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Revision 1.292 by sf-exg, Mon Mar 22 09:57:01 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.434 by root, Tue May 6 13:24:39 2014 UTC

		1	=encoding utf-8
		2
1	=head1 NAME	3	=head1 NAME
2		4
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	5	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		6
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
…		…
26	puts ("stdin ready");	28	puts ("stdin ready");
27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	29	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
28	// with its corresponding stop function.	30	// with its corresponding stop function.
29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	31	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
30		32
31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	33	// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating
32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	34	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
33	}	35	}
34		36
35	// another callback, this time for a time-out	37	// another callback, this time for a time-out
36	static void	38	static void
37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	39	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
38	{	40	{
39	puts ("timeout");	41	puts ("timeout");
40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	42	// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	43	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
42	}	44	}
43		45
44	int	46	int
45	main (void)	47	main (void)
46	{	48	{
47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	49	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	50	struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;
49		51
50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	52	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	53	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	54	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	55	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
…		…
56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	58	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	59	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	60	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		61
60	// now wait for events to arrive	62	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_loop (loop, 0);	63	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		64
63	// unloop was called, so exit	65	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	66	return 0;
65	}	67	}
66		68
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	69	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		70
…		…
75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting	77	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial	78	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming	79	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
78	with libev.	80	with libev.
79		81
80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed	82	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
81	throughout this document.	83	throughout this document.
		84
		85	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
		86
		87	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
		88	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
		89	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
		90	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
		91	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
82		92
83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	93	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
84		94
85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	95	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	96	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
124	this argument.	134	this argument.
125		135
126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	136	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
127		137
128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing	138	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere	139	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
130	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This	140	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
131	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually	141	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
132	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations	142	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
133	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	143	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
		144
134	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	145	Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for
135	throughout libev.	146	time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev.
136		147
137	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	148	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
138		149
139	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors	150	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
140	and internal errors (bugs).	151	and internal errors (bugs).
…		…
164		175
165	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	176	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
166		177
167	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	178	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
168	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	179	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
169	you actually want to know.	180	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
		181	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
170		182
171	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	183	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
172		184
173	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	185	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
174	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	186	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		187	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		188	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		189
175	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	190	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		191
		192	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		193	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
176		194
177	=item int ev_version_major ()	195	=item int ev_version_major ()
178		196
179	=item int ev_version_minor ()	197	=item int ev_version_minor ()
180		198
…		…
191	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	209	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
192	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	210	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
193	not a problem.	211	not a problem.
194		212
195	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	213	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
196	version.	214	version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches,
		215	such as LFS or reentrancy).
197		216
198	assert (("libev version mismatch",	217	assert (("libev version mismatch",
199	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	218	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
200	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	219	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
201		220
…		…
212	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	231	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
213	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	232	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
214		233
215	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	234	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
216		235
217	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	236	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
218	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	237	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		238	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
219	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	239	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
220	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it	240	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
221	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	241	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
222	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	242	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
223		243
224	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	244	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
225		245
226	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	246	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
227	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	247	value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the
228	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at	248	current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
229	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	249	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
230	recommended ones.	250	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
231		251
232	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	252	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
233		253
234	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	254	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
235		255
236	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	256	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
237	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	257	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
238	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	258	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
239	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	259	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
265	}	285	}
266		286
267	...	287	...
268	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	288	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
269		289
270	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	290	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
271		291
272	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	292	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
273	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	293	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
274	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	294	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
275	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	295	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
287	}	307	}
288		308
289	...	309	...
290	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	310	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
291		311
		312	=item ev_feed_signal (int signum)
		313
		314	This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely
		315	safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
		316	handlers or random threads.
		317
		318	Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
		319	in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
		320	by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when
		321	creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other
		322	mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling
		323	C<ev_feed_signal>.
		324
292	=back	325	=back
293		326
294	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	327	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
295		328
296	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>	329	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
297	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>	330	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
298	I<function>).	331	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
299		332
300	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which	333	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
301	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do	334	supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which
302	not.	335	do not.
303		336
304	=over 4	337	=over 4
305		338
306	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	339	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
307		340
308	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	341	This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should
309	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	342	normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and
310	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	343	the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for
311	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	344	C<ev_loop_new>.
		345
		346	If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply
		347	returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check
		348	C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given
		349	flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the
		350	one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".
312		351
313	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	352	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
314	function.	353	function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro).
315		354
316	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	355	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
317	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	356	from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also
318	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).	357	that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between
		358	threads anyway).
319		359
320	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	360	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers,
321	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	361	and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is
322	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	362	a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with
323	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	363	C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
324	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	364	C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>.
325	C<ev_default_init>.	365
		366	Example: This is the most typical usage.
		367
		368	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		369	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		370
		371	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		372	environment settings to be taken into account:
		373
		374	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		375
		376	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
		377
		378	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
		379	could not be initialised, returns false.
		380
		381	This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
		382	threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
		383	loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
326		384
327	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	385	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
328	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	386	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
329		387
330	The following flags are supported:	388	The following flags are supported:
…		…
340		398
341	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	399	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
342	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	400	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
343	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	401	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
344	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	402	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
345	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	403	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work
346	around bugs.	404	around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
		405	cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other
		406	thread modifies them).
347		407
348	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	408	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
349		409
350	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also	410	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
351	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.	411	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
…		…
365	environment variable.	425	environment variable.
366		426
367	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	427	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
368		428
369	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the	429	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
370	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and	430	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
371	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as	431	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
372	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.	432	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
373		433
374	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>	434	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
375		435
376	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the	436	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
377	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API	437	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
378	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make	438	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
379	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal	439	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
380	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your	440	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
381	threads that are not interested in handling them.	441	threads that are not interested in handling them.
382		442
383	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and	443	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
384	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for	444	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
385	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	445	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		446
		447	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
		448
		449	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
		450	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
		451	when you want to receive them.
		452
		453	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
		454	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
		455	unblocking the signals.
		456
		457	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		458	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		459
		460	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
386		461
387	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	462	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
388		463
389	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	464	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
390	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	465	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
…		…
418	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	493	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
419		494
420	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	495	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
421	kernels).	496	kernels).
422		497
423	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	498	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
424	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	499	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
425	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	500	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
426	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	501	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
427		502
428	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	503	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
429	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	504	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
430	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	505	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
431	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	506	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		507	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		508	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
432	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	509	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
433	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	510	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
434	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	511	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
435	hard to detect.	512	and is of course hard to detect.
436		513
437	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	514	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
438	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	515	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
439	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	516	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
440	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	517	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
441	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	518	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
442	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	519	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
443	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.	520	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		521	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		522	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		523	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
		524	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
		525	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		526
		527	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		528	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		529	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
444		530
445	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	531	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
446	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	532	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
447	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	533	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
448	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	534	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
485		571
486	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	572	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
487	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	573	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
488	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	574	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
489	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	575	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
490	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	576	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
491	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	577	might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
492	cases	578	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
493		579
494	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	580	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
495		581
496	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	582	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
497	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	583	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
514	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	600	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
515		601
516	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	602	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
517	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	603	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
518		604
519	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
520	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
521	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
522
523	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	605	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
524	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	606	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
525	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	607	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
526	might perform better.	608	might perform better.
527		609
528	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	610	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
529	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
530	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	611	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
531	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).	612	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
		613	hacks).
		614
		615	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		616	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
		617	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
		618	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
		619	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		620	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		621	to re-arm the watcher.
		622
		623	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
532		624
533	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	625	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
534	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	626	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
535		627
536	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	628	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
537		629
538	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	630	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
539	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	631	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
540	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	632	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
541		633
542	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	634	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
		635	C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend
		636	at all.
		637
		638	=item C<EVBACKEND_MASK>
		639
		640	Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
		641	C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
		642	value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable).
543		643
544	=back	644	=back
545		645
546	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,	646	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
547	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed	647	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
548	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends	648	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
549	()> will be tried.	649	()> will be tried.
