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Revision 1.117 by root, Wed Jan 9 04:15:39 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.246 by root, Thu Jul 2 12:08:55 2009 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
		16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		17	// with the name ev_TYPE
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		20
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	23	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	25	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	26	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
		29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		30
		31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	33	}
24		34
		35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	36	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	38	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	39	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	42	}
31		43
32	int	44	int
33	main (void)	45	main (void)
34	{	46	{
		47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		49
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		54
		55	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		59
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	60	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		62
		63	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	64	return 0;
49	}	65	}
50		66
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
52		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
		70
53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
56		84
57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
59	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
60		88
…		…
84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	112	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
85	for example).	113	for example).
86		114
87	=head2 CONVENTIONS	115	=head2 CONVENTIONS
88		116
89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	117	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	118	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	119	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	120	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	121	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	122	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
		123	this argument.
95		124
96	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	125	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
97		126
98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	127	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	128	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	129	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	130	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	131	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
103	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name	132	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
104	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	133	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
105	throughout libev.	134	throughout libev.
		135
		136	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		137
		138	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		139	and internal errors (bugs).
		140
		141	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		142	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		143	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		144	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		145	()>.
		146
		147	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		148	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		149	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		150	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		151
		152	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		153	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		154	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		155
106		156
107	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	157	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
108		158
109	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	159	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
110	library in any way.	160	library in any way.
…		…
119		169
120	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	170	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
121		171
122	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	172	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
123	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	173	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
124	this is a subsecond-resolution C<sleep ()>.	174	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
125		175
126	=item int ev_version_major ()	176	=item int ev_version_major ()
127		177
128	=item int ev_version_minor ()	178	=item int ev_version_minor ()
129		179
…		…
142	not a problem.	192	not a problem.
143		193
144	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	194	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
145	version.	195	version.
146		196
147	assert (("libev version mismatch",	197	assert (("libev version mismatch",
148	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	198	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
149	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	199	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
150		200
151	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	201	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
152		202
153	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	203	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
154	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	204	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
156	a description of the set values.	206	a description of the set values.
157		207
158	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	208	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
159	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	209	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
160		210
161	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	211	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
162	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	212	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
163		213
164	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	214	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
165		215
166	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	216	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
167	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	217	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
168	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	218	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
169	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	219	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
170	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	220	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
171	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	221	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
172		222
173	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	223	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
174		224
…		…
178	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	228	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
179	recommended ones.	229	recommended ones.
180		230
181	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	231	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
182		232
183	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	233	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
184		234
185	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	235	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
186	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	236	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
187	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	237	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
188	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	238	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
189	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	239	or take some potentially destructive action.
190	function.	240
		241	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		242	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		243	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
191		244
192	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	245	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
193	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	246	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
194	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	247	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
195		248
196	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	249	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
197	retries).	250	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
198		251
199	static void *	252	static void *
200	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	253	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
201	{	254	{
202	for (;;)	255	for (;;)
…		…
211	}	264	}
212		265
213	...	266	...
214	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	267	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
215		268
216	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	269	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
217		270
218	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	271	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
219	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	272	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
220	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	273	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
221	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	274	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
222	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	275	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
223	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	276	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
224	(such as abort).	277	(such as abort).
225		278
226	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	279	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
237		290
238	=back	291	=back
239		292
240	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	293	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
241		294
242	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	295	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>
243	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	296	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>
244	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	297	I<function>).
245		298
246	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	299	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
247	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you	300	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do
248	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	301	not.
249	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
250	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
251	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
252		302
253	=over 4	303	=over 4
254		304
255	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	305	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
256		306
…		…
260	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	310	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
261		311
262	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	312	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
263	function.	313	function.
264		314
		315	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		316	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		317	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
		318
		319	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		320	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		321	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		322	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		323	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		324	C<ev_default_init>.
		325
265	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	326	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
266	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	327	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
267		328
268	The following flags are supported:	329	The following flags are supported:
269		330
…		…
274	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	335	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
275	thing, believe me).	336	thing, believe me).
276		337
277	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	338	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
278		339
279	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	340	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
280	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	341	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
281	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	342	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
282	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	343	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
283	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	344	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
284	around bugs.	345	around bugs.
…		…
290	enabling this flag.	351	enabling this flag.
291		352
292	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	353	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
293	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	354	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
294	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	355	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
295	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	356	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
296	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	357	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
297	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	358	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
298		359
299	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	360	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
300	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	361	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
301	flag.	362	flag.
302		363
303	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	364	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
304	environment variable.	365	environment variable.
305		366
306	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	367	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
307		368
308	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	369	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
…		…
310	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	371	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
311	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its	372	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
312	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.	373	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
313		374
314	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of	375	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
315	parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are	376	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
316	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	377	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
317	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	378	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
318	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	379	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
319	readyness notifications you get per iteration.	380	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		381
		382	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		383	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		384	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
320		385
321	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	386	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
322		387
323	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	388	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
324	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	389	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
325	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down	390	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
326	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,	391	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
327	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for	392	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
328	performance tips.	393	performance tips.
329		394
		395	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		396	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
		397
330	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	398	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
331		399
332	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	400	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
333	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	401	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
334	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	402	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
335	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	403	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
336	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	404
337	cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad	405	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
338	support for dup.	406	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		407	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		408	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		409	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		410	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		411	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		412	hard to detect.
		413
		414	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		415	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		416	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		417	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		418	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		419	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		420	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.
339		421
340	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	422	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
341	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	423	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
342	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	424	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
343	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	425	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
344	very well if you register events for both fds.	426	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
345		427	file descriptors.
346	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
347	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
348	(or space) is available.
349		428
350	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	429	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
351	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	430	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
352	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	431	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		432	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		433	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		434	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		435	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
353		436
		437	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		438	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		439	the usage. So sad.
		440
354	While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in	441	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
355	all kernel versions tested so far.	442	all kernel versions tested so far.
		443
		444	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		445	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
356		446
357	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	447	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
358		448
359	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	449	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
360	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	450	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
361	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	451	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
362	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"	452	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		453	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		454	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
363	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	455	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
364	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	456	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
365	system like NetBSD.	457	system like NetBSD.
366		458
367	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	459	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
368	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	460	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
369	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	461	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
370		462
371	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	463	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
372	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	464	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
373	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	465	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
374	cause an extra syscall as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	466	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
375	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	467	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
376	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	468	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		469	cases
377		470
378	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	471	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
379		472
380	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	473	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
381	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	474	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
382	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	475	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
383	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	476	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
384	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for	477	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
385	sockets.	478	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		479
		480	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		481	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		482	C<NOTE_EOF>.
386		483
387	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	484	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
388		485
389	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an	486	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
390	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets	487	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
…		…
394	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	491	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
395		492
396	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	493	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
397	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	494	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
398		495
399	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious	496	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
400	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	497	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
401	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	498	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
402		499
403	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	500	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
404	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	501	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
405	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	502	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
406	might perform better.	503	might perform better.
407		504
408	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this	505	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
409	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully	506	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
410	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.	507	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		508	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		509
		510	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		511	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
411		512
412	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	513	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
413		514
414	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	515	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
415	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	516	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
…		…
417		518
418	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	519	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
419		520
420	=back	521	=back
421		522
422	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	523	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
423	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	524	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
424	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	525	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
425		526
426	The most typical usage is like this:	527	Example: This is the most typical usage.
427		528
428	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	529	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
429	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	530	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
430		531
431	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	532	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
432	environment settings to be taken into account:	533	environment settings to be taken into account:
433		534
434	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	535	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
435		536
436	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	537	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
437	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	538	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
438	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	539	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		540	fds):
439		541
440	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	542	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
441		543
442	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	544	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
443		545
444	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	546	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
445	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	547	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
446	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	548	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
447	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	549	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
448		550
		551	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		552	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		553	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		554
449	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	555	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
450		556
451	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	557	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
452	if (!epoller)	558	if (!epoller)
453	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	559	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
454		560
455	=item ev_default_destroy ()	561	=item ev_default_destroy ()
456		562
457	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	563	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
458	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	564	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
459	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	565	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
460	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	566	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
461	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	567	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
462	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	568	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
463	for example).	569	for example).
464		570
465	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	571	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
466	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	572	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
467	would need to be stopped manually.	573	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
468		574
469	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	575	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
470	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	576	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
471	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	577	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
472	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	578	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
…		…
476	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	582	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
477	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	583	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
478		584
479	=item ev_default_fork ()	585	=item ev_default_fork ()
480		586
		587	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
481	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	588	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
482	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	589	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
483	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	590	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
484	again makes little sense).	591	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		592	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
485		593
486	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	594	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
487	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	595	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
488	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	596	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
489		597
490	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	598	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
491	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	599	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
492	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	600	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
493		601
494	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	602	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
495		603
496	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
497	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
498	do not need to care.
499
500	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	604	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
501		605
502	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	606	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
503	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	607	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
504	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	608	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is
		609	entirely your own problem.
		610
		611	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		612
		613	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		614	otherwise.
