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…		…
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
11	// a single header file is required	11	// a single header file is required
12	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
13		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct	16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
15	// with the name ev_<type>	17	// with the name ev_TYPE
16	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
18		20
19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin	22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
21	static void	23	static void
22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
23	{	25	{
24	puts ("stdin ready");	26	puts ("stdin ready");
25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
26	// with its corresponding stop function.	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
28		30
29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	31	// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating
30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	32	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
31	}	33	}
32		34
33	// another callback, this time for a time-out	35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
34	static void	36	static void
35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
36	{	38	{
37	puts ("timeout");	39	puts ("timeout");
38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	40	// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	41	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
40	}	42	}
41		43
42	int	44	int
43	main (void)	45	main (void)
44	{	46	{
…		…
54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
57		59
58	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
59	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
60		62
61	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// unloop was called, so exit
62	return 0;	64	return 0;
63	}	65	}
64		66
65	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
66		70
67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
70		84
71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
73	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
74		88
…		…
84	=head2 FEATURES	98	=head2 FEATURES
85		99
86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
90	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals	104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
91	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event	105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
92	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,	106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
93	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as	107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
94	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events	108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
95	(C<ev_fork>).	109	C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even
		110	limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>).
96		111
97	It also is quite fast (see this	112	It also is quite fast (see this
98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	113	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
99	for example).	114	for example).
100		115
…		…
108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have	123	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
109	this argument.	124	this argument.
110		125
111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
112		127
113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	130	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	131	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	132	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	133	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
		134
119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	135	Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for
120	throughout libev.	136	time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev.
121		137
122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	138	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
123		139
124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors	140	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
125	and internal errors (bugs).	141	and internal errors (bugs).
…		…
149		165
150	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	166	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
151		167
152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	168	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	169	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
154	you actually want to know.	170	you actually want to know. Also interetsing is the combination of
		171	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.
155		172
156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	173	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
157		174
158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	175	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	176	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
…		…
176	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	193	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
177	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	194	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
178	not a problem.	195	not a problem.
179		196
180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	197	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
181	version.	198	version (note, however, that this will not detect ABI mismatches :).
182		199
183	assert (("libev version mismatch",	200	assert (("libev version mismatch",
184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	201	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	202	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
186		203
…		…
197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	214	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	215	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
199		216
200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	217	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
201		218
202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	219	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	220	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		221	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	222	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it	223	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	224	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	225	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
208		226
209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	227	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
210		228
211	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	229	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
212	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	230	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends
…		…
214	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	232	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
215	recommended ones.	233	recommended ones.
216		234
217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	235	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
218		236
219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	237	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
220		238
221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	239	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	240	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	241	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	242	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
250	}	268	}
251		269
252	...	270	...
253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	271	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
254		272
255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	273	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
256		274
257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	275	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	276	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	277	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	278	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
276		294
277	=back	295	=back
278		296
279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	297	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
280		298
281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	299	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	300	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	301	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
		302
		303	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
		304	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops
		305	which do not.
284		306
285	=over 4	307	=over 4
286		308
287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	309	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
288		310
…		…
294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	316	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
295	function.	317	function.
296		318
297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	319	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	320	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).	321	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).
300		322
301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	323	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	324	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	325	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	326	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
…		…
326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	348	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
327	around bugs.	349	around bugs.
328		350
329	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	351	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
330		352
331	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after	353	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
332	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by	354	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
333	enabling this flag.
334		355
335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	356	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	357	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	358	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	359	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
…		…
344	flag.	365	flag.
345		366
346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	367	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
347	environment variable.	368	environment variable.
348		369
		370	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
		371
		372	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		373	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
		374	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
		375	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
		376
		377	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
		378
		379	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
		380	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
		381	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
		382	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
		383	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
		384	threads that are not interested in handling them.
		385
		386	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
		387	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
		388	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		389
349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	390	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
350		391
351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	392	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
352	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	393	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	394	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
…		…
359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	400	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	401	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	402	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.	403	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
363		404
		405	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		406	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		407	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
		408
364	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	409	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
365		410
366	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	411	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
367	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	412	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
368	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down	413	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
369	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,	414	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
370	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for	415	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
371	performance tips.	416	performance tips.
372		417
		418	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		419	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
		420
373	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	421	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
		422
		423	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
		424	kernels).
374		425
375	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	426	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
376	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	427	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
377	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	428	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
378	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	429	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
379	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	430
380	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad	431	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
381	support for dup.	432	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		433	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		434	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		435	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		436	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		437	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		438	hard to detect.
		439
		440	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		441	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		442	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		443	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		444	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		445	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		446	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last
		447	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
		448	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
382		449
383	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	450	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
384	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident	451	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
385	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	452	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
386	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	453	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
387	very well if you register events for both fds.	454	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
388		455	file descriptors.
389	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
390	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
391	(or space) is available.
392		456
393	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	457	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
394	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	458	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
395	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	459	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		460	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		461	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		462	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		463	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		464
		465	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		466	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		467	the usage. So sad.
396		468
397	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	469	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
398	all kernel versions tested so far.	470	all kernel versions tested so far.
		471
		472	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		473	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
399		474
400	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	475	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
401		476
402	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	477	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
403	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	478	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
404	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	479	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
405	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"	480	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		481	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		482	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
406	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	483	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
407	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	484	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
408	system like NetBSD.	485	system like NetBSD.
409		486
410	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	487	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
411	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	488	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
…		…
413		490
414	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	491	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
415	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	492	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
416	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	493	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
417	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	494	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
418	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	495	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
419	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	496	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		497	cases
420		498
421	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	499	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
422		500
423	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	501	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
424	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	502	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
425	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	503	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
426	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	504	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
427	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for	505	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
428	sockets.	506	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		507
		508	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		509	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		510	C<NOTE_EOF>.
429		511
430	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	512	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
431		513
432	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an	514	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
433	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets	515	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
…		…
446	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	528	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
447	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	529	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
448	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	530	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
449	might perform better.	531	might perform better.
450		532
451	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this	533	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
452	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully	534	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
453	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.	535	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		536	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		537
		538	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		539	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
454		540
455	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	541	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
456		542
457	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	543	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
458	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	544	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
…		…
460		546
461	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	547	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
462		548
463	=back	549	=back
464		550
465	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these	551	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
466	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	552	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
467	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	553	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
		554	()> will be tried.
468		555
469	The most typical usage is like this:	556	Example: This is the most typical usage.
470		557
471	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	558	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
472	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	559	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
473		560
474	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	561	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
475	environment settings to be taken into account:	562	environment settings to be taken into account:
476		563
477	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	564	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
478		565
479	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	566	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
480	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	567	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
481	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	568	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		569	fds):
482		570
483	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	571	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
484		572
485	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	573	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
486		574
487	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	575	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
488	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	576	always distinct from the default loop.
