… | |
… | |
26 | puts ("stdin ready"); |
26 | puts ("stdin ready"); |
27 | // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
27 | // for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher |
28 | // with its corresponding stop function. |
28 | // with its corresponding stop function. |
29 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
29 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
30 | |
30 | |
31 | // this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating |
31 | // this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating |
32 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
32 | ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL); |
33 | } |
33 | } |
34 | |
34 | |
35 | // another callback, this time for a time-out |
35 | // another callback, this time for a time-out |
36 | static void |
36 | static void |
37 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
37 | timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) |
38 | { |
38 | { |
39 | puts ("timeout"); |
39 | puts ("timeout"); |
40 | // this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating |
40 | // this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating |
41 | ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); |
41 | ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE); |
42 | } |
42 | } |
43 | |
43 | |
44 | int |
44 | int |
45 | main (void) |
45 | main (void) |
46 | { |
46 | { |
… | |
… | |
56 | // simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout |
56 | // simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout |
57 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
57 | ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.); |
58 | ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
58 | ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher); |
59 | |
59 | |
60 | // now wait for events to arrive |
60 | // now wait for events to arrive |
61 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
61 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
62 | |
62 | |
63 | // unloop was called, so exit |
63 | // unloop was called, so exit |
64 | return 0; |
64 | return 0; |
65 | } |
65 | } |
66 | |
66 | |
… | |
… | |
75 | While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting |
75 | While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting |
76 | libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial |
76 | libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial |
77 | on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming |
77 | on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming |
78 | with libev. |
78 | with libev. |
79 | |
79 | |
80 | Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed |
80 | Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed |
81 | throughout this document. |
81 | throughout this document. |
82 | |
82 | |
83 | =head1 ABOUT LIBEV |
83 | =head1 ABOUT LIBEV |
84 | |
84 | |
85 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
85 | Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a |
… | |
… | |
118 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) |
118 | Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common) |
119 | configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
119 | configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For |
120 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
120 | more info about various configuration options please have a look at |
121 | B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
121 | B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support |
122 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
122 | for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of |
123 | name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have |
123 | name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have |
124 | this argument. |
124 | this argument. |
125 | |
125 | |
126 | =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
126 | =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION |
127 | |
127 | |
128 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
128 | Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing |
129 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere |
129 | the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice |
130 | near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This |
130 | somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't |
131 | type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually |
131 | ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use |
132 | aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations |
132 | too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do |
133 | on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name |
133 | any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. |
|
|
134 | |
134 | component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences |
135 | Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for |
135 | throughout libev. |
136 | time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev. |
136 | |
137 | |
137 | =head1 ERROR HANDLING |
138 | =head1 ERROR HANDLING |
138 | |
139 | |
139 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
140 | Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors |
140 | and internal errors (bugs). |
141 | and internal errors (bugs). |
… | |
… | |
164 | |
165 | |
165 | =item ev_tstamp ev_time () |
166 | =item ev_tstamp ev_time () |
166 | |
167 | |
167 | Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the |
168 | Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the |
168 | C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp |
169 | C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp |
169 | you actually want to know. |
170 | you actually want to know. Also interetsing is the combination of |
|
|
171 | C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>. |
170 | |
172 | |
171 | =item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval) |
173 | =item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval) |
172 | |
174 | |
173 | Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until |
175 | Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until |
174 | either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically |
176 | either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically |
… | |
… | |
191 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
193 | as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually |
192 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
194 | compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually |
193 | not a problem. |
195 | not a problem. |
194 | |
196 | |
195 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
197 | Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong |
196 | version. |
198 | version (note, however, that this will not detect ABI mismatches :). |
197 | |
199 | |
198 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
200 | assert (("libev version mismatch", |
199 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
201 | ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR |
200 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
202 | && ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR)); |
201 | |
203 | |
… | |
… | |
212 | assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", |
214 | assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex", |
213 | ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); |
215 | ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL)); |
214 | |
216 | |
215 | =item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends () |
217 | =item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends () |
216 | |
218 | |
217 | Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also |
219 | Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and |
218 | recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one |
220 | also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file |
|
|
221 | descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by |
219 | returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on |
222 | C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs |
220 | most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it |
223 | and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming |
221 | (assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that |
224 | you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will |
222 | libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly. |
225 | probe for if you specify no backends explicitly. |
223 | |
226 | |
224 | =item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends () |
227 | =item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends () |
225 | |
228 | |
226 | Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This |
229 | Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This |
227 | is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends |
230 | value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the |
228 | might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at |
231 | current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on |
229 | C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for |
232 | the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends () |
230 | recommended ones. |
233 | & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones. |
231 | |
234 | |
232 | See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
235 | See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. |
233 | |
236 | |
234 | =item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT] |
237 | =item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT] |
235 | |
238 | |
… | |
… | |
291 | |
294 | |
292 | =back |
295 | =back |
293 | |
296 | |
294 | =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP |
297 | =head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP |
295 | |
298 | |
296 | An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> |
299 | An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is |
297 | is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop> |
300 | I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as |
298 | I<function>). |
301 | libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name). |
299 | |
302 | |
300 | The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which |
303 | The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which |
301 | supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do |
304 | supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops |
302 | not. |
305 | which do not. |
303 | |
306 | |
304 | =over 4 |
307 | =over 4 |
305 | |
308 | |
306 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags) |
309 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags) |
307 | |
310 | |
… | |
… | |
345 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
348 | useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work |
346 | around bugs. |
349 | around bugs. |
347 | |
350 | |
348 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
351 | =item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK> |
349 | |
352 | |
350 | Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after |
353 | Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also |
351 | a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by |
354 | make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag. |
352 | enabling this flag. |
|
|
353 | |
355 | |
354 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
356 | This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop, |
355 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
357 | and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop |
356 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
358 | iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my |
357 | GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
359 | GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence |
… | |
… | |
370 | When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the |
372 | When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the |
371 | I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and |
373 | I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and |
372 | testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as |
374 | testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as |
373 | otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle. |
375 | otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle. |
374 | |
376 | |
375 | =item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGFD> |
377 | =item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD> |
376 | |
378 | |
377 | When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the |
379 | When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the |
378 | I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This is |
380 | I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API |
379 | probably only useful to work around any bugs in libev. Consequently, this |
381 | delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make |
380 | flag might go away once the signalfd functionality is considered stable, |
382 | it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal |
381 | so it's useful mostly in environment variables and not in program code. |
383 | handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your |
|
|
384 | threads that are not interested in handling them. |
|
|
385 | |
|
|
386 | Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and |
|
|
387 | there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for |
|
|
388 | example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks. |
382 | |
389 | |
383 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
390 | =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend) |
384 | |
391 | |
385 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
392 | This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as |
386 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
393 | libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds, |
… | |
… | |
434 | of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally |
441 | of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally |
435 | I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot |
442 | I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot |
436 | even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially |
443 | even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially |
437 | on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by |
444 | on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by |
438 | employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the |
445 | employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the |
439 | events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. |
446 | events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last |
|
|
447 | not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work |
|
|
448 | perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...). |
440 | |
449 | |
441 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
450 | While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration |
442 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such |
451 | will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such |
443 | incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different |
452 | incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different |
444 | I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed |
453 | I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed |
… | |
… | |
562 | ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
571 | ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE); |
563 | |
572 | |
564 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags) |
573 | =item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags) |
565 | |
574 | |
566 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
575 | Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is |
567 | always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot |
576 | always distinct from the default loop. |
568 | handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by |
|
|
569 | undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled). |
|
|
570 | |
577 | |
571 | Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use |
578 | Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use |
572 | libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the |
579 | libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the |
573 | default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread. |
580 | default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread. |
574 | |
581 | |
575 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
582 | Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else. |
576 | |
583 | |
… | |
… | |
578 | if (!epoller) |
585 | if (!epoller) |
579 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
586 | fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair"); |
580 | |
587 | |
581 | =item ev_default_destroy () |
588 | =item ev_default_destroy () |
