[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.272 by root, Tue Nov 24 06:39:28 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.286 by root, Tue Mar 16 00:26:41 2010 UTC

 Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
 configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
 more info about various configuration options please have a look at
 B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
 for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
-name C<loop> (which is always of type C<ev_loop *>) will not have
+name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
 this argument.
 =head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
 Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
 When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
 I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
 testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
 otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
-=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGFD>
+=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
-When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
+When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
-I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This is
+I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
-probably only useful to work around any bugs in libev. Consequently, this
+delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
-flag might go away once the signalfd functionality is considered stable,
+it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
-so it's useful mostly in environment variables and not in program code.
+handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
+threads that are not interested in handling them.
+Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
+there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
+example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
 =item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>  (value 1, portable select backend)
 This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
 libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
 Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
 loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
 count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.
-If you have a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop>
+This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
-from returning, call ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before
+unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_loop> from
+returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
-stopping it.
+before stopping it.
 As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
 is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from
 exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
 excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
 While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
 C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
 modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
 have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
-waited. USe an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it
+waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it
 to take note of any changes you made.
 In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between
 invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
    ev_io w;
    ev_init (&w, my_cb);
    ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
-=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
+=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
 This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
 call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
 call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
 macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
 Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
    ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
-=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
+=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
 Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
 events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
 Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
 whole section.
    ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
-=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
+=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
 Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
 the watcher was active or not).
 It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
 =item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
 Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
 (modulo threads).
-=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
+=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
 =item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
 Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
 integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
 returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
 watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
 Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
 callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
+=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
+Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
+had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
+initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
+not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
+Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
+C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
+not started in the first place.
+See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
+functions that do not need a watcher.
 =back
 =head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
 So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
 ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
 somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
+=head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
+Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example,
+found in port-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
+connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
+For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
+of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not
+rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on
+the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and
+typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage.
+Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between
+operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the
+situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to
+cope with overload is known (to me).
+One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it
+- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the
+situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
+event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.
+A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than
+C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such
+messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
+what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop
+the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU
+usage.
+If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file
+descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and
+when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>,
+close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse
+clients under typical overload conditions.
+The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as
+is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy
+opportunity for a DoS attack.
 =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
 =over 4
 C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
 This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
 usage example.
-=item ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
+=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
 Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
 then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
 the timeout value currently configured.
 That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
-C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remain>
+C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining>
 will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
 roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
 too), and so on.
 =item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
 C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
 not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
 interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
 and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
-=head3 The special problem of inheritance over execve
+=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
 Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
 (C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
 stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
 and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
 The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
 to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
 catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
-In current versions of libev, you can also ensure that the signal mask is
+In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
-not blocking any signals (except temporarily, so thread users watch out)
+unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces
-by specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGFD> when creating the event loop. This
+the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
-is not guaranteed for future versions, however.
+I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
+So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
+you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
+is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
 =head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
 =over 4
 =head3 Queueing
 C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
 is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
 multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
-need elaborate support such as pthreads.
+need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access
+semantics.
 That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
 queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
 queue:
        /* doh, nothing entered */;
    }
    ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
-=item ev_feed_event (struct ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
-Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
-had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
-initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
-=item ev_feed_fd_event (struct ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
+=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
 Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
 the given events it.
-=item ev_feed_signal_event (struct ev_loop *loop, int signum)
+=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
 Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
 loop!).
 =back
 =over 4
 =item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
-=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
+=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
 =item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
 The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
 with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
 Example: Use a plain function as callback.
    static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
    iow.set <io_cb> ();
