	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	529	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
426	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	530	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
427		531
428	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	532	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
429	environment settings to be taken into account:	533	environment settings to be taken into account:
430		534
431	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	535	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
432		536
433	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	537	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
434	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	538	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
435	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	539	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		540	fds):
436		541
437	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	542	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
438		543
439	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	544	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
440		545
441	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	546	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
442	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	547	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
443	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	548	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
444	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	549	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
445		550
		551	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		552	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		553	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		554
446	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	555	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
447		556
448	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	557	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
449	if (!epoller)	558	if (!epoller)
450	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	559	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
451		560
452	=item ev_default_destroy ()	561	=item ev_default_destroy ()
453		562
454	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	563	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
455	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	564	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
456	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	565	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
457	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	566	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
458	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	567	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
459	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	568	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
460	for example).	569	for example).
461		570
462	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	571	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
463	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	572	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
464	would need to be stopped manually.	573	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
465		574
466	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	575	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
467	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	576	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
468	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	577	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
469	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	578	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
…		…
473	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	582	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
474	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	583	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
475		584
476	=item ev_default_fork ()	585	=item ev_default_fork ()
477		586
		587	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
478	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	588	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
479	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	589	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
480	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	590	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
481	again makes little sense).	591	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		592	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
482		593
483	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	594	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
484	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	595	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
485	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	596	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
486		597
487	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	598	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
488	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	599	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
489	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	600	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
490		601
491	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	602	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
492		603
493	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
494	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
495	do not need to care.
496
497	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	604	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
498		605
499	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	606	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
500	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	607	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
501	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	608	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
		609	entirely your own problem.
		610
		611	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		612
		613	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		614	otherwise.
502		615
503	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	616	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
504		617
505	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	618	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
506	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	619	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
521	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	634	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
522	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	635	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
523	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	636	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
524	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	637	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
525		638
		639	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		640
		641	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		642	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		643	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		644
		645	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		646	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		647	the current time is a good idea.
		648
		649	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		650
		651	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		652
		653	=item ev_resume (loop)
		654
		655	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
		656	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		657
		658	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		659	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		660	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		661	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		662	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		663	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		664
		665	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		666	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		667	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		668	occured while suspended).
		669
		670	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		671	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		672	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		673
		674	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		675	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
		676
526	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	677	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
527		678
528	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	679	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
529	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	680	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
530	events.	681	events.
…		…
532	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	683	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
533	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	684	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
534		685
535	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	686	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
536	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	687	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
537	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	688	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
538	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	689	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
539	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	690	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		691	beauty.
540		692
541	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	693	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
542	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	694	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your
543	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	695	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of
		696	the loop.
544		697
545	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	698	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
546	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	699	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
547	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	700	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
548	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	701	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
549	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	702	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		703	iteration of the loop.
		704
		705	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		706	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
550	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	707	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
551	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	708	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
552		709
553	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	710	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
554		711
555	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	712	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
556	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	713	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
557	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.	714	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
558	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	715	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
559	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	716	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		717	as to not disturb the other process.
560	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	718	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
561	- Update the "event loop time".	719	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
562	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	720	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
563	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	721	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
564	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	722	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
565	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	723	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
566	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	724	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
567	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	725	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
568	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	726	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
569	- Queue all outstanding timers.	727	- Queue all expired timers.
570	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	728	- Queue all expired periodics.
571	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	729	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
572	- Queue all check watchers.	730	- Queue all check watchers.
573	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	731	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
574	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	732	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
575	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	733	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
576	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	734	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
…		…
581	anymore.	739	anymore.
582		740
583	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	741	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
584	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	742	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
585	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	743	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
586	... jobs done. yeah!	744	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
587		745
588	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	746	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
589		747
590	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	748	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
591	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	749	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
592	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	750	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
593	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	751	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
594		752
		753	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
		754
		755	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.
		756
595	=item ev_ref (loop)	757	=item ev_ref (loop)
596		758
597	=item ev_unref (loop)	759	=item ev_unref (loop)
598		760
599	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	761	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
600	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	762	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
601	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	763	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
		764
602	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	765	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
603	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	766	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
		767	stopping it.
		768
604	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	769	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
605	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	770	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
606	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	771	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
607	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	772	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
608	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	773	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
		774	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
		775	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		776	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		777	in the callback).
609		778
610	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	779	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
611	running when nothing else is active.	780	running when nothing else is active.
612		781
613	struct ev_signal exitsig;	782	ev_signal exitsig;
614	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	783	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
615	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	784	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
616	evf_unref (loop);	785	evf_unref (loop);
617		786
618	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	787	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
619		788
620	ev_ref (loop);	789	ev_ref (loop);
621	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	790	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
622		791
623	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	792	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
624		793
625	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	794	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
626		795
627	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting	796	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
628	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to	797	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
629	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.	798	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		799	latency.
630		800
631	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	801	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
632	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to	802	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
633	increase efficiency of loop iterations.	803	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		804	opportunities).
634		805
635	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	806	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
636	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	807	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
637	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	808	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
638	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	809	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
639	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	810	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
640		811
641	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	812	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
642	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	813	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
…		…
644	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	815	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
645	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	816	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
646		817
647	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	818	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
648	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	819	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
649	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	820	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
650	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	821	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
651	any overhead in libev.	822	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
652		823
653	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect	824	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
654	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	825	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
655	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	826	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
656	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	827	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
657	as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.	828	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		829
		830	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		831	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		832	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		833	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		834	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		835	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		836
		837	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		838
		839	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		840	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		841	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		842	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		843	error and call C<abort ()>.
		844
		845	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		846	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		847	data structures consistent.
658		848
659	=back	849	=back
660		850
661		851
662	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	852	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
		853
		854	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		855	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		856	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
663		857
664	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	858	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
665	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	859	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
666	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	860	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
667		861
668	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	862	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
669	{	863	{
670	ev_io_stop (w);	864	ev_io_stop (w);
671	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	865	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
672	}	866	}
673		867
674	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	868	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		869
675	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	870	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		871
676	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	872	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
677	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	873	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
678	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	874	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		875
679	ev_loop (loop, 0);	876	ev_loop (loop, 0);
680		877
681	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	878	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
682	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	879	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
683	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	880	stack).
		881
		882	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		883	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
684		884
685	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	885	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
686	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	886	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
687	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	887	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
688	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	888	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
689	is readable and/or writable).	889	is readable and/or writable).
690		890
691	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	891	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
692	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	892	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
693	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	893	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
694	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	894	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
695		895
696	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	896	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
697	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	897	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
698	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	898	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
699	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	899	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
700		900
701	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	901	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
702	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	902	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
703	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	903	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
704		904
705	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	905	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
706	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	906	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
707	third argument.	907	third argument.
708		908
…		…
762	=item C<EV_FORK>	962	=item C<EV_FORK>
763		963
764	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	964	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
765	C<ev_fork>).	965	C<ev_fork>).
766		966
		967	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		968
		969	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		970
		971	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		972
		973	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		974	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		975
767	=item C<EV_ERROR>	976	=item C<EV_ERROR>
768		977
769	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	978	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
770	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	979	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
771	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	980	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		981	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		982
772	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	983	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
773	with the watcher being stopped.	984	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		985	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		986	bug in your program.
774		987
775	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	988	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
776	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	989	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
777	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	990	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
778	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	991	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
779	programs, though, so beware.	992	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		993	thing, so beware.
780		994
781	=back	995	=back
782		996
783	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	997	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
784
785	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
786	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
787		998
788	=over 4	999	=over 4
789		1000
790	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1001	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
791		1002
…		…
797	which rolls both calls into one.	1008	which rolls both calls into one.
798		1009
799	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1010	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
800	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1011	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
801		1012
802	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1013	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
803	int revents)>.	1014	int revents)>.