550		650
551	Example: This is the most typical usage.
552
553	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
554	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
555
556	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
557	environment settings to be taken into account:
558
559	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
560
561	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
562	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
563	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
564	fds):
565
566	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
567
568	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
569
570	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
571	always distinct from the default loop.
572
573	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
574	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
575	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
576
577	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	651	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
578		652
579	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	653	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
580	if (!epoller)	654	if (!epoller)
581	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	655	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
582		656
		657	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
		658	used if available.
		659
		660	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		661
583	=item ev_default_destroy ()	662	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
584		663
585	Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None	664	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
586	of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so	665	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
587	e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to	666	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
588	either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function,	667	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
589	or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you	668	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
590	can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example).	669	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
		670	for example).
591		671
592	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal	672	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
593	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such	673	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
594	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.	674	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
595		675
596	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	676	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
597	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	677	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
		678	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
		679
		680	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
		681	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
598	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	682	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
599	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	683	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
600		684
601	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	685	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
602		686
603	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
604	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
605
606	=item ev_default_fork ()
607
608	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations	687	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations
609	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	688	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite
610	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	689	the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop
611	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little	690	watchers (except inside an C<ev_prepare> callback), but it makes most
612	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev	691	sense after forking, in the child process. You I<must> call it (or use
613	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.	692	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
614		693
615	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after	694	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
616	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is	695	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
617	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things	696	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
618	during fork.	697	during fork.
619		698
620	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	699	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
621	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If you	700	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If
622	just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to call	701	you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to
623	it at all.	702	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
		703	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
		704	costly reset of the backend).
624		705
625	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	706	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
626	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	707	it just in case after a fork.
627	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
628		708
		709	Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when
		710	using pthreads.
		711
		712	static void
		713	post_fork_child (void)
		714	{
		715	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		716	}
		717
		718	...
629	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	719	pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);
630
631	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
632
633	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
634	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
635	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you keep track of
636	them is entirely your own problem.
637		720
638	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	721	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
639		722
640	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false	723	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
641	otherwise.	724	otherwise.
642		725
643	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)	726	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)
644		727
645	Returns the current iteration count for the loop, which is identical to	728	Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical
646	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	729	to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0>
647	happily wraps around with enough iterations.	730	and happily wraps around with enough iterations.
648		731
649	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	732	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
650	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	733	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
651	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the	734	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the
652	prepare and check phases.	735	prepare and check phases.
653		736
654	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)	737	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
655		738
656	Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of	739	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
657	times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.	740	times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
658		741
659	Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is	742	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
660	C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),	743	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
661	in which case it is higher.	744	in which case it is higher.
662		745
663	Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread	746	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
664	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such	747	throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this
665	ungentleman behaviour unless it's really convenient.	748	as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
		749	convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
666		750
667	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	751	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
668		752
669	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	753	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
670	use.	754	use.
…		…
679		763
680	=item ev_now_update (loop)	764	=item ev_now_update (loop)
681		765
682	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time	766	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
683	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and	767	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
684	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.	768	is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>.
685		769
686	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	770	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
687	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	771	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
688	the current time is a good idea.	772	the current time is a good idea.
689		773
690	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	774	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
691		775
692	=item ev_suspend (loop)	776	=item ev_suspend (loop)
693		777
694	=item ev_resume (loop)	778	=item ev_resume (loop)
695		779
696	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is	780	These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the
697	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.	781	loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
698		782
699	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When	783	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
700	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it	784	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
701	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while	785	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
702	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>	786	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
…		…
704	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.	788	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
705		789
706	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend	790	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
707	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers	791	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
708	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have	792	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
709	occured while suspended).	793	occurred while suspended).
710		794
711	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the	795	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
712	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>	796	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
713	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	797	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
714		798
715	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	799	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
716	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	800	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
717		801
718	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	802	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
719		803
720	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	804	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
721	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	805	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
722	handling events.	806	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
		807	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
		808	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
723		809
724	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	810	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
725	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	811	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
		812	called.
726		813
		814	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		815	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		816	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
		817
727	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	818	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
728	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	819	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
729	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	820	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
730	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	821	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
731	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	822	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
732	beauty.	823	beauty.
733		824
		825	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
		826	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
		827	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
		828	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
		829
734	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	830	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
735	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your	831	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
736	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of	832	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
737	the loop.	833	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
		834	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
738		835
739	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	836	A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if
740	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	837	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
741	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	838	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
742	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a	839	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
743	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	840	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
744	iteration of the loop.	841	iteration of the loop.
745		842
746	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	843	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
747	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	844	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
748	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	845	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
749	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	846	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
750		847
751	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	848	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		849	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		850	future versions):
752		851
		852	- Increment loop depth.
		853	- Reset the ev_break status.
753	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	854	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		855	LOOP:
754	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	856	- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
755	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.	857	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
756	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	858	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
		859	- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
757	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state	860	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
758	as to not disturb the other process.	861	as to not disturb the other process.
759	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	862	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
760	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).	863	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
761	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	864	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
762	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	865	(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
763	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	866	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
764	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	867	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
		868	- Increment loop iteration counter.
765	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	869	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
766	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	870	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
767	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.	871	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
768	- Queue all expired timers.	872	- Queue all expired timers.
769	- Queue all expired periodics.	873	- Queue all expired periodics.
770	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	874	- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
771	- Queue all check watchers.	875	- Queue all check watchers.
772	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	876	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
773	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	877	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
774	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	878	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
775	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	879	- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
776	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise	880	were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
777	continue with step *.	881	continue with step LOOP.
		882	FINISH:
		883	- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
		884	- Decrement the loop depth.
		885	- Return.
778		886
779	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding	887	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
780	anymore.	888	anymore.
781		889
782	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	890	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
783	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	891	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
784	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	892	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
785	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	893	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
786		894
787	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	895	=item ev_break (loop, how)
788		896
789	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	897	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
790	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	898	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
791	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	899	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
792	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	900	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
793		901
794	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	902	This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>.
795		903
796	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.	904	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in
		905	which case it will have no effect.
797		906
798	=item ev_ref (loop)	907	=item ev_ref (loop)
799		908
800	=item ev_unref (loop)	909	=item ev_unref (loop)
801		910
802	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	911	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
803	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	912	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
804	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.	913	count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own.
805		914
806	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to	915	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
807	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_loop> from	916	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from
808	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>	917	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
809	before stopping it.	918	before stopping it.
810		919
811	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It	920	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
812	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from	921	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from
813	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an	922	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
814	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within	923	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
815	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref	924	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
816	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active	925	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
817	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself	926	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
818	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>	927	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
819	in the callback).	928	in the callback).
820		929
821	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	930	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run>
822	running when nothing else is active.	931	running when nothing else is active.
823		932
824	ev_signal exitsig;	933	ev_signal exitsig;
825	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	934	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
826	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	935	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
827	evf_unref (loop);	936	ev_unref (loop);
828		937
829	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	938	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
830		939
831	ev_ref (loop);	940	ev_ref (loop);
832	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	941	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
…		…
852	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	961	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
853		962
854	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	963	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
855	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	964	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
856	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	965	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
857	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	966	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
858	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	967	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
859	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	968	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
860	once per this interval, on average.	969	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		970	good enough).
861		971
862	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	972	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
863	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	973	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
864	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	974	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
865	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	975	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
871	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	981	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
872	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if	982	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
873	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the	983	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
874	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you	984	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
875	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,	985	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
876	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).	986	then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
877		987
878	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	988	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
879	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	989	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
880	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	990	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
881	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	991	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
…		…
889	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);	999	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
890		1000
891	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)	1001	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
892		1002
893	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their	1003	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
894	pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required,	1004	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
895	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.	1005	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		1006	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		1007	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		1008	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		1009	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
896		1010
897	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)	1011	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
898		1012
899	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers	1013	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
900	are pending.	1014	are pending.
901		1015
902	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))	1016	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
903		1017
904	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of	1018	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
905	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call	1019	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call
906	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to	1020	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
907	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1021	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
908		1022
909	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1023	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
910	callback.	1024	callback.
911		1025
912	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1026	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
913		1027
914	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1028	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
915	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1029	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
916	each call to a libev function.	1030	each call to a libev function.