489	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
490	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
491		577
492	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use	578	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
493	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the	579	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
494	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.	580	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
495		581
496	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	582	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
497		583
…		…
499	if (!epoller)	585	if (!epoller)
500	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	586	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
501		587
502	=item ev_default_destroy ()	588	=item ev_default_destroy ()
503		589
504	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	590	Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None
505	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	591	of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so
506	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	592	e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to
507	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>	593	either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function,
508	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	594	or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you
509	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	595	can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example).
510	for example).
511		596
512	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	597	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
513	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	598	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
514	would need to be stopped manually.	599	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
515		600
516	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	601	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
517	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	602	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
518	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	603	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
519	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	604	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
520		605
521	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	606	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
522		607
523	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	608	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
524	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	609	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
525		610
526	=item ev_default_fork ()	611	=item ev_default_fork ()
527		612
528	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations	613	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations
529	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	614	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
530	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	615	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
531	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little	616	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
532	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev	617	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
533	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.	618	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_run> iteration.
		619
		620	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
		621	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
		622	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
		623	during fork.
534		624
535	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	625	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
536	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If	626	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If
537	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.	627	you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to
		628	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
		629	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
		630	costly reset of the backend).
538		631
539	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	632	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
540	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	633	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
541	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	634	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
542		635
…		…
544		637
545	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	638	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
546		639
547	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	640	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
548	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	641	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
549	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	642	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you keep track of
		643	them is entirely your own problem.
550		644
551	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	645	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
552		646
553	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.	647	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		648	otherwise.
554		649
555	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	650	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)
556		651
557	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	652	Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical
558	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	653	to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0>
559	happily wraps around with enough iterations.	654	and happily wraps around with enough iterations.
560		655
561	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	656	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
562	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	657	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
563	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	658	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the
		659	prepare and check phases.
		660
		661	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
		662
		663	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
		664	times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		665
		666	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		667	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		668	in which case it is higher.
		669
		670	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		671	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such
		672	ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.
564		673
565	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	674	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
566		675
567	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	676	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
568	use.	677	use.
…		…
573	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	682	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
574	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	683	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
575	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	684	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
576	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	685	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
577		686
		687	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		688
		689	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		690	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		691	is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>.
		692
		693	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		694	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		695	the current time is a good idea.
		696
		697	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		698
		699	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		700
		701	=item ev_resume (loop)
		702
		703	These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the
		704	loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		705
		706	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		707	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		708	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		709	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		710	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		711	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		712
		713	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		714	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		715	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		716	occurred while suspended).
		717
		718	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		719	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		720	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		721
		722	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		723	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
		724
578	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	725	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)
579		726
580	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	727	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
581	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	728	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
582	events.	729	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
		730	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
		731	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
583		732
584	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	733	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
585	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	734	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
		735	called.
586		736
587	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	737	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
588	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	738	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
589	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	739	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
590	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	740	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
591	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	741	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		742	beauty.
592		743
593	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	744	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
594	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	745	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
595	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	746	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
		747	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
		748	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
596		749
597	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	750	A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if
598	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	751	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
599	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	752	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
600	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	753	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
601	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	754	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		755	iteration of the loop.
		756
		757	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		758	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
602	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	759	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
603	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	760	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
604		761
605	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	762	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:
606		763
		764	- Increment loop depth.
		765	- Reset the ev_break status.
607	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	766	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		767	LOOP:
608	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	768	- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
609	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.	769	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
610	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	770	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
		771	- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
611	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state	772	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
612	as to not disturb the other process.	773	as to not disturb the other process.
613	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	774	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
614	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).	775	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
615	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	776	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
616	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	777	(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
617	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	778	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
618	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	779	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
		780	- Increment loop iteration counter.
619	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	781	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
620	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	782	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
621	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.	783	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
622	- Queue all outstanding timers.	784	- Queue all expired timers.
623	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	785	- Queue all expired periodics.
624	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	786	- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
625	- Queue all check watchers.	787	- Queue all check watchers.
626	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	788	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
627	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	789	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
628	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	790	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
629	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	791	- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
630	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise	792	were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
631	continue with step *.	793	continue with step LOOP.
		794	FINISH:
		795	- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
		796	- Decrement the loop depth.
		797	- Return.
632		798
633	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding	799	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
634	anymore.	800	anymore.
635		801
636	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	802	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
637	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	803	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
638	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	804	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
639	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	805	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
640		806
641	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	807	=item ev_break (loop, how)
642		808
643	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	809	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
644	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	810	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
645	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	811	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
646	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	812	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
647		813
648	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	814	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.
		815
		816	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##
649		817
650	=item ev_ref (loop)	818	=item ev_ref (loop)
651		819
652	=item ev_unref (loop)	820	=item ev_unref (loop)
653		821
654	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	822	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
655	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	823	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
656	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	824	count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own.
657	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	825
658	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	826	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
		827	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from
		828	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
		829	before stopping it.
		830
659	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	831	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
660	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	832	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from
661	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	833	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
662	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	834	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
663	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	835	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
664	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	836	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
665	respectively).	837	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		838	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		839	in the callback).
666		840
667	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	841	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run>
668	running when nothing else is active.	842	running when nothing else is active.
669		843
670	struct ev_signal exitsig;	844	ev_signal exitsig;
671	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	845	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
672	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	846	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
673	evf_unref (loop);	847	evf_unref (loop);
674		848
675	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	849	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
…		…
689	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	863	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
690	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks	864	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
691	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving	865	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
692	opportunities).	866	opportunities).
693		867
694	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	868	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
695	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	869	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
696	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	870	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
697	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	871	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
698	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	872	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
699		873
700	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	874	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
701	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	875	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
702	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	876	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
703	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	877	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
704	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	878	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		879	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		880	once per this interval, on average.
705		881
706	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	882	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
707	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	883	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
708	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	884	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
709	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	885	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
710	any overhead in libev.	886	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
711		887
712	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect	888	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
713	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	889	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
714	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	890	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
715	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	891	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
716	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.	892	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		893	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		894	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		895	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		896	then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
717		897
718	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	898	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
719	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	899	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
720	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	900	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
721	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	901	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
722	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure	902	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
723	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.	903	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
724		904
		905	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		906	more often than 100 times per second:
		907
		908	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		909	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		910
		911	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		912
		913	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		914	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
		915	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		916	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		917	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		918	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		919	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
		920
		921	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		922
		923	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		924	are pending.
		925
		926	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		927
		928	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		929	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call
		930	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		931	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		932
		933	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		934	callback.
		935
		936	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		937
		938	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		939	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		940	each call to a libev function.
		941
		942	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
		943	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
		944	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these
		945	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		946
		947	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		948	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		949	afterwards.
		950
		951	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		952	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		953
		954	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		955	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		956	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		957	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		958	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it
		959	to take note of any changes you made.
		960
		961	In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between
		962	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		963
		964	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		965	document.