582 | |
589 | |
583 | Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state |
590 | Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None |
584 | etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal |
591 | of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so |
585 | sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your |
592 | e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to |
586 | responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> |
593 | either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function, |
587 | calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually |
594 | or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you |
588 | the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them |
595 | can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example). |
589 | for example). |
|
|
590 | |
596 | |
591 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal |
597 | Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal |
592 | handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such |
598 | handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such |
593 | as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually. |
599 | as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually. |
594 | |
600 | |
… | |
… | |
602 | Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an |
608 | Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an |
603 | earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>. |
609 | earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>. |
604 | |
610 | |
605 | =item ev_default_fork () |
611 | =item ev_default_fork () |
606 | |
612 | |
607 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations |
613 | This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations |
608 | to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the |
614 | to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the |
609 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
615 | name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in |
610 | the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little |
616 | the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little |
611 | sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev |
617 | sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev |
612 | functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration. |
618 | functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_run> iteration. |
|
|
619 | |
|
|
620 | Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after |
|
|
621 | a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is |
|
|
622 | because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things |
|
|
623 | during fork. |
613 | |
624 | |
614 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
625 | On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child |
615 | process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If |
626 | process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If |
616 | you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all. |
627 | you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to |
|
|
628 | call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a |
|
|
629 | difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a |
|
|
630 | costly reset of the backend). |
617 | |
631 | |
618 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
632 | The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call |
619 | it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in |
633 | it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in |
620 | quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>: |
634 | quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>: |
621 | |
635 | |
… | |
… | |
623 | |
637 | |
624 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
638 | =item ev_loop_fork (loop) |
625 | |
639 | |
626 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
640 | Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by |
627 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
641 | C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop |
628 | after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you do this is |
642 | after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you keep track of |
629 | entirely your own problem. |
643 | them is entirely your own problem. |
630 | |
644 | |
631 | =item int ev_is_default_loop (loop) |
645 | =item int ev_is_default_loop (loop) |
632 | |
646 | |
633 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
647 | Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false |
634 | otherwise. |
648 | otherwise. |
635 | |
649 | |
636 | =item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop) |
650 | =item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop) |
637 | |
651 | |
638 | Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to |
652 | Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical |
639 | the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and |
653 | to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> |
640 | happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
654 | and happily wraps around with enough iterations. |
641 | |
655 | |
642 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
656 | This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it |
643 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
657 | "ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with |
644 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls. |
658 | C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the |
|
|
659 | prepare and check phases. |
645 | |
660 | |
646 | =item unsigned int ev_loop_depth (loop) |
661 | =item unsigned int ev_depth (loop) |
647 | |
662 | |
648 | Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of |
663 | Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of |
649 | times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth. |
664 | times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth. |
650 | |
665 | |
651 | Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is |
666 | Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is |
652 | C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread), |
667 | C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread), |
653 | in which case it is higher. |
668 | in which case it is higher. |
654 | |
669 | |
655 | Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread |
670 | Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread |
656 | etc.), doesn't count as exit. |
671 | etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such |
|
|
672 | ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient. |
657 | |
673 | |
658 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
674 | =item unsigned int ev_backend (loop) |
659 | |
675 | |
660 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
676 | Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in |
661 | use. |
677 | use. |
… | |
… | |
670 | |
686 | |
671 | =item ev_now_update (loop) |
687 | =item ev_now_update (loop) |
672 | |
688 | |
673 | Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time |
689 | Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time |
674 | returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and |
690 | returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and |
675 | is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>. |
691 | is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>. |
676 | |
692 | |
677 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
693 | This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a |
678 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
694 | very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of |
679 | the current time is a good idea. |
695 | the current time is a good idea. |
680 | |
696 | |
… | |
… | |
682 | |
698 | |
683 | =item ev_suspend (loop) |
699 | =item ev_suspend (loop) |
684 | |
700 | |
685 | =item ev_resume (loop) |
701 | =item ev_resume (loop) |
686 | |
702 | |
687 | These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is |
703 | These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the |
688 | not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed. |
704 | loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed. |
689 | |
705 | |
690 | A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When |
706 | A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When |
691 | the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it |
707 | the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it |
692 | would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while |
708 | would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while |
693 | the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend> |
709 | the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend> |
… | |
… | |
695 | C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing. |
711 | C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing. |
696 | |
712 | |
697 | Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend |
713 | Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend |
698 | between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers |
714 | between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers |
699 | will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have |
715 | will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have |
700 | occured while suspended). |
716 | occurred while suspended). |
701 | |
717 | |
702 | After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the |
718 | After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the |
703 | given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume> |
719 | given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume> |
704 | without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>. |
720 | without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>. |
705 | |
721 | |
706 | Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the |
722 | Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the |
707 | event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>). |
723 | event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>). |
708 | |
724 | |
709 | =item ev_loop (loop, int flags) |
725 | =item ev_run (loop, int flags) |
710 | |
726 | |
711 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
727 | Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called |
712 | after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start |
728 | after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start |
713 | handling events. |
729 | handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call |
|
|
730 | the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This |
|
|
731 | is why event loops are called I<loops>. |
714 | |
732 | |
715 | If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until |
733 | If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events |
716 | either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called. |
734 | until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was |
|
|
735 | called. |
717 | |
736 | |
718 | Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than |
737 | Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than |
719 | relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has |
738 | relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has |
720 | finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program |
739 | finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program |
721 | that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue |
740 | that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue |
722 | of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of |
741 | of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of |
723 | beauty. |
742 | beauty. |
724 | |
743 | |
725 | A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle |
744 | A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle |
726 | those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your |
745 | those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and |
727 | process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of |
746 | block your process in case there are no events and will return after one |
728 | the loop. |
747 | iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new |
|
|
748 | events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive. |
729 | |
749 | |
730 | A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if |
750 | A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if |
731 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
751 | necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It |
732 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
752 | will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could |
733 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a |
753 | be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a |
734 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
754 | user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one |
735 | iteration of the loop. |
755 | iteration of the loop. |
736 | |
756 | |
737 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
757 | This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction |
738 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
758 | with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your |
739 | own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is |
759 | own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is |
740 | usually a better approach for this kind of thing. |
760 | usually a better approach for this kind of thing. |
741 | |
761 | |
742 | Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does: |
762 | Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does: |
743 | |
763 | |
|
|
764 | - Increment loop depth. |
|
|
765 | - Reset the ev_break status. |
744 | - Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers. |
766 | - Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers. |
|
|
767 | LOOP: |
745 | * If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork. |
768 | - If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork. |
746 | - If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers. |
769 | - If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers. |
747 | - Queue and call all prepare watchers. |
770 | - Queue and call all prepare watchers. |
|
|
771 | - If ev_break was called, goto FINISH. |
748 | - If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state |
772 | - If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state |
749 | as to not disturb the other process. |
773 | as to not disturb the other process. |
750 | - Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes. |
774 | - Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes. |
751 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()). |
775 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()). |
752 | - Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all |
776 | - Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all |
753 | (active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having |
777 | (active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having |
754 | any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping). |
778 | any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping). |
755 | - Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so. |
779 | - Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so. |
|
|
780 | - Increment loop iteration counter. |
756 | - Block the process, waiting for any events. |
781 | - Block the process, waiting for any events. |
757 | - Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events. |
782 | - Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events. |
758 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments. |
783 | - Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments. |
759 | - Queue all expired timers. |
784 | - Queue all expired timers. |
760 | - Queue all expired periodics. |
785 | - Queue all expired periodics. |
761 | - Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers. |
786 | - Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events. |
762 | - Queue all check watchers. |
787 | - Queue all check watchers. |
763 | - Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first). |
788 | - Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first). |
764 | Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
789 | Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will |
765 | be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
790 | be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed. |
766 | - If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK |
791 | - If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT |
767 | were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise |
792 | were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise |
768 | continue with step *. |
793 | continue with step LOOP. |
|
|
794 | FINISH: |
|
|
795 | - Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE. |
|
|
796 | - Decrement the loop depth. |