917		1031
918	However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to	1032	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
919	wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via	1033	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
920	C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release>	1034	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
921	and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1035	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
922		1036
923	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1037	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
924	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1038	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
925	afterwards.	1039	afterwards.
926		1040
…		…
929		1043
930	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of	1044	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
931	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no	1045	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
932	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will	1046	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
933	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time	1047	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
934	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it	1048	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it
935	to take note of any changes you made.	1049	to take note of any changes you made.
936		1050
937	In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between	1051	In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between
938	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.	1052	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
939		1053
940	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this	1054	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
941	document.	1055	document.
942		1056
943	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)	1057	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
944		1058
945	=item ev_userdata (loop)	1059	=item void *ev_userdata (loop)
946		1060
947	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When	1061	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
948	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns	1062	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
949	C<0.>	1063	C<0>.
950		1064
951	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,	1065	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
952	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and	1066	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
953	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for	1067	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
954	any other purpose as well.	1068	any other purpose as well.
955		1069
956	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	1070	=item ev_verify (loop)
957		1071
958	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	1072	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
959	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	1073	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
960	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything	1074	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
961	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard	1075	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
…		…
972		1086
973	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the	1087	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
974	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer	1088	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
975	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.	1089	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
976		1090
977	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1091	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
978	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1092	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
979	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1093	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1094	for that:
980		1095
981	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1096	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
982	{	1097	{
983	ev_io_stop (w);	1098	ev_io_stop (w);
984	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1099	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
985	}	1100	}
986		1101
987	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	1102	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
988		1103
989	ev_io stdin_watcher;	1104	ev_io stdin_watcher;
990		1105
991	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	1106	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
992	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1107	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
993	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	1108	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
994		1109
995	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1110	ev_run (loop, 0);
996		1111
997	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	1112	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
998	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the	1113	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
999	stack).	1114	stack).
1000		1115
1001	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>	1116	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
1002	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).	1117	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
1003		1118
1004	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1119	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
1005	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1120	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
1006	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	1121	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
1007	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1122	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
1008	is readable and/or writable).	1123	and/or writable).
1009		1124
1010	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>	1125	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
1011	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There	1126	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
1012	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<	1127	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
1013	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1128	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
…		…
1064		1179
1065	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1180	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1066		1181
1067	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1182	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1068		1183
1069	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	1184	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1070	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1185	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1071	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1186	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1187	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1188	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1189	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1190	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1191
1072	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1192	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1073	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1193	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1074	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1194	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1075	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	1195	blocking).
1076		1196
1077	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1197	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1078		1198
1079	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1199	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1080		1200
1081	=item C<EV_FORK>	1201	=item C<EV_FORK>
1082		1202
1083	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1203	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
1084	C<ev_fork>).	1204	C<ev_fork>).
		1205
		1206	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
		1207
		1208	The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
1085		1209
1086	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1210	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
1087		1211
1088	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1212	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
1089		1213
…		…
1199		1323
1200	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1324	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1201		1325
1202	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1326	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1203		1327
1204	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1328	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1205		1329
1206	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1330	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1207	(modulo threads).	1331	(modulo threads).
1208		1332
1209	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)	1333	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
…		…
1227	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1351	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1228		1352
1229	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1353	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1230	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1354	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1231		1355
1232	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of	1356	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1233	priorities.	1357	priorities.
1234		1358
1235	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1359	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1236		1360
1237	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1361	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
…		…
1262	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1386	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1263	functions that do not need a watcher.	1387	functions that do not need a watcher.
1264		1388
1265	=back	1389	=back
1266		1390
		1391	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
		1392	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1267		1393
1268	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1394	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1269		1395
1270	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1396	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1271	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1397	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1272	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1398	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1273	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1399	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1274	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1275	data:
1276		1400
1277	struct my_io	1401	=over 4
1278	{
1279	ev_io io;
1280	int otherfd;
1281	void *somedata;
1282	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1283	};
1284		1402
1285	...	1403	=item initialised
1286	struct my_io w;
1287	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1288		1404
1289	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1405	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1290	can cast it back to your own type:	1406	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1407	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1291		1408
1292	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)	1409	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1293	{	1410	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
1294	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1411	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
1295	...	1412	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1296	}
1297		1413
1298	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1414	=item started/running/active
1299	instead have been omitted.
1300		1415
1301	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple	1416	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1302	embedded watchers:	1417	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1418	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1419	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1420	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
1303		1421
1304	struct my_biggy	1422	=item pending
1305	{
1306	int some_data;
1307	ev_timer t1;
1308	ev_timer t2;
1309	}
1310		1423
1311	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more	1424	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
1312	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct	1425	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
1313	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use	1426	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
1314	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real	1427	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
1315	programmers):	1428	callback.
1316		1429
1317	#include <stddef.h>	1430	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1431	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1432	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1433	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1434	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1435	previous item still apply.
1318		1436
1319	static void	1437	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
1320	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1438	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
1321	{	1439	active.
1322	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1323	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1324	}
1325		1440
1326	static void	1441	=item stopped
1327	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1442
1328	{	1443	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
1329	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)	1444	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
1330	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1445	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1331	}	1446	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1447	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1448
		1449	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1450	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1451	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1452	it again).
		1453
		1454	=back
1332		1455
1333	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1456	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1334		1457
1335	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small	1458	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
1336	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation	1459	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
…		…
1379		1502
1380	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,	1503	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
1381	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in	1504	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
1382	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real	1505	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
1383	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to	1506	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
1384	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when	1507	continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
1385	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is	1508	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
1386	workable.	1509	workable.
1387		1510
1388	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform	1511	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
1389	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,	1512	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
…		…
1403	{	1526	{
1404	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but	1527	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
1405	// are not yet ready to handle it.	1528	// are not yet ready to handle it.
1406	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	1529	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
1407		1530
1408	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.	1531	// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.
1409	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers	1532	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
1410	// with the default priority are receiving events.	1533	// with the default priority are receiving events.
1411	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);	1534	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
1412	}	1535	}
1413		1536
…		…
1463	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1586	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1464	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1587	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1465	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1588	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1466	required if you know what you are doing).	1589	required if you know what you are doing).
1467		1590
1468	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1469	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1470	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1471	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1472	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1473
1474	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1591	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1475	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1592	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1476	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1593	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1477	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1594	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1478	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1595	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1479	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1596	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1480	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1481	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1597	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1482		1598
1483	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1599	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1484	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1600	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1485	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1601	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1486	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1602	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1487	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1603	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1488	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1604	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1489	indefinitely.	1605	indefinitely.
1490		1606
1491	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1607	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1492		1608
…		…
1520		1636
1521	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1637	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1522	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1638	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1523	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1639	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1524		1640
		1641	=head3 The special problem of files
		1642
		1643	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1644	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1645	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1646
		1647	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1648	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1649	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1650	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1651	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1652
		1653	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1654	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1655	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1656	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1657	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1658
		1659	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1660	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1661	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1662	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1663	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1664	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1665	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1666	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1667	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1668
		1669	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1670	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1671	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1672	reuse the same code path.
		1673
1525	=head3 The special problem of fork	1674	=head3 The special problem of fork
1526		1675
1527	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1676	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
1528	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1677	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
1529	it in the child.	1678	it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
1530		1679
1531	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1680	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1532	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1681	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1533	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1682	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1534	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1535		1683
1536	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1684	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1537		1685
1538	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1686	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1539	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1687	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1621	...	1769	...
1622	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1770	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1623	ev_io stdin_readable;	1771	ev_io stdin_readable;
1624	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1772	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1625	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1773	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1626	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1774	ev_run (loop, 0);
1627		1775
1628		1776
1629	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1777	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1630		1778
1631	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1779	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
…		…
1637	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1785	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1638	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1786	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1639		1787
1640	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1788	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1641	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1789	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1642	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1790	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1791	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1643	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1792	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1644	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1793	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1645	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).	1794	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1646		1795
1647	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1796	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1648		1797
1649	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1798	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1650	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1799	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1725		1874
1726	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1875	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1727	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1876	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1728	within the callback:	1877	within the callback:
1729		1878
		1879	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1730	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1880	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1881	ev_timer timer;
1731		1882
1732	static void	1883	static void
1733	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1884	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1734	{	1885	{
1735	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1886	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1736	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1887	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1737		1888
1738	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1889	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1739	if (timeout < now)	1890	if (after < 0.)