		966
		967	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		968
		969	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		970
		971	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		972	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		973	C<0.>
		974
		975	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		976	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		977	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		978	any other purpose as well.
		979
725	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	980	=item ev_verify (loop)
726		981
727	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	982	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
728	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks	983	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
729	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print	984	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
730	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.	985	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		986	error and call C<abort ()>.
731		987
732	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal	988	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
733	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its	989	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
734	data structures consistent.	990	data structures consistent.
735		991
736	=back	992	=back
737		993
738		994
739	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	995	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
740		996
		997	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		998	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		999	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
		1000
741	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1001	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
742	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1002	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
743	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1003	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1004	for that:
744		1005
745	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1006	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
746	{	1007	{
747	ev_io_stop (w);	1008	ev_io_stop (w);
748	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1009	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
749	}	1010	}
750		1011
751	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	1012	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		1013
752	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	1014	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		1015
753	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	1016	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
754	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1017	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
755	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	1018	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		1019
756	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1020	ev_run (loop, 0);
757		1021
758	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	1022	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
759	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	1023	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
760	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	1024	stack).
761		1025
		1026	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		1027	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
		1028
762	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1029	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
763	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1030	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
764	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	1031	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
765	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1032	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
766	is readable and/or writable).	1033	and/or writable).
767		1034
768	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	1035	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
769	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	1036	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
770	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	1037	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
771	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1038	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
772		1039
773	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	1040	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
774	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	1041	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
775	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	1042	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
776	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	1043	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
777		1044
778	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	1045	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
779	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	1046	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
780	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	1047	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
781		1048
782	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	1049	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
783	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	1050	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
784	third argument.	1051	third argument.
785		1052
…		…
794	=item C<EV_WRITE>	1061	=item C<EV_WRITE>
795		1062
796	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or	1063	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
797	writable.	1064	writable.
798		1065
799	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>	1066	=item C<EV_TIMER>
800		1067
801	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.	1068	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
802		1069
803	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>	1070	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
804		1071
…		…
822		1089
823	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1090	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
824		1091
825	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1092	=item C<EV_CHECK>
826		1093
827	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	1094	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts
828	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1095	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after
829	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1096	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
830	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1097	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
831	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1098	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
832	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1099	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
833	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	1100	C<ev_run> from blocking).
834		1101
835	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1102	=item C<EV_EMBED>
836		1103
837	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1104	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
838		1105
…		…
842	C<ev_fork>).	1109	C<ev_fork>).
843		1110
844	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1111	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
845		1112
846	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1113	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		1114
		1115	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1116
		1117	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1118	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
847		1119
848	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1120	=item C<EV_ERROR>
849		1121
850	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1122	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
851	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1123	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
852	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1124	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		1125	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		1126
853	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	1127	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
854	with the watcher being stopped.	1128	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		1129	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		1130	bug in your program.
855		1131
856	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	1132	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
857	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	1133	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
858	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	1134	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
859	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded	1135	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
860	programs, though, so beware.	1136	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		1137	thing, so beware.
861		1138
862	=back	1139	=back
863		1140
		1141	=head2 WATCHER STATES
		1142
		1143	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
		1144	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
		1145	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
		1146	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
		1147
		1148	=over 4
		1149
		1150	=item initialiased
		1151
		1152	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be
		1153	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1154	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
		1155
		1156	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use
		1157	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.
		1158
		1159	=item started/running/active
		1160
		1161	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
		1162	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1163	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1164	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1165	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
		1166
		1167	=item pending
		1168
		1169	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
		1170	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
		1171	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
		1172	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
		1173	callback.
		1174
		1175	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1176	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1177	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1178	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1179	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1180	previous item still apply.
		1181
		1182	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
		1183	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
		1184	active.
		1185
		1186	=item stopped
		1187
		1188	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
		1189	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
		1190	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
		1191	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1192	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1193
		1194	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1195	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1196	you wish.
		1197
		1198	=back
		1199
864	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	1200	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
865
866	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
867	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
868		1201
869	=over 4	1202	=over 4
870		1203
871	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1204	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
872		1205
…		…
878	which rolls both calls into one.	1211	which rolls both calls into one.
879		1212
880	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1213	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
881	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1214	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
882		1215
883	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1216	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
884	int revents)>.	1217	int revents)>.
885		1218
		1219	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1220
		1221	ev_io w;
		1222	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1223	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1224
886	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1225	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
887		1226
888	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1227	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
889	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1228	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
890	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this	1229	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
891	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a	1230	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
892	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	1231	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
893		1232
894	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	1233	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
895	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	1234	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
896		1235
		1236	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1237
897	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	1238	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
898		1239
899	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	1240	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
900	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise	1241	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
901	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	1242	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
902		1243
		1244	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1245
		1246	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1247
903	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1248	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
904		1249
905	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1250	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
906	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1251	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
907		1252
		1253	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1254	whole section.
		1255
		1256	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1257
908	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1258	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
909		1259
910	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1260	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1261	the watcher was active or not).
		1262
911	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1263	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
912	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1264	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
913	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1265	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
914	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1266	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
915	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1267	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
916		1268
917	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1269	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
918		1270
919	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1271	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
920	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1272	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
936	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1288	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
937		1289
938	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1290	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
939	(modulo threads).	1291	(modulo threads).
940		1292
941	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)	1293	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
942		1294
943	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1295	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
944		1296
945	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small	1297	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
946	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1298	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
947	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1299	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
948	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1300	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
949	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1301	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
950		1302
951	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
952	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
953	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
954	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
955
956	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1303	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
957	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1304	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
958		1305
959	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1306	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
960	pending.	1307	pending.
961		1308
		1309	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1310	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1311	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1312
962	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1313	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
963	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1314	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
964		1315
965	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1316	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
966	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1317	priorities.
967	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
968		1318
969	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1319	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
970		1320
971	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1321	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
972	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1322	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
973	can deal with that fact.	1323	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1324	callback.
974		1325
975	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1326	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
976		1327
977	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1328	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
978	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1329	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
979	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1330	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
980		1331
		1332	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1333	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1334
		1335	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1336
		1337	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1338	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1339	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1340	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1341
		1342	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1343	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1344	not started in the first place.
		1345
		1346	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1347	functions that do not need a watcher.
		1348
981	=back	1349	=back
982		1350
983		1351
984	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1352	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
985		1353
986	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1354	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
987	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1355	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
988	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1356	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
989	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1357	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
990	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1358	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
991	data:	1359	data:
992		1360
993	struct my_io	1361	struct my_io
994	{	1362	{
995	struct ev_io io;	1363	ev_io io;
996	int otherfd;	1364	int otherfd;
997	void *somedata;	1365	void *somedata;
998	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1366	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
999	}	1367	};
		1368
		1369	...