|
|
797 | - Return. |
769 | |
798 | |
770 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding |
799 | Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding |
771 | anymore. |
800 | anymore. |
772 | |
801 | |
773 | ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
802 | ... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long |
774 | ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
803 | ... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..) |
775 | ev_loop (my_loop, 0); |
804 | ev_run (my_loop, 0); |
776 | ... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah! |
805 | ... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah! |
777 | |
806 | |
778 | =item ev_unloop (loop, how) |
807 | =item ev_break (loop, how) |
779 | |
808 | |
780 | Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it |
809 | Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it |
781 | has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either |
810 | has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either |
782 | C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or |
811 | C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or |
783 | C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return. |
812 | C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return. |
784 | |
813 | |
785 | This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again. |
814 | This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again. |
786 | |
815 | |
787 | It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls. |
816 | It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO## |
788 | |
817 | |
789 | =item ev_ref (loop) |
818 | =item ev_ref (loop) |
790 | |
819 | |
791 | =item ev_unref (loop) |
820 | =item ev_unref (loop) |
792 | |
821 | |
793 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
822 | Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event |
794 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
823 | loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference |
795 | count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. |
824 | count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own. |
796 | |
825 | |
797 | If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> |
826 | This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to |
798 | from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before |
827 | unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from |
|
|
828 | returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref> |
799 | stopping it. |
829 | before stopping it. |
800 | |
830 | |
801 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It |
831 | As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It |
802 | is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from |
832 | is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from |
803 | exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an |
833 | exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an |
804 | excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within |
834 | excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within |
805 | third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref |
835 | third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref |
806 | before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active |
836 | before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active |
807 | before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself |
837 | before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself |
808 | (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref> |
838 | (e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref> |
809 | in the callback). |
839 | in the callback). |
810 | |
840 | |
811 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop> |
841 | Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run> |
812 | running when nothing else is active. |
842 | running when nothing else is active. |
813 | |
843 | |
814 | ev_signal exitsig; |
844 | ev_signal exitsig; |
815 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
845 | ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT); |
816 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
846 | ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig); |
… | |
… | |
861 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>, |
891 | usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>, |
862 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if |
892 | as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if |
863 | you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the |
893 | you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the |
864 | parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you |
894 | parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you |
865 | need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, |
895 | need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01, |
866 | then you can't do more than 100 transations per second). |
896 | then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second). |
867 | |
897 | |
868 | Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for |
898 | Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for |
869 | saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that |
899 | saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that |
870 | are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
900 | are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of |
871 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
901 | times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to |
… | |
… | |
879 | ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01); |
909 | ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01); |
880 | |
910 | |
881 | =item ev_invoke_pending (loop) |
911 | =item ev_invoke_pending (loop) |
882 | |
912 | |
883 | This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their |
913 | This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their |
884 | pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required, |
914 | pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required, |
885 | but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. |
915 | but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This |
|
|
916 | function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example |
|
|
917 | when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further |
|
|
918 | event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one |
|
|
919 | thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course). |
886 | |
920 | |
887 | =item int ev_pending_count (loop) |
921 | =item int ev_pending_count (loop) |
888 | |
922 | |
889 | Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers |
923 | Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers |
890 | are pending. |
924 | are pending. |
891 | |
925 | |
892 | =item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P)) |
926 | =item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P)) |
893 | |
927 | |
894 | This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of |
928 | This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of |
895 | invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call |
929 | invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call |
896 | this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to |
930 | this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to |
897 | invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.). |
931 | invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.). |
898 | |
932 | |
899 | If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new |
933 | If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new |
900 | callback. |
934 | callback. |
… | |
… | |
903 | |
937 | |
904 | Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This |
938 | Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This |
905 | can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around |
939 | can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around |
906 | each call to a libev function. |
940 | each call to a libev function. |
907 | |
941 | |
908 | However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to |
942 | However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible |
909 | wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via |
943 | to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event |
910 | C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release> |
944 | loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these |
911 | and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop. |
945 | I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop. |
912 | |
946 | |
913 | When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is |
947 | When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is |
914 | suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just |
948 | suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just |
915 | afterwards. |
949 | afterwards. |
916 | |
950 | |
… | |
… | |
919 | |
953 | |
920 | While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of |
954 | While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of |
921 | C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no |
955 | C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no |
922 | modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will |
956 | modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will |
923 | have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time |
957 | have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time |
924 | waited. USe an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it |
958 | waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it |
925 | to take note of any changes you made. |
959 | to take note of any changes you made. |
926 | |
960 | |
927 | In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between |
961 | In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between |
928 | invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>. |
962 | invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>. |
929 | |
963 | |
930 | See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this |
964 | See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this |
931 | document. |
965 | document. |
932 | |
966 | |
… | |
… | |
941 | These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, |
975 | These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop, |
942 | and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and |
976 | and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and |
943 | C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for |
977 | C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for |
944 | any other purpose as well. |
978 | any other purpose as well. |
945 | |
979 | |
946 | =item ev_loop_verify (loop) |
980 | =item ev_verify (loop) |
947 | |
981 | |
948 | This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been |
982 | This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been |
949 | compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
983 | compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go |
950 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
984 | through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything |
951 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
985 | is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard |
… | |
… | |
962 | |
996 | |
963 | In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the |
997 | In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the |
964 | watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer |
998 | watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer |
965 | watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers. |
999 | watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers. |
966 | |
1000 | |
967 | A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your |
1001 | A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record |
968 | interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to |
1002 | your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want |
969 | become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that: |
1003 | to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher |
|
|
1004 | for that: |
970 | |
1005 | |
971 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
1006 | static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
972 | { |
1007 | { |
973 | ev_io_stop (w); |
1008 | ev_io_stop (w); |
974 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
1009 | ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL); |
975 | } |
1010 | } |
976 | |
1011 | |
977 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
1012 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0); |
978 | |
1013 | |
979 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
1014 | ev_io stdin_watcher; |
980 | |
1015 | |
981 | ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
1016 | ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb); |
982 | ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1017 | ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
983 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
1018 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher); |
984 | |
1019 | |
985 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1020 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
986 | |
1021 | |
987 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
1022 | As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your |
988 | watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the |
1023 | watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the |
989 | stack). |
1024 | stack). |
990 | |
1025 | |
991 | Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE> |
1026 | Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE> |
992 | or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs). |
1027 | or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs). |
993 | |
1028 | |
994 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init |
1029 | Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher |
995 | (watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This |
1030 | *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is |
996 | callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O |
1031 | invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each |
997 | watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given |
1032 | time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable |
998 | is readable and/or writable). |
1033 | and/or writable). |
999 | |
1034 | |
1000 | Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >> |
1035 | Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >> |
1001 | macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There |
1036 | macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There |
1002 | is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< |
1037 | is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< |
1003 | ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>. |
1038 | ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>. |
… | |
… | |
1026 | =item C<EV_WRITE> |
1061 | =item C<EV_WRITE> |
1027 | |
1062 | |
1028 | The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or |
1063 | The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or |
1029 | writable. |
1064 | writable. |
1030 | |
1065 | |
1031 | =item C<EV_TIMEOUT> |
1066 | =item C<EV_TIMER> |
1032 | |
1067 | |
1033 | The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out. |
1068 | The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out. |
1034 | |
1069 | |
1035 | =item C<EV_PERIODIC> |
1070 | =item C<EV_PERIODIC> |
1036 | |
1071 | |
… | |
… | |
1054 | |
1089 | |
1055 | =item C<EV_PREPARE> |
1090 | =item C<EV_PREPARE> |
1056 | |
1091 | |
1057 | =item C<EV_CHECK> |
1092 | =item C<EV_CHECK> |
1058 | |
1093 | |
1059 | All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts |
1094 | All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts |
1060 | to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after |
1095 | to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after |
1061 | C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any |
1096 | C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any |
1062 | received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as |
1097 | received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as |
1063 | many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account |
1098 | many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account |
1064 | (for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep |
1099 | (for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep |
1065 | C<ev_loop> from blocking). |
1100 | C<ev_run> from blocking). |
1066 | |
1101 | |
1067 | =item C<EV_EMBED> |
1102 | =item C<EV_EMBED> |
1068 | |
1103 | |
1069 | The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention. |
1104 | The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention. |
1070 | |
1105 | |
… | |