		1015
		1016	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1017
		1018	ev_io w;
		1019	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1020	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
804		1021
805	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1022	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
806		1023
807	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1024	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
808	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1025	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
…		…
811	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	1028	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
812		1029
813	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	1030	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
814	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	1031	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
815		1032
		1033	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1034
816	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	1035	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
817		1036
818	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	1037	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
819	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	1038	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
820	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	1039	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		1040
		1041	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1042
		1043	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
821		1044
822	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1045	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
823		1046
824	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1047	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
825	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1048	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
826		1049
		1050	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1051	whole section.
		1052
		1053	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1054
827	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1055	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
828		1056
829	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1057	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1058	the watcher was active or not).
		1059
830	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1060	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
831	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1061	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
832	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1062	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
833	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1063	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
834	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1064	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
835		1065
836	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1066	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
837		1067
838	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1068	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
839	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1069	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
865	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1095	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
866	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1096	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
867	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1097	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
868	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1098	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
869		1099
870	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
871	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
872	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
873	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
874
875	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1100	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
876	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1101	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
877		1102
878	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1103	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
879	pending.	1104	pending.
880		1105
		1106	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1107	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1108	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1109
881	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1110	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
882	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1111	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
883		1112
884	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1113	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
885	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1114	priorities.
886	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
887		1115
888	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1116	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
889		1117
890	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1118	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
891	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1119	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
892	can deal with that fact.	1120	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1121	callback.
893		1122
894	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1123	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
895		1124
896	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1125	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
897	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1126	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
898	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1127	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
899		1128
		1129	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1130	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1131
900	=back	1132	=back
901		1133
902		1134
903	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1135	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
904		1136
905	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1137	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
906	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1138	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
907	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1139	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
908	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1140	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
909	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1141	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
910	data:	1142	data:
911		1143
912	struct my_io	1144	struct my_io
913	{	1145	{
914	struct ev_io io;	1146	ev_io io;
915	int otherfd;	1147	int otherfd;
916	void *somedata;	1148	void *somedata;
917	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1149	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
918	}	1150	};
		1151
		1152	...
		1153	struct my_io w;
		1154	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
919		1155
920	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1156	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
921	can cast it back to your own type:	1157	can cast it back to your own type:
922		1158
923	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1159	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
924	{	1160	{
925	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1161	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
926	...	1162	...
927	}	1163	}
928		1164
929	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1165	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
930	instead have been omitted.	1166	instead have been omitted.
931		1167
932	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1168	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
933	watchers:	1169	embedded watchers:
934		1170
935	struct my_biggy	1171	struct my_biggy
936	{	1172	{
937	int some_data;	1173	int some_data;
938	ev_timer t1;	1174	ev_timer t1;
939	ev_timer t2;	1175	ev_timer t2;
940	}	1176	}
941		1177
942	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1178	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
943	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1179	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1180	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1181	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1182	programmers):
944		1183
945	#include <stddef.h>	1184	#include <stddef.h>
946		1185
947	static void	1186	static void
948	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1187	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
949	{	1188	{
950	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1189	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
951	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1190	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
952	}	1191	}
953		1192
954	static void	1193	static void
955	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1194	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
956	{	1195	{
957	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1196	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
958	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1197	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
959	}	1198	}
		1199
		1200	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1201
		1202	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1203	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1204	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1205
		1206	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1207	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1208	range.
		1209
		1210	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1211	by event loops:
		1212
		1213	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1214	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1215	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1216
		1217	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1218	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1219	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1220	before polling for new events.
		1221
		1222	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1223	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1224
		1225	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1226	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1227	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1228	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1229	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1230	priority ones.
		1231
		1232	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1233	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1234	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1235	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1236	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1237	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1238	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1239	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1240	always, what you want).
		1241
		1242	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1243	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1244	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1245	required.
		1246
		1247	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1248	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1249	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1250	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1251	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1252	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1253	workable.
		1254
		1255	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1256	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1257	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1258	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1259	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1260
		1261	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1262	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1263	other events are pending:
		1264
		1265	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1266	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1267
		1268	static void
		1269	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1270	{
		1271	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1272	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1273	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1274
		1275	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
		1276	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1277	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1278	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1279	}
		1280
		1281	static void
		1282	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1283	{
		1284	// actual processing
		1285	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1286
		1287	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1288	// we have handled the event
		1289	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1290	}
		1291
		1292	// initialisation
		1293	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1294	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1295	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1296
		1297	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1298	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1299	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1300	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1301	important ones.
960		1302
961		1303
962	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1304	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
963		1305
964	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1306	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
988	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1330	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
989	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1331	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
990	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1332	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
991	required if you know what you are doing).	1333	required if you know what you are doing).
992		1334
993	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1335	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
994	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1336	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
995	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1337	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1338	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1339	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
996		1340
997	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1341	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
998	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1342	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
999	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1343	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1000	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1344	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1001	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1345	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1002	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1346	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1003	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1347	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1004	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1348	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1005		1349
1006	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1350	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1007	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1351	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1008	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1352	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1009	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1353	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
1010	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1354	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1355	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1356	indefinitely.
		1357
		1358	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1011		1359
1012	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1360	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1013		1361
1014	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1362	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
1015	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,	1363	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
1016	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1364	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
1017	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1365	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
1018	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1366	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
1019	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1367	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
1020	fact, a different file descriptor.	1368	fact, a different file descriptor.
1021		1369
…		…
1050	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1398	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
1051	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1399	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
1052	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1400	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1053	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1401	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1054		1402
		1403	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1404
		1405	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1406	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1407	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1408	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1409
		1410	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1411	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1412	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1413
1055		1414
1056	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1415	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1057		1416
1058	=over 4	1417	=over 4
1059		1418
1060	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1419	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1061		1420
1062	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1421	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1063		1422
1064	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1423	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1065	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1424	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1066	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1425	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1067		1426
1068	=item int fd [read-only]	1427	=item int fd [read-only]
1069		1428
1070	The file descriptor being watched.	1429	The file descriptor being watched.
1071		1430
…		…
1079		1438
1080	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1439	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1081	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1440	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1082	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1441	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1083		1442
1084	static void	1443	static void
1085	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1444	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1086	{	1445	{
1087	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1446	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1088	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1447	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1089	}	1448	}
1090		1449
1091	...	1450	...
1092	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1451	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1093	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1452	ev_io stdin_readable;
1094	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1453	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1095	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1454	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1096	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1455	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1097		1456
1098		1457
1099	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1458	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1100		1459
1101	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1460	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1102	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1461	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1103		1462
1104	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1463	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1105	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1464	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1106	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1465	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1107	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1466	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1108	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1467	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1468
		1469	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1470	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
		1471	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1472	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1473	before ones with later time-out values (but this is no longer true when a
		1474	callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
		1475
		1476	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1477
		1478	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1479	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1480	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1481
		1482	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1483	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1484
		1485	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1486	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1487	data or other life sign was received).
		1488
		1489	=over 4
		1490
		1491	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1492
		1493	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1494	start the watcher:
		1495
		1496	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1497	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1498
		1499	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1500	and start it again:
		1501
		1502	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1503	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1504	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1505
		1506	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1507	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1508	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1509	still not a constant-time operation.
		1510
		1511	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1512
		1513	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1514	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1515
		1516	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1517	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1518	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1519	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1520	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1521
		1522	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1523	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1524	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1525
		1526	At start:
		1527
		1528	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1529	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1530	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1531
		1532	Each time there is some activity:
		1533
		1534	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1535
		1536	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1537	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1538
		1539	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1540	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1541
		1542	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1543	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1544	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1545
		1546	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1547
		1548	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1549
		1550	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1551	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1552	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1553	associated activity resets.
		1554
		1555	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1556	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1557	within the callback:
		1558
		1559	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1560
		1561	static void
		1562	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1563	{
		1564	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1565	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1566
		1567	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1568	if (timeout < now)
		1569	{
		1570	// timeout occured, take action
		1571	}
		1572	else
		1573	{
		1574	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1575	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1576	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1577	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1578	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1579	}
		1580	}
		1581
		1582	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1583	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1584	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1585	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1586	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1587	a timeout then.
		1588
		1589	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1590	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1591
		1592	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1593	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1594	libev to change the timeout.