		1370	struct my_io w;
		1371	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1000		1372
1001	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1373	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1002	can cast it back to your own type:	1374	can cast it back to your own type:
1003		1375
1004	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1376	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1005	{	1377	{
1006	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1378	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1007	...	1379	...
1008	}	1380	}
1009		1381
1010	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1382	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1011	instead have been omitted.	1383	instead have been omitted.
1012		1384
1013	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1385	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1014	watchers:	1386	embedded watchers:
1015		1387
1016	struct my_biggy	1388	struct my_biggy
1017	{	1389	{
1018	int some_data;	1390	int some_data;
1019	ev_timer t1;	1391	ev_timer t1;
1020	ev_timer t2;	1392	ev_timer t2;
1021	}	1393	}
1022		1394
1023	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1395	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1024	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1396	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1397	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1398	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1399	programmers):
1025		1400
1026	#include <stddef.h>	1401	#include <stddef.h>
1027		1402
1028	static void	1403	static void
1029	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1404	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1030	{	1405	{
1031	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1406	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1032	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1407	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1033	}	1408	}
1034		1409
1035	static void	1410	static void
1036	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1411	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1037	{	1412	{
1038	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1413	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1039	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1414	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1040	}	1415	}
		1416
		1417	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1418
		1419	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1420	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1421	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1422
		1423	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1424	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1425	range.
		1426
		1427	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1428	by event loops:
		1429
		1430	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1431	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1432	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1433
		1434	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1435	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1436	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1437	before polling for new events.
		1438
		1439	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1440	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1441
		1442	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1443	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1444	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1445	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1446	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1447	priority ones.
		1448
		1449	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1450	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1451	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1452	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1453	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1454	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1455	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1456	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1457	always, what you want).
		1458
		1459	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1460	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1461	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1462	required.
		1463
		1464	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1465	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1466	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1467	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1468	continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1469	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1470	workable.
		1471
		1472	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1473	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1474	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1475	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1476	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1477
		1478	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1479	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1480	other events are pending:
		1481
		1482	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1483	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1484
		1485	static void
		1486	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1487	{
		1488	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1489	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1490	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1491
		1492	// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.
		1493	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1494	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1495	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1496	}
		1497
		1498	static void
		1499	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1500	{
		1501	// actual processing
		1502	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1503
		1504	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1505	// we have handled the event
		1506	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1507	}
		1508
		1509	// initialisation
		1510	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1511	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1512	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1513
		1514	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1515	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1516	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1517	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1518	important ones.
1041		1519
1042		1520
1043	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1521	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
1044		1522
1045	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1523	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1069	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1547	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1070	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1548	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1071	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1549	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1072	required if you know what you are doing).	1550	required if you know what you are doing).
1073		1551
1074	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1552	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1075	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1553	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1076	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1554	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1555	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1556	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1077		1557
1078	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1558	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1079	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1559	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1080	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1560	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1081	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1561	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1082	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1562	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1083	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1563	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1084	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1564	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1085	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1565	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1086		1566
1087	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1567	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1088	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test	1568	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1089	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1569	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1090	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1570	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
1091	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1571	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1572	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1573	indefinitely.
		1574
		1575	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1092		1576
1093	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1577	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1094		1578
1095	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1579	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
1096	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,	1580	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
1097	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1581	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
1098	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1582	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
1099	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1583	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
1100	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1584	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
1101	fact, a different file descriptor.	1585	fact, a different file descriptor.
1102		1586
…		…
1133	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1617	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1134	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1618	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1135		1619
1136	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1620	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1137		1621
1138	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:	1622	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1139	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1623	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
1140	send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs	1624	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
1141	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.	1625	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
1142		1626
1143	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you	1627	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
1144	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon	1628	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
1145	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).	1629	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
1146		1630
		1631	=head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
		1632
		1633	Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example,
		1634	found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
		1635	connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
		1636
		1637	For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
		1638	of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not
		1639	rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on
		1640	the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and
		1641	typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage.
		1642
		1643	Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between
		1644	operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the
		1645	situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to
		1646	cope with overload is known (to me).
		1647
		1648	One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it
		1649	- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the
		1650	situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
		1651	event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.
		1652
		1653	A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than
		1654	C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such
		1655	messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
		1656	what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop
		1657	the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU
		1658	usage.
		1659
		1660	If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file
		1661	descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and
		1662	when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>,
		1663	close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse
		1664	clients under typical overload conditions.
		1665
		1666	The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as
		1667	is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy
		1668	opportunity for a DoS attack.
1147		1669
1148	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1670	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1149		1671
1150	=over 4	1672	=over 4
1151		1673
1152	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1674	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1153		1675
1154	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1676	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1155		1677
1156	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1678	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1157	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1679	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1158	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1680	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1159		1681
1160	=item int fd [read-only]	1682	=item int fd [read-only]
1161		1683
1162	The file descriptor being watched.	1684	The file descriptor being watched.
1163		1685
…		…
1172	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1694	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1173	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1695	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1174	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1696	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1175		1697
1176	static void	1698	static void
1177	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1699	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1178	{	1700	{
1179	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1701	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1180	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1702	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1181	}	1703	}
1182		1704
1183	...	1705	...
1184	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1706	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1185	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1707	ev_io stdin_readable;
1186	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1708	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1187	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1709	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1188	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1710	ev_run (loop, 0);
1189		1711
1190		1712
1191	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1713	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1192		1714
1193	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1715	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1194	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1716	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1195		1717
1196	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1718	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1197	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last	1719	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1198	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1720	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1199	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1721	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1200	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1722	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1201		1723
1202	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,	1724	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1203	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1725	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1204	order of execution is undefined.	1726	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1727	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1728	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1729	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
		1730
		1731	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1732
		1733	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1734	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1735	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1736
		1737	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1738	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1739
		1740	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1741	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1742	data or other life sign was received).
		1743
		1744	=over 4
		1745
		1746	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1747
		1748	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1749	start the watcher:
		1750
		1751	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1752	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1753
		1754	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1755	and start it again:
		1756
		1757	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1758	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1759	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1760
		1761	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1762	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1763	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1764	still not a constant-time operation.
		1765
		1766	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1767
		1768	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1769	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1770
		1771	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1772	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1773	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1774	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1775	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1776
		1777	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1778	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1779	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1780
		1781	At start:
		1782
		1783	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1784	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1785	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1786
		1787	Each time there is some activity:
		1788
		1789	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1790
		1791	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1792	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1793
		1794	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1795	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1796
		1797	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1798	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1799	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1800
		1801	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1802
		1803	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1804
		1805	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1806	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1807	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1808	associated activity resets.
		1809
		1810	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1811	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1812	within the callback:
		1813
		1814	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1815
		1816	static void
		1817	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1818	{
		1819	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1820	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1821
		1822	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1823	if (timeout < now)
		1824	{
		1825	// timeout occurred, take action
		1826	}
		1827	else
		1828	{
		1829	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1830	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1831	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1832	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1833	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1834	}
		1835	}
		1836
		1837	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1838	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1839	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1840	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1841	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1842	a timeout then.