505		615
506	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	616	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
507		617
508	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	618	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
509	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	619	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
524	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	634	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
525	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	635	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
526	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	636	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
527	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	637	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
528		638
		639	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		640
		641	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		642	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		643	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		644
		645	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		646	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		647	the current time is a good idea.
		648
		649	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		650
		651	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		652
		653	=item ev_resume (loop)
		654
		655	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
		656	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		657
		658	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		659	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		660	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		661	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		662	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		663	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		664
		665	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		666	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		667	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		668	occured while suspended).
		669
		670	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		671	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		672	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		673
		674	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		675	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
		676
529	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	677	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
530		678
531	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	679	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
532	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	680	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
533	events.	681	events.
…		…
535	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	683	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
536	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	684	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
537		685
538	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	686	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
539	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	687	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
540	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	688	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
541	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	689	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
542	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	690	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		691	beauty.
543		692
544	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	693	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
545	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	694	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your
546	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	695	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of
		696	the loop.
547		697
548	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	698	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
549	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	699	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
550	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	700	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
551	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	701	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
552	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	702	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		703	iteration of the loop.
		704
		705	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		706	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
553	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	707	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
554	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	708	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
555		709
556	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	710	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
557		711
558	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	712	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
559	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	713	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
560	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.	714	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
561	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	715	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
562	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	716	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		717	as to not disturb the other process.
563	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	718	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
564	- Update the "event loop time".	719	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
565	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	720	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
566	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	721	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
567	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	722	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
568	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	723	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
569	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	724	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
570	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	725	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
571	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	726	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
572	- Queue all outstanding timers.	727	- Queue all expired timers.
573	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	728	- Queue all expired periodics.
574	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	729	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
575	- Queue all check watchers.	730	- Queue all check watchers.
576	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	731	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
577	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	732	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
578	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	733	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
579	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	734	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
…		…
584	anymore.	739	anymore.
585		740
586	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	741	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
587	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	742	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
588	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	743	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
589	... jobs done. yeah!	744	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
590		745
591	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	746	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
592		747
593	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	748	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
594	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	749	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
595	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	750	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
596	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	751	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
597		752
598	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	753	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
599		754
		755	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.
		756
600	=item ev_ref (loop)	757	=item ev_ref (loop)
601		758
602	=item ev_unref (loop)	759	=item ev_unref (loop)
603		760
604	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	761	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
605	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	762	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
606	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	763	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
		764
607	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	765	If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
608	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	766	from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
		767	stopping it.
		768
609	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	769	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
610	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	770	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
611	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	771	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
612	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	772	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
613	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	773	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
614	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	774	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
615	respectively).	775	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		776	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		777	in the callback).
616		778
617	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	779	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
618	running when nothing else is active.	780	running when nothing else is active.
619		781
620	struct ev_signal exitsig;	782	ev_signal exitsig;
621	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	783	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
622	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	784	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
623	evf_unref (loop);	785	evf_unref (loop);
624		786
625	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	787	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
626		788
627	ev_ref (loop);	789	ev_ref (loop);
628	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	790	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
629		791
630	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	792	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
631		793
632	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	794	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
633		795
634	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting	796	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
635	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to	797	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
636	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.	798	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		799	latency.
637		800
638	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	801	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
639	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to	802	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
640	increase efficiency of loop iterations.	803	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		804	opportunities).
641		805
642	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	806	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
643	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	807	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
644	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	808	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
645	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	809	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
646	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	810	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
647		811
648	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	812	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
649	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	813	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
650	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	814	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
651	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	815	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
652	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	816	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		817	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		818	once per this interval, on average.
653		819
654	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	820	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
655	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	821	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
656	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	822	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
657	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	823	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
658	any overhead in libev.	824	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
659		825
660	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect	826	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
661	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	827	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
662	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	828	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
663	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	829	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
664	as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.	830	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		831	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		832	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		833	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		834	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).
		835
		836	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		837	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		838	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		839	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		840	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		841	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		842
		843	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		844	more often than 100 times per second:
		845
		846	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		847	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		848
		849	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		850
		851	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		852	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		853	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		854	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		855	error and call C<abort ()>.
		856
		857	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		858	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		859	data structures consistent.
665		860
666	=back	861	=back
667		862
668		863
669	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	864	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
		865
		866	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		867	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		868	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
670		869
671	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	870	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
672	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	871	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
673	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	872	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
674		873
675	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	874	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
676	{	875	{
677	ev_io_stop (w);	876	ev_io_stop (w);
678	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	877	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
679	}	878	}
680		879
681	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	880	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		881
682	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	882	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		883
683	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	884	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
684	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	885	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
685	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	886	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		887
686	ev_loop (loop, 0);	888	ev_loop (loop, 0);
687		889
688	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	890	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
689	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	891	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
690	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	892	stack).
		893
		894	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		895	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
691		896
692	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	897	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
693	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	898	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
694	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	899	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
695	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	900	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
696	is readable and/or writable).	901	is readable and/or writable).
697		902
698	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	903	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
699	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	904	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
700	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	905	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
701	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	906	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
702		907
703	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	908	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
704	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	909	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
705	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	910	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
706	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	911	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
707		912
708	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	913	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
709	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	914	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
710	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	915	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
711		916
712	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	917	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
713	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	918	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
714	third argument.	919	third argument.
715		920
…		…
769	=item C<EV_FORK>	974	=item C<EV_FORK>
770		975
771	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	976	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
772	C<ev_fork>).	977	C<ev_fork>).
773		978
		979	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		980
		981	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		982
		983	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		984
		985	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		986	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		987
774	=item C<EV_ERROR>	988	=item C<EV_ERROR>
775		989
776	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	990	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
777	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	991	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
778	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	992	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		993	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		994
779	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	995	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
780	with the watcher being stopped.	996	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		997	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		998	bug in your program.
781		999
782	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	1000	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
783	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	1001	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
784	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	1002	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
785	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	1003	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
786	programs, though, so beware.	1004	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		1005	thing, so beware.
787		1006
788	=back	1007	=back
789		1008
790	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	1009	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
791
792	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
793	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
794		1010
795	=over 4	1011	=over 4
796		1012
797	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1013	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
798		1014
…		…
804	which rolls both calls into one.	1020	which rolls both calls into one.
805		1021
806	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1022	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
807	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1023	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
808		1024
809	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1025	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
810	int revents)>.	1026	int revents)>.
		1027
		1028	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1029
		1030	ev_io w;
		1031	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1032	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
811		1033
812	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1034	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
813		1035
814	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1036	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
815	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1037	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
…		…
818	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	1040	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
819		1041
820	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	1042	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
821	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	1043	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
822		1044
		1045	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1046
823	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	1047	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
824		1048
825	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	1049	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
826	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	1050	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
827	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	1051	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		1052
		1053	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1054
		1055	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
828		1056
829	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1057	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
830		1058
831	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1059	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
832	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1060	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
833		1061
		1062	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1063	whole section.
		1064
		1065	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1066
834	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1067	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
835		1068
836	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1069	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1070	the watcher was active or not).
		1071
837	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1072	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
838	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1073	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
839	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1074	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
840	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1075	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
841	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1076	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
842		1077
843	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1078	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
844		1079
845	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1080	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
846	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1081	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
872	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1107	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
873	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1108	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
874	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1109	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
875	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1110	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
876		1111
877	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
878	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
879	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
880	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
881
882	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1112	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
883	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1113	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
884		1114
885	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1115	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
886	pending.	1116	pending.
887		1117
		1118	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1119	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1120	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1121
888	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1122	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
889	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1123	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
890		1124
891	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1125	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
892	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1126	priorities.
893	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
894		1127
895	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1128	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
896		1129
897	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1130	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
898	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1131	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
899	can deal with that fact.	1132	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1133	callback.
900		1134
901	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1135	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
902		1136
903	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1137	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
904	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1138	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
905	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1139	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
906		1140
		1141	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1142	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1143
907	=back	1144	=back
908		1145
909		1146
910	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1147	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
911		1148
912	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1149	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
913	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1150	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
914	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1151	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
915	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1152	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
916	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1153	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
917	data:	1154	data:
918		1155
919	struct my_io	1156	struct my_io
920	{	1157	{
921	struct ev_io io;	1158	ev_io io;
922	int otherfd;	1159	int otherfd;
923	void *somedata;	1160	void *somedata;
924	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1161	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
925	}	1162	};
		1163
		1164	...
		1165	struct my_io w;
		1166	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
926		1167
927	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1168	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
928	can cast it back to your own type:	1169	can cast it back to your own type:
929		1170
930	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1171	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
931	{	1172	{
932	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1173	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
933	...	1174	...
934	}	1175	}
935		1176
936	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1177	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
937	instead have been omitted.	1178	instead have been omitted.