		1595
		1596	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1597	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1598	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1599
		1600	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1601	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1602	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1603
		1604	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1605	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1606
		1607	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1608
		1609	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1610	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1611
		1612	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1613	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1614	fix things for you.
		1615
		1616	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1617
		1618	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1619	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1620	do even better:
		1621
		1622	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1623	at the I<end> of the list.
		1624
		1625	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1626	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1627
		1628	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1629	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1630	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1631
		1632	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1633	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1634	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1635	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1636
		1637	=back
		1638
		1639	So which method the best?
		1640
		1641	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1642	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1643	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1644	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1645
		1646	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1647	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1648	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1649	overkill :)
		1650
		1651	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1652
		1653	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1654	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1655	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
		1656	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1657	lots of events in one iteration.
1109		1658
1110	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1659	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1111	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1660	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1112	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1661	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1113	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1662	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1114	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1663	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1115		1664
1116	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1665	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1117		1666
1118	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1667	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1119	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1668	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1120	order of execution is undefined.	1669	()>.
1121		1670
1122	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1671	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1123		1672
1124	=over 4	1673	=over 4
1125		1674
1126	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1675	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1127		1676
1128	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1677	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1129		1678
1130	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1679	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
1131	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1680	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
1132	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1681	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
1133	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1682	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1683	until stopped manually.
1134		1684
1135	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1685	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1136	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1686	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1137	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1687	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1138	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1688	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1139	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1689	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1140		1690
1141	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1691	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1142		1692
1143	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1693	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
1144	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1694	repeating. The exact semantics are:
1145		1695
1146	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1696	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1147		1697
1148	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1698	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1149		1699
1150	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1700	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1151	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1701	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1152		1702
1153	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1703	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1154	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1704	usage example.
1155	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1156	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1157	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1158	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1159	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1160	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1161	automatically restart it if need be.
1162
1163	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
1164	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1165
1166	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
1167	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1168	...
1169	timer->again = 17.;
1170	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1171	...
1172	timer->again = 10.;
1173	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1174
1175	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
1176	you want to modify its timeout value.
1177		1705
1178	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1706	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1179		1707
1180	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1708	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1181	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1709	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1182	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1710	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1183		1711
1184	=back	1712	=back
1185		1713
1186	=head3 Examples	1714	=head3 Examples
1187		1715
1188	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1716	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1189		1717
1190	static void	1718	static void
1191	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1719	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1192	{	1720	{
1193	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1721	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1194	}	1722	}
1195		1723
1196	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1724	ev_timer mytimer;
1197	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1725	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1198	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1726	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1199		1727
1200	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1728	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1201	inactivity.	1729	inactivity.
1202		1730
1203	static void	1731	static void
1204	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1732	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1205	{	1733	{
1206	.. ten seconds without any activity	1734	.. ten seconds without any activity
1207	}	1735	}
1208		1736
1209	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1737	ev_timer mytimer;
1210	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1738	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1211	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1739	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1212	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1740	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1213		1741
1214	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1742	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1215	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1743	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1216	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1744	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1217		1745
1218		1746
1219	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1747	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1220		1748
1221	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1749	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1222	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1750	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1223		1751
1224	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1752	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1225	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1753	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1226	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1754	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1227	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1755	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1228	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1756	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1229	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1757	wrist-watch).
1230	roughly 10 seconds later).
1231		1758
1232	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1759	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
1233	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,	1760	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
1234	rules.	1761	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1762	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1763	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1764	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1765	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
1235		1766
		1767	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
		1768	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
		1769	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1770	those cannot react to time jumps.
		1771
1236	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1772	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1237	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1773	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1238	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1774	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		1775	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		1776	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1239		1777
1240	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1778	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1241		1779
1242	=over 4	1780	=over 4
1243		1781
1244	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1782	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1245		1783
1246	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1784	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1247		1785
1248	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1786	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1249	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1787	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1250		1788
1251	=over 4	1789	=over 4
1252		1790
1253	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1791	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1254		1792
1255	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1793	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1256	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1794	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1257	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1795	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1258	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1796	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		1797	this point in time.
1259		1798
1260	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1799	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1261		1800
1262	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1801	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1263	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1802	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1264	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1803	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		1804	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1265		1805
1266	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1806	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1267	time:	1807	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		1808	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1268		1809
1269	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1810	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1270		1811
1271	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1812	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1272	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1813	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1273	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1814	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1274	by 3600.	1815	by 3600.
1275		1816
1276	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1817	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1277	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1818	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1278	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1819	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1279		1820
1280	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1821	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1281	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1822	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1282	this value.	1823	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1283		1824
		1825	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1826	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1827	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1828	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1829
1284	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1830	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1285		1831
1286	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1832	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1287	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1833	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1288	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1834	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1289	current time as second argument.	1835	current time as second argument.
1290		1836
1291	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1837	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1292	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1838	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
1293	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1839	allowed by documentation here>.
1294	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1295		1840
		1841	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1842	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1843	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1844
1296	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1845	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1297	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1846	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1298		1847
		1848	static ev_tstamp
1299	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1849	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1300	{	1850	{
1301	return now + 60.;	1851	return now + 60.;
1302	}	1852	}
1303		1853
1304	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1854	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1305	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1855	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1306	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1856	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1307	might be called at other times, too.	1857	might be called at other times, too.
1308		1858
1309	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1859	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1310	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1860	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1311		1861
1312	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1862	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1313	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1863	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1314	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1864	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1315	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1865	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1316	reason I omitted it as an example).	1866	reason I omitted it as an example).
1317		1867
1318	=back	1868	=back
…		…
1322	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1872	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1323	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1873	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1324	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1874	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1325	program when the crontabs have changed).	1875	program when the crontabs have changed).
1326		1876
		1877	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1878
		1879	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
		1880	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		1881	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		1882	rescheduling modes.
		1883
1327	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1884	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1328		1885
1329	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1886	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1330	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1887	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		1888	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1331		1889
1332	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	1890	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1333	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1891	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1334		1892
1335	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1893	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1336		1894
1337	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1895	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1338	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1896	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1339	called.	1897	called.
1340		1898
1341	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1899	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1342		1900
1343	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1901	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1344	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1902	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1345	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1903	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1346		1904
1347	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
1348
1349	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
1350	trigger next.
1351
1352	=back	1905	=back
1353		1906
1354	=head3 Examples	1907	=head3 Examples
1355		1908
1356	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1909	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1357	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1910	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1358	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1911	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1359		1912
1360	static void	1913	static void
1361	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1914	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1362	{	1915	{
1363	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1916	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1364	}	1917	}
1365		1918
1366	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1919	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1367	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1920	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1368	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1921	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1369		1922
1370	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1923	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1371		1924
1372	#include <math.h>	1925	#include <math.h>
1373		1926
1374	static ev_tstamp	1927	static ev_tstamp
1375	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1928	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1376	{	1929	{
1377	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1930	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1378	}	1931	}
1379		1932
1380	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1933	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1381		1934
1382	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1935	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1383		1936
1384	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1937	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1385	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1938	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1386	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1939	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1387	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1940	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1388		1941
1389		1942
1390	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1943	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1391		1944
1392	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1945	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1393	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1946	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1394	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1947	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1395	normal event processing, like any other event.	1948	normal event processing, like any other event.
1396		1949
		1950	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would
		1951	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use
		1952	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.
		1953
1397	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1954	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
1398	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1955	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler
1399	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1956	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1400	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1957	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when
1401	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1958	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1402	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1959	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
		1960
		1961	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1962	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1963	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1964	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1965	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
1403		1966
1404	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1967	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1405		1968
1406	=over 4	1969	=over 4
1407		1970
…		…
1416		1979
1417	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1980	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1418		1981
1419	=back	1982	=back
1420		1983
		1984	=head3 Examples
		1985
		1986	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
		1987
		1988	static void
		1989	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1990	{
		1991	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1992	}
		1993
		1994	ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1995	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1996	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
		1997
1421		1998
1422	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1999	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1423		2000
1424	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	2001	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1425	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	2002	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
		2003	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
		2004	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
		2005	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		2006	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		2007	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
		2008	in the next callback invocation is not.