		1843
		1844	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1845	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1846
		1847	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1848	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1849	libev to change the timeout.
		1850
		1851	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1852	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1853	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1854
		1855	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1856	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1857	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
		1858
		1859	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1860	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1861
		1862	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1863
		1864	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1865	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1866
		1867	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1868	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1869	fix things for you.
		1870
		1871	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1872
		1873	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1874	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1875	do even better:
		1876
		1877	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1878	at the I<end> of the list.
		1879
		1880	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1881	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1882
		1883	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1884	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1885	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1886
		1887	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1888	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1889	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1890	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1891
		1892	=back
		1893
		1894	So which method the best?
		1895
		1896	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1897	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1898	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1899	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1900
		1901	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1902	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1903	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1904	overkill :)
1205		1905
1206	=head3 The special problem of time updates	1906	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1207		1907
1208	Requesting the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	1908	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
1209	least two syscalls): EV therefore updates it's idea of the current time	1909	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1210	only before and after C<ev_loop> polls for new events, which causes the	1910	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1211	difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()>.	1911	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1912	lots of events in one iteration.
1212		1913
1213	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1914	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1214	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1915	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1215	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1916	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1216	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the	1917	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1217	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1918	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1218		1919
1219	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1920	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1220		1921
		1922	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
		1923	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
		1924	()>.
		1925
		1926	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
		1927
		1928	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
		1929	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
		1930
		1931	Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes
		1932	all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue
		1933	to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the
		1934	system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program
		1935	was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted
		1936	towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time
		1937	clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a
		1938	long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would
		1939	be adjusted accordingly.
		1940
		1941	I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between
		1942	operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware.
		1943
		1944	The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a
		1945	time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program
		1946	is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use,
		1947	then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time
		1948	will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in
		1949	use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly.
		1950
		1951	It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend>
		1952	and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get
		1953	deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against
		1954	C<SIGSTOP>).
		1955
1221	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1956	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1222		1957
1223	=over 4	1958	=over 4
1224		1959
1225	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1960	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
…		…
1248	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1983	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1249		1984
1250	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1985	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1251	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1986	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1252		1987
1253	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1988	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1254	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle	1989	usage example.
1255	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1256	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1257	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1258	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1259	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1260	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1261	automatically restart it if need be.
1262		1990
1263	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>	1991	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
1264	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1265		1992
1266	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);	1993	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
1267	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1994	then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
1268	...	1995	the timeout value currently configured.
1269	timer->again = 17.;
1270	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1271	...
1272	timer->again = 10.;
1273	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1274		1996
1275	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time	1997	That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
1276	you want to modify its timeout value.	1998	C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining>
		1999	will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
		2000	roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
		2001	too), and so on.
1277		2002
1278	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	2003	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1279		2004
1280	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	2005	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1281	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	2006	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1282	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	2007	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1283		2008
1284	=back	2009	=back
1285		2010
1286	=head3 Examples	2011	=head3 Examples
1287		2012
1288	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	2013	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1289		2014
1290	static void	2015	static void
1291	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	2016	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1292	{	2017	{
1293	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	2018	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1294	}	2019	}
1295		2020
1296	struct ev_timer mytimer;	2021	ev_timer mytimer;
1297	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	2022	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1298	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	2023	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1299		2024
1300	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	2025	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1301	inactivity.	2026	inactivity.
1302		2027
1303	static void	2028	static void
1304	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	2029	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1305	{	2030	{
1306	.. ten seconds without any activity	2031	.. ten seconds without any activity
1307	}	2032	}
1308		2033
1309	struct ev_timer mytimer;	2034	ev_timer mytimer;
1310	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	2035	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1311	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	2036	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1312	ev_loop (loop, 0);	2037	ev_run (loop, 0);
1313		2038
1314	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	2039	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1315	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	2040	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1316	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	2041	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1317		2042
…		…
1319	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	2044	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1320		2045
1321	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2046	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1322	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2047	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1323		2048
1324	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	2049	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1325	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	2050	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1326	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	2051	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1327	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()	2052	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1328	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system	2053	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1329	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year	2054	wrist-watch).
1330	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1331	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1332		2055
		2056	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
		2057	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
		2058	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		2059	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		2060	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		2061	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		2062	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
		2063
1333	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,	2064	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
1334	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other	2065	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
1335	complicated, rules.	2066	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		2067	those cannot react to time jumps.
1336		2068
1337	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2069	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1338	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	2070	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1339	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	2071	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		2072	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		2073	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1340		2074
1341	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2075	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1342		2076
1343	=over 4	2077	=over 4
1344		2078
1345	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	2079	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1346		2080
1347	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	2081	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1348		2082
1349	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	2083	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1350	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	2084	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1351		2085
1352	=over 4	2086	=over 4
1353		2087
1354	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	2088	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1355		2089
1356	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock	2090	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1357	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time	2091	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1358	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will	2092	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1359	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.	2093	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		2094	this point in time.
1360		2095
1361	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	2096	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1362		2097
1363	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	2098	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1364	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	2099	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1365	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	2100	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		2101	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1366		2102
1367	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	2103	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1368	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on	2104	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
1369	the hour:	2105	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1370		2106
1371	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	2107	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1372		2108
1373	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	2109	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1374	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a	2110	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1375	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	2111	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1376	by 3600.	2112	by 3600.
1377		2113
1378	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2114	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1379	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2115	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1380	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2116	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1381		2117
1382	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	2118	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1383	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2119	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1384	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2120	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1385		2121
1386	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2122	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
1387	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2123	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
1388	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2124	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
1389	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2125	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1390		2126
1391	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	2127	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1392		2128
1393	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	2129	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1394	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	2130	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1395	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	2131	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1396	current time as second argument.	2132	current time as second argument.
1397		2133
1398	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	2134	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1399	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.	2135	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
		2136	allowed by documentation here>.
1400		2137
1401	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop	2138	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
1402	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the	2139	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
1403	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).	2140	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
1404		2141
1405	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic	2142	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1406	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	2143	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1407		2144
		2145	static ev_tstamp
1408	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2146	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1409	{	2147	{
1410	return now + 60.;	2148	return now + 60.;
1411	}	2149	}
1412		2150
1413	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	2151	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
…		…
1433	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	2171	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1434	program when the crontabs have changed).	2172	program when the crontabs have changed).
1435		2173
1436	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)	2174	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
1437		2175
1438	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to	2176	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
1439	trigger next.	2177	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		2178	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		2179	rescheduling modes.
1440		2180
1441	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	2181	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1442		2182
1443	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	2183	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1444	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	2184	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		2185	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1445		2186
1446	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	2187	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1447	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2188	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1448		2189
1449	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	2190	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1450		2191
1451	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	2192	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1452	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	2193	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1453	called.	2194	called.