938		1179
939	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1180	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
940	watchers:	1181	embedded watchers:
941		1182
942	struct my_biggy	1183	struct my_biggy
943	{	1184	{
944	int some_data;	1185	int some_data;
945	ev_timer t1;	1186	ev_timer t1;
946	ev_timer t2;	1187	ev_timer t2;
947	}	1188	}
948		1189
949	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1190	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
950	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1191	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1192	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1193	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1194	programmers):
951		1195
952	#include <stddef.h>	1196	#include <stddef.h>
953		1197
954	static void	1198	static void
955	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1199	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
956	{	1200	{
957	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1201	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
958	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1202	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
959	}	1203	}
960		1204
961	static void	1205	static void
962	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1206	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
963	{	1207	{
964	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1208	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
965	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1209	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
966	}	1210	}
		1211
		1212	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1213
		1214	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1215	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1216	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1217
		1218	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1219	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1220	range.
		1221
		1222	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1223	by event loops:
		1224
		1225	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1226	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1227	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1228
		1229	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1230	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1231	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1232	before polling for new events.
		1233
		1234	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1235	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1236
		1237	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1238	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1239	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1240	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1241	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1242	priority ones.
		1243
		1244	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1245	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1246	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1247	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1248	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1249	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1250	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1251	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1252	always, what you want).
		1253
		1254	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1255	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1256	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1257	required.
		1258
		1259	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1260	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1261	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1262	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1263	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1264	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1265	workable.
		1266
		1267	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1268	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1269	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1270	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1271	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1272
		1273	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1274	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1275	other events are pending:
		1276
		1277	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1278	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1279
		1280	static void
		1281	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1282	{
		1283	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1284	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1285	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1286
		1287	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
		1288	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1289	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1290	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1291	}
		1292
		1293	static void
		1294	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1295	{
		1296	// actual processing
		1297	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1298
		1299	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1300	// we have handled the event
		1301	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1302	}
		1303
		1304	// initialisation
		1305	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1306	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1307	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1308
		1309	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1310	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1311	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1312	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1313	important ones.
967		1314
968		1315
969	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1316	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
970		1317
971	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1318	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
995	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1342	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
996	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1343	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
997	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1344	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
998	required if you know what you are doing).	1345	required if you know what you are doing).
999		1346
1000	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1347	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1001	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1348	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1002	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1349	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1350	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1351	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1003		1352
1004	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1353	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1005	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1354	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1006	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1355	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1007	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1356	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1008	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1357	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1009	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1358	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1010	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1359	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1011	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1360	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1012		1361
1013	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1362	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1014	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1363	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1015	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1364	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1016	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1365	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
1017	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1366	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1367	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1368	indefinitely.
		1369
		1370	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1018		1371
1019	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1372	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1020		1373
1021	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1374	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
1022	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,	1375	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
1023	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1376	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
1024	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1377	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
1025	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1378	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
1026	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1379	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
1027	fact, a different file descriptor.	1380	fact, a different file descriptor.
1028		1381
…		…
1057	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1410	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
1058	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1411	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
1059	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1412	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1060	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1413	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1061		1414
		1415	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1416
		1417	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1418	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1419	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1420	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1421
		1422	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1423	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1424	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1425
1062		1426
1063	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1427	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1064		1428
1065	=over 4	1429	=over 4
1066		1430
1067	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1431	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1068		1432
1069	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1433	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1070		1434
1071	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1435	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1072	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1436	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1073	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1437	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1074		1438
1075	=item int fd [read-only]	1439	=item int fd [read-only]
1076		1440
1077	The file descriptor being watched.	1441	The file descriptor being watched.
1078		1442
…		…
1086		1450
1087	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1451	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1088	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1452	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1089	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1453	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1090		1454
1091	static void	1455	static void
1092	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1456	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1093	{	1457	{
1094	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1458	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1095	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1459	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1096	}	1460	}
1097		1461
1098	...	1462	...
1099	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1463	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1100	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1464	ev_io stdin_readable;
1101	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1465	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1102	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1466	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1103	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1467	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1104		1468
1105		1469
1106	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1470	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1107		1471
1108	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1472	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1109	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1473	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1110		1474
1111	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1475	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1112	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1476	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1113	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1477	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1114	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1478	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1115	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1479	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1480
		1481	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1482	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
		1483	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1484	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1485	before ones with later time-out values (but this is no longer true when a
		1486	callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
		1487
		1488	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1489
		1490	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1491	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1492	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1493
		1494	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1495	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1496
		1497	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1498	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1499	data or other life sign was received).
		1500
		1501	=over 4
		1502
		1503	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1504
		1505	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1506	start the watcher:
		1507
		1508	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1509	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1510
		1511	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1512	and start it again:
		1513
		1514	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1515	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1516	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1517
		1518	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1519	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1520	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1521	still not a constant-time operation.
		1522
		1523	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1524
		1525	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1526	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1527
		1528	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1529	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1530	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1531	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1532	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1533
		1534	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1535	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1536	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1537
		1538	At start:
		1539
		1540	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1541	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1542	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1543
		1544	Each time there is some activity:
		1545
		1546	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1547
		1548	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1549	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1550
		1551	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1552	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1553
		1554	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1555	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1556	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1557
		1558	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1559
		1560	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1561
		1562	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1563	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1564	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1565	associated activity resets.
		1566
		1567	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1568	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1569	within the callback:
		1570
		1571	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1572
		1573	static void
		1574	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1575	{
		1576	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1577	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1578
		1579	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1580	if (timeout < now)
		1581	{
		1582	// timeout occured, take action
		1583	}
		1584	else
		1585	{
		1586	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1587	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1588	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1589	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1590	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1591	}
		1592	}
		1593
		1594	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1595	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1596	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1597	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1598	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1599	a timeout then.
		1600
		1601	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1602	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1603
		1604	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1605	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1606	libev to change the timeout.
		1607
		1608	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1609	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1610	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1611
		1612	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1613	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1614	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
		1615
		1616	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1617	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1618
		1619	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);
		1620
		1621	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1622	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1623
		1624	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1625	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1626	fix things for you.
		1627
		1628	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1629
		1630	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1631	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1632	do even better:
		1633
		1634	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1635	at the I<end> of the list.
		1636
		1637	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1638	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1639
		1640	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1641	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1642	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1643
		1644	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1645	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1646	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1647	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1648
		1649	=back
		1650
		1651	So which method the best?
		1652
		1653	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1654	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1655	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1656	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1657
		1658	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1659	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1660	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1661	overkill :)
		1662
		1663	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1664
		1665	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1666	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1667	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a
		1668	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1669	lots of events in one iteration.
1116		1670
1117	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1671	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1118	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1672	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1119	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1673	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1120	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1674	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1121	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1675	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1122		1676
1123	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1677	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1124		1678
1125	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1679	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1126	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1680	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1127	order of execution is undefined.	1681	()>.
1128		1682
1129	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1683	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1130		1684
1131	=over 4	1685	=over 4
1132		1686
1133	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1687	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1134		1688
1135	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1689	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1136		1690
1137	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1691	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
1138	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1692	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
1139	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1693	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
1140	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1694	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1695	until stopped manually.
1141		1696
1142	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1697	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1143	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1698	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1144	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1699	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1145	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1700	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1146	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1701	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1147		1702
1148	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1703	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1149		1704
1150	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1705	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
1151	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1706	repeating. The exact semantics are:
1152		1707
1153	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1708	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1154		1709
1155	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1710	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1156		1711
1157	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1712	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1158	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1713	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1159		1714
1160	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1715	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1161	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1716	usage example.
1162	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1163	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1164	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1165	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1166	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1167	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1168	automatically restart it if need be.
1169
1170	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
1171	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1172
1173	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
1174	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1175	...
1176	timer->again = 17.;
1177	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1178	...
1179	timer->again = 10.;
1180	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1181
1182	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
1183	you want to modify its timeout value.
1184		1717
1185	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1718	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1186		1719
1187	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1720	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1188	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1721	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1189	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1722	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1190		1723
1191	=back	1724	=back
1192		1725
1193	=head3 Examples	1726	=head3 Examples
1194		1727
1195	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1728	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1196		1729
1197	static void	1730	static void
1198	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1731	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1199	{	1732	{
1200	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1733	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1201	}	1734	}
1202		1735
1203	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1736	ev_timer mytimer;
1204	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1737	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1205	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1738	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1206		1739
1207	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1740	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1208	inactivity.	1741	inactivity.
1209		1742
1210	static void	1743	static void
1211	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1744	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1212	{	1745	{
1213	.. ten seconds without any activity	1746	.. ten seconds without any activity
1214	}	1747	}
1215		1748
1216	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1749	ev_timer mytimer;
1217	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1750	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1218	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1751	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1219	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1752	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1220		1753
1221	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1754	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1222	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1755	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1223	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1756	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1224		1757
1225		1758
1226	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1759	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1227		1760
1228	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1761	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1229	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1762	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1230		1763
1231	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1764	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1232	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1765	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1233	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1766	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1234	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1767	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1235	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1768	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1236	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1769	wrist-watch).
1237	roughly 10 seconds later).
1238		1770
1239	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1771	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
1240	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,	1772	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
1241	rules.	1773	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		1774	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		1775	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		1776	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		1777	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
1242		1778
		1779	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
		1780	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
		1781	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		1782	those cannot react to time jumps.