		2009
		2010	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		2011	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2012
		2013	=head3 Process Interaction
		2014
		2015	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		2016	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		2017	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		2018	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		2019	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		2020	children, even ones not watched.
		2021
		2022	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		2023
		2024	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		2025	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		2026	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		2027	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		2028	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		2029	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		2030	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		2031
		2032	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		2033
		2034	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		2035	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		2036	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		2037	when a child exit is detected.
1426		2038
1427	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2039	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1428		2040
1429	=over 4	2041	=over 4
1430		2042
1431	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	2043	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1432		2044
1433	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	2045	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1434		2046
1435	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	2047	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1436	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	2048	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1437	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	2049	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1438	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	2050	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1439	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	2051	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1440	process causing the status change.	2052	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		2053	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		2054	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1441		2055
1442	=item int pid [read-only]	2056	=item int pid [read-only]
1443		2057
1444	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	2058	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1445		2059
…		…
1454		2068
1455	=back	2069	=back
1456		2070
1457	=head3 Examples	2071	=head3 Examples
1458		2072
1459	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	2073	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		2074	its completion.
1460		2075
		2076	ev_child cw;
		2077
1461	static void	2078	static void
1462	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2079	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1463	{	2080	{
1464	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2081	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2082	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1465	}	2083	}
1466		2084
1467	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2085	pid_t pid = fork ();
1468	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2086
1469	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	2087	if (pid < 0)
		2088	// error
		2089	else if (pid == 0)
		2090	{
		2091	// the forked child executes here
		2092	exit (1);
		2093	}
		2094	else
		2095	{
		2096	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		2097	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		2098	}
1470		2099
1471		2100
1472	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2101	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1473		2102
1474	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2103	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1475	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2104	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1476	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2105	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2106	it did.
1477		2107
1478	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2108	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1479	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2109	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1480	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2110	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1481	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2111	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1482	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2112	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2113	contents.
1483		2114
1484	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2115	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2116	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1485	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2117	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1486		2118
1487	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	2119	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1488	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	2120	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1489	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	2121	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1490	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	2122	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1491	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	2123	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1492	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	2124	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1493	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	2125	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1494	usually overkill.	2126	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1495		2127
1496	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2128	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1497	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2129	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1498	resource-intensive.	2130	resource-intensive.
1499		2131
1500	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	2132	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1501	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	2133	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1502	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	2134	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1503	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	2135	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1504	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1505	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1506	polling.
1507		2136
1508	=head3 Inotify	2137	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1509		2138
		2139	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		2140	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		2141	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		2142	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		2143	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		2144	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		2145	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		2146	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
		2147
		2148	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		2149	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		2150	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		2151	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		2152	default compilation environment.
		2153
		2154	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		2155
1510	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	2156	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1511	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2157	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1512	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	2158	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1513	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	2159	watcher is being started.
1514		2160
1515	Inotify presense does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2161	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1516	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2162	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1517	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presense of inotify support	2163	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1518	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	2164	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		2165	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2166	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2167	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2168	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1519		2169
1520	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2170	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1521	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2171	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1522	descriptor open on the object at all times).	2172	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2173	etc. is difficult.
		2174
		2175	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2176
		2177	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2178	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2179	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2180
		2181	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2182	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2183	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2184	watcher).
		2185
		2186	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2187	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2188	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2189
		2190	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2191	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
1523		2192
1524	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2193	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1525		2194
1526	The C<stat ()> syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2195	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1527	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still	2196	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1528	only support whole seconds.	2197	still only support whole seconds.
1529		2198
1530	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might	2199	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1531	miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and calls	2200	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1532	your callback, which does something. When there is another update within	2201	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1533	the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it.	2202	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		2203	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
1534		2204
1535	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till	2205	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1536	the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay C<ev_timer>	2206	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1537	(C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)>). The C<.01>	2207	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1538	is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating	2208	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
1539	systems.	2209
		2210	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		2211	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		2212	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		2213	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		2214	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		2215	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		2216	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		2217	the timer callback).
1540		2218
1541	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2219	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1542		2220
1543	=over 4	2221	=over 4
1544		2222
…		…
1550	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2228	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1551	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2229	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1552	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2230	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1553	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2231	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1554		2232
1555	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	2233	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1556	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	2234	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1557	last change was detected).	2235	last change was detected).
1558		2236
1559	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	2237	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1560		2238
1561	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2239	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1562	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	2240	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1563	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	2241	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1564	useful simply to find out the new values.	2242	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		2243	new values.
1565		2244
1566	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	2245	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1567		2246
1568	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	2247	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1569	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	2248	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1570	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	2249	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		2250	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1571	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	2251	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1572		2252
1573	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	2253	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1574		2254
1575	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	2255	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1576	C<prev> != C<attr>.	2256	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		2257	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		2258	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1577		2259
1578	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	2260	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1579		2261
1580	The specified interval.	2262	The specified interval.
1581		2263
1582	=item const char *path [read-only]	2264	=item const char *path [read-only]
1583		2265
1584	The filesystem path that is being watched.	2266	The file system path that is being watched.
1585		2267
1586	=back	2268	=back
1587		2269
1588	=head3 Examples	2270	=head3 Examples
1589		2271
1590	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2272	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1591		2273
1592	static void	2274	static void
1593	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2275	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1594	{	2276	{
1595	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2277	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1596	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2278	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1597	{	2279	{
1598	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2280	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1599	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2281	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1600	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2282	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1601	}	2283	}
1602	else	2284	else
1603	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2285	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1604	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2286	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1605	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2287	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1606	}	2288	}
1607		2289
1608	...	2290	...
1609	ev_stat passwd;	2291	ev_stat passwd;
1610		2292
1611	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2293	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1612	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2294	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1613		2295
1614	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not	2296	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
1615	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so	2297	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
1616	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on	2298	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
1617	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).	2299	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
1618		2300
1619	static ev_stat passwd;	2301	static ev_stat passwd;
1620	static ev_timer timer;	2302	static ev_timer timer;
1621		2303
1622	static void	2304	static void
1623	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2305	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1624	{	2306	{
1625	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);	2307	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
1626		2308
1627	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */	2309	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
1628	}	2310	}
1629		2311
1630	static void	2312	static void
1631	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)	2313	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
1632	{	2314	{
1633	/* reset the one-second timer */	2315	/* reset the one-second timer */
1634	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);	2316	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
1635	}	2317	}
1636		2318
1637	...	2319	...
1638	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2320	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1639	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2321	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1640	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01);	2322	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1641		2323
1642		2324
1643	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2325	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1644		2326
1645	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2327	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1646	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2328	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1647	count).	2329	as receiving "events").
1648		2330
1649	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2331	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1650	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2332	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1651	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2333	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1652	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2334	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1663		2345
1664	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2346	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1665		2347
1666	=over 4	2348	=over 4
1667		2349
1668	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2350	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1669		2351
1670	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2352	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1671	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2353	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1672	believe me.	2354	believe me.
1673		2355
…		…
1676	=head3 Examples	2358	=head3 Examples
1677		2359
1678	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2360	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1679	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2361	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1680		2362
1681	static void	2363	static void
1682	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2364	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1683	{	2365	{
1684	free (w);	2366	free (w);
1685	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2367	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1686	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	2368	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1687	}	2369	}
1688		2370
1689	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2371	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1690	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2372	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1691	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2373	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1692		2374
1693		2375
1694	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2376	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1695		2377
1696	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2378	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1697	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2379	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1698	afterwards.	2380	afterwards.
1699		2381
1700	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2382	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
1701	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2383	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
1704	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2386	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1705	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2387	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1706	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2388	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1707		2389
1708	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2390	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1709	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2391	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1710	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2392	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1711	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2393	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1712	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2394	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1713	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2395	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1714	watcher).	2396	watcher).