1740	{	1891	{
1741	// timeout occured, take action	1892	// timeout occurred, take action
1742	}	1893	}
1743	else	1894	else
1744	{	1895	{
1745	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1896	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1746	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1897	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1747	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1898	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1748	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1899	// the timeout can occur.
		1900	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1749	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1901	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1750	}	1902	}
1751	}	1903	}
1752		1904
1753	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1905	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1754	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1906	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1755	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1907	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1756	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1908	(EV_A)> from that).
1757	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1758	a timeout then.
1759		1909
1760	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1910	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1761	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1911	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1912
		1913	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1914	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1915
		1916	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1917	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1918	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1762		1919
1763	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1920	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1764	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1921	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1765	libev to change the timeout.	1922	libev to change the timeout.
1766		1923
1767	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1924	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1768	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1925	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1769	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1926	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		1927	the timer:
1770		1928
		1929	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1771	ev_init (timer, callback);	1930	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1772	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1931	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1773	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1774		1932
1775	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1933	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1776	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1934	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1777		1935
		1936	if (activity detected)
1778	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);	1937	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		1938
		1939	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		1940	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		1941	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		1942
		1943	timeout = new_value;
		1944	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		1945	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1779		1946
1780	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	1947	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1781	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	1948	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1782
1783	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1784	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1785	fix things for you.
1786		1949
1787	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	1950	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1788		1951
1789	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	1952	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1790	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	1953	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1817	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	1980	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1818	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	1981	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1819	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	1982	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1820	overkill :)	1983	overkill :)
1821		1984
		1985	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		1986
		1987	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		1988	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		1989	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		1990	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		1991	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		1992
		1993	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		1994	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		1995
		1996	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		1997	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		1998	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		1999	expect.
		2000
		2001	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		2002	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		2003	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		2004	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2005	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2006
		2007	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2008	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2009	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2010	intentions.
		2011
		2012	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2013	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2014	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2015	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2016
		2017	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2018	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2019	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2020	late" side of things.
		2021
1822	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2022	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1823		2023
1824	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2024	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1825	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2025	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1826	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a	2026	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1827	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2027	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1828	lots of events in one iteration.	2028	lots of events in one iteration.
1829		2029
1830	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2030	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1831	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	2031	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1832	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	2032	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1833	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the	2033	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1834	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	2034	timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust
		2035	for it:
1835		2036
1836	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2037	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () - ev_now ()), 0.);
1837		2038
1838	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2039	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1839	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2040	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1840	()>.	2041	()>, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events
		2042	further into the future.
		2043
		2044	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2045
		2046	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2047	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2048	jumps).
		2049
		2050	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2051	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2052	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2053	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2054	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2055
		2056	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2057	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2058	a second or so.
		2059
		2060	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2061	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2062	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2063	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2064
		2065	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2066	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2067	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2068
		2069	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2070	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2071	exactly the right behaviour.
		2072
		2073	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2074	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2075	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1841		2076
1842	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2077	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1843		2078
1844	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2079	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1845	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2080	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
1889	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2124	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1890	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2125	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1891		2126
1892	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2127	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1893		2128
1894	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2129	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
1895	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2130	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2131	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
1896		2132
		2133	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2134	applied to the watcher:
		2135
		2136	=over 4
		2137
1897	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2138	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
1898		2139
1899	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2140	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2141	out, without invoking it).
1900		2142
1901	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2143	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
1902	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2144	and start the timer, if necessary.
1903		2145
		2146	=back
		2147
1904	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2148	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1905	usage example.	2149	usage example.
1906		2150
1907	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2151	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
1908		2152
1909	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2153	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
1948	}	2192	}
1949		2193
1950	ev_timer mytimer;	2194	ev_timer mytimer;
1951	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	2195	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1952	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	2196	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1953	ev_loop (loop, 0);	2197	ev_run (loop, 0);
1954		2198
1955	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	2199	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1956	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	2200	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1957	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	2201	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1958		2202
…		…
1984		2228
1985	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2229	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1986	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple	2230	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1987	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with	2231	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
1988	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values	2232	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
1989	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).	2233	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1990		2234
1991	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2235	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1992		2236
1993	=over 4	2237	=over 4
1994		2238
…		…
2029		2273
2030	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2274	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2031	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2275	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2032	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2276	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2033		2277
2034	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2278	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2035	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2279	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2036	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2280	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2281	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2282	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2283	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2037		2284
2038	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2285	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2039	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2286	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2040	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2287	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2041	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2288	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2122	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2369	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
2123	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2370	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
2124	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	2371	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
2125		2372
2126	static void	2373	static void
2127	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2374	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
2128	{	2375	{
2129	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2376	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
2130	}	2377	}
2131		2378
2132	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2379	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
…		…
2149		2396
2150	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2397	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
2151	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2398	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
2152	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2399	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
2153	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2400	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
2154		2401
2155		2402
2156	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2403	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2157		2404
2158	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2405	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2159	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2406	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
2160	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2407	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
2161	normal event processing, like any other event.	2408	normal event processing, like any other event.
2162		2409
2163	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use	2410	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
2164	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing	2411	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
2165	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to	2412	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
…		…
2169	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your	2416	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
2170	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for	2417	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
2171	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At	2418	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
2172	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.	2419	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
2173		2420
2174	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something	2421	Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually
2175	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2422	register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal
2176	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).	2423	handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal.
2177		2424
2178	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2425	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
2179	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should	2426	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
2180	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting	2427	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
2181	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher	2428	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
…		…
2184	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2431	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2185		2432
2186	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2433	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2187	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2434	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2188	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2435	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2189	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2436	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2437	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2190		2438
2191	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2439	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2192	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2440	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2193	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2441	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2194	certain signals to be blocked.	2442	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2208		2456
2209	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when	2457	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
2210	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This	2458	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
2211	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.	2459	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
2212		2460
		2461	=head3 The special problem of threads signal handling
		2462
		2463	POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
		2464	a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
		2465	threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
		2466
		2467	When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
		2468	for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
		2469	all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
		2470	sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating
		2471	loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles
		2472	these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
		2473	in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>.
		2474
2213	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2475	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2214		2476
2215	=over 4	2477	=over 4
2216		2478
2217	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	2479	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
…		…
2232	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.	2494	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
2233		2495
2234	static void	2496	static void
2235	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)	2497	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
2236	{	2498	{
2237	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2499	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
2238	}	2500	}
2239		2501
2240	ev_signal signal_watcher;	2502	ev_signal signal_watcher;
2241	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2503	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
2242	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);	2504	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
…		…
2351		2613
2352	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2614	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
2353		2615
2354	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2616	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
2355	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2617	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
2356	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2618	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
2357	it did.	2619	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2620	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
2358		2621
2359	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2622	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
2360	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2623	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
2361	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2624	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
2362	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2625	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2592	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2855	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2593	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2856	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2594	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2857	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2595	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2858	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2596		2859
		2860	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2861
		2862	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2863	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2864	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2865	lowest priority will do.
		2866
		2867	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2868	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2869	between different connections.
		2870
		2871	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2872	example.
		2873
2597	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2874	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2598		2875
2599	=over 4	2876	=over 4
2600		2877
2601	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2878	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2612	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2889	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2613		2890
2614	static void	2891	static void
2615	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2892	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2616	{	2893	{
		2894	// stop the watcher
		2895	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2896
		2897	// now we can free it
2617	free (w);	2898	free (w);
		2899
2618	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2900	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2619	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2901	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2620	}	2902	}
2621		2903
2622	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2904	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2624	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	2906	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2625		2907
2626		2908
2627	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2909	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2628		2910
2629	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2911	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2630	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2912	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2631	afterwards.	2913	afterwards.