… | |
1101 | programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another |
1136 | programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another |
1102 | thing, so beware. |
1137 | thing, so beware. |
1103 | |
1138 | |
1104 | =back |
1139 | =back |
1105 | |
1140 | |
|
|
1141 | =head2 WATCHER STATES |
|
|
1142 | |
|
|
1143 | There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual - |
|
|
1144 | active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to |
|
|
1145 | transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these |
|
|
1146 | rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing". |
|
|
1147 | |
|
|
1148 | =over 4 |
|
|
1149 | |
|
|
1150 | =item initialiased |
|
|
1151 | |
|
|
1152 | Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be |
|
|
1153 | initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to |
|
|
1154 | C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function. |
|
|
1155 | |
|
|
1156 | In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use |
|
|
1157 | in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will. |
|
|
1158 | |
|
|
1159 | =item started/running/active |
|
|
1160 | |
|
|
1161 | Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes |
|
|
1162 | property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in |
|
|
1163 | this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved, |
|
|
1164 | freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it, |
|
|
1165 | and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers. |
|
|
1166 | |
|
|
1167 | =item pending |
|
|
1168 | |
|
|
1169 | If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested |
|
|
1170 | in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will |
|
|
1171 | stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is |
|
|
1172 | about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher |
|
|
1173 | callback. |
|
|
1174 | |
|
|
1175 | The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example, |
|
|
1176 | an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it |
|
|
1177 | is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>), |
|
|
1178 | but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be |
|
|
1179 | moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the |
|
|
1180 | previous item still apply. |
|
|
1181 | |
|
|
1182 | It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g. |
|
|
1183 | via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being |
|
|
1184 | active. |
|
|
1185 | |
|
|
1186 | =item stopped |
|
|
1187 | |
|
|
1188 | A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still |
|
|
1189 | be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The |
|
|
1190 | latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless |
|
|
1191 | of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before |
|
|
1192 | freeing it is often a good idea. |
|
|
1193 | |
|
|
1194 | While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the |
|
|
1195 | initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way |
|
|
1196 | you wish. |
|
|
1197 | |
|
|
1198 | =back |
|
|
1199 | |
1106 | =head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS |
1200 | =head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS |
1107 | |
1201 | |
1108 | =over 4 |
1202 | =over 4 |
1109 | |
1203 | |
1110 | =item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1204 | =item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
… | |
… | |
1126 | |
1220 | |
1127 | ev_io w; |
1221 | ev_io w; |
1128 | ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
1222 | ev_init (&w, my_cb); |
1129 | ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1223 | ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1130 | |
1224 | |
1131 | =item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args]) |
1225 | =item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args]) |
1132 | |
1226 | |
1133 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
1227 | This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to |
1134 | call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
1228 | call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can |
1135 | call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
1229 | call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this |
1136 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
1230 | macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a |
… | |
… | |
1149 | |
1243 | |
1150 | Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step. |
1244 | Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step. |
1151 | |
1245 | |
1152 | ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1246 | ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1153 | |
1247 | |
1154 | =item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1248 | =item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1155 | |
1249 | |
1156 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
1250 | Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive |
1157 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
1251 | events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen. |
1158 | |
1252 | |
1159 | Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this |
1253 | Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this |
1160 | whole section. |
1254 | whole section. |
1161 | |
1255 | |
1162 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
1256 | ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w); |
1163 | |
1257 | |
1164 | =item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1258 | =item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1165 | |
1259 | |
1166 | Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether |
1260 | Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether |
1167 | the watcher was active or not). |
1261 | the watcher was active or not). |
1168 | |
1262 | |
1169 | It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example, |
1263 | It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example, |
… | |
… | |
1194 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1288 | =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback) |
1195 | |
1289 | |
1196 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1290 | Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time |
1197 | (modulo threads). |
1291 | (modulo threads). |
1198 | |
1292 | |
1199 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority) |
1293 | =item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority) |
1200 | |
1294 | |
1201 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1295 | =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher) |
1202 | |
1296 | |
1203 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1297 | Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small |
1204 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
1298 | integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI> |
… | |
… | |
1236 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>. |
1330 | watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>. |
1237 | |
1331 | |
1238 | Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1332 | Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its |
1239 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
1333 | callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function. |
1240 | |
1334 | |
1241 | =item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents) |
1335 | =item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents) |
1242 | |
1336 | |
1243 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
1337 | Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event |
1244 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
1338 | had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an |
1245 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must |
1339 | initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must |
1246 | not free the watcher as long as it has pending events. |
1340 | not free the watcher as long as it has pending events. |
… | |
… | |
1369 | |
1463 | |
1370 | For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, |
1464 | For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities, |
1371 | you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in |
1465 | you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in |
1372 | the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real |
1466 | the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real |
1373 | processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to |
1467 | processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to |
1374 | continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when |
1468 | continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when |
1375 | the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is |
1469 | the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is |
1376 | workable. |
1470 | workable. |
1377 | |
1471 | |
1378 | Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform |
1472 | Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform |
1379 | miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case, |
1473 | miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case, |
… | |
… | |
1393 | { |
1487 | { |
1394 | // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but |
1488 | // stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but |
1395 | // are not yet ready to handle it. |
1489 | // are not yet ready to handle it. |
1396 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1490 | ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); |
1397 | |
1491 | |
1398 | // start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event. |
1492 | // start the idle watcher to handle the actual event. |
1399 | // it will not be executed as long as other watchers |
1493 | // it will not be executed as long as other watchers |
1400 | // with the default priority are receiving events. |
1494 | // with the default priority are receiving events. |
1401 | ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle); |
1495 | ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle); |
1402 | } |
1496 | } |
1403 | |
1497 | |
… | |
… | |
1457 | |
1551 | |
1458 | If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a |
1552 | If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a |
1459 | known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only |
1553 | known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only |
1460 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file |
1554 | C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file |
1461 | descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as |
1555 | descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as |
1462 | files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case. |
1556 | files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case. |
1463 | |
1557 | |
1464 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1558 | Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to |
1465 | receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might |
1559 | receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might |
1466 | be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block |
1560 | be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block |
1467 | because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a |
1561 | because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a |
… | |
… | |
1532 | |
1626 | |
1533 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1627 | So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you |
1534 | ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1628 | ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon |
1535 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1629 | somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue). |
1536 | |
1630 | |
|
|
1631 | =head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't |
|
|
1632 | |
|
|
1633 | Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example, |
|
|
1634 | found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a |
|
|
1635 | connection from the pending queue in all error cases. |
|
|
1636 | |
|
|
1637 | For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because |
|
|
1638 | of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not |
|
|
1639 | rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on |
|
|
1640 | the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and |
|
|
1641 | typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage. |
|
|
1642 | |
|
|
1643 | Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between |
|
|
1644 | operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the |
|
|
1645 | situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to |
|
|
1646 | cope with overload is known (to me). |
|
|
1647 | |
|
|
1648 | One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it |
|
|
1649 | - when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the |
|
|
1650 | situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an |
|
|
1651 | event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do. |
|
|
1652 | |
|
|
1653 | A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than |
|
|
1654 | C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such |
|
|
1655 | messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of |
|
|
1656 | what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop |
|
|
1657 | the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU |
|
|
1658 | usage. |
|
|
1659 | |
|
|
1660 | If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file |
|
|
1661 | descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and |
|
|
1662 | when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>, |
|
|
1663 | close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse |
|
|
1664 | clients under typical overload conditions. |
|
|
1665 | |
|
|
1666 | The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as |
|
|
1667 | is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy |
|
|
1668 | opportunity for a DoS attack. |
1537 | |
1669 | |
1538 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions |
1670 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions |
1539 | |
1671 | |
1540 | =over 4 |
1672 | =over 4 |
1541 | |
1673 | |
… | |
… | |
1573 | ... |
1705 | ... |
1574 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1706 | struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0); |
1575 | ev_io stdin_readable; |
1707 | ev_io stdin_readable; |
1576 | ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1708 | ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ); |
1577 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1709 | ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable); |
1578 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
1710 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
1579 | |
1711 | |
1580 | |
1712 | |
1581 | =head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts |
1713 | =head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts |
1582 | |
1714 | |
1583 | Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a |
1715 | Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a |
… | |
… | |
1592 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
1724 | The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has |
1593 | passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this |
1725 | passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this |
1594 | might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the |
1726 | might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the |
1595 | same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked |
1727 | same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked |
1596 | before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is |
1728 | before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is |
1597 | no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively). |
1729 | no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively). |
1598 | |
1730 | |
1599 | =head3 Be smart about timeouts |
1731 | =head3 Be smart about timeouts |
1600 | |
1732 | |
1601 | Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error |
1733 | Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error |
1602 | recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, |
1734 | recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs, |
… | |
… | |
1688 | ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.; |
1820 | ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.; |
1689 | |
1821 | |
1690 | // if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out |
1822 | // if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out |
1691 | if (timeout < now) |
1823 | if (timeout < now) |
1692 | { |
1824 | { |
1693 | // timeout occured, take action |
1825 | // timeout occurred, take action |
1694 | } |
1826 | } |
1695 | else |
1827 | else |
1696 | { |
1828 | { |
1697 | // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm |
1829 | // callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm |
1698 | // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is |