1715		2397
1716	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2398	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1717	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2399	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1718	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2400	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1719	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2401	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1720	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2402	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1721	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2403	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1722	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2404	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1723	because you never know, you know?).	2405	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1724		2406
1725	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2407	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1726	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2408	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1727	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2409	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1728	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2410	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1731	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2413	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1732	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2414	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1733		2415
1734	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2416	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1735	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2417	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2418	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2419
1736	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2420	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1737	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2421	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1738	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers	2422	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1739	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	2423	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1740	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	2424	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1741	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	2425	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1742	coexist peacefully with others).	2426	others).
1743		2427
1744	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2428	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1745		2429
1746	=over 4	2430	=over 4
1747		2431
…		…
1749		2433
1750	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2434	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1751		2435
1752	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2436	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1753	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2437	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1754	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2438	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2439	pointless.
1755		2440
1756	=back	2441	=back
1757		2442
1758	=head3 Examples	2443	=head3 Examples
1759		2444
1760	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	2445	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1761	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	2446	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1762	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	2447	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1763	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	2448	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1764	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	2449	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1765	into the Glib event loop).	2450	Glib event loop).
1766		2451
1767	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	2452	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1768	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2453	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1769	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2454	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1770	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2455	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1771	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2456	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1772		2457
1773	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2458	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1774	static ev_timer tw;	2459	static ev_timer tw;
1775		2460
1776	static void	2461	static void
1777	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2462	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1778	{	2463	{
1779	}	2464	}
1780		2465
1781	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2466	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1782	static void	2467	static void
1783	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2468	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1784	{	2469	{
1785	int timeout = 3600000;	2470	int timeout = 3600000;
1786	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2471	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1787	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2472	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1788	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2473	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1789		2474
1790	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2475	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1791	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2476	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
1792	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2477	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1793		2478
1794	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2479	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1795	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2480	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1796	{	2481	{
1797	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2482	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1798	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2483	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1799	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2484	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1800		2485
1801	fds [i].revents = 0;	2486	fds [i].revents = 0;
1802	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2487	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1803	}	2488	}
1804	}	2489	}
1805		2490
1806	// stop all watchers after blocking	2491	// stop all watchers after blocking
1807	static void	2492	static void
1808	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2493	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1809	{	2494	{
1810	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2495	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1811		2496
1812	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2497	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1813	{	2498	{
1814	// set the relevant poll flags	2499	// set the relevant poll flags
1815	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2500	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1816	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2501	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1817	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2502	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1818	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2503	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1819	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2504	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1820		2505
1821	// now stop the watcher	2506	// now stop the watcher
1822	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2507	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1823	}	2508	}
1824		2509
1825	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2510	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1826	}	2511	}
1827		2512
1828	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2513	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1829	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2514	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1830		2515
1831	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2516	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1832	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2517	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1833	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2518	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1834		2519
1835	static void	2520	static void
1836	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2521	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1837	{	2522	{
1838	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2523	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1839	update_now (EV_A);	2524	update_now (EV_A);
1840		2525
1841	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2526	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1842	}	2527	}
1843		2528
1844	static void	2529	static void
1845	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2530	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1846	{	2531	{
1847	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2532	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1848	update_now (EV_A);	2533	update_now (EV_A);
1849		2534
1850	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2535	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1851	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2536	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1852	}	2537	}
1853		2538
1854	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2539	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1855		2540
1856	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2541	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1857	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2542	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
1858	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2543	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
1859	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2544	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
1860	this.	2545	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2546	libglib event loop.
1861		2547
1862	static gint	2548	static gint
1863	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2549	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1864	{	2550	{
1865	int got_events = 0;	2551	int got_events = 0;
1866		2552
1867	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2553	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1868	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2554	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1869		2555
1870	if (timeout >= 0)	2556	if (timeout >= 0)
1871	// create/start timer	2557	// create/start timer
1872		2558
1873	// poll	2559	// poll
1874	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2560	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1875		2561
1876	// stop timer again	2562	// stop timer again
1877	if (timeout >= 0)	2563	if (timeout >= 0)
1878	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2564	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1879		2565
1880	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2566	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1881	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2567	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1882	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2568	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1883		2569
1884	return got_events;	2570	return got_events;
1885	}	2571	}
1886		2572
1887		2573
1888	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2574	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1889		2575
1890	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2576	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1896	prioritise I/O.	2582	prioritise I/O.
1897		2583
1898	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2584	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1899	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2585	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1900	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2586	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1901	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2587	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1902	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2588	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
1903	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2589	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
1904	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2590	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2591	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
1905		2592
1906	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2593	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
1907	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2594	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
1908	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2595	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
1909	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2596	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
1910	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2597	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
1911		2598
1912	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2599	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
1913	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2600	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
1914	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2601	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
1915	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2602	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
1916	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2603	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
1917	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2604	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
1918	embedded loop sweep.
1919		2605
1920	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2606	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
1921	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2607	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
1922	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
1923	interested in that.
1924		2608
1925	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2609	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
1926	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2610	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
1927	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2611	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
1928	yourself.	2612	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
1929		2613
1930	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2614	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
1931	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2615	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
1932	portable one.	2616	portable one.
1933		2617
1934	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2618	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1935	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2619	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1936	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2620	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1937	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.	2621	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1938		2622
		2623	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
		2624
		2625	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
		2626	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
		2627	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
		2628	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
		2629	as applicable.
		2630
1939	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2631	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1940		2632
1941	=over 4	2633	=over 4
1942		2634
1943	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2635	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
…		…
1946		2638
1947	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2639	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1948	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2640	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1949	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2641	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1950	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2642	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1951	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2643	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1952		2644
1953	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2645	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1954		2646
1955	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2647	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1956	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2648	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1957	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2649	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1958		2650
1959	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2651	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1960		2652
1961	The embedded event loop.	2653	The embedded event loop.
1962		2654
…		…
1964		2656
1965	=head3 Examples	2657	=head3 Examples
1966		2658
1967	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default	2659	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
1968	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default	2660	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
1969	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the mebeddable loop is stored in	2661	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
1970	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the acse no embeddable loop can be	2662	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
1971	used).	2663	used).
1972		2664
1973	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2665	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
1974	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2666	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1975	struct ev_embed embed;	2667	ev_embed embed;
1976		2668
1977	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2669	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1978	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2670	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1979	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2671	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1980	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2672	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1981	: 0;	2673	: 0;
1982		2674
1983	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2675	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
1984	if (loop_lo)	2676	if (loop_lo)
1985	{	2677	{
1986	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2678	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
1987	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2679	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1988	}	2680	}
1989	else	2681	else
1990	loop_lo = loop_hi;	2682	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1991		2683
1992	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create	2684	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
1993	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any	2685	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
1994	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2686	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
1995	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2687	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
1996		2688
1997	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2689	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1998	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2690	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
1999	struct ev_embed embed;	2691	ev_embed embed;
2000		2692
2001	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2693	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2002	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2694	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2003	{	2695	{
2004	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2696	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2005	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	2697	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
2006	}	2698	}
2007		2699
2008	if (!loop_socket)	2700	if (!loop_socket)
2009	loop_socket = loop;	2701	loop_socket = loop;
2010		2702
2011	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else	2703	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
2012		2704
2013		2705
2014	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2706	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2015		2707
2016	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2708	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
2019	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2711	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2020	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2712	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2021	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2713	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2022	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2714	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2023		2715
		2716	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		2717
		2718	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
		2719	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		2720	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		2721
		2722	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		2723	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		2724	fork.
		2725
		2726	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		2727	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		2728	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		2729
		2730	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		2731	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		2732	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		2733	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		2734
		2735	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		2736	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		2737	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		2738	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		2739	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		2740	signal watchers).
		2741
		2742	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		2743	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		2744	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		2745	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		2746	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		2747	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		2748
2024	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2749	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2025		2750
2026	=over 4	2751	=over 4
2027		2752
2028	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2753	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2032	believe me.	2757	believe me.
2033		2758
2034	=back	2759	=back
2035		2760
2036		2761
		2762	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2763
		2764	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2765	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2766	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2767
		2768	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2769	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2770	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2771	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2772	safe.