2632		2914
2633	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2915	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> (or similar functions that enter the
2634	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2916	current event loop) or C<ev_loop_fork> from either C<ev_prepare> or
2635	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	2917	C<ev_check> watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine,
2636	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	2918	however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check
2637	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2919	for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be
2638	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2920	C<ev_prepare>, blocking, C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each
2639	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2921	kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
2640		2922
2641	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2923	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
2642	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track	2924	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
2643	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2925	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
2644	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2926	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
…		…
2662	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	2944	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2663	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	2945	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2664	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2946	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2665	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2947	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2666		2948
2667	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2949	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2668	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2950	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2669	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	2951	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		2952	watchers).
2670		2953
2671	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	2954	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2672	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	2955	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2673	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	2956	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2674	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	2957	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2675	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	2958	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2676	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	2959	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2677	others).	2960	others).
		2961
		2962	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		2963
		2964	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		2965	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		2966	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		2967	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		2968	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		2969	connections have a chance of making progress.
		2970
		2971	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		2972	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		2973	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		2974
		2975	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		2976	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		2977	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		2978	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		2979	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2678		2980
2679	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2981	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2680		2982
2681	=over 4	2983	=over 4
2682		2984
…		…
2806		3108
2807	if (timeout >= 0)	3109	if (timeout >= 0)
2808	// create/start timer	3110	// create/start timer
2809		3111
2810	// poll	3112	// poll
2811	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3113	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
2812		3114
2813	// stop timer again	3115	// stop timer again
2814	if (timeout >= 0)	3116	if (timeout >= 0)
2815	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	3117	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
2816		3118
…		…
2883		3185
2884	=over 4	3186	=over 4
2885		3187
2886	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3188	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2887		3189
2888	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3190	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2889		3191
2890	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3192	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2891	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3193	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2892	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3194	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2893	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3195	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
2894	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	3196	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2895		3197
2896	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	3198	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2897		3199
2898	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	3200	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2899	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	3201	similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most
2900	appropriate way for embedded loops.	3202	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2901		3203
2902	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	3204	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2903		3205
2904	The embedded event loop.	3206	The embedded event loop.
…		…
2914	used).	3216	used).
2915		3217
2916	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3218	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2917	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3219	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2918	ev_embed embed;	3220	ev_embed embed;
2919		3221
2920	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3222	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2921	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3223	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2922	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3224	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2923	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3225	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
2924	: 0;	3226	: 0;
…		…
2938	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3240	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2939		3241
2940	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3242	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2941	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3243	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2942	ev_embed embed;	3244	ev_embed embed;
2943		3245
2944	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3246	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2945	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3247	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2946	{	3248	{
2947	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3249	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2948	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	3250	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
…		…
2956		3258
2957	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3259	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2958		3260
2959	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3261	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
2960	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3262	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
2961	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3263	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
2962	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3264	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
2963	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3265	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
2964	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3266	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
2965	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3267	of course.
2966		3268
2967	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?	3269	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
2968		3270
2969	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste	3271	Most uses of C<fork ()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
2970	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This	3272	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
2971	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.	3273	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
2972		3274
2973	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling	3275	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
2974	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the	3276	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
…		…
2990	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support	3292	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
2991	signal watchers).	3293	signal watchers).
2992		3294
2993	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for	3295	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
2994	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call	3296	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
2995	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying	3297	C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>.
2996	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you	3298	Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered
2997	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note	3299	watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies
2998	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.	3300	those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
		3301	signal watchers.
2999		3302
3000	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3303	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
3001		3304
3002	=over 4	3305	=over 4
3003		3306
3004	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3307	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
3005		3308
3006	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3309	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
3007	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3310	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
3008	believe me.	3311	really.
3009		3312
3010	=back	3313	=back
3011		3314
3012		3315
		3316	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
		3317
		3318	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed
		3319	by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>.
		3320
		3321	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
		3322	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
		3323	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
		3324	loop when you want them to be invoked.
		3325
		3326	Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike
		3327	all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which
		3328	makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you
		3329	can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>.
		3330
		3331	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3332
		3333	=over 4
		3334
		3335	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
		3336
		3337	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
		3338	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
		3339	pointless, I assure you.
		3340
		3341	=back
		3342
		3343	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
		3344	cleanup functions are called.
		3345
		3346	static void
		3347	program_exits (void)
		3348	{
		3349	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		3350	}
		3351
		3352	...
		3353	atexit (program_exits);
		3354
		3355
3013	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop	3356	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3014		3357
3015	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other	3358	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3016	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3359	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3017	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3360	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3018		3361
3019	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not	3362	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3020	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what	3363	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
3021	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you	3364	watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal
3022	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal	3365	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3023	safe.
3024		3366
3025	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3367	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3026	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3368	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3027	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3369	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3028	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3370	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3029		3371	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3030	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not	3372	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3031	just the default loop.	3373	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3032		3374
3033	=head3 Queueing	3375	=head3 Queueing
3034		3376
3035	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3377	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3036	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3378	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3128	trust me.	3470	trust me.
3129		3471
3130	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3472	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3131		3473
3132	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3474	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3133	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3475	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3476	returns.
		3477
3134	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3478	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3135	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3479	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3136	section below on what exactly this means).	3480	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3137		3481
3138	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3482	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3139	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3483	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3140	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3484	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3141	reset when the event loop detects that).	3485	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3142		3486
3143	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3487	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3144	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3488	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3145	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3489	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3490	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3491	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3492	zero) under load.
3146		3493
3147	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3494	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3148		3495
3149	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3496	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3150	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3497	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3205	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3552	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3206		3553
3207	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3554	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3208		3555
3209	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3556	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3210	the given events it.	3557	the given events.
3211		3558
3212	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3559	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3213		3560
3214	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3561	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3215	loop!).	3562	which is async-safe.
3216		3563
3217	=back	3564	=back
		3565
		3566
		3567	=head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
		3568
		3569	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
		3570	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
		3571	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
		3572
		3573	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
		3574
		3575	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3576	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3577	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3578	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3579	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3580	data:
		3581
		3582	struct my_io
		3583	{
		3584	ev_io io;
		3585	int otherfd;
		3586	void *somedata;
		3587	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3588	};
		3589
		3590	...
		3591	struct my_io w;
		3592	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3593
		3594	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3595	can cast it back to your own type:
		3596
		3597	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3598	{
		3599	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3600	...
		3601	}
		3602
		3603	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3604	function type instead have been omitted.
		3605
		3606	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3607
		3608	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3609	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3610	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3611
		3612	struct my_biggy
		3613	{
		3614	int some_data;
		3615	ev_timer t1;
		3616	ev_timer t2;
		3617	}
		3618
		3619	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3620	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3621	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3622	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3623	real programmers):
		3624
		3625	#include <stddef.h>
		3626
		3627	static void
		3628	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3629	{
		3630	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3631	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3632	}
		3633
		3634	static void
		3635	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3636	{
		3637	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3638	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3639	}
		3640
		3641	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3642
		3643	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3644
		3645	callback ()
		3646	{
		3647	free (request);
		3648	}
		3649
		3650	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3651
		3652	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3653	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3654
		3655	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3656	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3657	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3658	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3659
		3660	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3661	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3662
		3663	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3664	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3665	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3666	already been invoked.
		3667
		3668	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3669	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3670	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3671	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3672	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3673	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3674
		3675	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3676	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3677
		3678	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3679	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3680
		3681	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
		3682
		3683	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
		3684	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
		3685	invoking C<ev_run>.
		3686
		3687	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
		3688	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
		3689	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
		3690	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
		3691	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
		3692
		3693	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
		3694	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
		3695	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
		3696
		3697	// main loop
		3698	int exit_main_loop = 0;
		3699
		3700	while (!exit_main_loop)
		3701	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3702
		3703	// in a modal watcher
		3704	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
		3705
		3706	while (!exit_nested_loop)
		3707	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3708
		3709	To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
		3710
		3711	// exit modal loop
		3712	exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3713
		3714	// exit main program, after modal loop is finished
		3715	exit_main_loop = 1;
		3716
		3717	// exit both
		3718	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3719
		3720	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3721
		3722	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3723	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3724	created/added/removed.