		1783
1243	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1784	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1244	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1785	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1245	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1786	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		1787	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		1788	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
1246		1789
1247	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1790	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1248		1791
1249	=over 4	1792	=over 4
1250		1793
1251	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1794	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1252		1795
1253	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1796	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1254		1797
1255	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1798	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1256	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1799	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1257		1800
1258	=over 4	1801	=over 4
1259		1802
1260	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1803	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1261		1804
1262	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1805	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1263	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1806	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1264	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1807	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1265	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1808	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		1809	this point in time.
1266		1810
1267	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1811	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1268		1812
1269	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1813	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1270	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1814	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1271	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1815	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		1816	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1272		1817
1273	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1818	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1274	time:	1819	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		1820	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1275		1821
1276	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1822	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1277		1823
1278	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1824	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1279	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1825	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1280	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1826	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1281	by 3600.	1827	by 3600.
1282		1828
1283	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1829	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1284	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1830	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1285	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1831	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1286		1832
1287	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1833	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1288	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1834	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1289	this value.	1835	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1290		1836
		1837	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1838	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1839	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1840	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1841
1291	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1842	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1292		1843
1293	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1844	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1294	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1845	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1295	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1846	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1296	current time as second argument.	1847	current time as second argument.
1297		1848
1298	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1849	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1299	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1850	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
1300	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1851	allowed by documentation here>.
1301	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1302		1852
		1853	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1854	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1855	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1856
1303	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1857	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1304	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1858	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1305		1859
		1860	static ev_tstamp
1306	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1861	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1307	{	1862	{
1308	return now + 60.;	1863	return now + 60.;
1309	}	1864	}
1310		1865
1311	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1866	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1312	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1867	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1313	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1868	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1314	might be called at other times, too.	1869	might be called at other times, too.
1315		1870
1316	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1871	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1317	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1872	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1318		1873
1319	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1874	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1320	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1875	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1321	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1876	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1322	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1877	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1323	reason I omitted it as an example).	1878	reason I omitted it as an example).
1324		1879
1325	=back	1880	=back
…		…
1329	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1884	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1330	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1885	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1331	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1886	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1332	program when the crontabs have changed).	1887	program when the crontabs have changed).
1333		1888
		1889	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1890
		1891	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
		1892	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		1893	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		1894	rescheduling modes.
		1895
1334	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1896	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1335		1897
1336	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1898	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1337	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1899	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		1900	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1338		1901
1339	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	1902	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1340	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1903	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1341		1904
1342	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1905	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1343		1906
1344	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1907	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1345	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1908	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1346	called.	1909	called.
1347		1910
1348	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1911	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1349		1912
1350	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1913	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1351	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1914	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1352	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1915	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1353		1916
1354	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
1355
1356	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
1357	trigger next.
1358
1359	=back	1917	=back
1360		1918
1361	=head3 Examples	1919	=head3 Examples
1362		1920
1363	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1921	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1364	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1922	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1365	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1923	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1366		1924
1367	static void	1925	static void
1368	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1926	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1369	{	1927	{
1370	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1928	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1371	}	1929	}
1372		1930
1373	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1931	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1374	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1932	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1375	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1933	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1376		1934
1377	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1935	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1378		1936
1379	#include <math.h>	1937	#include <math.h>
1380		1938
1381	static ev_tstamp	1939	static ev_tstamp
1382	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1940	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1383	{	1941	{
1384	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1942	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1385	}	1943	}
1386		1944
1387	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1945	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1388		1946
1389	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1947	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1390		1948
1391	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1949	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1392	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1950	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1393	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1951	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1394	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1952	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1395		1953
1396		1954
1397	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1955	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1398		1956
1399	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1957	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1400	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1958	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1401	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1959	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1402	normal event processing, like any other event.	1960	normal event processing, like any other event.
1403		1961
		1962	If you want signals asynchronously, just use C<sigaction> as you would
		1963	do without libev and forget about sharing the signal. You can even use
		1964	C<ev_async> from a signal handler to synchronously wake up an event loop.
		1965
1404	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1966	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
1405	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1967	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal handler
1406	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1968	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1407	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1969	you don't register any with libev for the same signal). Similarly, when
1408	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1970	the last signal watcher for a signal is stopped, libev will reset the
1409	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1971	signal handler to SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
		1972
		1973	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1974	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1975	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1976	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1977	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
1410		1978
1411	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1979	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1412		1980
1413	=over 4	1981	=over 4
1414		1982
…		…
1423		1991
1424	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1992	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1425		1993
1426	=back	1994	=back
1427		1995
		1996	=head3 Examples
		1997
		1998	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
		1999
		2000	static void
		2001	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
		2002	{
		2003	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		2004	}
		2005
		2006	ev_signal signal_watcher;
		2007	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		2008	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
		2009
1428		2010
1429	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	2011	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1430		2012
1431	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	2013	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1432	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	2014	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
		2015	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
		2016	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
		2017	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		2018	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		2019	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
		2020	in the next callback invocation is not.
		2021
		2022	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		2023	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2024
		2025	=head3 Process Interaction
		2026
		2027	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		2028	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		2029	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		2030	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		2031	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		2032	children, even ones not watched.
		2033
		2034	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		2035
		2036	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		2037	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		2038	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		2039	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		2040	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		2041	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		2042	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		2043
		2044	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		2045
		2046	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		2047	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		2048	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		2049	when a child exit is detected.
1433		2050
1434	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2051	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1435		2052
1436	=over 4	2053	=over 4
1437		2054
1438	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	2055	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1439		2056
1440	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	2057	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1441		2058
1442	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	2059	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1443	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	2060	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1444	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	2061	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1445	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	2062	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1446	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	2063	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1447	process causing the status change.	2064	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		2065	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		2066	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1448		2067
1449	=item int pid [read-only]	2068	=item int pid [read-only]
1450		2069
1451	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	2070	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1452		2071
…		…
1461		2080
1462	=back	2081	=back
1463		2082
1464	=head3 Examples	2083	=head3 Examples
1465		2084
1466	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	2085	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		2086	its completion.
1467		2087
		2088	ev_child cw;
		2089
1468	static void	2090	static void
1469	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2091	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1470	{	2092	{
1471	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2093	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2094	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1472	}	2095	}
1473		2096
1474	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2097	pid_t pid = fork ();
1475	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2098
1476	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	2099	if (pid < 0)
		2100	// error
		2101	else if (pid == 0)
		2102	{
		2103	// the forked child executes here
		2104	exit (1);
		2105	}
		2106	else
		2107	{
		2108	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		2109	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		2110	}
1477		2111
1478		2112
1479	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2113	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1480		2114
1481	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2115	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1482	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2116	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1483	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2117	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2118	it did.
1484		2119
1485	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2120	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1486	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2121	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1487	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2122	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1488	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2123	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1489	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2124	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2125	contents.
1490		2126
1491	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2127	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2128	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1492	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2129	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1493		2130
1494	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	2131	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1495	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	2132	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1496	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	2133	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1497	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	2134	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1498	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	2135	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1499	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	2136	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1500	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	2137	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1501	usually overkill.	2138	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1502		2139
1503	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2140	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1504	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2141	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1505	resource-intensive.	2142	resource-intensive.
1506		2143
1507	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	2144	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1508	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	2145	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1509	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	2146	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1510	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	2147	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1511	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1512	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1513	polling.
1514		2148
1515	=head3 Inotify	2149	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1516		2150
		2151	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		2152	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		2153	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		2154	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		2155	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		2156	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		2157	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		2158	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
		2159
		2160	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		2161	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		2162	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		2163	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		2164	default compilation environment.
		2165
		2166	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		2167
1517	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	2168	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1518	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2169	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1519	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	2170	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1520	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	2171	watcher is being started.
1521		2172
1522	Inotify presense does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2173	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1523	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2174	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1524	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presense of inotify support	2175	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1525	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	2176	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		2177	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2178	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2179	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2180	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1526		2181
1527	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2182	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1528	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2183	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1529	descriptor open on the object at all times).	2184	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2185	etc. is difficult.
		2186
		2187	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2188
		2189	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2190	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2191	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2192
		2193	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2194	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2195	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2196	watcher).
		2197
		2198	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2199	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2200	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2201
		2202	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2203	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
1530		2204
1531	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2205	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1532		2206
1533	The C<stat ()> syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2207	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1534	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still	2208	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1535	only support whole seconds.	2209	still only support whole seconds.
1536		2210
1537	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might	2211	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1538	miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and calls	2212	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1539	your callback, which does something. When there is another update within	2213	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1540	the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it.	2214	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		2215	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
1541		2216
1542	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till	2217	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1543	the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay C<ev_timer>	2218	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1544	(C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)>). The C<.01>	2219	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1545	is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating	2220	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
1546	systems.	2221
		2222	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		2223	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		2224	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		2225	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		2226	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		2227	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		2228	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		2229	the timer callback).