		2773
		2774	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2775	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2776	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2777	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2778
		2779	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2780	just the default loop.
		2781
		2782	=head3 Queueing
		2783
		2784	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2785	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2786	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2787	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2788
		2789	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2790	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
		2791	queue:
		2792
		2793	=over 4
		2794
		2795	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2796
		2797	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2798	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
		2799	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2800
		2801	static ev_async mysig;
		2802
		2803	static void
		2804	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2805	{
		2806	sometype data;
		2807
		2808	// no locking etc.
		2809	queue_put (data);
		2810	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2811	}
		2812
		2813	static void
		2814	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2815	{
		2816	sometype data;
		2817	sigset_t block, prev;
		2818
		2819	sigemptyset (&block);
		2820	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2821	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2822
		2823	while (queue_get (&data))
		2824	process (data);
		2825
		2826	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2827	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2828	}
		2829
		2830	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2831	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2832	either...).
		2833
		2834	=item queueing from a thread context
		2835
		2836	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2837	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2838	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2839
		2840	static ev_async mysig;
		2841	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2842
		2843	static void
		2844	otherthread (void)
		2845	{
		2846	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2847	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2848	queue_put (data);
		2849	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2850
		2851	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2852	}
		2853
		2854	static void
		2855	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2856	{
		2857	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2858
		2859	while (queue_get (&data))
		2860	process (data);
		2861
		2862	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2863	}
		2864
		2865	=back
		2866
		2867
		2868	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2869
		2870	=over 4
		2871
		2872	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2873
		2874	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2875	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2876	trust me.
		2877
		2878	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2879
		2880	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2881	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2882	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
		2883	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2884	section below on what exactly this means).
		2885
		2886	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		2887	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		2888	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		2889	reset when the event loop detects that).
		2890
		2891	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
		2892	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
		2893	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
		2894
		2895	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2896
		2897	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2898	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2899	event loop.
		2900
		2901	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2902	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2903	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2904	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2905
		2906	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
		2907	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		2908	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		2909	notification, and the callback being invoked.
		2910
		2911	=back
		2912
		2913
2037	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2914	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
2038		2915
2039	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	2916	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
2040		2917
2041	=over 4	2918	=over 4
2042		2919
2043	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	2920	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
2044		2921
2045	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	2922	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
2046	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	2923	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
2047	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	2924	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
2048	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2925	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2049	more watchers yourself.	2926	more watchers yourself.
2050		2927
2051	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2928	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
2052	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2929	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
2053	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2930	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
2054		2931
2055	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2932	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2056	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2933	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2057	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2934	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2058	dubious value.
2059		2935
2060	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2936	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
2061	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2937	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2062	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2938	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
2063	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2939	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		2940	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		2941	events precedence.
2064		2942
		2943	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		2944
2065	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2945	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2066	{	2946	{
2067	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
2068	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2069	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2947	if (revents & EV_READ)
2070	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2948	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		2949	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
		2950	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2071	}	2951	}
2072		2952
2073	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2953	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2074		2954
2075	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2955	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2076		2956
2077	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2957	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2078	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2958	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2079	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	2959	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2080		2960
2081	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	2961	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
2082		2962
2083	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2963	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2084	the given events it.	2964	the given events it.
2085		2965
2086	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2966	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2087		2967
2088	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2968	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2089	loop!).	2969	loop!).
2090		2970
2091	=back	2971	=back
2092		2972
2093		2973
…		…
2109		2989
2110	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2990	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
2111	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2991	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
2112	is an ev_pri field.	2992	is an ev_pri field.
2113		2993
		2994	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2995	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2996
2114	=item * Other members are not supported.	2997	=item * Other members are not supported.
2115		2998
2116	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2999	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
2117	to use the libev header file and library.	3000	to use the libev header file and library.
2118		3001
2119	=back	3002	=back
2120		3003
2121	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3004	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
2122		3005
2123	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3006	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
2124	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3007	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2125	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3008	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2126		3009
2127	To use it,	3010	To use it,
2128		3011
2129	#include <ev++.h>	3012	#include <ev++.h>
2130		3013
2131	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	3014	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2132	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	3015	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2133	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	3016	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
2134	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	3017	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2201	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	3084	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2202	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	3085	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2203		3086
2204	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	3087	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2205		3088
2206	struct myclass	3089	struct myclass
2207	{	3090	{
2208	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3091	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2209	}	3092	}
2210		3093
2211	myclass obj;	3094	myclass obj;
2212	ev::io iow;	3095	ev::io iow;
2213	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3096	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		3097
		3098	=item w->set (object *)
		3099
		3100	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		3101
		3102	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3103	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3104	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3105	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3106	list.
		3107
		3108	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3109	int revents)>.
		3110
		3111	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3112
		3113	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3114
		3115	struct myfunctor
		3116	{
		3117	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3118	{
		3119	...
		3120	}
		3121	}
		3122
		3123	myfunctor f;
		3124
		3125	ev::io w;
		3126	w.set (&f);
2214		3127
2215	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3128	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2216		3129
2217	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3130	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2218	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3131	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2220		3133
2221	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	3134	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
2222		3135
2223	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	3136	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2224		3137
2225	Example:	3138	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2226		3139
2227	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3140	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2228	iow.set <io_cb> ();	3141	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2229		3142
2230	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3143	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
2231		3144
2232	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3145	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2233	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3146	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2234		3147
2235	=item w->set ([args])	3148	=item w->set ([arguments])
2236		3149
2237	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	3150	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
2238	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	3151	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
2239	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	3152	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
2240	method.	3153	method.
2241		3154
2242	=item w->start ()	3155	=item w->start ()
…		…
2266	=back	3179	=back
2267		3180
2268	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	3181	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
2269	the constructor.	3182	the constructor.
2270		3183
2271	class myclass	3184	class myclass
2272	{	3185	{
2273	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	3186	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2274	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	3187	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2275		3188
2276	myclass ();	3189	myclass (int fd)
2277	}	3190	{
2278
2279	myclass::myclass (int fd)
2280	{
2281	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	3191	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
2282	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	3192	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2283		3193
2284	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	3194	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		3195	}
2285	}	3196	};
		3197
		3198
		3199	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		3200
		3201	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		3202	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		3203	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		3204	me a note.
		3205
		3206	=over 4
		3207
		3208	=item Perl
		3209
		3210	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		3211	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		3212	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		3213	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
		3214	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3215	and C<EV::Glib>).
		3216
		3217	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		3218	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		3219
		3220	=item Python
		3221
		3222	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		3223	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
		3224
		3225	=item Ruby
		3226
		3227	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		3228	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		3229	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		3230	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		3231
		3232	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3233	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3234
		3235	=item Haskell
		3236
		3237	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3238	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3239
		3240	=item D
		3241
		3242	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		3243	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3244
		3245	=item Ocaml
		3246
		3247	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3248	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3249
		3250	=back
2286		3251
2287		3252
2288	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3253	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2289		3254
2290	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal	3255	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2291	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)	3256	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2292	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	3257	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2293		3258
2294	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	3259	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2295	following macros are defined:	3260	following macros are defined:
…		…
2300		3265
2301	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3266	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2302	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3267	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2303	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3268	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2304		3269
2305	ev_unref (EV_A);	3270	ev_unref (EV_A);
2306	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3271	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2307	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3272	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2308		3273
2309	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3274	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2310	which is often provided by the following macro.	3275	which is often provided by the following macro.
2311		3276
2312	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3277	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2313		3278
2314	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3279	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2315	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	3280	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2316	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	3281	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2317		3282
2318	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3283	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2319	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3284	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2320		3285
2321	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3286	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2322	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3287	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2323		3288
2324	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3289	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2325	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3290	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2326		3291
2327	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3292	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2328		3293
2329	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	3294	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2330	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	3295	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		3296
		3297	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		3298
		3299	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		3300	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		3301	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		3302	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		3303
		3304	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		3305	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2331		3306
2332	=back	3307	=back
2333		3308
2334	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	3309	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2335	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	3310	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2336	or not.	3311	or not.