		3725
		3726	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3727	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3728	languages).
		3729
		3730	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3731	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3732	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3733
		3734	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3735
		3736	typedef struct {
		3737	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3738	ev_async async_w;
		3739	thread_t tid;
		3740	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3741	} userdata;
		3742
		3743	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3744	{
		3745	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3746	static userdata u;
		3747
		3748	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3749	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3750
		3751	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3752	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3753
		3754	// now associate this with the loop
		3755	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3756	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3757	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3758
		3759	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3760	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3761	}
		3762
		3763	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3764	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3765	that might have been added:
		3766
		3767	static void
		3768	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3769	{
		3770	// just used for the side effects
		3771	}
		3772
		3773	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3774	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3775
		3776	static void
		3777	l_release (EV_P)
		3778	{
		3779	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3780	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3781	}
		3782
		3783	static void
		3784	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3785	{
		3786	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3787	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3788	}
		3789
		3790	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3791	into C<ev_run>:
		3792
		3793	void *
		3794	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3795	{
		3796	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3797
		3798	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3799	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3800	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3801	l_release (EV_A);
		3802
		3803	return 0;
		3804	}
		3805
		3806	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3807	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3808	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3809	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3810	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3811	watchers is very beneficial):
		3812
		3813	static void
		3814	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3815	{
		3816	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3817
		3818	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3819	{
		3820	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3821	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3822	}
		3823	}
		3824
		3825	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3826	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3827	thread to continue:
		3828
		3829	static void
		3830	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3831	{
		3832	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3833
		3834	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3835	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3836	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3837	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3838	}
		3839
		3840	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3841	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3842
		3843	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3844	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3845
		3846	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3847
		3848	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3849	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3850	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3851	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3852
		3853	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3854	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3855	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3856	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3857
		3858	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3859
		3860	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3861	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3862	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3863	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3864
		3865	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3866	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3867	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3868	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3869	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3870	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3871
		3872	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3873	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3874
		3875	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3876	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3877	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3878
		3879	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3880	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3881	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3882	called):
		3883
		3884	void
		3885	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3886	{
		3887	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3888	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3889	}
		3890
		3891	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3892	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3893	this or any other coroutine.
		3894
		3895	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3896	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3897	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3898	any waiters.
		3899
		3900	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3901	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3902
		3903	// my_ev.h
		3904	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3905	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb);
		3906	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3907
		3908	// my_ev.c
		3909	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3910	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3911
		3912	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		3913	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		3914	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3218		3915
3219		3916
3220	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	3917	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3221		3918
3222	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	3919	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
3223	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:	3920	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
3224		3921
3225	=over 4	3922	=over 4
		3923
		3924	=item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.
		3925
		3926	This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
		3927	and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
3226		3928
3227	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.	3929	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
3228		3930
3229	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,	3931	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
3230	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.	3932	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
…		…
3236	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3938	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
3237	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3939	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
3238	is an ev_pri field.	3940	is an ev_pri field.
3239		3941
3240	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	3942	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
3241	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	3943	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
3242		3944
3243	=item * Other members are not supported.	3945	=item * Other members are not supported.
3244		3946
3245	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3947	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
3246	to use the libev header file and library.	3948	to use the libev header file and library.
3247		3949
3248	=back	3950	=back
3249		3951
3250	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3952	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		3953
		3954	=head2 C API
		3955
		3956	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		3957	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		3958	will work fine.
		3959
		3960	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		3961	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all
		3962	other callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic
		3963	reschedule callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<throw
		3964	()> specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C
		3965	and C++ you can use the C<EV_THROW> macro for this:
		3966
		3967	static void
		3968	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_THROW
		3969	{
		3970	perror (msg);
		3971	abort ();
		3972	}
		3973
		3974	...
		3975	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		3976
		3977	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		3978	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		3979	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		3980
		3981	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		3982	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		3983	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		3984
		3985	=head2 C++ API
3251		3986
3252	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3987	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3253	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3988	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3254	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3989	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3255		3990
3256	To use it,	3991	To use it,
3257		3992
3258	#include <ev++.h>	3993	#include <ev++.h>
3259		3994
3260	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	3995	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
3261	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	3996	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
3262	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	3997	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
…		…
3265	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++	4000	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
3266	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer	4001	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
3267	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if	4002	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
3268	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).	4003	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
3269		4004
3270	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be	4005	Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
3271	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only	4006	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3272	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other	4007	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3273	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing	4008	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3274	it).	4009	(preferably after implementing it).
		4010
		4011	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4012	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4013	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
3275		4014
3276	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4015	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3277		4016
3278	=over 4	4017	=over 4
3279		4018
…		…
3289	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4028	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3290		4029
3291	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4030	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3292	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4031	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3293	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4032	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3294	defines by many implementations.	4033	defined by many implementations.
3295		4034
3296	All of those classes have these methods:	4035	All of those classes have these methods:
3297		4036
3298	=over 4	4037	=over 4
3299		4038
…		…
3340	myclass obj;	4079	myclass obj;
3341	ev::io iow;	4080	ev::io iow;
3342	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	4081	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
3343		4082
3344	=item w->set (object *)	4083	=item w->set (object *)
3345
3346	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
3347		4084
3348	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call	4085	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
3349	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use	4086	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
3350	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all	4087	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
3351	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument	4088	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
…		…
3363	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)	4100	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
3364	{	4101	{
3365	...	4102	...
3366	}	4103	}
3367	}	4104	}
3368		4105
3369	myfunctor f;	4106	myfunctor f;
3370		4107
3371	ev::io w;	4108	ev::io w;
3372	w.set (&f);	4109	w.set (&f);
3373		4110
…		…
3391	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4128	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
3392	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4129	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
3393		4130
3394	=item w->set ([arguments])	4131	=item w->set ([arguments])
3395		4132
3396	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be	4133	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
		4134	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3397	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	4135	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3398	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	4136	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
3399	method.	4137	method.
		4138
		4139	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4140	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3400		4141
3401	=item w->start ()	4142	=item w->start ()
3402		4143
3403	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4144	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3404	constructor already stores the event loop.	4145	constructor already stores the event loop.
3405		4146
		4147	=item w->start ([arguments])
		4148
		4149	Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often
		4150	convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as
		4151	the configure C<set> method of the watcher.
		4152
3406	=item w->stop ()	4153	=item w->stop ()
3407		4154
3408	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	4155	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
3409		4156
3410	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)	4157	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
…		…
3422		4169
3423	=back	4170	=back
3424		4171
3425	=back	4172	=back
3426		4173
3427	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	4174	Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O
3428	the constructor.	4175	watchers in the constructor.
3429		4176
3430	class myclass	4177	class myclass
3431	{	4178	{
3432	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4179	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		4180	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3433	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4181	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3434		4182
3435	myclass (int fd)	4183	myclass (int fd)
3436	{	4184	{
3437	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4185	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		4186	io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
3438	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	4187	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
3439		4188
3440	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	4189	io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher
		4190	io.start (); // start it whenever convenient
		4191
		4192	io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call
3441	}	4193	}
3442	};	4194	};
3443		4195
3444		4196
3445	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	4197	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
…		…
3484	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4236	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3485		4237
3486	=item D	4238	=item D
3487		4239
3488	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4240	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3489	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4241	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3490		4242
3491	=item Ocaml	4243	=item Ocaml
3492		4244
3493	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4245	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3494	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4246	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3497		4249
3498	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4250	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3499	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4251	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3500	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4252	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3501		4253
		4254	=item Javascript
		4255
		4256	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4257
		4258	=item Others
		4259
		4260	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4261
3502	=back	4262	=back
3503		4263
3504		4264
3505	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4265	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3506		4266
…		…
3519	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	4279	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
3520	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	4280	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
3521		4281
3522	ev_unref (EV_A);	4282	ev_unref (EV_A);
3523	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	4283	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
3524	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	4284	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
3525		4285
3526	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	4286	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
3527	which is often provided by the following macro.	4287	which is often provided by the following macro.