1454		2195
1455	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	2196	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1456		2197
1457	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	2198	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1458	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	2199	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1459	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2200	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1460		2201
1461	=back	2202	=back
1462		2203
1463	=head3 Examples	2204	=head3 Examples
1464		2205
1465	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2206	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1466	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2207	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1467	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	2208	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1468		2209
1469	static void	2210	static void
1470	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	2211	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
1471	{	2212	{
1472	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2213	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1473	}	2214	}
1474		2215
1475	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2216	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1476	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	2217	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1477	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2218	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1478		2219
1479	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	2220	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1480		2221
1481	#include <math.h>	2222	#include <math.h>
1482		2223
1483	static ev_tstamp	2224	static ev_tstamp
1484	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2225	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1485	{	2226	{
1486	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	2227	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1487	}	2228	}
1488		2229
1489	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	2230	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1490		2231
1491	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	2232	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1492		2233
1493	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2234	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1494	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2235	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1495	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2236	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1496	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2237	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1497		2238
1498		2239
…		…
1501	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2242	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1502	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2243	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1503	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2244	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1504	normal event processing, like any other event.	2245	normal event processing, like any other event.
1505		2246
		2247	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
		2248	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
		2249	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
		2250	synchronously wake up an event loop.
		2251
1506	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	2252	You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but
		2253	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
		2254	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
		2255	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
		2256	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
		2257
1507	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	2258	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something
1508	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	2259	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1509	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	2260	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).
1510	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1511	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1512		2261
1513	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2262	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
1514	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly	2263	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
1515	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by	2264	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
1516	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock	2265	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
1517	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.	2266	and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		2267
		2268	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
		2269
		2270	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
		2271	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
		2272	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
		2273	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
		2274
		2275	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
		2276	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
		2277	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
		2278	certain signals to be blocked.
		2279
		2280	This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset
		2281	the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good
		2282	choice usually).
		2283
		2284	The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
		2285	to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
		2286	catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
		2287
		2288	In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
		2289	unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces
		2290	the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
		2291	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
		2292
		2293	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
		2294	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
		2295	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
1518		2296
1519	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2297	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1520		2298
1521	=over 4	2299	=over 4
1522		2300
…		…
1533		2311
1534	=back	2312	=back
1535		2313
1536	=head3 Examples	2314	=head3 Examples
1537		2315
1538	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	2316	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1539		2317
1540	static void	2318	static void
1541	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2319	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
1542	{	2320	{
1543	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2321	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
1544	}	2322	}
1545		2323
1546	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2324	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1547	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2325	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1548	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	2326	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
1549		2327
1550		2328
1551	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	2329	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1552		2330
1553	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	2331	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1554	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It	2332	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1555	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been	2333	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1556	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event	2334	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1557	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).	2335	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		2336	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		2337	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
		2338	in the next callback invocation is not.
1558		2339
1559	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2340	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1560	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.	2341	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
1561		2342
		2343	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2344	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2345	libev)
		2346
1562	=head3 Process Interaction	2347	=head3 Process Interaction
1563		2348
1564	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2349	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1565	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2350	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the
1566	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence	2351	first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
1567	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done	2352	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
1568	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all	2353	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
1569	children, even ones not watched.	2354	children, even ones not watched.
1570		2355
1571	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing	2356	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
…		…
1581	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher	2366	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
1582		2367
1583	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the	2368	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
1584	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the	2369	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
1585	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically	2370	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
1586	when a child exit is detected.	2371	when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a
		2372	problem).
1587		2373
1588	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2374	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1589		2375
1590	=over 4	2376	=over 4
1591		2377
…		…
1623	its completion.	2409	its completion.
1624		2410
1625	ev_child cw;	2411	ev_child cw;
1626		2412
1627	static void	2413	static void
1628	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	2414	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1629	{	2415	{
1630	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	2416	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1631	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	2417	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1632	}	2418	}
1633		2419
…		…
1648		2434
1649		2435
1650	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2436	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1651		2437
1652	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2438	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1653	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2439	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1654	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2440	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2441	it did.
1655		2442
1656	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2443	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1657	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2444	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1658	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2445	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1659	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2446	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1660	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2447	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2448	contents.
1661		2449
1662	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2450	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2451	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1663	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2452	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1664		2453
1665	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	2454	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1666	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	2455	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1667	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	2456	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1668	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	2457	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1669	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	2458	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1670	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	2459	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1671	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	2460	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1672	usually overkill.	2461	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1673		2462
1674	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2463	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1675	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2464	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1676	resource-intensive.	2465	resource-intensive.
1677		2466
1678	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	2467	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1679	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	2468	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1680	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat	2469	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1681	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should	2470	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1682	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1683	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1684	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1685	will be no polling.
1686		2471
1687	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)	2472	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1688		2473
1689	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default	2474	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
1690	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file	2475	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
1691	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat	2476	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
1692	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to	2477	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
1693	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to	2478	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
1694	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is	2479	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
1695	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is	2480	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
1696	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.	2481	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
1697		2482
1698	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large	2483	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
1699	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not	2484	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
1700	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has	2485	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
1701	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the	2486	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
1702	default compilation environment.	2487	default compilation environment.
1703		2488
1704	=head3 Inotify	2489	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
1705		2490
1706	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	2491	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1707	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2492	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1708	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	2493	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1709	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	2494	watcher is being started.
1710		2495
1711	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2496	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1712	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2497	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1713	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support	2498	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1714	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	2499	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		2500	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2501	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2502	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2503	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1715		2504
1716	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2505	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1717	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2506	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1718	descriptor open on the object at all times).	2507	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2508	etc. is difficult.
		2509
		2510	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2511
		2512	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2513	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2514	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2515
		2516	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2517	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2518	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2519	watcher).
		2520
		2521	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2522	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2523	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2524
		2525	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2526	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
1719		2527
1720	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2528	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1721		2529
1722	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2530	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1723	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still	2531	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1724	only support whole seconds.	2532	still only support whole seconds.
1725		2533
1726	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can	2534	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1727	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and	2535	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1728	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update	2536	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1729	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat	2537	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
1730	data does not change.	2538	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
1731		2539
1732	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more	2540	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1733	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using	2541	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1734	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);	2542	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1735	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).	2543	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
…		…
1755	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2563	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1756	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2564	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1757	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2565	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1758	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2566	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1759		2567
1760	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative	2568	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1761	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change	2569	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1762	was detected).	2570	last change was detected).
1763		2571
1764	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)	2572	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1765		2573
1766	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2574	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1767	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid	2575	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
…		…
1850		2658
1851		2659
1852	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2660	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1853		2661
1854	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2662	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1855	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2663	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1856	count).	2664	as receiving "events").
1857		2665
1858	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2666	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1859	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2667	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1860	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2668	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1861	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2669	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1872		2680
1873	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2681	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1874		2682
1875	=over 4	2683	=over 4
1876		2684
1877	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2685	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1878		2686
1879	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2687	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1880	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2688	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1881	believe me.	2689	believe me.