1830 | // the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is |
… | |
… | |
1720 | to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the |
1852 | to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the |
1721 | callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer: |
1853 | callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer: |
1722 | |
1854 | |
1723 | ev_init (timer, callback); |
1855 | ev_init (timer, callback); |
1724 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
1856 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
1725 | callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMEOUT); |
1857 | callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER); |
1726 | |
1858 | |
1727 | And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in |
1859 | And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in |
1728 | C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all: |
1860 | C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all: |
1729 | |
1861 | |
1730 | last_actiivty = ev_now (loop); |
1862 | last_activity = ev_now (loop); |
1731 | |
1863 | |
1732 | This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
1864 | This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the |
1733 | time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
1865 | time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient. |
1734 | |
1866 | |
1735 | Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the |
1867 | Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the |
… | |
… | |
1773 | |
1905 | |
1774 | =head3 The special problem of time updates |
1906 | =head3 The special problem of time updates |
1775 | |
1907 | |
1776 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
1908 | Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at |
1777 | least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current |
1909 | least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current |
1778 | time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a |
1910 | time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a |
1779 | growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling |
1911 | growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling |
1780 | lots of events in one iteration. |
1912 | lots of events in one iteration. |
1781 | |
1913 | |
1782 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()> |
1914 | The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()> |
1783 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
1915 | time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time |
… | |
… | |
1854 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
1986 | C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value. |
1855 | |
1987 | |
1856 | This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a |
1988 | This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a |
1857 | usage example. |
1989 | usage example. |
1858 | |
1990 | |
1859 | =item ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *) |
1991 | =item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *) |
1860 | |
1992 | |
1861 | Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active, |
1993 | Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active, |
1862 | then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's |
1994 | then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's |
1863 | the timeout value currently configured. |
1995 | the timeout value currently configured. |
1864 | |
1996 | |
1865 | That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns |
1997 | That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns |
1866 | C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remain> |
1998 | C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining> |
1867 | will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return |
1999 | will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return |
1868 | roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time, |
2000 | roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time, |
1869 | too), and so on. |
2001 | too), and so on. |
1870 | |
2002 | |
1871 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
2003 | =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write] |
… | |
… | |
1900 | } |
2032 | } |
1901 | |
2033 | |
1902 | ev_timer mytimer; |
2034 | ev_timer mytimer; |
1903 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
2035 | ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */ |
1904 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
2036 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */ |
1905 | ev_loop (loop, 0); |
2037 | ev_run (loop, 0); |
1906 | |
2038 | |
1907 | // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
2039 | // and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity": |
1908 | // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds |
2040 | // reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds |
1909 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); |
2041 | ev_timer_again (&mytimer); |
1910 | |
2042 | |
… | |
… | |
1936 | |
2068 | |
1937 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
2069 | As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the |
1938 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
2070 | point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple |
1939 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
2071 | timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with |
1940 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
2072 | earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values |
1941 | (but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively). |
2073 | (but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively). |
1942 | |
2074 | |
1943 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2075 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
1944 | |
2076 | |
1945 | =over 4 |
2077 | =over 4 |
1946 | |
2078 | |
… | |
… | |
2074 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
2206 | Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the |
2075 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
2207 | system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have |
2076 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
2208 | potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability. |
2077 | |
2209 | |
2078 | static void |
2210 | static void |
2079 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) |
2211 | clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents) |
2080 | { |
2212 | { |
2081 | ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
2213 | ... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows) |
2082 | } |
2214 | } |
2083 | |
2215 | |
2084 | ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
2216 | ev_periodic hourly_tick; |
… | |
… | |
2131 | C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
2263 | C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should |
2132 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
2264 | not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting |
2133 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher |
2265 | interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher |
2134 | and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher. |
2266 | and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher. |
2135 | |
2267 | |
2136 | =head3 The special problem of inheritance over execve |
2268 | =head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create |
2137 | |
2269 | |
2138 | Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition |
2270 | Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition |
2139 | (C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after |
2271 | (C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after |
2140 | stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal, |
2272 | stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal, |
2141 | and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler. |
2273 | and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler. |
… | |
… | |
2151 | |
2283 | |
2152 | The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is |
2284 | The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is |
2153 | to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will |
2285 | to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will |
2154 | catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well. |
2286 | catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well. |
2155 | |
2287 | |
2156 | In current versions of libev, you can also ensure that the signal mask is |
2288 | In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely |
2157 | not blocking any signals (except temporarily, so thread users watch out) |
2289 | unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces |
2158 | by specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGFD> when creating the event loop. This |
2290 | the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev |
2159 | is not guaranteed for future versions, however. |
2291 | I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily. |
|
|
2292 | |
|
|
2293 | So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when |
|
|
2294 | you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This |
|
|
2295 | is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries. |
2160 | |
2296 | |
2161 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2297 | =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members |
2162 | |
2298 | |
2163 | =over 4 |
2299 | =over 4 |
2164 | |
2300 | |
… | |
… | |
2180 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
2316 | Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT. |
2181 | |
2317 | |
2182 | static void |
2318 | static void |
2183 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2319 | sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) |
2184 | { |
2320 | { |
2185 | ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL); |
2321 | ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL); |
2186 | } |
2322 | } |
2187 | |
2323 | |
2188 | ev_signal signal_watcher; |
2324 | ev_signal signal_watcher; |
2189 | ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
2325 | ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); |
2190 | ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
2326 | ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher); |
… | |
… | |
2576 | |
2712 | |
2577 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
2713 | Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs: |
2578 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
2714 | prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers |
2579 | afterwards. |
2715 | afterwards. |
2580 | |
2716 | |
2581 | You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter |
2717 | You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter |
2582 | the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check> |
2718 | the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check> |
2583 | watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The |
2719 | watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The |
2584 | rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in |
2720 | rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in |
2585 | those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking, |
2721 | those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking, |
2586 | C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be |
2722 | C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be |
… | |
… | |
2754 | |
2890 | |
2755 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2891 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2756 | // create/start timer |
2892 | // create/start timer |
2757 | |
2893 | |
2758 | // poll |
2894 | // poll |
2759 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
2895 | ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
2760 | |
2896 | |
2761 | // stop timer again |
2897 | // stop timer again |
2762 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2898 | if (timeout >= 0) |
2763 | ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to); |
2899 | ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to); |
2764 | |
2900 | |
… | |
… | |
2842 | if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher). |
2978 | if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher). |
2843 | |
2979 | |
2844 | =item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *) |
2980 | =item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *) |
2845 | |
2981 | |
2846 | Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works |
2982 | Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works |
2847 | similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most |
2983 | similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most |
2848 | appropriate way for embedded loops. |
2984 | appropriate way for embedded loops. |
2849 | |
2985 | |
2850 | =item struct ev_loop *other [read-only] |
2986 | =item struct ev_loop *other [read-only] |
2851 | |
2987 | |
2852 | The embedded event loop. |
2988 | The embedded event loop. |
… | |
… | |
2912 | C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
3048 | C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork |
2913 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
3049 | handlers will be invoked, too, of course. |
2914 | |
3050 | |
2915 | =head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible? |
3051 | =head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible? |
2916 | |
3052 | |
2917 | Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste |
3053 | Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set |
2918 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This |
3054 | up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This |
2919 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
3055 | sequence should be handled by libev without any problems. |
2920 | |
3056 | |
2921 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
3057 | This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling |
2922 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the |
3058 | in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the |
… | |
… | |
2956 | believe me. |
3092 | believe me. |
2957 | |
3093 | |
2958 | =back |
3094 | =back |
2959 | |
3095 | |
2960 | |
3096 | |
2961 | =head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop |
3097 | =head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop |
2962 | |
3098 | |
2963 | In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other |
3099 | In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other |
2964 | asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event |
3100 | asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event |
2965 | loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads). |
3101 | loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads). |
2966 | |
3102 | |
2967 | Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not |
3103 | Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control, |
2968 | control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what |
3104 | for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async> |
2969 | C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you |
3105 | watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal |
2970 | can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal |
3106 | it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe. |
2971 | safe. |
|
|
2972 | |
3107 | |
2973 | This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals, |
3108 | This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals, |
2974 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
3109 | too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed |
2975 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
3110 | (i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of |
2976 | C<ev_async_sent> calls). |
3111 | C<ev_async_sent> calls). |
… | |
… | |
2981 | =head3 Queueing |
3116 | =head3 Queueing |
2982 | |
3117 | |
2983 | C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
3118 | C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason |
2984 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
3119 | is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a |
2985 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
3120 | multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't |
2986 | need elaborate support such as pthreads. |
3121 | need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access |
|
|
3122 | semantics. |
2987 | |
3123 | |
2988 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
3124 | That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own |
2989 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
3125 | queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your |
2990 | queue: |
3126 | queue: |
2991 | |
3127 | |
… | |
… | |
3130 | |
3266 | |
3131 | If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
3267 | If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be |