2337		3312
2338	static void	3313	static void
2339	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3314	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2340	{	3315	{
2341	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3316	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2342	}	3317	}
2343		3318
2344	ev_check check;	3319	ev_check check;
2345	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3320	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2346	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3321	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2347	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3322	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2348		3323
2349	=head1 EMBEDDING	3324	=head1 EMBEDDING
2350		3325
2351	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3326	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2352	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3327	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2359	libev somewhere in your source tree).	3334	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2360		3335
2361	=head2 FILESETS	3336	=head2 FILESETS
2362		3337
2363	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	3338	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2364	in your app.	3339	in your application.
2365		3340
2366	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3341	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2367		3342
2368	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3343	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2369	configuration (no autoconf):	3344	configuration (no autoconf):
2370		3345
2371	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3346	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2372	#include "ev.c"	3347	#include "ev.c"
2373		3348
2374	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3349	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2375	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3350	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2376	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3351	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2377	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3352	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2378	where you can put other configuration options):	3353	where you can put other configuration options):
2379		3354
2380	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3355	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2381	#include "ev.h"	3356	#include "ev.h"
2382		3357
2383	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3358	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2384	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3359	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2385	as a bug).	3360	as a bug).
2386		3361
2387	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3362	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2388	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3363	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2389		3364
2390	ev.h	3365	ev.h
2391	ev.c	3366	ev.c
2392	ev_vars.h	3367	ev_vars.h
2393	ev_wrap.h	3368	ev_wrap.h
2394		3369
2395	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3370	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2396		3371
2397	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	3372	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2398	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3373	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2399	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3374	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2400	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3375	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2401	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3376	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2402		3377
2403	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3378	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2404	to compile this single file.	3379	to compile this single file.
2405		3380
2406	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3381	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2407		3382
2408	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3383	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2409		3384
2410	#include "event.c"	3385	#include "event.c"
2411		3386
2412	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3387	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2413		3388
2414	#include "event.h"	3389	#include "event.h"
2415		3390
2416	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3391	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2417		3392
2418	You need the following additional files for this:	3393	You need the following additional files for this:
2419		3394
2420	event.h	3395	event.h
2421	event.c	3396	event.c
2422		3397
2423	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3398	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2424		3399
2425	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3400	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2426	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3401	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2427	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3402	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2428	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3403	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2429		3404
2430	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3405	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2431		3406
2432	libev.m4	3407	libev.m4
2433		3408
2434	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3409	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2435		3410
2436	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3411	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2437	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3412	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2438	and only include the select backend.	3413	autoconf is documented for every option.
2439		3414
2440	=over 4	3415	=over 4
2441		3416
2442	=item EV_STANDALONE	3417	=item EV_STANDALONE
2443		3418
…		…
2445	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3420	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2446	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3421	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2447	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3422	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2448	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3423	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2449		3424
		3425	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3426	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3427
2450	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3428	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2451		3429
2452	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3430	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2453	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3431	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2454	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3432	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2455	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3433	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2456	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3434	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2457	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3435	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2458	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3436	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2459		3437
2460	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3438	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2461		3439
2462	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3440	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2463	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3441	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2464	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3442	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2465	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3443	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2466	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3444	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2467	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3445	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3446	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3447	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3448
		3449	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3450
		3451	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3452	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3453	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3454	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3455	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3456	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3457	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3458	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2468		3459
2469	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3460	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2470		3461
2471	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3462	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2472	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3463	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
2473		3464
		3465	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3466
		3467	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3468	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3469	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3470	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3471	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3472
2474	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3473	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2475		3474
2476	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3475	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2477	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3476	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2478	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3477	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2479	will not be compiled in.	3478	will not be compiled in.
2480		3479
2481	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3480	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2482		3481
2483	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3482	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2484	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3483	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2485	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3484	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
2486	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3485	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
2487	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3486	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
2488	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3487	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
2489	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3488	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
2490		3489
2491	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3490	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
2492		3491
2493	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3492	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
2494	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3493	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
2514		3513
2515	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3514	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2516		3515
2517	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3516	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2518	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3517	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2519	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3518	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2520	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3519	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3520	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2521		3521
2522	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3522	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2523		3523
2524	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3524	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2525	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3525	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2538	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3538	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2539	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3539	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2540		3540
2541	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3541	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2542		3542
2543	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3543	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2544		3544
2545	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	3545	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2546		3546
2547	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	3547	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2548	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	3548	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2549	be detected at runtime.	3549	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3550	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3551
		3552	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		3553
		3554	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		3555	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		3556	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		3557	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		3558	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		3559
		3560	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		3561	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2550		3562
2551	=item EV_H	3563	=item EV_H
2552		3564
2553	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3565	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2554	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h> and F<ev.c>. This can be used to	3566	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2555	virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3567	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2556		3568
2557	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3569	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2558		3570
2559	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3571	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2560	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3572	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2561	C<EV_H>, above.	3573	C<EV_H>, above.
2562		3574
2563	=item EV_EVENT_H	3575	=item EV_EVENT_H
2564		3576
2565	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3577	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2566	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the dfeault is C<"event.h">.	3578	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2567		3579
2568	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3580	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2569		3581
2570	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3582	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2571	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3583	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2592	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3604	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2593	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3605	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2594	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3606	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2595	fine.	3607	fine.
2596		3608
2597	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3609	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
2598	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3610	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2599		3611
2600	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3612	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2601		3613
2602	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3614	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2603	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3615	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2610	code.	3622	code.
2611		3623
2612	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3624	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2613		3625
2614	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3626	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2615	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3627	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
		3628	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
2616		3629
2617	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE	3630	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2618		3631
2619	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If	3632	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2620	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3633	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
…		…
2622	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3635	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2623		3636
2624	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3637	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2625	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3638	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2626		3639
		3640	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3641
		3642	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3643	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3644
2627	=item EV_MINIMAL	3645	=item EV_MINIMAL
2628		3646
2629	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3647	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2630	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3648	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2631	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3649	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3650	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2632		3651
2633	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3652	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2634		3653
2635	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3654	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2636	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3655	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
…		…
2643	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3662	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2644	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3663	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2645	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3664	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2646	two).	3665	two).
2647		3666
		3667	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3668
		3669	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3670	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3671	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		3672	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3673
		3674	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3675	(disabled).
		3676
		3677	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3678
		3679	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3680	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3681	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3682	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3683	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3684	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3685
		3686	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3687	(disabled).
		3688
		3689	=item EV_VERIFY
		3690
		3691	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3692	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3693	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3694	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3695	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3696	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3697	libev considerably.
		3698
		3699	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3700	C<0>.
		3701
2648	=item EV_COMMON	3702	=item EV_COMMON
2649		3703
2650	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3704	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2651	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3705	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2652	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3706	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2653	though, and it must be identical each time.	3707	though, and it must be identical each time.
2654		3708
2655	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3709	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2656		3710
2657	#define EV_COMMON \	3711	#define EV_COMMON \
2658	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3712	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2659	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3713	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2660		3714
2661	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3715	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2662		3716
2663	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3717	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2664		3718
…		…
2669	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for	3723	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2670	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3724	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2671	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3725	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2672	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3726	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
2673		3727
		3728	=back
		3729
2674	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	3730	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
2675		3731
2676	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of	3732	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
2677	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	3733	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
2678	all public symbols, one per line:	3734	all public symbols, one per line:
2679		3735
2680	Symbols.ev for libev proper	3736	Symbols.ev for libev proper
2681	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	3737	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
2682		3738
2683	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	3739	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
2684	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	3740	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
2685	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).	3741	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
2686		3742
2687	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to	3743	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
2688	include before including F<ev.h>:	3744	include before including F<ev.h>:
2689		3745
2690	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h	3746	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
…		…
2707	file.	3763	file.