1882		2690
…		…
1886		2694
1887	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2695	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1888	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2696	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1889		2697
1890	static void	2698	static void
1891	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2699	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1892	{	2700	{
1893	free (w);	2701	free (w);
1894	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2702	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1895	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2703	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1896	}	2704	}
1897		2705
1898	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2706	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1899	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2707	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1900	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2708	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1901		2709
1902		2710
1903	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2711	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1904		2712
1905	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2713	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1906	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2714	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1907	afterwards.	2715	afterwards.
1908		2716
1909	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2717	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter
1910	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2718	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
1911	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	2719	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
1912	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	2720	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
1913	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2721	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1914	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2722	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1915	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2723	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1916		2724
1917	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2725	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1918	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2726	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1919	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2727	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1920	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2728	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1921	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2729	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1922	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2730	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1923	watcher).	2731	watcher).
1924		2732
1925	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2733	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1926	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2734	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1927	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2735	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1928	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2736	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1929	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2737	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1930	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2738	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1931	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2739	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1932	because you never know, you know?).	2740	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1933		2741
1934	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2742	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1935	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2743	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1936	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2744	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1937	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2745	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1940	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2748	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1941	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2749	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1942		2750
1943	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2751	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1944	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2752	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2753	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2754
1945	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2755	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1946	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2756	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1947	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers	2757	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1948	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	2758	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1949	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	2759	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1950	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	2760	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1951	coexist peacefully with others).	2761	others).
1952		2762
1953	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2763	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1954		2764
1955	=over 4	2765	=over 4
1956		2766
…		…
1958		2768
1959	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2769	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1960		2770
1961	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2771	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1962	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2772	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1963	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2773	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2774	pointless.
1964		2775
1965	=back	2776	=back
1966		2777
1967	=head3 Examples	2778	=head3 Examples
1968		2779
…		…
1981		2792
1982	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2793	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1983	static ev_timer tw;	2794	static ev_timer tw;
1984		2795
1985	static void	2796	static void
1986	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2797	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1987	{	2798	{
1988	}	2799	}
1989		2800
1990	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2801	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1991	static void	2802	static void
1992	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2803	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1993	{	2804	{
1994	int timeout = 3600000;	2805	int timeout = 3600000;
1995	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2806	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1996	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2807	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1997	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2808	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1998		2809
1999	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2810	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
2000	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2811	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
2001	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2812	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
2002		2813
2003	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2814	// create one ev_io per pollfd
2004	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2815	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2005	{	2816	{
…		…
2012	}	2823	}
2013	}	2824	}
2014		2825
2015	// stop all watchers after blocking	2826	// stop all watchers after blocking
2016	static void	2827	static void
2017	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2828	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
2018	{	2829	{
2019	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2830	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
2020		2831
2021	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2832	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
2022	{	2833	{
…		…
2061	}	2872	}
2062		2873
2063	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2874	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
2064		2875
2065	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2876	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
2066	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override	2877	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
2067	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2878	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
2068	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2879	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
2069	this.	2880	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2881	libglib event loop.
2070		2882
2071	static gint	2883	static gint
2072	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2884	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
2073	{	2885	{
2074	int got_events = 0;	2886	int got_events = 0;
…		…
2078		2890
2079	if (timeout >= 0)	2891	if (timeout >= 0)
2080	// create/start timer	2892	// create/start timer
2081		2893
2082	// poll	2894	// poll
2083	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2895	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
2084		2896
2085	// stop timer again	2897	// stop timer again
2086	if (timeout >= 0)	2898	if (timeout >= 0)
2087	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2899	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
2088		2900
…		…
2105	prioritise I/O.	2917	prioritise I/O.
2106		2918
2107	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2919	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
2108	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2920	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
2109	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2921	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
2110	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2922	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
2111	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2923	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
2112	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2924	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
2113	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2925	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2926	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
2114		2927
2115	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2928	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
2116	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2929	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
2117	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2930	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
2118	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2931	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
2119	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2932	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
2120		2933
2121	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2934	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
2122	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2935	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
2123	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2936	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
2124	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2937	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
2125	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2938	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
2126	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2939	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
2127	embedded loop sweep.
2128		2940
2129	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2941	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
2130	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2942	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
2131	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
2132	interested in that.
2133		2943
2134	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2944	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2135	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2945	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2136	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2946	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2137	yourself.	2947	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2138		2948
2139	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2949	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2140	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2950	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2141	portable one.	2951	portable one.
2142		2952
2143	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2953	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
2144	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2954	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
2145	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2955	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
2146	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.	2956	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
		2957
		2958	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
		2959
		2960	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
		2961	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
		2962	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
		2963	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
		2964	as applicable.
2147		2965
2148	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2966	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2149		2967
2150	=over 4	2968	=over 4
2151		2969
…		…
2160	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2978	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2161		2979
2162	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2980	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2163		2981
2164	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2982	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2165	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2983	similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most
2166	appropriate way for embedded loops.	2984	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2167		2985
2168	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2986	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2169		2987
2170	The embedded event loop.	2988	The embedded event loop.
…		…
2179	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be	2997	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2180	used).	2998	used).
2181		2999
2182	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3000	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2183	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3001	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2184	struct ev_embed embed;	3002	ev_embed embed;
2185		3003
2186	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3004	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2187	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3005	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2188	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3006	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2189	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3007	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
…		…
2203	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	3021	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2204	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3022	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2205		3023
2206	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3024	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2207	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3025	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2208	struct ev_embed embed;	3026	ev_embed embed;
2209		3027
2210	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3028	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2211	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3029	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2212	{	3030	{
2213	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3031	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
…		…
2228	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3046	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2229	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3047	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2230	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3048	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2231	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3049	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2232		3050
		3051	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		3052
		3053	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
		3054	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		3055	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		3056
		3057	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		3058	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		3059	fork.
		3060
		3061	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		3062	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		3063	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		3064
		3065	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		3066	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		3067	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		3068	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		3069
		3070	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		3071	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		3072	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		3073	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		3074	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		3075	signal watchers).
		3076
		3077	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		3078	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		3079	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying
		3080	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you
		3081	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note
		3082	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.
		3083
2233	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3084	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2234		3085
2235	=over 4	3086	=over 4
2236		3087
2237	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3088	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
…		…
2241	believe me.	3092	believe me.
2242		3093
2243	=back	3094	=back
2244		3095
2245		3096
2246	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop	3097	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
2247		3098
2248	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other	3099	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other
2249	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3100	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
2250	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3101	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
2251		3102
2252	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not	3103	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
2253	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what	3104	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
2254	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you	3105	watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal
2255	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal	3106	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
2256	safe.
