[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.228 by root, Sat Mar 28 08:22:30 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.246 by root, Thu Jul 2 12:08:55 2009 UTC

      // unloop was called, so exit
      return 0;
    }
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
+=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
+This document documents the libev software package.
 The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
 web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
 time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
+While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
+libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
+on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
+with libev.
+Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
+throughout this document.
+=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
 Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
 file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
 these event sources and provide your program with events.
 name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
 this argument.
 =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
-Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
+Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
-(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
+the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere
-the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
+near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This
-called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
+type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually
-to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
+aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations
-it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
+on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
 component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
 throughout libev.
 =head1 ERROR HANDLING
 This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
 very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
 the current time is a good idea.
-See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.
+See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
+=item ev_suspend (loop)
+=item ev_resume (loop)
+These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is
+not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
+A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game:  When
+the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
+would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
+the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
+in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
+C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
+Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
+between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
+will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
+occured while suspended).
+After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
+given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
+without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
+Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
+event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
 =item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
 Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
 after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
 If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
 from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
 stopping it.
-As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is
+As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
-not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting
+is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
-if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
+exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
-way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
+excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
-libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
+third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
-(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
+before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
-respectively).
+before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
+(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
+in the callback).
 Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
 running when nothing else is active.
    ev_signal exitsig;
 By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
 time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
 at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
 C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
-introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
+introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
+sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
+once per this interval, on average.
 Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
 to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
 latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
 later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
 Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
 interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
 interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
 usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
-as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
+as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
+you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
+parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
+need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
+then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).
 Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
 saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
 are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
 times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
 reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
 they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
+Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
+more often than 100 times per second:
+   ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
+   ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
 =item ev_loop_verify (loop)
 This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
 compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
 =item C<EV_ASYNC>
 The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
+=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
+Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
+by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
 =item C<EV_ERROR>
 An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
 happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
 ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
 integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
 (default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
 before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
 from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
-This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
-invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
-example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
-watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
 If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
 you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
 You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
 pending.
-The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
-always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
 Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
 fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
 or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
+The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
+always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
+See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
+priorities.
 =item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
 Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
 C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
    #include <stddef.h>
    static void
    t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
    {
-     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
+     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
        (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
    }
    static void
    t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
    {
-     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
+     struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
        (((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
    }
+=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
+Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
+integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
+between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
+In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
+description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
+range.
+There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
+by event loops:
+In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
+of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
+watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
+The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
+callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
+watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
+before polling for new events.
+Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
+except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
+The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
+watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
+libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
+their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
+common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
+priority ones.
+Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
+watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
+C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
+timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
+other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
+handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
+the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
+handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
+always, what you want).
+Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
+will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
+received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
+required.
+For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
+you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
+the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
+processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
+continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
+the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
+workable.
+Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
+miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
+it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
+idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
+the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
+Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
+priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
+other events are pending:
+   ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
+   ev_io io;     // actual event watcher
+   static void
+   io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
+   {
+     // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
+     // are not yet ready to handle it.
+     ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
+     // start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.
+     // it will not be executed as long as other watchers
+     // with the default priority are receiving events.
+     ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
+   }
+   static void
+   idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
+   {
+     // actual processing
+     read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
+     // have to start the I/O watcher again, as
+     // we have handled the event
+     ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
+   }
+   // initialisation
+   ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
+   ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
+   ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
+In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
+low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
+enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
+during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
+important ones.
 =head1 WATCHER TYPES
 This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
 descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
 required if you know what you are doing).
 If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
 known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
-C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
+C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
+descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
+files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
 Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
 receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
 be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
 because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
 year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
 detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
 monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
 The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
-passed, but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration
+passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
-then order of execution is undefined.
+might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
+same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
+before ones with later time-out values (but this is no longer true when a
+callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
 =head3 Be smart about timeouts
 Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
 recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
 C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
 member and C<ev_timer_again>.
 At start:
-   ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
+   ev_init (timer, callback);
    timer->repeat = 60.;
    ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
 Each time there is some activity:
 To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
 to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
 callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
-   ev_timer_init (timer, callback);
+   ev_init (timer, callback);
    last_activity = ev_now (loop);
    callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT);
 And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
 C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
 If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
 If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
 C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
-This sounds a bit complicated, see "Be smart about timeouts", above, for a
+This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
 usage example.
 =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
 The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
 timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
 other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
 those cannot react to time jumps.
 As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
-point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed, but if multiple
+point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
-periodic timers become ready during the same loop iteration, then order of
+timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
-execution is undefined.
+earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
+(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).
 =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
 =over 4
 some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
 exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
 has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
 as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
 forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
-but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later is
+but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
-not.
+in the next callback invocation is not.
 Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
 you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
 =head3 Process Interaction
      // no longer anything immediate to do.
    }
    ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
    ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
-   ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
+   ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
 =head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
 Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
      struct pollfd fds [nfd];
      // actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
      adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
      /* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
-     ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
+     ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
      ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
      // create one ev_io per pollfd
      for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
        {
 event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
 and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
 C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
 handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
+=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
+Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste
+up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
+sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
+This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
+in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
+fork.
+The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
+forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
+when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
+When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
+wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
+supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
+process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
+The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
+simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
+use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
+memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
+disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
+signal watchers).
+When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
+other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
+C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
+the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
+have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
+also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
 =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
 =over 4
 =item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
 way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
 There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
 embedding it into other applications.
+Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
+tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
 Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
 accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
 either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
 so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
 megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
 the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
 is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
 more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
 different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
 notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
-(Microsoft monopoly games).
+(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
 A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
 section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
 of F<ev.h>:
 Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
 of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
 can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
 recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
-previous thread in each. Great).
+previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
 Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
 to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
-call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
+call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
-select emulation on windows).
+other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
 Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
-libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
+libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
-or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
+fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
-C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
+by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
-arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
+(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
-libraries.
-This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
+runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
-windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
+(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
-wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
+you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
-calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
+the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
 =back
 =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
 =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
 The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
 have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
 enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
-implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
+implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing
+ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least
+2200.
 =back
 If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
 involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
 =back
+=head1 GLOSSARY
+=over 4
+=item active
+A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to
+an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).
+=item application
+In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
+=item callback
+The address of a function that is called when some event has been
+detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
+received the event, and the actual event bitset.
+=item callback invocation
+The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
+=item event
+A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
+for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
+any other events happening anymore.
+In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
+C<EV_TIMEOUT>).
+=item event library
+A software package implementing an event model and loop.
+=item event loop
+An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
+into callback invocations.
+=item event model
+The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
+watchers and events.
+=item pending
+A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,
+and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its
+pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
+A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
+its pending status.
+=item real time
+The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
+=item wall-clock time
+The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
+be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
+clock.
+=item watcher
+A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
+to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
+=item watcher invocation
+The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
+=back
 =head1 AUTHOR
 Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.228 by root, Sat Mar 28 08:22:30 2009 UTC vs. Revision 1.246 by root, Thu Jul 2 12:08:55 2009 UTC

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.228 by root, Sat Mar 28 08:22:30 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.246 by root, Thu Jul 2 12:08:55 2009 UTC