1547		2230
1548	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2231	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1549		2232
1550	=over 4	2233	=over 4
1551		2234
…		…
1557	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2240	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1558	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2241	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1559	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2242	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1560	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2243	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1561		2244
1562	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	2245	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1563	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	2246	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1564	last change was detected).	2247	last change was detected).
1565		2248
1566	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	2249	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1567		2250
1568	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2251	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1569	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	2252	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1570	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	2253	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1571	useful simply to find out the new values.	2254	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		2255	new values.
1572		2256
1573	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	2257	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1574		2258
1575	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	2259	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1576	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	2260	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1577	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	2261	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		2262	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1578	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	2263	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1579		2264
1580	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	2265	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1581		2266
1582	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	2267	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1583	C<prev> != C<attr>.	2268	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		2269	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		2270	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1584		2271
1585	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	2272	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1586		2273
1587	The specified interval.	2274	The specified interval.
1588		2275
1589	=item const char *path [read-only]	2276	=item const char *path [read-only]
1590		2277
1591	The filesystem path that is being watched.	2278	The file system path that is being watched.
1592		2279
1593	=back	2280	=back
1594		2281
1595	=head3 Examples	2282	=head3 Examples
1596		2283
1597	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2284	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1598		2285
1599	static void	2286	static void
1600	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2287	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1601	{	2288	{
1602	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2289	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1603	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2290	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1604	{	2291	{
1605	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2292	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1606	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2293	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1607	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2294	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1608	}	2295	}
1609	else	2296	else
1610	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2297	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1611	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2298	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1612	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2299	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1613	}	2300	}
1614		2301
1615	...	2302	...
1616	ev_stat passwd;	2303	ev_stat passwd;
1617		2304
1618	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2305	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1619	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2306	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1620		2307
1621	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not	2308	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
1622	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so	2309	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
1623	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on	2310	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
1624	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).	2311	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
1625		2312
1626	static ev_stat passwd;	2313	static ev_stat passwd;
1627	static ev_timer timer;	2314	static ev_timer timer;
1628		2315
1629	static void	2316	static void
1630	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2317	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1631	{	2318	{
1632	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);	2319	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
1633		2320
1634	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */	2321	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
1635	}	2322	}
1636		2323
1637	static void	2324	static void
1638	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)	2325	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
1639	{	2326	{
1640	/* reset the one-second timer */	2327	/* reset the one-second timer */
1641	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);	2328	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
1642	}	2329	}
1643		2330
1644	...	2331	...
1645	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2332	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1646	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2333	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1647	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01);	2334	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1648		2335
1649		2336
1650	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2337	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1651		2338
1652	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2339	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1653	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2340	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1654	count).	2341	as receiving "events").
1655		2342
1656	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2343	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1657	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2344	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1658	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2345	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1659	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2346	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1670		2357
1671	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2358	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1672		2359
1673	=over 4	2360	=over 4
1674		2361
1675	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2362	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1676		2363
1677	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2364	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1678	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2365	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1679	believe me.	2366	believe me.
1680		2367
…		…
1683	=head3 Examples	2370	=head3 Examples
1684		2371
1685	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2372	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1686	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2373	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1687		2374
1688	static void	2375	static void
1689	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2376	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1690	{	2377	{
1691	free (w);	2378	free (w);
1692	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2379	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1693	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	2380	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1694	}	2381	}
1695		2382
1696	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2383	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1697	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2384	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1698	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2385	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1699		2386
1700		2387
1701	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2388	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1702		2389
1703	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2390	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1704	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2391	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1705	afterwards.	2392	afterwards.
1706		2393
1707	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2394	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
1708	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2395	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
1711	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2398	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1712	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2399	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1713	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2400	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1714		2401
1715	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2402	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1716	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2403	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1717	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2404	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1718	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2405	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1719	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2406	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1720	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2407	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1721	watcher).	2408	watcher).
1722		2409
1723	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2410	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1724	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2411	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1725	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2412	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1726	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2413	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1727	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2414	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1728	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2415	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1729	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2416	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1730	because you never know, you know?).	2417	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1731		2418
1732	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2419	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1733	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2420	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1734	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2421	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1735	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2422	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1738	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2425	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1739	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2426	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1740		2427
1741	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2428	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1742	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2429	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2430	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2431
1743	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2432	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1744	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2433	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1745	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers	2434	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1746	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	2435	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1747	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	2436	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1748	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	2437	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1749	coexist peacefully with others).	2438	others).
1750		2439
1751	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2440	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1752		2441
1753	=over 4	2442	=over 4
1754		2443
…		…
1756		2445
1757	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2446	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1758		2447
1759	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2448	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1760	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2449	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1761	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2450	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2451	pointless.
1762		2452
1763	=back	2453	=back
1764		2454
1765	=head3 Examples	2455	=head3 Examples
1766		2456
1767	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	2457	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1768	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	2458	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1769	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	2459	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1770	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	2460	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1771	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	2461	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1772	into the Glib event loop).	2462	Glib event loop).
1773		2463
1774	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	2464	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1775	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2465	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1776	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2466	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1777	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2467	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1778	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2468	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1779		2469
1780	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2470	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1781	static ev_timer tw;	2471	static ev_timer tw;
1782		2472
1783	static void	2473	static void
1784	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2474	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1785	{	2475	{
1786	}	2476	}
1787		2477
1788	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2478	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1789	static void	2479	static void
1790	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2480	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1791	{	2481	{
1792	int timeout = 3600000;	2482	int timeout = 3600000;
1793	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2483	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1794	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2484	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1795	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2485	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1796		2486
1797	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2487	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1798	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2488	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
1799	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2489	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1800		2490
1801	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2491	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1802	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2492	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1803	{	2493	{
1804	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2494	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1805	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2495	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1806	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2496	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1807		2497
1808	fds [i].revents = 0;	2498	fds [i].revents = 0;
1809	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2499	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1810	}	2500	}
1811	}	2501	}
1812		2502
1813	// stop all watchers after blocking	2503	// stop all watchers after blocking
1814	static void	2504	static void
1815	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2505	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1816	{	2506	{
1817	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2507	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1818		2508
1819	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2509	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1820	{	2510	{
1821	// set the relevant poll flags	2511	// set the relevant poll flags
1822	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2512	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1823	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2513	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1824	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2514	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1825	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2515	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1826	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2516	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1827		2517
1828	// now stop the watcher	2518	// now stop the watcher
1829	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2519	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1830	}	2520	}
1831		2521
1832	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2522	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1833	}	2523	}
1834		2524
1835	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2525	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1836	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2526	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1837		2527
1838	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2528	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1839	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2529	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1840	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2530	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1841		2531
1842	static void	2532	static void
1843	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2533	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1844	{	2534	{
1845	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2535	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1846	update_now (EV_A);	2536	update_now (EV_A);
1847		2537
1848	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2538	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1849	}	2539	}
1850		2540
1851	static void	2541	static void
1852	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2542	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1853	{	2543	{
1854	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2544	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1855	update_now (EV_A);	2545	update_now (EV_A);
1856		2546
1857	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2547	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1858	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2548	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1859	}	2549	}
1860		2550
1861	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2551	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1862		2552
1863	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2553	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1864	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2554	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
1865	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2555	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
1866	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2556	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
1867	this.	2557	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2558	libglib event loop.
1868		2559
1869	static gint	2560	static gint
1870	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2561	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1871	{	2562	{
1872	int got_events = 0;	2563	int got_events = 0;
1873		2564
1874	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2565	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1875	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2566	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1876		2567
1877	if (timeout >= 0)	2568	if (timeout >= 0)
1878	// create/start timer	2569	// create/start timer
1879		2570
1880	// poll	2571	// poll
1881	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2572	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1882		2573
1883	// stop timer again	2574	// stop timer again
1884	if (timeout >= 0)	2575	if (timeout >= 0)
1885	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2576	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1886		2577
1887	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2578	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1888	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2579	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1889	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2580	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1890		2581
1891	return got_events;	2582	return got_events;
1892	}	2583	}
1893		2584
1894		2585
1895	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2586	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1896		2587
1897	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2588	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1903	prioritise I/O.	2594	prioritise I/O.
1904		2595
1905	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2596	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1906	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2597	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1907	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2598	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1908	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2599	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1909	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2600	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
1910	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2601	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
1911	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2602	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2603	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
1912		2604
1913	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2605	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
1914	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2606	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
1915	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2607	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
1916	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2608	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
1917	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2609	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
1918		2610
1919	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2611	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
1920	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2612	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
1921	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2613	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
1922	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2614	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
1923	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2615	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
1924	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2616	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
1925	embedded loop sweep.
1926		2617
1927	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2618	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
1928	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2619	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
1929	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
1930	interested in that.
1931		2620
1932	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2621	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
1933	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2622	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
1934	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2623	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
1935	yourself.	2624	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
1936		2625
1937	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2626	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
1938	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2627	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
1939	portable one.	2628	portable one.