3528		4288
3529	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	4289	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
…		…
3542	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4302	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3543		4303
3544	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4304	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3545		4305
3546	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4306	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3547	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4307	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4308	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4309
		4310	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4311	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3548		4312
3549	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4313	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3550		4314
3551	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4315	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3552	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4316	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3569	}	4333	}
3570		4334
3571	ev_check check;	4335	ev_check check;
3572	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	4336	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
3573	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	4337	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
3574	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	4338	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
3575		4339
3576	=head1 EMBEDDING	4340	=head1 EMBEDDING
3577		4341
3578	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	4342	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
3579	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	4343	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
3671	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible	4435	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
3672	settings.	4436	settings.
3673		4437
3674	=over 4	4438	=over 4
3675		4439
		4440	=item EV_COMPAT3 (h)
		4441
		4442	Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
		4443	release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
		4444	have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
		4445
		4446	You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future
		4447	versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your
		4448	sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct>
		4449	from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop>
		4450	typedef in that case.
		4451
		4452	In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>,
		4453	and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
		4454	removed completely.
		4455
3676	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)	4456	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
3677		4457
3678	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	4458	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
3679	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	4459	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
3680	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	4460	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
3681	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4461	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3682	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4462	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3683		4463
3684	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4464	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3685	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4465	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4466
		4467	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4468
		4469	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4470	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4471	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4472	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4473	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4474	this.
3686		4475
3687	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4476	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3688		4477
3689	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4478	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3690	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4479	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
3775		4564
3776	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4565	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
3777	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4566	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
3778	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4567	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
3779	the underlying OS handle.	4568	the underlying OS handle.
		4569
		4570	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4571
		4572	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4573	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4574	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4575	environments.
3780		4576
3781	=item EV_USE_POLL	4577	=item EV_USE_POLL
3782		4578
3783	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4579	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3784	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4580	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
…		…
3820	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4616	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
3821	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4617	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
3822	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4618	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
3823	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4619	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
3824		4620
		4621	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4622
		4623	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4624	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4625	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4626	and makes libev faster.
		4627
		4628	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4629
		4630	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4631	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4632	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4633	libev faster.
		4634
3825	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4635	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
3826		4636
3827	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4637	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
3828	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4638	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
3829	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4639	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
3830	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4640	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
3831	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4641	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4642	watchers.
3832		4643
3833	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4644	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
3834	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4645	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
3835		4646
3836	=item EV_H (h)	4647	=item EV_H (h)
…		…
3863	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4674	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
3864	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4675	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
3865	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4676	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
3866	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4677	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
3867		4678
		4679	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4680	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4681	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4682
3868	=item EV_MINPRI	4683	=item EV_MINPRI
3869		4684
3870	=item EV_MAXPRI	4685	=item EV_MAXPRI
3871		4686
3872	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4687	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
3886	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,	4701	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
3887	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.	4702	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
3888		4703
3889	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then	4704	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
3890	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it	4705	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
3891	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves codesize.	4706	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size.
3892		4707
3893	=item EV_FEATURES	4708	=item EV_FEATURES
3894		4709
3895	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	4710	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3896	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request	4711	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
…		…
3908	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4723	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
3909	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4724	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
3910	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4725	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
3911		4726
3912	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4727	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
3913	values:	4728	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
3914		4729
3915	=over 4	4730	=over 4
3916		4731
3917	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4732	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
3918		4733
3919	Use larger code to speed up some operations.	4734	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
3920		4735
3921	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the roughly	4736	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the
3922	30% code size on amd64.	4737	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
3923		4738
3924	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4739	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
3925	gcc recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4740	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
3926	assertions.	4741	assertions.
3927		4742
		4743	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4744	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4745
3928	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4746	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
3929		4747
3930	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4748	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
3931	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase codesize	4749	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
3932	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4750	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
3933	runtime.	4751	runtime.
		4752
		4753	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4754	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
3934		4755
3935	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4756	=item C<4> - full API configuration
3936		4757
3937	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4758	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
3938	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4759	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
…		…
3970	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4791	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
3971	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4792	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
3972	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4793	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
3973	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4794	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
3974		4795
		4796	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4797
		4798	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4799	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4800	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4801	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4802	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4803
		4804	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4805	wants to use libev.
		4806
		4807	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4808	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
		4809
3975	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4810	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
3976		4811
3977	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4812	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
3978	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the codesize	4813	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
3979	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your	4814	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
3980	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite	4815	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
3981	big.	4816	big.
3982		4817
3983	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is	4818	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
…		…
3987		4822
3988	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of	4823	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
3989	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals	4824	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
3990	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be	4825	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
3991	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be	4826	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
3992	good for about any system in existance) can save some memory, as libev	4827	good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev
3993	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.	4828	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
3994		4829
3995	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	4830	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3996		4831
3997	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4832	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
…		…
4029	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it	4864	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
4030	will be C<0>.	4865	will be C<0>.
4031		4866
4032	=item EV_VERIFY	4867	=item EV_VERIFY
4033		4868
4034	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will	4869	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will
4035	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled	4870	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
4036	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not	4871	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
4037	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be	4872	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
4038	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	4873	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
4039	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	4874	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
…		…
4043	will be C<0>.	4878	will be C<0>.
4044		4879
4045	=item EV_COMMON	4880	=item EV_COMMON
4046		4881
4047	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4882	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
4048	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4883	this macro to something else you can include more and other types of
4049	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	4884	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
4050	though, and it must be identical each time.	4885	though, and it must be identical each time.
4051		4886
4052	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	4887	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
4053		4888
…		…
4122	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4957	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4123		4958
4124	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4959	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4125	#include "ev.c"	4960	#include "ev.c"
4126		4961
4127	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	4962	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4128		4963
4129	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	4964	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4130		4965
4131	=head3 THREADS	4966	=head3 THREADS
4132		4967
…		…
4183	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5018	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4184	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5019	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4185		5020
4186	=back	5021	=back
4187		5022
4188	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5023	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4189
4190	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4191	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4192	created/added/removed.
4193
4194	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4195	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4196	languages).
4197
4198	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4199	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4200	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4201
4202	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4203
4204	typedef struct {
4205	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4206	ev_async async_w;
4207	thread_t tid;
4208	cond_t invoke_cv;
4209	} userdata;
4210
4211	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4212	{
4213	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4214	static userdata u;
4215
4216	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4217	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4218
4219	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4220	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4221
4222	// now associate this with the loop
4223	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4224	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4225	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4226
4227	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4228	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4229	}
4230
4231	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4232	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4233	that might have been added:
4234
4235	static void
4236	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4237	{
4238	// just used for the side effects
4239	}
4240
4241	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4242	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4243
4244	static void
4245	l_release (EV_P)
4246	{
4247	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4248	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4249	}
4250
4251	static void
4252	l_acquire (EV_P)
4253	{
4254	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4255	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4256	}
4257
4258	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4259	into C<ev_loop>:
4260
4261	void *
4262	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4263	{
4264	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4265
4266	l_acquire (EV_A);
4267	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4268	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
4269	l_release (EV_A);
4270
4271	return 0;
4272	}
4273
4274	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4275	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4276	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4277	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4278	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4279	watchers is very beneficial):
4280
4281	static void
4282	l_invoke (EV_P)
4283	{
4284	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4285
4286	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4287	{
4288	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4289	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4290	}
4291	}
4292
4293	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4294	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4295	thread to continue:
4296
4297	static void
4298	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4299	{
4300	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4301
4302	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4303	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4304	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4305	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4306	}
4307
4308	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4309	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4310
4311	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4312	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4313
4314	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4315
4316	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4317	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4318	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4319	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4320
4321	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4322	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4323	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4324	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4325		5024
4326	=head3 COROUTINES	5025	=head3 COROUTINES
4327		5026
4328	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5027	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4329	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5028	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
4330	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	5029	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two
4331	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running	5030	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
4332	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is	5031	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
4333	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	5032	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
4334		5033
4335	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	5034	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
4336	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	5035	C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
4337	they do not call any callbacks.	5036	they do not call any callbacks.
4338		5037
4339	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	5038	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
4340		5039
4341	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	5040	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
…		…
4352	maintainable.	5051	maintainable.