3132 | started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and |
3268 | started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and |
3133 | repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout. |
3269 | repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout. |
3134 | |
3270 | |
3135 | The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets |
3271 | The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is |
3136 | passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
3272 | passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of |
3137 | C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg> |
3273 | C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg> |
3138 | value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both> |
3274 | value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both> |
3139 | a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io |
3275 | a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io |
3140 | events precedence. |
3276 | events precedence. |
3141 | |
3277 | |
3142 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO. |
3278 | Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO. |
3143 | |
3279 | |
3144 | static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3280 | static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg) |
3145 | { |
3281 | { |
3146 | if (revents & EV_READ) |
3282 | if (revents & EV_READ) |
3147 | /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
3283 | /* stdin might have data for us, joy! */; |
3148 | else if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT) |
3284 | else if (revents & EV_TIMER) |
3149 | /* doh, nothing entered */; |
3285 | /* doh, nothing entered */; |
3150 | } |
3286 | } |
3151 | |
3287 | |
3152 | ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
3288 | ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0); |
3153 | |
3289 | |
3154 | =item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents) |
3290 | =item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents) |
3155 | |
3291 | |
3156 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
3292 | Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected |
3157 | the given events it. |
3293 | the given events it. |
3158 | |
3294 | |
3159 | =item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum) |
3295 | =item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum) |
3160 | |
3296 | |
3161 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default |
3297 | Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default |
3162 | loop!). |
3298 | loop!). |
3163 | |
3299 | |
3164 | =back |
3300 | =back |
… | |
… | |
3244 | |
3380 | |
3245 | =over 4 |
3381 | =over 4 |
3246 | |
3382 | |
3247 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE () |
3383 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE () |
3248 | |
3384 | |
3249 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *) |
3385 | =item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop) |
3250 | |
3386 | |
3251 | =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE |
3387 | =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE |
3252 | |
3388 | |
3253 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
3389 | The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher |
3254 | with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>. |
3390 | with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>. |
… | |
… | |
3287 | myclass obj; |
3423 | myclass obj; |
3288 | ev::io iow; |
3424 | ev::io iow; |
3289 | iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
3425 | iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj); |
3290 | |
3426 | |
3291 | =item w->set (object *) |
3427 | =item w->set (object *) |
3292 | |
|
|
3293 | This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version. |
|
|
3294 | |
3428 | |
3295 | This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call |
3429 | This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call |
3296 | will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use |
3430 | will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use |
3297 | functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all |
3431 | functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all |
3298 | the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument |
3432 | the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument |
… | |
… | |
3331 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
3465 | Example: Use a plain function as callback. |
3332 | |
3466 | |
3333 | static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
3467 | static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { } |
3334 | iow.set <io_cb> (); |
3468 | iow.set <io_cb> (); |
3335 | |
3469 | |
3336 | =item w->set (struct ev_loop *) |
3470 | =item w->set (loop) |
3337 | |
3471 | |
3338 | Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only |
3472 | Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only |
3339 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
3473 | do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either). |
3340 | |
3474 | |
3341 | =item w->set ([arguments]) |
3475 | =item w->set ([arguments]) |
3342 | |
3476 | |
3343 | Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be |
3477 | Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this |
3344 | called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets |
3478 | method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the |
3345 | automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this |
3479 | C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted |
3346 | method. |
3480 | when reconfiguring it with this method. |
3347 | |
3481 | |
3348 | =item w->start () |
3482 | =item w->start () |
3349 | |
3483 | |
3350 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the |
3484 | Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the |
3351 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
3485 | constructor already stores the event loop. |
3352 | |
3486 | |
|
|
3487 | =item w->start ([arguments]) |
|
|
3488 | |
|
|
3489 | Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often |
|
|
3490 | convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as |
|
|
3491 | the configure C<set> method of the watcher. |
|
|
3492 | |
3353 | =item w->stop () |
3493 | =item w->stop () |
3354 | |
3494 | |
3355 | Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument. |
3495 | Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument. |
3356 | |
3496 | |
3357 | =item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only) |
3497 | =item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only) |
… | |
… | |
3369 | |
3509 | |
3370 | =back |
3510 | =back |
3371 | |
3511 | |
3372 | =back |
3512 | =back |
3373 | |
3513 | |
3374 | Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in |
3514 | Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O |
3375 | the constructor. |
3515 | watchers in the constructor. |
3376 | |
3516 | |
3377 | class myclass |
3517 | class myclass |
3378 | { |
3518 | { |
3379 | ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
3519 | ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
|
|
3520 | ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents); |
3380 | ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents); |
3521 | ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents); |
3381 | |
3522 | |
3382 | myclass (int fd) |
3523 | myclass (int fd) |
3383 | { |
3524 | { |
3384 | io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this); |
3525 | io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this); |
|
|
3526 | io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this); |
3385 | idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this); |
3527 | idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this); |
3386 | |
3528 | |
3387 | io.start (fd, ev::READ); |
3529 | io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher |
|
|
3530 | io.start (); // start it whenever convenient |
|
|
3531 | |
|
|
3532 | io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call |
3388 | } |
3533 | } |
3389 | }; |
3534 | }; |
3390 | |
3535 | |
3391 | |
3536 | |
3392 | =head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS |
3537 | =head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS |
… | |
… | |
3440 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
3585 | Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at |
3441 | L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>. |
3586 | L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>. |
3442 | |
3587 | |
3443 | =item Lua |
3588 | =item Lua |
3444 | |
3589 | |
3445 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev |
3590 | Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the |
3446 | for lua (only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at |
3591 | time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at |
3447 | L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>. |
3592 | L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>. |
3448 | |
3593 | |
3449 | =back |
3594 | =back |
3450 | |
3595 | |
3451 | |
3596 | |
… | |
… | |
3466 | loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument, |
3611 | loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument, |
3467 | C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example: |
3612 | C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example: |
3468 | |
3613 | |
3469 | ev_unref (EV_A); |
3614 | ev_unref (EV_A); |
3470 | ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); |
3615 | ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher); |
3471 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
3616 | ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
3472 | |
3617 | |
3473 | It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope, |
3618 | It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope, |
3474 | which is often provided by the following macro. |
3619 | which is often provided by the following macro. |
3475 | |
3620 | |
3476 | =item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_> |
3621 | =item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_> |
… | |
… | |
3516 | } |
3661 | } |
3517 | |
3662 | |
3518 | ev_check check; |
3663 | ev_check check; |
3519 | ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
3664 | ev_check_init (&check, check_cb); |
3520 | ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
3665 | ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check); |
3521 | ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
3666 | ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0); |
3522 | |
3667 | |
3523 | =head1 EMBEDDING |
3668 | =head1 EMBEDDING |
3524 | |
3669 | |
3525 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
3670 | Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host |
3526 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
3671 | applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra |
… | |
… | |
3606 | libev.m4 |
3751 | libev.m4 |
3607 | |
3752 | |
3608 | =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS |
3753 | =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS |
3609 | |
3754 | |
3610 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
3755 | Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to |
3611 | define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of |
3756 | define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in |
3612 | autoconf is documented for every option. |
3757 | the absence of autoconf is documented for every option. |
|
|
3758 | |
|
|
3759 | Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different |
|
|
3760 | values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible |
|
|
3761 | to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility |
|
|
3762 | to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all |
|
|
3763 | users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible |
|
|
3764 | settings. |
3613 | |
3765 | |
3614 | =over 4 |
3766 | =over 4 |
3615 | |
3767 | |
|
|
3768 | =item EV_COMPAT3 (h) |
|
|
3769 | |
|
|
3770 | Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this |
|
|
3771 | release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that |
|
|
3772 | have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4. |
|
|
3773 | |
|
|
3774 | You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future |
|
|
3775 | versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your |
|
|
3776 | sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct> |
|
|
3777 | from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop> |
|
|
3778 | typedef in that case. |
|
|
3779 | |
|
|
3780 | In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>, |
|
|
3781 | and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be |
|
|
3782 | removed completely. |
|
|
3783 | |
3616 | =item EV_STANDALONE |
3784 | =item EV_STANDALONE (h) |
3617 | |
3785 | |
3618 | Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
3786 | Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which |
3619 | keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy |
3787 | keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy |
3620 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
3788 | implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not |
3621 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
3789 | supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in |
… | |
… | |
3771 | as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers. |
3939 | as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers. |
3772 | |
3940 | |
3773 | In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile> |
3941 | In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile> |
3774 | (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
3942 | (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms. |
3775 | |
3943 | |
3776 | =item EV_H |
3944 | =item EV_H (h) |
3777 | |
3945 | |
3778 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
3946 | The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if |
3779 | undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be |
3947 | undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be |
3780 | used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
3948 | used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts. |
3781 | |
3949 | |
3782 | =item EV_CONFIG_H |
3950 | =item EV_CONFIG_H (h) |
3783 | |
3951 | |
3784 | If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override |
3952 | If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override |
3785 | F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to |
3953 | F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to |
3786 | C<EV_H>, above. |
3954 | C<EV_H>, above. |
3787 | |
3955 | |
3788 | =item EV_EVENT_H |
3956 | =item EV_EVENT_H (h) |
3789 | |
3957 | |
3790 | Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea |
3958 | Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea |
3791 | of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">. |
3959 | of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">. |
3792 | |
3960 | |
3793 | =item EV_PROTOTYPES |
3961 | =item EV_PROTOTYPES (h) |
3794 | |
3962 | |
3795 | If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function |
3963 | If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function |
3796 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
3964 | prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is |
3797 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
3965 | occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions |
3798 | around libev functions. |
3966 | around libev functions. |
… | |
… | |
3820 | fine. |
3988 | fine. |
3821 | |
3989 | |
3822 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
3990 | If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these |
3823 | both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU. |
3991 | both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU. |
3824 | |
3992 | |
3825 | =item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE |
3993 | =item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE, |
|
|
3994 | EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE, |
|
|
3995 | EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE. |
3826 | |
3996 | |
3827 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If |
3997 | If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then |
3828 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
3998 | the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it |
3829 | code. |
3999 | is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size. |
3830 | |
4000 | |
3831 | =item EV_IDLE_ENABLE |
4001 | =item EV_FEATURES |
3832 | |
|
|
3833 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3834 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of |
|
|
3835 | code. |
|
|
3836 | |
|
|
3837 | =item EV_EMBED_ENABLE |
|
|
3838 | |
|
|
3839 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3840 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other |
|
|
3841 | watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled. |
|
|