1940		2629
1941	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2630	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1942	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2631	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1943	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2632	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1944	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.	2633	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1945		2634
		2635	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
		2636
		2637	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
		2638	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
		2639	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
		2640	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
		2641	as applicable.
		2642
1946	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2643	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1947		2644
1948	=over 4	2645	=over 4
1949		2646
1950	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2647	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
…		…
1953		2650
1954	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2651	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1955	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2652	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1956	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2653	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1957	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2654	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1958	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2655	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1959		2656
1960	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2657	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1961		2658
1962	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2659	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1963	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2660	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1964	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2661	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1965		2662
1966	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2663	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1967		2664
1968	The embedded event loop.	2665	The embedded event loop.
1969		2666
…		…
1971		2668
1972	=head3 Examples	2669	=head3 Examples
1973		2670
1974	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default	2671	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
1975	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default	2672	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
1976	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the mebeddable loop is stored in	2673	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
1977	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the acse no embeddable loop can be	2674	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
1978	used).	2675	used).
1979		2676
1980	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2677	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
1981	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	2678	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1982	struct ev_embed embed;	2679	ev_embed embed;
1983		2680
1984	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	2681	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1985	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	2682	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1986	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	2683	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1987	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	2684	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1988	: 0;	2685	: 0;
1989		2686
1990	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2687	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
1991	if (loop_lo)	2688	if (loop_lo)
1992	{	2689	{
1993	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2690	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
1994	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2691	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1995	}	2692	}
1996	else	2693	else
1997	loop_lo = loop_hi;	2694	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1998		2695
1999	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create	2696	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
2000	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any	2697	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
2001	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	2698	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2002	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	2699	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2003		2700
2004	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	2701	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2005	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	2702	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2006	struct ev_embed embed;	2703	ev_embed embed;
2007		2704
2008	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	2705	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2009	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	2706	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2010	{	2707	{
2011	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	2708	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2012	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	2709	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
2013	}	2710	}
2014		2711
2015	if (!loop_socket)	2712	if (!loop_socket)
2016	loop_socket = loop;	2713	loop_socket = loop;
2017		2714
2018	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else	2715	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
2019		2716
2020		2717
2021	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2718	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2022		2719
2023	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2720	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
2026	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2723	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2027	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2724	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2028	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2725	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2029	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2726	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2030		2727
		2728	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		2729
		2730	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
		2731	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		2732	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		2733
		2734	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		2735	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		2736	fork.
		2737
		2738	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		2739	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		2740	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		2741
		2742	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		2743	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		2744	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		2745	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		2746
		2747	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		2748	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		2749	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		2750	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		2751	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		2752	signal watchers).
		2753
		2754	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		2755	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		2756	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		2757	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		2758	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		2759	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		2760
2031	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2761	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2032		2762
2033	=over 4	2763	=over 4
2034		2764
2035	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2765	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2039	believe me.	2769	believe me.
2040		2770
2041	=back	2771	=back
2042		2772
2043		2773
		2774	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2775
		2776	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2777	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2778	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2779
		2780	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2781	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2782	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2783	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2784	safe.
		2785
		2786	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2787	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2788	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2789	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2790
		2791	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2792	just the default loop.
		2793
		2794	=head3 Queueing
		2795
		2796	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2797	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2798	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2799	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2800
		2801	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2802	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
		2803	queue:
		2804
		2805	=over 4
		2806
		2807	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2808
		2809	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2810	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
		2811	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2812
		2813	static ev_async mysig;
		2814
		2815	static void
		2816	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2817	{
		2818	sometype data;
		2819
		2820	// no locking etc.
		2821	queue_put (data);
		2822	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2823	}
		2824
		2825	static void
		2826	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2827	{
		2828	sometype data;
		2829	sigset_t block, prev;
		2830
		2831	sigemptyset (&block);
		2832	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2833	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2834
		2835	while (queue_get (&data))
		2836	process (data);
		2837
		2838	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2839	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2840	}
		2841
		2842	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2843	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2844	either...).
		2845
		2846	=item queueing from a thread context
		2847
		2848	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2849	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2850	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2851
		2852	static ev_async mysig;
		2853	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2854
		2855	static void
		2856	otherthread (void)
		2857	{
		2858	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2859	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2860	queue_put (data);
		2861	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2862
		2863	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2864	}
		2865
		2866	static void
		2867	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2868	{
		2869	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2870
		2871	while (queue_get (&data))
		2872	process (data);
		2873
		2874	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2875	}
		2876
		2877	=back
		2878
		2879
		2880	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2881
		2882	=over 4
		2883
		2884	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2885
		2886	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2887	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2888	trust me.
		2889
		2890	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2891
		2892	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2893	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2894	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
		2895	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2896	section below on what exactly this means).
		2897
		2898	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		2899	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		2900	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		2901	reset when the event loop detects that).
		2902
		2903	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
		2904	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
		2905	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
		2906
		2907	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2908
		2909	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2910	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2911	event loop.
		2912
		2913	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2914	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2915	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2916	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2917
		2918	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
		2919	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		2920	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		2921	notification, and the callback being invoked.
		2922
		2923	=back
		2924
		2925
2044	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2926	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
2045		2927
2046	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	2928	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
2047		2929
2048	=over 4	2930	=over 4
2049		2931
2050	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	2932	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
2051		2933
2052	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	2934	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
2053	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	2935	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
2054	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	2936	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
2055	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2937	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2056	more watchers yourself.	2938	more watchers yourself.
2057		2939
2058	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2940	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
2059	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2941	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
2060	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2942	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
2061		2943
2062	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2944	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2063	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2945	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2064	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2946	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2065	dubious value.
2066		2947
2067	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2948	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
2068	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2949	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2069	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2950	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
2070	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2951	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		2952	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		2953	events precedence.
2071		2954
		2955	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		2956
2072	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2957	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2073	{	2958	{
2074	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
2075	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2076	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2959	if (revents & EV_READ)
2077	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2960	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		2961	else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
		2962	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2078	}	2963	}
2079		2964
2080	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2965	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2081		2966
2082	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2967	=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2083		2968
2084	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2969	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2085	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2970	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2086	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).	2971	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2087		2972
2088	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	2973	=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
2089		2974
2090	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2975	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2091	the given events it.	2976	the given events it.
2092		2977
2093	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2978	=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
2094		2979
2095	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2980	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2096	loop!).	2981	loop!).
2097		2982
2098	=back	2983	=back
2099		2984
2100		2985
…		…
2116		3001
2117	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3002	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
2118	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3003	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
2119	is an ev_pri field.	3004	is an ev_pri field.
2120		3005
		3006	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		3007	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		3008
2121	=item * Other members are not supported.	3009	=item * Other members are not supported.
2122		3010
2123	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3011	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
2124	to use the libev header file and library.	3012	to use the libev header file and library.
2125		3013
2126	=back	3014	=back
2127		3015
2128	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3016	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
2129		3017
2130	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3018	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
2131	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3019	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2132	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3020	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2133		3021
2134	To use it,	3022	To use it,
2135		3023
2136	#include <ev++.h>	3024	#include <ev++.h>
2137		3025
2138	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	3026	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2139	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	3027	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2140	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	3028	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
2141	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	3029	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2208	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	3096	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2209	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	3097	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2210		3098
2211	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	3099	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2212		3100
2213	struct myclass	3101	struct myclass
2214	{	3102	{
2215	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3103	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2216	}	3104	}
2217		3105
2218	myclass obj;	3106	myclass obj;
2219	ev::io iow;	3107	ev::io iow;
2220	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3108	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		3109
		3110	=item w->set (object *)
		3111
		3112	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
		3113
		3114	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3115	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3116	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3117	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3118	list.
		3119
		3120	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3121	int revents)>.
		3122
		3123	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3124
		3125	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3126
		3127	struct myfunctor
		3128	{
		3129	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3130	{
		3131	...
		3132	}
		3133	}
		3134
		3135	myfunctor f;
		3136
		3137	ev::io w;
		3138	w.set (&f);
2221		3139
2222	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3140	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2223		3141
2224	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3142	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2225	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3143	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2227		3145
2228	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	3146	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
2229		3147
2230	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	3148	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2231		3149
2232	Example:	3150	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2233		3151
2234	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3152	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2235	iow.set <io_cb> ();	3153	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2236		3154
2237	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3155	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
2238		3156
2239	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3157	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2240	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3158	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2241		3159
2242	=item w->set ([args])	3160	=item w->set ([arguments])
2243		3161
2244	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	3162	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
2245	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	3163	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
2246	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	3164	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
2247	method.	3165	method.
2248		3166
2249	=item w->start ()	3167	=item w->start ()
…		…
2273	=back	3191	=back
2274		3192
2275	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	3193	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
2276	the constructor.	3194	the constructor.
2277		3195
2278	class myclass	3196	class myclass
2279	{	3197	{
2280	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	3198	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2281	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	3199	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2282		3200
2283	myclass ();	3201	myclass (int fd)
2284	}	3202	{
2285
2286	myclass::myclass (int fd)
2287	{
2288	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	3203	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
2289	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	3204	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2290		3205
2291	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	3206	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		3207	}
2292	}	3208	};
		3209
		3210
		3211	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		3212
		3213	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		3214	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		3215	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		3216	me a note.