2708		3764
2709	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3765	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2710	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3766	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2711		3767
2712	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3768	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2713	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3769	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2714	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3770	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2715	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3771	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2716	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3772	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2717	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3773	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2718	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3774	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2719	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3775	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2720	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3776	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2721		3777
2722	#include "ev++.h"	3778	#include "ev++.h"
2723		3779
2724	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3780	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2725		3781
2726	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3782	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2727	#include "ev.c"	3783	#include "ev.c"
2728		3784
		3785	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
2729		3786
2730	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3787	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
2731		3788
2732	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3789	=head3 THREADS
2733	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2734	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2735		3790
2736	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	3791	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
2737	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	3792	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
2738	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	3793	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
2739	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average	3794	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
2740	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.	3795	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		3796	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		3797	structures that need any locking.
		3798
		3799	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		3800	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		3801	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		3802	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		3803	a mutex per loop).
		3804
		3805	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		3806	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		3807	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		3808	outside".
		3809
		3810	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3811	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3812	help you, but here is some generic advice:
2741		3813
2742	=over 4	3814	=over 4
2743		3815
2744	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3816	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3817	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
2745		3818
2746	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	3819	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
2747	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	3820	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
2748	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
2749		3821
2750	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3822	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
2751		3823
2752	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	3824	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
2753	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	3825	exists, but it is always a good start.
2754		3826
2755	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3827	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3828	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
2756		3829
2757	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	3830	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3831	better than you currently do :-)
2758		3832
2759	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3833	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3834	event loop.
2760		3835
2761	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3836	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		3837	(or from signal contexts...).
2762		3838
2763	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	3839	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
2764	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3840	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
2765	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	3841	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
2766		3842	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
2767	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
2768
2769	By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the
2770	beginning of the storage array.
2771
2772	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2773
2774	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
2775	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
2776	on backend and wether C<ev_io_set> was used).
2777
2778	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
2779
2780	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
2781
2782	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
2783	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
2784	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
2785	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. prioritiy handling.
2786		3843
2787	=back	3844	=back
2788		3845
		3846	=head3 COROUTINES
2789		3847
2790	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds	3848	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3849	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		3850	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3851	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3852	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3853	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3854
		3855	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		3856	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		3857	they do not call any callbacks.
		3858
		3859	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3860
		3861	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3862	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3863	scared by this.
		3864
		3865	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3866	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3867	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3868	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3869
		3870	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3871	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3872	maintainable.
		3873
		3874	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3875	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3876	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		3877	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have
		3878	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		3879	such buggy versions.
		3880
		3881	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3882	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3883	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3884	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3885	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3886
		3887
		3888	=head2 VALGRIND
		3889
		3890	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3891	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3892
		3893	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3894	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3895
		3896	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3897	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3898	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3899
		3900	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		3901	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
		3902
		3903	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		3904	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		3905	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		3906	confused.
		3907
		3908	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		3909	make it into some kind of religion.
		3910
		3911	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3912	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		3913	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		3914	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		3915	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		3916
		3917	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3918	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3919
		3920
		3921	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		3922
		3923	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
2791		3924
2792	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	3925	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
2793	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	3926	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
2794	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	3927	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
2795	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	3928	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
2796	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	3929	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
2797	e.g. cygwin.	3930	e.g. cygwin.
2798		3931
		3932	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3933	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3934	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3935	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3936
2799	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	3937	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
2800	embedding it into other applications.	3938	embedding it into other applications.
2801		3939
		3940	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		3941	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		3942
		3943	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3944	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3945	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3946	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3947	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3948	available).
		3949
2802	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the	3950	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
2803	abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not	3951	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
2804	recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than	3952	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
2805	a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different	3953	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
2806	implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX model, which cannot	3954	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
2807	be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games).	3955	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3956	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
		3957
		3958	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3959	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3960	of F<ev.h>:
		3961
		3962	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3963	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3964
		3965	#include "ev.h"
		3966
		3967	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3968	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		3969
		3970	#include "evwrap.h"
		3971	#include "ev.c"
2808		3972
2809	=over 4	3973	=over 4
2810		3974
2811	=item The winsocket select function	3975	=item The winsocket select function
2812		3976
2813	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires	3977	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
2814	socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors>. This makes select	3978	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
2815	very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors	3979	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
2816	to socket handles. See the discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>,	3980	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
2817	C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor	3981	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
2818	symbols for more info.	3982	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3983	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
2819		3984
2820	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the microsoft runtime	3985	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
2821	libraries and raw winsocket select is:	3986	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
2822		3987
2823	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1	3988	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
2824	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	3989	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
2825		3990
2826	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	3991	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
2827	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	3992	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
2828		3993
2829	=item Limited number of file descriptors	3994	=item Limited number of file descriptors
2830		3995
2831	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions	3996	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
2832	of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of C<64> handles	3997
		3998	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
2833	(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for	3999	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
2834	C<64> things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a	4000	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
2835	chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each).	4001	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		4002	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
2836		4003
2837	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4004	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
2838	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4005	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
2839	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4006	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
2840	select emulation on windows).	4007	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
2841		4008
2842	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime	4009	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
2843	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4010	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
2844	or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4011	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
2845	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4012	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
2846	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime	4013	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
2847	libraries.
2848
2849	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4014	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
2850	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4015	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
2851	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4016	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
2852	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4017	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
2853		4018
2854	=back	4019	=back
2855		4020
		4021	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		4022
		4023	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		4024	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		4025
		4026	=over 4
		4027
		4028	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		4029	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		4030
		4031	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		4032	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		4033	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		4034	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		4035	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		4036
		4037	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		4038
		4039	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		4040	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		4041	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		4042	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		4043
		4044	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		4045
		4046	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		4047	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		4048	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		4049	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		4050	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		4051	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		4052
		4053	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		4054	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		4055	well.
		4056
		4057	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		4058
		4059	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		4060	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		4061	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		4062	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		4063	watchers.
		4064
		4065	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		4066
		4067	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		4068	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		4069	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		4070	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		4071
		4072	=back
		4073
		4074	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		4075
		4076
		4077	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
		4078
		4079	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		4080	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
		4081	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		4082
		4083	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		4084	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		4085	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		4086	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		4087	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		4088
		4089	=over 4
		4090
		4091	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4092
		4093	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		4094	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
		4095	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		4096
		4097	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4098
		4099	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		4100	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		4101
		4102	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4103
		4104	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		4105
		4106	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4107
		4108	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		4109
		4110	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
		4111	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		4112	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		4113	is rare).
		4114
		4115	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		4116
		4117	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		4118	fixed position in the storage array.
		4119
		4120	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		4121
		4122	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		4123	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		4124	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		4125
		4126	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		4127
		4128	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		4129
		4130	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		4131	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		4132	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		4133	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		4134
		4135	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		4136
		4137	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		4138
		4139	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		4140
		4141	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		4142	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		4143	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
		4144
		4145	=back
		4146
		4147
		4148	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4149
		4150	=over 4
		4151
		4152	=item active
		4153
		4154	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
		4155	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
		4156
		4157	=item application
		4158
		4159	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4160
		4161	=item callback
		4162
		4163	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4164	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4165	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4166
		4167	=item callback invocation
		4168
		4169	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4170
		4171	=item event
		4172
		4173	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4174	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4175	any other events happening anymore.
		4176
		4177	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4178	C<EV_TIMEOUT>).
		4179
		4180	=item event library
		4181
		4182	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4183
		4184	=item event loop
		4185
		4186	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4187	into callback invocations.
		4188
		4189	=item event model
		4190
		4191	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4192	watchers and events.
		4193
		4194	=item pending
		4195
		4196	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
		4197	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
		4198	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
		4199
		4200	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
		4201	its pending status.
		4202
		4203	=item real time
		4204
		4205	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4206
		4207	=item wall-clock time
		4208
		4209	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4210	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4211	clock.
		4212
		4213	=item watcher
		4214
		4215	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4216	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4217
		4218	=item watcher invocation
		4219
		4220	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4221
		4222	=back
2856		4223
2857	=head1 AUTHOR	4224	=head1 AUTHOR
2858		4225
2859	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4226	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
2860		4227

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