3842 | |
|
|
3843 | =item EV_STAT_ENABLE |
|
|
3844 | |
|
|
3845 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3846 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3847 | |
|
|
3848 | =item EV_FORK_ENABLE |
|
|
3849 | |
|
|
3850 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3851 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3852 | |
|
|
3853 | =item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE |
|
|
3854 | |
|
|
3855 | If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If |
|
|
3856 | defined to be C<0>, then they are not. |
|
|
3857 | |
|
|
3858 | =item EV_MINIMAL |
|
|
3859 | |
4002 | |
3860 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
4003 | If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some |
3861 | speed (but with the full API), define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this |
4004 | speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request |
3862 | is used to override some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size |
4005 | certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features |
3863 | on amd64. It also selects a much smaller 2-heap for timer management over |
4006 | that can be enabled on the platform. |
3864 | the default 4-heap. |
|
|
3865 | |
4007 | |
3866 | You can save even more by disabling watcher types you do not need |
4008 | A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset |
3867 | and setting C<EV_MAXPRI> == C<EV_MINPRI>. Also, disabling C<assert> |
4009 | with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable |
3868 | (C<-DNDEBUG>) will usually reduce code size a lot. |
4010 | additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal, |
|
|
4011 | but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll |
|
|
4012 | backend, use this: |
3869 | |
4013 | |
3870 | Defining C<EV_MINIMAL> to C<2> will additionally reduce the core API to |
4014 | #define EV_FEATURES 0 |
3871 | provide a bare-bones event library. See C<ev.h> for details on what parts |
4015 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1 |
3872 | of the API are still available, and do not complain if this subset changes |
4016 | #define EV_USE_POLL 1 |
3873 | over time. |
4017 | #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4018 | #define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4019 | |
|
|
4020 | The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following |
|
|
4021 | values: |
|
|
4022 | |
|
|
4023 | =over 4 |
|
|
4024 | |
|
|
4025 | =item C<1> - faster/larger code |
|
|
4026 | |
|
|
4027 | Use larger code to speed up some operations. |
|
|
4028 | |
|
|
4029 | Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the |
|
|
4030 | code size by roughly 30% on amd64). |
|
|
4031 | |
|
|
4032 | When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with |
|
|
4033 | gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of |
|
|
4034 | assertions. |
|
|
4035 | |
|
|
4036 | =item C<2> - faster/larger data structures |
|
|
4037 | |
|
|
4038 | Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger |
|
|
4039 | hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size |
|
|
4040 | and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at |
|
|
4041 | runtime. |
|
|
4042 | |
|
|
4043 | =item C<4> - full API configuration |
|
|
4044 | |
|
|
4045 | This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and |
|
|
4046 | enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1). |
|
|
4047 | |
|
|
4048 | =item C<8> - full API |
|
|
4049 | |
|
|
4050 | This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for |
|
|
4051 | details on which parts of the API are still available without this |
|
|
4052 | feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time. |
|
|
4053 | |
|
|
4054 | =item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types |
|
|
4055 | |
|
|
4056 | Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable |
|
|
4057 | only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare, |
|
|
4058 | embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining |
|
|
4059 | C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead. |
|
|
4060 | |
|
|
4061 | =item C<32> - enable all backends |
|
|
4062 | |
|
|
4063 | This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at |
|
|
4064 | least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice). |
|
|
4065 | |
|
|
4066 | =item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs |
|
|
4067 | |
|
|
4068 | Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by |
|
|
4069 | default. |
|
|
4070 | |
|
|
4071 | =back |
|
|
4072 | |
|
|
4073 | Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0> |
|
|
4074 | reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb |
|
|
4075 | code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O |
|
|
4076 | watchers, timers and monotonic clock support. |
|
|
4077 | |
|
|
4078 | With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough |
|
|
4079 | when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by |
|
|
4080 | your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an |
|
|
4081 | I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb. |
|
|
4082 | |
|
|
4083 | =item EV_AVOID_STDIO |
|
|
4084 | |
|
|
4085 | If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio |
|
|
4086 | functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size |
|
|
4087 | somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your |
|
|
4088 | libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite |
|
|
4089 | big. |
|
|
4090 | |
|
|
4091 | Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is |
|
|
4092 | enabled. |
3874 | |
4093 | |
3875 | =item EV_NSIG |
4094 | =item EV_NSIG |
3876 | |
4095 | |
3877 | The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of |
4096 | The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of |
3878 | signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals |
4097 | signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals |
3879 | automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be |
4098 | automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be |
3880 | specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be |
4099 | specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be |
3881 | good for about any system in existance) can save some memory, as libev |
4100 | good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev |
3882 | statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number. |
4101 | statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number. |
3883 | |
4102 | |
3884 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
4103 | =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE |
3885 | |
4104 | |
3886 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
4105 | C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3887 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more |
4106 | pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled), |
3888 | than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to |
4107 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you |
3889 | increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
4108 | might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two). |
3890 | |
4109 | |
3891 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
4110 | =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE |
3892 | |
4111 | |
3893 | C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
4112 | C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by |
3894 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), |
4113 | inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> |
3895 | usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat> |
4114 | disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of |
3896 | watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of |
4115 | C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a |
3897 | two). |
4116 | power of two). |
3898 | |
4117 | |
3899 | =item EV_USE_4HEAP |
4118 | =item EV_USE_4HEAP |
3900 | |
4119 | |
3901 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
4120 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
3902 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined |
4121 | timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined |
3903 | to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
4122 | to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably |
3904 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
4123 | faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers. |
3905 | |
4124 | |
3906 | The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0> |
4125 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3907 | (disabled). |
4126 | will be C<0>. |
3908 | |
4127 | |
3909 | =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT |
4128 | =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT |
3910 | |
4129 | |
3911 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
4130 | Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the |
3912 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within |
4131 | timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within |
3913 | the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>), |
4132 | the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>), |
3914 | which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
4133 | which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code, |
3915 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
4134 | but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance |
3916 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
4135 | noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers. |
3917 | |
4136 | |
3918 | The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0> |
4137 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3919 | (disabled). |
4138 | will be C<0>. |
3920 | |
4139 | |
3921 | =item EV_VERIFY |
4140 | =item EV_VERIFY |
3922 | |
4141 | |
3923 | Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will |
4142 | Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will |
3924 | be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled |
4143 | be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled |
3925 | in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not |
4144 | in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not |
3926 | called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be |
4145 | called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be |
3927 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the |
4146 | called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the |
3928 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
4147 | verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down |
3929 | libev considerably. |
4148 | libev considerably. |
3930 | |
4149 | |
3931 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be |
4150 | The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it |
3932 | C<0>. |
4151 | will be C<0>. |
3933 | |
4152 | |
3934 | =item EV_COMMON |
4153 | =item EV_COMMON |
3935 | |
4154 | |
3936 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
4155 | By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining |
3937 | this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of |
4156 | this macro to something else you can include more and other types of |
3938 | members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, |
4157 | members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files, |
3939 | though, and it must be identical each time. |
4158 | though, and it must be identical each time. |
3940 | |
4159 | |
3941 | For example, the perl EV module uses something like this: |
4160 | For example, the perl EV module uses something like this: |
3942 | |
4161 | |
… | |
… | |
3995 | file. |
4214 | file. |
3996 | |
4215 | |
3997 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
4216 | The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file |
3998 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
4217 | that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices: |
3999 | |
4218 | |
4000 | #define EV_MINIMAL 1 |
4219 | #define EV_FEATURES 8 |
4001 | #define EV_USE_POLL 0 |
4220 | #define EV_USE_SELECT 1 |
4002 | #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0 |
|
|
4003 | #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0 |
4221 | #define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4222 | #define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1 |
4004 | #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0 |
4223 | #define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1 |
4005 | #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0 |
4224 | #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1 |
|
|
4225 | #define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0 |
4006 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
4226 | #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h> |
4007 | #define EV_MINPRI 0 |
|
|
4008 | #define EV_MAXPRI 0 |
|
|
4009 | |
4227 | |
4010 | #include "ev++.h" |
4228 | #include "ev++.h" |
4011 | |
4229 | |
4012 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
4230 | And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled: |
4013 | |
4231 | |
… | |
… | |
4144 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
4362 | userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A); |
4145 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
4363 | pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock); |
4146 | } |
4364 | } |
4147 | |
4365 | |
4148 | The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight |
4366 | The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight |
4149 | into C<ev_loop>: |
4367 | into C<ev_run>: |
4150 | |
4368 | |
4151 | void * |
4369 | void * |
4152 | l_run (void *thr_arg) |
4370 | l_run (void *thr_arg) |
4153 | { |
4371 | { |
4154 | struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg; |
4372 | struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg; |
4155 | |
4373 | |
4156 | l_acquire (EV_A); |
4374 | l_acquire (EV_A); |
4157 | pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0); |
4375 | pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0); |
4158 | ev_loop (EV_A_ 0); |
4376 | ev_run (EV_A_ 0); |
4159 | l_release (EV_A); |
4377 | l_release (EV_A); |
4160 | |
4378 | |
4161 | return 0; |
4379 | return 0; |
4162 | } |
4380 | } |
4163 | |
4381 | |
… | |
… | |
4215 | |
4433 | |
4216 | =head3 COROUTINES |
4434 | =head3 COROUTINES |
4217 | |
4435 | |
4218 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): |
4436 | Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"): |
4219 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
4437 | libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different |
4220 | coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two |
4438 | coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two |
4221 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running |
4439 | different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running |
4222 | the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is |
4440 | the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is |
4223 | that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks. |
4441 | that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks. |
4224 | |
4442 | |
4225 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
4443 | Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside |
4226 | C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
4444 | C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as |
4227 | they do not call any callbacks. |
4445 | they do not call any callbacks. |
4228 | |
4446 | |
4229 | =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS |
4447 | =head2 COMPILER WARNINGS |
4230 | |
4448 | |
4231 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
4449 | Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a |
… | |
… | |
4242 | maintainable. |
4460 | maintainable. |
4243 | |
4461 | |
4244 | And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply |
4462 | And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply |
4245 | wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message |
4463 | wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message |
4246 | seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some |
4464 | seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some |
4247 | warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have |
4465 | warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have |
4248 | been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with |
4466 | been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with |
4249 | such buggy versions. |
4467 | such buggy versions. |
4250 | |
4468 | |
4251 | While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible, |
4469 | While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible, |
4252 | "warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev |
4470 | "warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev |
… | |
… | |
4288 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