		3217
		3218	=over 4
		3219
		3220	=item Perl
		3221
		3222	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		3223	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		3224	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		3225	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
		3226	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3227	and C<EV::Glib>).
		3228
		3229	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		3230	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		3231
		3232	=item Python
		3233
		3234	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		3235	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
		3236
		3237	=item Ruby
		3238
		3239	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		3240	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		3241	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		3242	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		3243
		3244	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3245	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3246
		3247	=item Haskell
		3248
		3249	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3250	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3251
		3252	=item D
		3253
		3254	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		3255	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3256
		3257	=item Ocaml
		3258
		3259	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3260	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3261
		3262	=back
2293		3263
2294		3264
2295	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3265	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2296		3266
2297	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal	3267	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2298	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)	3268	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2299	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	3269	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2300		3270
2301	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	3271	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2302	following macros are defined:	3272	following macros are defined:
…		…
2307		3277
2308	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3278	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2309	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3279	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2310	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3280	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2311		3281
2312	ev_unref (EV_A);	3282	ev_unref (EV_A);
2313	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3283	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2314	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3284	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2315		3285
2316	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3286	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2317	which is often provided by the following macro.	3287	which is often provided by the following macro.
2318		3288
2319	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3289	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2320		3290
2321	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3291	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2322	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	3292	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2323	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	3293	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2324		3294
2325	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3295	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2326	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3296	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2327		3297
2328	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3298	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2329	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3299	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2330		3300
2331	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3301	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2332	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3302	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2333		3303
2334	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3304	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2335		3305
2336	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	3306	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2337	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	3307	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		3308
		3309	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		3310
		3311	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		3312	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		3313	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		3314	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		3315
		3316	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		3317	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2338		3318
2339	=back	3319	=back
2340		3320
2341	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	3321	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2342	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	3322	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2343	or not.	3323	or not.
2344		3324
2345	static void	3325	static void
2346	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3326	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2347	{	3327	{
2348	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3328	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2349	}	3329	}
2350		3330
2351	ev_check check;	3331	ev_check check;
2352	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3332	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2353	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3333	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2354	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3334	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2355		3335
2356	=head1 EMBEDDING	3336	=head1 EMBEDDING
2357		3337
2358	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3338	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2359	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3339	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2366	libev somewhere in your source tree).	3346	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2367		3347
2368	=head2 FILESETS	3348	=head2 FILESETS
2369		3349
2370	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	3350	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2371	in your app.	3351	in your application.
2372		3352
2373	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3353	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2374		3354
2375	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3355	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2376	configuration (no autoconf):	3356	configuration (no autoconf):
2377		3357
2378	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3358	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2379	#include "ev.c"	3359	#include "ev.c"
2380		3360
2381	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3361	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2382	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3362	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2383	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3363	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2384	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3364	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2385	where you can put other configuration options):	3365	where you can put other configuration options):
2386		3366
2387	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3367	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2388	#include "ev.h"	3368	#include "ev.h"
2389		3369
2390	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3370	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2391	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3371	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2392	as a bug).	3372	as a bug).
2393		3373
2394	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3374	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2395	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3375	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2396		3376
2397	ev.h	3377	ev.h
2398	ev.c	3378	ev.c
2399	ev_vars.h	3379	ev_vars.h
2400	ev_wrap.h	3380	ev_wrap.h
2401		3381
2402	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3382	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2403		3383
2404	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	3384	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2405	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3385	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2406	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3386	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2407	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3387	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2408	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3388	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2409		3389
2410	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3390	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2411	to compile this single file.	3391	to compile this single file.
2412		3392
2413	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3393	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2414		3394
2415	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3395	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2416		3396
2417	#include "event.c"	3397	#include "event.c"
2418		3398
2419	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3399	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2420		3400
2421	#include "event.h"	3401	#include "event.h"
2422		3402
2423	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3403	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2424		3404
2425	You need the following additional files for this:	3405	You need the following additional files for this:
2426		3406
2427	event.h	3407	event.h
2428	event.c	3408	event.c
2429		3409
2430	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3410	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2431		3411
2432	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3412	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2433	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3413	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2434	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3414	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2435	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3415	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2436		3416
2437	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3417	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2438		3418
2439	libev.m4	3419	libev.m4
2440		3420
2441	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3421	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2442		3422
2443	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3423	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2444	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3424	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2445	and only include the select backend.	3425	autoconf is documented for every option.
2446		3426
2447	=over 4	3427	=over 4
2448		3428
2449	=item EV_STANDALONE	3429	=item EV_STANDALONE
2450		3430
…		…
2452	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3432	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2453	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3433	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2454	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3434	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2455	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3435	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2456		3436
		3437	In stanbdalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3438	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3439
2457	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3440	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2458		3441
2459	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3442	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2460	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3443	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2461	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3444	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2462	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3445	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2463	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3446	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2464	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3447	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2465	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3448	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2466		3449
2467	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3450	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2468		3451
2469	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3452	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2470	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3453	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2471	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3454	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2472	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3455	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2473	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3456	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2474	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3457	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3458	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3459	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3460
		3461	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3462
		3463	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3464	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3465	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3466	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3467	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3468	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3469	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3470	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2475		3471
2476	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3472	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2477		3473
2478	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3474	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2479	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3475	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
2480		3476
		3477	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3478
		3479	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3480	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3481	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3482	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3483	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3484
2481	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3485	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2482		3486
2483	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3487	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2484	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3488	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2485	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3489	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2486	will not be compiled in.	3490	will not be compiled in.
2487		3491
2488	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3492	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2489		3493
2490	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3494	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2491	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3495	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2492	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3496	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
2493	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3497	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
2494	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3498	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
2495	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3499	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
2496	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3500	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
2497		3501
2498	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3502	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
2499		3503
2500	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3504	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
2501	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3505	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
2521		3525
2522	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3526	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2523		3527
2524	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3528	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2525	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3529	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2526	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3530	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2527	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3531	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3532	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2528		3533
2529	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3534	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2530		3535
2531	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3536	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2532	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3537	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2545	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3550	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2546	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3551	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2547		3552
2548	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3553	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2549		3554
2550	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3555	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2551		3556
2552	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	3557	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2553		3558
2554	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	3559	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2555	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	3560	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2556	be detected at runtime.	3561	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3562	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3563
		3564	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		3565
		3566	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		3567	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		3568	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		3569	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		3570	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		3571
		3572	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		3573	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2557		3574
2558	=item EV_H	3575	=item EV_H
2559		3576
2560	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3577	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2561	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h> and F<ev.c>. This can be used to	3578	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2562	virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3579	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2563		3580
2564	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3581	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2565		3582
2566	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3583	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2567	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3584	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2568	C<EV_H>, above.	3585	C<EV_H>, above.
2569		3586
2570	=item EV_EVENT_H	3587	=item EV_EVENT_H
2571		3588
2572	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3589	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2573	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the dfeault is C<"event.h">.	3590	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2574		3591
2575	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3592	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2576		3593
2577	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3594	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2578	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3595	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2599	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3616	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2600	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3617	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2601	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3618	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2602	fine.	3619	fine.
2603		3620
2604	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3621	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
2605	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3622	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2606		3623
2607	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3624	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2608		3625
2609	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3626	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2610	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3627	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2617	code.	3634	code.
2618		3635
2619	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3636	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2620		3637
2621	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3638	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2622	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3639	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
		3640	watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
2623		3641
2624	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE	3642	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2625		3643
2626	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If	3644	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2627	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3645	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
…		…
2629	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3647	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2630		3648
2631	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3649	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2632	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3650	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2633		3651
		3652	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3653
		3654	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3655	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3656
2634	=item EV_MINIMAL	3657	=item EV_MINIMAL
2635		3658
2636	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3659	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2637	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3660	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2638	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3661	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3662	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2639		3663
2640	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3664	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2641		3665
2642	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3666	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2643	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3667	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
…		…
2650	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3674	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2651	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3675	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2652	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3676	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2653	two).	3677	two).
2654		3678
		3679	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3680
		3681	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3682	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3683	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		3684	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3685
		3686	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3687	(disabled).
		3688
		3689	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3690
		3691	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3692	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3693	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3694	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3695	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3696	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3697
		3698	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3699	(disabled).
		3700
		3701	=item EV_VERIFY
		3702
		3703	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3704	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3705	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3706	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3707	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3708	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3709	libev considerably.
		3710
		3711	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3712	C<0>.
		3713
2655	=item EV_COMMON	3714	=item EV_COMMON
2656		3715
2657	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3716	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2658	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3717	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2659	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3718	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2660	though, and it must be identical each time.	3719	though, and it must be identical each time.