4353		5052
4354	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply	5053	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
4355	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message	5054	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
4356	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some	5055	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
4357	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have	5056	warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have
4358	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with	5057	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
4359	such buggy versions.	5058	such buggy versions.
4360		5059
4361	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,	5060	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
4362	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev	5061	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
…		…
4398	I suggest using suppression lists.	5097	I suggest using suppression lists.
4399		5098
4400		5099
4401	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES	5100	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
4402		5101
		5102	=head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
		5103
		5104	GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file
		5105	interfaces but I<disables> them by default.
		5106
		5107	That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support
		5108	files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers.
		5109
		5110	Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue
		5111	by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the
		5112	standard libev compiled for their system.
		5113
		5114	Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would
		5115	suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment,
		5116	i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.
		5117
		5118	=head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
		5119
		5120	The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface
		5121	you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the
		5122	OpenGL drivers.
		5123
		5124	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
		5125
		5126	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
		5127	only sockets, many support pipes.
		5128
		5129	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
		5130	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
		5131	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		5132	probably going to work well.
		5133
		5134	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
		5135
		5136	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
		5137	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
		5138	release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken.
		5139
		5140	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on
		5141	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating
		5142	a loop.
		5143
		5144	=head3 C<select> is buggy
		5145
		5146	All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
		5147	one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file
		5148	descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when
		5149	you use more.
		5150
		5151	There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining
		5152	C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should>
		5153	work on OS/X.
		5154
		5155	=head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
		5156
		5157	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
		5158
		5159	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
		5160	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
		5161	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
		5162	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
		5163
		5164	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
		5165	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
		5166
		5167	=head3 Event port backend
		5168
		5169	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
		5170	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		5171	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
		5172	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
		5173	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
		5174	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		5175	great.
		5176
		5177	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
		5178	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
		5179	C<select> backends.
		5180
		5181	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
		5182
		5183	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
		5184	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
		5185	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
		5186	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
		5187
4403	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS	5188	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		5189
		5190	=head3 General issues
4404		5191
4405	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	5192	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
4406	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5193	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4407	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5194	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4408	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5195	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4409	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5196	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4410	e.g. cygwin.	5197	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
		5198	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
		5199	environment.
4411		5200
4412	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5201	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4413	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of	5202	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4414	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable	5203	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
4415	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	5204	also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
4416		5205
4417	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	5206	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
4418	embedding it into other applications.	5207	embedding it into other applications.
4419		5208
4420	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev	5209	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
…		…
4448	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):	5237	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
4449		5238
4450	#include "evwrap.h"	5239	#include "evwrap.h"
4451	#include "ev.c"	5240	#include "ev.c"
4452		5241
4453	=over 4
4454
4455	=item The winsocket select function	5242	=head3 The winsocket C<select> function
4456		5243
4457	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it	5244	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
4458	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is	5245	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
4459	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also	5246	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
4460	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft	5247	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
…		…
4469	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	5256	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
4470		5257
4471	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	5258	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
4472	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	5259	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
4473		5260
4474	=item Limited number of file descriptors	5261	=head3 Limited number of file descriptors
4475		5262
4476	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.	5263	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
4477		5264
4478	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	5265	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
4479	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	5266	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
…		…
4494	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets	5281	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
4495	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,	5282	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
4496	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but	5283	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
4497	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	5284	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
4498		5285
4499	=back
4500
4501	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	5286	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
4502		5287
4503	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the	5288	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
4504	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:	5289	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
4505		5290
…		…
4511	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal	5296	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
4512	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5297	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4513	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5298	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4514	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5299	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4515	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5300	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		5301
		5302	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
		5303
		5304	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
		5305	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
4516		5306
4517	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	5307	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
4518		5308
4519	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	5309	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
4520	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different	5310	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
…		…
4529	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5319	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
4530	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5320	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
4531	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5321	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
4532		5322
4533	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5323	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
4534	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5324	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
4535	well.	5325	thread as well.
4536		5326
4537	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5327	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
4538		5328
4539	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5329	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
4540	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5330	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
4543	watchers.	5333	watchers.
4544		5334
4545	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	5335	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
4546		5336
4547	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5337	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4548	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	5338	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4549	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	5339	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
		5340	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4550	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing	5341	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5342
4551	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least	5343	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
4552	2200.	5344	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5345	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5346	something like that, just kidding).
4553		5347
4554	=back	5348	=back
4555		5349
4556	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5350	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4557		5351
…		…
4619	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5413	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4620		5414
4621	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5415	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
4622		5416
4623	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5417	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
4624	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5418	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5419	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
4625	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5420	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
4626		5421
4627	=back	5422	=back
4628		5423
4629		5424
4630	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5425	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
4631		5426
4632	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.	5427	The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.
4633		5428
4634	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial	5429	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions
4635	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be	5430	for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility
4636	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.	5431	layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the
		5432	new API early than late.
4637		5433
4638	=over 4	5434	=over 4
4639		5435
4640	=item C<ev_loop_count> renamed to C<ev_iteration>	5436	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
4641		5437
4642	=item C<ev_loop_depth> renamed to C<ev_depth>	5438	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		5439	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"> in the L</EMBEDDING>
		5440	section.
4643		5441
4644	=item C<ev_loop_verify> renamed to C<ev_verify>	5442	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
		5443
		5444	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
		5445
		5446	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		5447	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		5448
		5449	=item function/symbol renames
		5450
		5451	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
		5452
		5453	ev_loop => ev_run
		5454	EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
		5455	EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE
		5456
		5457	ev_unloop => ev_break
		5458	EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
		5459	EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
		5460	EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL
		5461
		5462	EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER
		5463
		5464	ev_loop_count => ev_iteration
		5465	ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
		5466	ev_loop_verify => ev_verify
4645		5467
4646	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an	5468	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an
4647	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is	5469	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and
		5470	associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct
		5471	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
		5472	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
4648	still called C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the	5473	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
4649	C<ev_fork> typedef.	5474	typedef.
4650
4651	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT> renamed to C<EV_TIMER> in C<revents>
4652
4653	This is a simple rename - all other watcher types use their name
4654	as revents flag, and now C<ev_timer> does, too.
4655
4656	Both C<EV_TIMER> and C<EV_TIMEOUT> symbols were present in 3.x versions
4657	and continue to be present for the forseeable future, so this is mostly a
4658	documentation change.
4659		5475
4660	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>	5476	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
4661		5477
4662	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different	5478	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
4663	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile	5479	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
…		…
4670		5486
4671	=over 4	5487	=over 4
4672		5488
4673	=item active	5489	=item active
4674		5490
4675	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to	5491	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
4676	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).	5492	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4677		5493
4678	=item application	5494	=item application
4679		5495
4680	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5496	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		5497
		5498	=item backend
		5499
		5500	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
4681		5501
4682	=item callback	5502	=item callback
4683		5503
4684	The address of a function that is called when some event has been	5504	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
4685	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that	5505	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
4686	received the event, and the actual event bitset.	5506	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
4687		5507
4688	=item callback invocation	5508	=item callback/watcher invocation
4689		5509
4690	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.	5510	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
4691		5511
4692	=item event	5512	=item event
4693		5513
…		…
4712	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes	5532	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
4713	watchers and events.	5533	watchers and events.
4714		5534
4715	=item pending	5535	=item pending
4716		5536
4717	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,	5537	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
4718	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its	5538	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4719	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
4720
4721	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
4722	its pending status.
4723		5539
4724	=item real time	5540	=item real time
4725		5541
4726	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5542	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
4727		5543
4728	=item wall-clock time	5544	=item wall-clock time
4729		5545
4730	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5546	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
4731	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5547	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
4732	clock.	5548	clock.
4733		5549
4734	=item watcher	5550	=item watcher
4735		5551
4736	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5552	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
4737	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.	5553	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
4738		5554
4739	=item watcher invocation
4740
4741	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
4742
4743	=back	5555	=back
4744		5556
4745	=head1 AUTHOR	5557	=head1 AUTHOR
4746		5558
4747	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.	5559	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
		5560	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
4748		5561

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