4506 | I suggest using suppression lists. |
4289 | |
4507 | |
4290 | |
4508 | |
4291 | =head1 PORTABILITY NOTES |
4509 | =head1 PORTABILITY NOTES |
4292 | |
4510 | |
|
|
4511 | =head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS |
|
|
4512 | |
|
|
4513 | GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file |
|
|
4514 | interfaces but I<disables> them by default. |
|
|
4515 | |
|
|
4516 | That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support |
|
|
4517 | files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers. |
|
|
4518 | |
|
|
4519 | Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue |
|
|
4520 | by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the |
|
|
4521 | standard libev compiled for their system. |
|
|
4522 | |
|
|
4523 | Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would |
|
|
4524 | suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment, |
|
|
4525 | i.e. all programs not using special compile switches. |
|
|
4526 | |
|
|
4527 | =head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS |
|
|
4528 | |
|
|
4529 | The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface |
|
|
4530 | you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the |
|
|
4531 | OpenGL drivers. |
|
|
4532 | |
|
|
4533 | =head3 C<kqueue> is buggy |
|
|
4534 | |
|
|
4535 | The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support |
|
|
4536 | only sockets, many support pipes. |
|
|
4537 | |
|
|
4538 | Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this |
|
|
4539 | rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a |
|
|
4540 | loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is |
|
|
4541 | probably going to work well. |
|
|
4542 | |
|
|
4543 | =head3 C<poll> is buggy |
|
|
4544 | |
|
|
4545 | Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll> |
|
|
4546 | implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6 |
|
|
4547 | release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken. |
|
|
4548 | |
|
|
4549 | Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on |
|
|
4550 | this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating |
|
|
4551 | a loop. |
|
|
4552 | |
|
|
4553 | =head3 C<select> is buggy |
|
|
4554 | |
|
|
4555 | All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this |
|
|
4556 | one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file |
|
|
4557 | descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when |
|
|
4558 | you use more. |
|
|
4559 | |
|
|
4560 | There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining |
|
|
4561 | C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should> |
|
|
4562 | work on OS/X. |
|
|
4563 | |
|
|
4564 | =head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS |
|
|
4565 | |
|
|
4566 | =head3 C<errno> reentrancy |
|
|
4567 | |
|
|
4568 | The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so |
|
|
4569 | thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled |
|
|
4570 | without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't |
|
|
4571 | defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice. |
|
|
4572 | |
|
|
4573 | If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure |
|
|
4574 | it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined. |
|
|
4575 | |
|
|
4576 | =head3 Event port backend |
|
|
4577 | |
|
|
4578 | The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event |
|
|
4579 | ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major |
|
|
4580 | releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get |
|
|
4581 | a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant |
|
|
4582 | and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there |
|
|
4583 | are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work |
|
|
4584 | great. |
|
|
4585 | |
|
|
4586 | If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting |
|
|
4587 | the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and |
|
|
4588 | C<select> backends. |
|
|
4589 | |
|
|
4590 | =head2 AIX POLL BUG |
|
|
4591 | |
|
|
4592 | AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around |
|
|
4593 | this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even |
|
|
4594 | compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine |
|
|
4595 | with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway. |
|
|
4596 | |
4293 | =head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS |
4597 | =head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS |
|
|
4598 | |
|
|
4599 | =head3 General issues |
4294 | |
4600 | |
4295 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev |
4601 | Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev |
4296 | requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX |
4602 | requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX |
4297 | model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in |
4603 | model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in |
4298 | the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket |
4604 | the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket |
4299 | descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
4605 | descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using |
4300 | e.g. cygwin. |
4606 | e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers, |
|
|
4607 | as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible |
|
|
4608 | environment. |
4301 | |
4609 | |
4302 | Lifting these limitations would basically require the full |
4610 | Lifting these limitations would basically require the full |
4303 | re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of |
4611 | re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing, |
4304 | things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable |
4612 | then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note |
4305 | way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
4613 | also that glib is the slowest event library known to man). |
4306 | |
4614 | |
4307 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
4615 | There is no supported compilation method available on windows except |
4308 | embedding it into other applications. |
4616 | embedding it into other applications. |
4309 | |
4617 | |
4310 | Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev |
4618 | Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev |
… | |
… | |
4338 | you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!): |
4646 | you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!): |
4339 | |
4647 | |
4340 | #include "evwrap.h" |
4648 | #include "evwrap.h" |
4341 | #include "ev.c" |
4649 | #include "ev.c" |
4342 | |
4650 | |
4343 | =over 4 |
|
|
4344 | |
|
|
4345 | =item The winsocket select function |
4651 | =head3 The winsocket C<select> function |
4346 | |
4652 | |
4347 | The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it |
4653 | The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it |
4348 | requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is |
4654 | requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is |
4349 | also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also |
4655 | also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also |
4350 | requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft |
4656 | requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft |
… | |
… | |
4359 | #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
4665 | #define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */ |
4360 | |
4666 | |
4361 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
4667 | Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a |
4362 | complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32. |
4668 | complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32. |
4363 | |
4669 | |
4364 | =item Limited number of file descriptors |
4670 | =head3 Limited number of file descriptors |
4365 | |
4671 | |
4366 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
4672 | Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. |
4367 | |
4673 | |
4368 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
4674 | Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum |
4369 | of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
4675 | of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels |
… | |
… | |
4384 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets |
4690 | runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets |
4385 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
4691 | (depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, |
4386 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
4692 | you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but |
4387 | the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable. |
4693 | the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable. |
4388 | |
4694 | |
4389 | =back |
|
|
4390 | |
|
|
4391 | =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS |
4695 | =head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS |
4392 | |
4696 | |
4393 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
4697 | In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the |
4394 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
4698 | backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions: |
4395 | |
4699 | |
… | |
… | |
4433 | watchers. |
4737 | watchers. |
4434 | |
4738 | |
4435 | =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy |
4739 | =item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy |
4436 | |
4740 | |
4437 | The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
4741 | The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to |
4438 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good |
4742 | have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is |
4439 | enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by |
4743 | good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy |
|
|
4744 | (the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by |
4440 | implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing |
4745 | implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With |
4441 | ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least |
4746 | IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200. |
4442 | 2200. |
|
|
4443 | |
4747 | |
4444 | =back |
4748 | =back |
4445 | |
4749 | |
4446 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
4750 | If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note. |
4447 | |
4751 | |
… | |
… | |
4515 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
4819 | involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers. |
4516 | |
4820 | |
4517 | =back |
4821 | =back |
4518 | |
4822 | |
4519 | |
4823 | |
|
|
4824 | =head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X |
|
|
4825 | |
|
|
4826 | The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API. |
|
|
4827 | |
|
|
4828 | At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial |
|
|
4829 | compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be |
|
|
4830 | removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late. |
|
|
4831 | |
|
|
4832 | =over 4 |
|
|
4833 | |
|
|
4834 | =item function/symbol renames |
|
|
4835 | |
|
|
4836 | A number of functions and symbols have been renamed: |
|
|
4837 | |
|
|
4838 | ev_loop => ev_run |
|
|
4839 | EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT |
|
|
4840 | EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE |
|
|
4841 | |
|
|
4842 | ev_unloop => ev_break |
|
|
4843 | EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL |
|
|
4844 | EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE |
|
|
4845 | EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL |
|
|
4846 | |
|
|
4847 | EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER |
|
|
4848 | |
|
|
4849 | ev_loop_count => ev_iteration |
|
|
4850 | ev_loop_depth => ev_depth |
|
|
4851 | ev_loop_verify => ev_verify |
|
|
4852 | |
|
|
4853 | Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an |
|
|
4854 | C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and |
|
|
4855 | associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct |
|
|
4856 | ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme |
|
|
4857 | as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called |
|
|
4858 | C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork> |
|
|
4859 | typedef. |
|
|
4860 | |
|
|
4861 | =item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism |
|
|
4862 | |
|
|
4863 | The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by |
|
|
4864 | C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING> |
|
|
4865 | section. |
|
|
4866 | |
|
|
4867 | =item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES> |
|
|
4868 | |
|
|
4869 | The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different |
|
|
4870 | mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile |
|
|
4871 | and work, but the library code will of course be larger. |
|
|
4872 | |
|
|
4873 | =back |
|
|
4874 | |
|
|
4875 | |
4520 | =head1 GLOSSARY |
4876 | =head1 GLOSSARY |
4521 | |
4877 | |
4522 | =over 4 |
4878 | =over 4 |
4523 | |
4879 | |
4524 | =item active |
4880 | =item active |
4525 | |
4881 | |
4526 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to |
4882 | A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped. |
4527 | an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop). |
4883 | See L<WATCHER STATES> for details. |
4528 | |
4884 | |
4529 | =item application |
4885 | =item application |
4530 | |
4886 | |
4531 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
4887 | In this document, an application is whatever is using libev. |
|
|
4888 | |
|
|
4889 | =item backend |
|
|
4890 | |
|
|
4891 | The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces. |
4532 | |
4892 | |
4533 | =item callback |
4893 | =item callback |
4534 | |
4894 | |
4535 | The address of a function that is called when some event has been |
4895 | The address of a function that is called when some event has been |
4536 | detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that |
4896 | detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that |
4537 | received the event, and the actual event bitset. |
4897 | received the event, and the actual event bitset. |
4538 | |
4898 | |
4539 | =item callback invocation |
4899 | =item callback/watcher invocation |
4540 | |
4900 | |
4541 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
4901 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
4542 | |
4902 | |
4543 | =item event |
4903 | =item event |
4544 | |
4904 | |
4545 | A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available |
4905 | A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available |
4546 | for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having |
4906 | for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having |
4547 | any other events happening anymore. |
4907 | any other events happening anymore. |
4548 | |
4908 | |
4549 | In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or |
4909 | In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or |
4550 | C<EV_TIMEOUT>). |
4910 | C<EV_TIMER>). |
4551 | |
4911 | |
4552 | =item event library |
4912 | =item event library |
4553 | |
4913 | |
4554 | A software package implementing an event model and loop. |
4914 | A software package implementing an event model and loop. |
4555 | |
4915 | |
… | |
… | |
4563 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
4923 | The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes |
4564 | watchers and events. |
4924 | watchers and events. |
4565 | |
4925 | |
4566 | =item pending |
4926 | =item pending |
4567 | |
4927 | |
4568 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected, |
4928 | A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been |
4569 | and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its |
4929 | detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details. |
4570 | pending status is explicitly cleared by the application. |
|
|
4571 | |
|
|
4572 | A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears |
|
|
4573 | its pending status. |
|
|
4574 | |
4930 | |
4575 | =item real time |
4931 | =item real time |
4576 | |
4932 | |
4577 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
4933 | The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :) |
4578 | |
4934 | |
… | |
… | |
4585 | =item watcher |
4941 | =item watcher |
4586 | |
4942 | |
4587 | A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need |
4943 | A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need |
4588 | to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events. |
4944 | to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events. |
4589 | |
4945 | |
4590 | =item watcher invocation |
|
|
4591 | |
|
|
4592 | The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher. |
|
|
4593 | |
|
|
4594 | =back |
4946 | =back |
4595 | |
4947 | |
4596 | =head1 AUTHOR |
4948 | =head1 AUTHOR |
4597 | |
4949 | |
4598 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson. |
4950 | Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson. |