2661		3720
2662	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3721	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2663		3722
2664	#define EV_COMMON \	3723	#define EV_COMMON \
2665	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3724	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2666	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3725	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2667		3726
2668	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3727	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2669		3728
2670	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3729	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2671		3730
…		…
2676	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for	3735	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2677	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3736	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2678	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3737	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2679	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3738	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
2680		3739
		3740	=back
		3741
2681	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	3742	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
2682		3743
2683	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of	3744	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
2684	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	3745	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
2685	all public symbols, one per line:	3746	all public symbols, one per line:
2686		3747
2687	Symbols.ev for libev proper	3748	Symbols.ev for libev proper
2688	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	3749	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
2689		3750
2690	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	3751	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
2691	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	3752	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
2692	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).	3753	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
2693		3754
2694	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to	3755	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
2695	include before including F<ev.h>:	3756	include before including F<ev.h>:
2696		3757
2697	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h	3758	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
…		…
2714	file.	3775	file.
2715		3776
2716	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3777	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2717	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3778	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2718		3779
2719	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3780	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2720	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3781	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2721	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3782	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2722	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3783	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2723	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3784	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2724	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3785	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2725	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3786	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2726	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3787	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2727	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3788	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2728		3789
2729	#include "ev++.h"	3790	#include "ev++.h"
2730		3791
2731	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3792	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2732		3793
2733	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3794	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2734	#include "ev.c"	3795	#include "ev.c"
2735		3796
		3797	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
2736		3798
2737	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3799	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
2738		3800
2739	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3801	=head3 THREADS
2740	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2741	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2742		3802
2743	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	3803	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
2744	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	3804	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
2745	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	3805	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
2746	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average	3806	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
2747	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.	3807	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		3808	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		3809	structures that need any locking.
		3810
		3811	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		3812	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		3813	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		3814	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		3815	a mutex per loop).
		3816
		3817	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		3818	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		3819	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		3820	outside".
		3821
		3822	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3823	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3824	help you, but here is some generic advice:
2748		3825
2749	=over 4	3826	=over 4
2750		3827
2751	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3828	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3829	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
2752		3830
2753	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	3831	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
2754	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	3832	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
2755	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
2756		3833
2757	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3834	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
2758		3835
2759	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	3836	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
2760	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	3837	exists, but it is always a good start.
2761		3838
2762	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3839	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3840	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
2763		3841
2764	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	3842	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3843	better than you currently do :-)
2765		3844
2766	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3845	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3846	event loop.
2767		3847
2768	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3848	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		3849	(or from signal contexts...).
2769		3850
2770	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	3851	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
2771	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3852	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
2772	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	3853	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
2773		3854	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
2774	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
2775
2776	By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the
2777	beginning of the storage array.
2778
2779	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2780
2781	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
2782	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
2783	on backend and wether C<ev_io_set> was used).
2784
2785	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
2786
2787	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
2788
2789	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
2790	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
2791	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
2792	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. prioritiy handling.
2793		3855
2794	=back	3856	=back
2795		3857
		3858	=head3 COROUTINES
2796		3859
2797	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds	3860	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3861	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		3862	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3863	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3864	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3865	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3866
		3867	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		3868	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		3869	they do not call any callbacks.
		3870
		3871	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3872
		3873	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3874	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3875	scared by this.
		3876
		3877	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3878	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3879	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3880	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3881
		3882	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3883	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3884	maintainable.
		3885
		3886	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3887	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3888	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		3889	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have
		3890	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		3891	such buggy versions.
		3892
		3893	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3894	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3895	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3896	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3897	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3898
		3899
		3900	=head2 VALGRIND
		3901
		3902	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3903	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3904
		3905	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3906	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3907
		3908	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3909	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3910	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3911
		3912	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		3913	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
		3914
		3915	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		3916	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		3917	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		3918	confused.
		3919
		3920	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		3921	make it into some kind of religion.
		3922
		3923	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3924	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		3925	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		3926	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		3927	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		3928
		3929	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3930	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3931
		3932
		3933	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		3934
		3935	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
2798		3936
2799	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	3937	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
2800	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	3938	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
2801	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	3939	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
2802	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	3940	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
2803	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	3941	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
2804	e.g. cygwin.	3942	e.g. cygwin.
2805		3943
		3944	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3945	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3946	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3947	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3948
2806	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	3949	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
2807	embedding it into other applications.	3950	embedding it into other applications.
2808		3951
		3952	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		3953	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		3954
		3955	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3956	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3957	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3958	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3959	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3960	available).
		3961
2809	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the	3962	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
2810	abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not	3963	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
2811	recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than	3964	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
2812	a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different	3965	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
2813	implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX model, which cannot	3966	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
2814	be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games).	3967	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3968	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
		3969
		3970	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3971	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3972	of F<ev.h>:
		3973
		3974	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3975	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3976
		3977	#include "ev.h"
		3978
		3979	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3980	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		3981
		3982	#include "evwrap.h"
		3983	#include "ev.c"
2815		3984
2816	=over 4	3985	=over 4
2817		3986
2818	=item The winsocket select function	3987	=item The winsocket select function
2819		3988
2820	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires	3989	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
2821	socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors>. This makes select	3990	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
2822	very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors	3991	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
2823	to socket handles. See the discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>,	3992	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
2824	C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor	3993	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
2825	symbols for more info.	3994	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3995	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
2826		3996
2827	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the microsoft runtime	3997	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
2828	libraries and raw winsocket select is:	3998	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
2829		3999
2830	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1	4000	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
2831	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	4001	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
2832		4002
2833	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	4003	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
2834	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	4004	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
2835		4005
2836	=item Limited number of file descriptors	4006	=item Limited number of file descriptors
2837		4007
2838	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions	4008	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
2839	of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of C<64> handles	4009
		4010	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
2840	(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for	4011	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
2841	C<64> things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a	4012	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
2842	chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each).	4013	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		4014	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
2843		4015
2844	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4016	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
2845	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4017	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
2846	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4018	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
2847	select emulation on windows).	4019	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
2848		4020
2849	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime	4021	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
2850	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4022	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
2851	or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4023	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
2852	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4024	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
2853	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime	4025	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
2854	libraries.
2855
2856	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4026	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
2857	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4027	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
2858	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4028	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
2859	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4029	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
2860		4030
2861	=back	4031	=back
2862		4032
		4033	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		4034
		4035	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		4036	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		4037
		4038	=over 4
		4039
		4040	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		4041	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		4042
		4043	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		4044	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		4045	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		4046	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		4047	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		4048
		4049	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		4050
		4051	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		4052	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		4053	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		4054	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		4055
		4056	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		4057
		4058	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		4059	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		4060	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		4061	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		4062	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		4063	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		4064
		4065	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		4066	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		4067	well.
		4068
		4069	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		4070
		4071	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		4072	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		4073	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		4074	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		4075	watchers.
		4076
		4077	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		4078
		4079	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		4080	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		4081	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		4082	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing
		4083	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least
		4084	2200.
		4085
		4086	=back
		4087
		4088	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		4089
		4090
		4091	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
		4092
		4093	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		4094	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
		4095	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		4096
		4097	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		4098	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		4099	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		4100	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		4101	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		4102
		4103	=over 4
		4104
		4105	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4106
		4107	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		4108	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
		4109	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		4110
		4111	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4112
		4113	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		4114	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		4115
		4116	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4117
		4118	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		4119
		4120	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4121
		4122	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		4123
		4124	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
		4125	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		4126	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		4127	is rare).
		4128
		4129	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		4130
		4131	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		4132	fixed position in the storage array.
		4133
		4134	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		4135
		4136	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		4137	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		4138	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		4139
		4140	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		4141
		4142	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		4143
		4144	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		4145	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		4146	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		4147	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		4148
		4149	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		4150
		4151	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		4152
		4153	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		4154
		4155	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		4156	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		4157	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
		4158
		4159	=back
		4160
		4161
		4162	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4163
		4164	=over 4
		4165
		4166	=item active
		4167
		4168	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
		4169	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
		4170
		4171	=item application
		4172
		4173	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4174
		4175	=item callback
		4176
		4177	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4178	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4179	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4180
		4181	=item callback invocation
		4182
		4183	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4184
		4185	=item event
		4186
		4187	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4188	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4189	any other events happening anymore.
		4190
		4191	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4192	C<EV_TIMEOUT>).
		4193
		4194	=item event library
		4195
		4196	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4197
		4198	=item event loop
		4199
		4200	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4201	into callback invocations.
		4202
		4203	=item event model
		4204
		4205	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4206	watchers and events.
		4207
		4208	=item pending
		4209
		4210	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
		4211	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
		4212	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
		4213
		4214	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
		4215	its pending status.
		4216
		4217	=item real time
		4218
		4219	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4220
		4221	=item wall-clock time
		4222
		4223	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4224	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4225	clock.
		4226
		4227	=item watcher
		4228
		4229	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4230	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4231
		4232	=item watcher invocation
		4233
		4234	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4235
		4236	=back
2863		4237
2864	=head1 AUTHOR	4238	=head1 AUTHOR
2865		4239
2866	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4240	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
2867		4241

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