-=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
+=item w->set (loop)
 Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
 do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
 =item w->set ([arguments])
 Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
 L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
 =item Lua
-Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev
+Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
-for lua (only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
+time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
 L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
 =back
    libev.m4
 =head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
 Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
-define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
+define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in
-autoconf is documented for every option.
+the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.
+Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different
+values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible
+to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breakign compatibility
+to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all
+users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
+settings.
 =over 4
-=item EV_STANDALONE
+=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
 Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
 keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
 implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
 supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
 as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
 In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
 (from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
-=item EV_H
+=item EV_H (h)
 The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
 undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
 used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
-=item EV_CONFIG_H
+=item EV_CONFIG_H (h)
 If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
 F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
 C<EV_H>, above.
-=item EV_EVENT_H
+=item EV_EVENT_H (h)
 Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
 of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
-=item EV_PROTOTYPES
+=item EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
 If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
 prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
 occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
 around libev functions.
 fine.
 If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
 both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
-=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
+=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,
+EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
+EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
-If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
+If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
-defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
+the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
-code.
+is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves codesize.
-=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
+=item EV_FEATURES
-If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
-defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
-code.
-=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
-If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
-defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Embed watchers rely on most other
-watcher types, which therefore must not be disabled.
-=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
-If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
-defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
-=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
-If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
-defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
-=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
-If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
-defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
-=item EV_MINIMAL
 If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
-speed (but with the full API), define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this
+speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
-is used to override some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size
+certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features
-on amd64. It also selects a much smaller 2-heap for timer management over
+that can be enabled on the platform.
-the default 4-heap.
-You can save even more by disabling watcher types you do not need
+Note that using autoconf will usually override most of the features, so
-and setting C<EV_MAXPRI> == C<EV_MINPRI>. Also, disabling C<assert>
+using this symbol makes sense mostly when embedding libev.
-(C<-DNDEBUG>) will usually reduce code size a lot.
-Defining C<EV_MINIMAL> to C<2> will additionally reduce the core API to
+A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset
-provide a bare-bones event library. See C<ev.h> for details on what parts
+with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable
-of the API are still available, and do not complain if this subset changes
+additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal,
-over time.
+but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
+backend, use this:
+   #define EV_FEATURES 0
+   #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
+   #define EV_USE_POLL 1
+   #define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
+   #define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
+The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
+values:
+=over 4
+=item C<1> - faster/larger code
+Use larger code to speed up some operations.
+Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the  roughly
+30% code size on amd64.
+When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
+gcc recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
+assertions.
+=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
+Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
+hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase codesize
+and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
+runtime.
+=item C<4> - full API configuration
+This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
+enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
+It also enables a lot of the "lesser used" core API functions. See C<ev.h>
+for details on which parts of the API are still available without this
+feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time.
+=item C<8> - enable all optional watcher types
+Enables all optional watcher types.  If you want to selectively enable
+only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare,
+embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining
+C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead.
+=item C<16> - enable all backends
+This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at
+least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice).
+=item C<32> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs
+Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by
+default.
+=back
+Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0>
+reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb to 6.5Kb on my GNU/Linux
+amd64 system, while still giving you I/O watchers, timers and monotonic
+clock support.
+With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
+when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
+your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
+I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
+=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
+If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
+functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the codesize
+somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
+libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
+big.
+Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
+enabled.
 =item EV_NSIG
 The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
 signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
 statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
 =item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
 C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
-pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
+pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled),
-than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
+usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you
-increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
+might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
 =item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
 C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
-inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
+inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES>
-usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
+disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of
-watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
+C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a
-two).
+power of two).
 =item EV_USE_4HEAP
 Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
 timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
 to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
 faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
-The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
+The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
-(disabled).
+will be C<0>.
 =item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
 Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
 timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
 the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
 which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
 but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
 noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
-The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
+The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
-(disabled).
+will be C<0>.
 =item EV_VERIFY
 Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
 be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
 called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
 called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
 verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
 libev considerably.
-The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
+The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
-C<0>.
+will be C<0>.
 =item EV_COMMON
 By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
 this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
 file.
 The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
 that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
-   #define EV_MINIMAL 1
+   #define EV_FEATURES 0
-   #define EV_USE_POLL 0
+   #define EV_USE_SELECT 1
-   #define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
-   #define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
-   #define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
-   #define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
    #define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
-   #define EV_MINPRI 0
-   #define EV_MAXPRI 0
    #include "ev++.h"
 And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.272 by root, Tue Nov 24 06:39:28 2009 UTC vs. Revision 1.286 by root, Tue Mar 16 00:26:41 2010 UTC

Diff Legend

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.272 by root, Tue Nov 24 06:39:28 2009 UTC vs.
Revision 1.286 by root, Tue Mar 16 00:26:41 2010 UTC