2257		3107
2258	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3108	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
2259	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3109	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
2260	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3110	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
2261	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3111	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
…		…
2266	=head3 Queueing	3116	=head3 Queueing
2267		3117
2268	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3118	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
2269	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3119	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
2270	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't	3120	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
2271	need elaborate support such as pthreads.	3121	need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access
		3122	semantics.
2272		3123
2273	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own	3124	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
2274	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your	3125	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
2275	queue:	3126	queue:
2276		3127
2277	=over 4	3128	=over 4
2278		3129
2279	=item queueing from a signal handler context	3130	=item queueing from a signal handler context
2280		3131
2281	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal	3132	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
2282	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for	3133	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
2283	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:	3134	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
2284		3135
2285	static ev_async mysig;	3136	static ev_async mysig;
2286		3137
2287	static void	3138	static void
2288	sigusr1_handler (void)	3139	sigusr1_handler (void)
…		…
2354	=over 4	3205	=over 4
2355		3206
2356	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	3207	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2357		3208
2358	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	3209	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2359	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3210	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2360	believe me.	3211	trust me.
2361		3212
2362	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3213	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2363		3214
2364	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3215	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2365	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3216	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2366	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or	3217	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2367	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3218	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2368	section below on what exactly this means).	3219	section below on what exactly this means).
2369		3220
		3221	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		3222	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		3223	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		3224	reset when the event loop detects that).
		3225
2370	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,	3226	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2371	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated	3227	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2372	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	3228	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
2373		3229
2374	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3230	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
2375		3231
2376	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3232	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
2377	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3233	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
2380	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When	3236	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
2381	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,	3237	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
2382	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very	3238	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
2383	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.	3239	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
2384		3240
2385	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only	3241	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
2386	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.	3242	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3243	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3244	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2387		3245
2388	=back	3246	=back
2389		3247
2390		3248
2391	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3249	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2395	=over 4	3253	=over 4
2396		3254
2397	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3255	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
2398		3256
2399	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3257	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
2400	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	3258	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
2401	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3259	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
2402	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3260	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2403	more watchers yourself.	3261	more watchers yourself.
2404		3262
2405	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	3263	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
2406	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	3264	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
2407	C<events> set will be created and started.	3265	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
2408		3266
2409	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	3267	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2410	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	3268	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2411	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	3269	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2412	dubious value.
2413		3270
2414	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	3271	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is
2415	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	3272	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2416	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	3273	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg>
2417	value passed to C<ev_once>:	3274	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		3275	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		3276	events precedence.
		3277
		3278	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
2418		3279
2419	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	3280	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2420	{	3281	{
		3282	if (revents & EV_READ)
		3283	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
2421	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	3284	else if (revents & EV_TIMER)
2422	/* doh, nothing entered */;	3285	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2423	else if (revents & EV_READ)
2424	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
2425	}	3286	}
2426		3287
2427	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3288	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2428		3289
2429	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2430
2431	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2432	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2433	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2434
2435	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3290	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
2436		3291
2437	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3292	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2438	the given events it.	3293	the given events it.
2439		3294
2440	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3295	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
2441		3296
2442	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3297	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2443	loop!).	3298	loop!).
2444		3299
2445	=back	3300	=back
…		…
2525		3380
2526	=over 4	3381	=over 4
2527		3382
2528	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()	3383	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
2529		3384
2530	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)	3385	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
2531		3386
2532	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	3387	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
2533		3388
2534	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher	3389	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
2535	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.	3390	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
…		…
2567		3422
2568	myclass obj;	3423	myclass obj;
2569	ev::io iow;	3424	ev::io iow;
2570	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3425	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
2571		3426
		3427	=item w->set (object *)
		3428
		3429	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3430	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3431	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3432	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3433	list.
		3434
		3435	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3436	int revents)>.
		3437
		3438	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3439
		3440	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3441
		3442	struct myfunctor
		3443	{
		3444	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3445	{
		3446	...
		3447	}
		3448	}
		3449
		3450	myfunctor f;
		3451
		3452	ev::io w;
		3453	w.set (&f);
		3454
2572	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3455	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2573		3456
2574	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3457	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2575	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3458	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
2576	C<data> member and is free for you to use.	3459	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
2577		3460
2578	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	3461	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
2579		3462
2580	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	3463	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2581		3464
2582	Example:	3465	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2583		3466
2584	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3467	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2585	iow.set <io_cb> ();	3468	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2586		3469
2587	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3470	=item w->set (loop)
2588		3471
2589	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3472	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2590	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3473	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2591		3474
2592	=item w->set ([arguments])	3475	=item w->set ([arguments])
2593		3476
2594	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be	3477	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this
2595	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	3478	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the
2596	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	3479	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted
2597	method.	3480	when reconfiguring it with this method.
2598		3481
2599	=item w->start ()	3482	=item w->start ()
2600		3483
2601	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	3484	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
2602	constructor already stores the event loop.	3485	constructor already stores the event loop.
2603		3486
		3487	=item w->start ([arguments])
		3488
		3489	Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often
		3490	convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as
		3491	the configure C<set> method of the watcher.
		3492
2604	=item w->stop ()	3493	=item w->stop ()
2605		3494
2606	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	3495	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
2607		3496
2608	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)	3497	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
…		…
2620		3509
2621	=back	3510	=back
2622		3511
2623	=back	3512	=back
2624		3513
2625	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	3514	Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O
2626	the constructor.	3515	watchers in the constructor.
2627		3516
2628	class myclass	3517	class myclass
2629	{	3518	{
2630	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	3519	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		3520	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2631	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	3521	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2632		3522
2633	myclass (int fd)	3523	myclass (int fd)
2634	{	3524	{
2635	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	3525	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		3526	io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
2636	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	3527	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2637		3528
2638	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	3529	io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher
		3530	io.start (); // start it whenever convenient
		3531
		3532	io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call
2639	}	3533	}
2640	};	3534	};
2641		3535
2642		3536
2643	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	3537	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
…		…
2652	=item Perl	3546	=item Perl
2653		3547
2654	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test	3548	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
2655	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,	3549	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
2656	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces	3550	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
2657	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the	3551	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
2658	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).	3552	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3553	and C<EV::Glib>).
2659		3554
2660	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at	3555	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
2661	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.	3556	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
2662		3557
2663	=item Python	3558	=item Python
2664		3559
2665	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It	3560	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
2666	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the	3561	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
2667	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
2668	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
2669	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
2670	libev).
2671		3562
2672	=item Ruby	3563	=item Ruby
2673		3564
2674	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset	3565	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
2675	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and	3566	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
2676	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at	3567	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
2677	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.	3568	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
2678		3569
		3570	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3571	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3572
		3573	=item Haskell
		3574
		3575	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3576	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3577
2679	=item D	3578	=item D
2680		3579
2681	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	3580	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
2682	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	3581	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3582
		3583	=item Ocaml
		3584
		3585	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3586	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3587
		3588	=item Lua
		3589
		3590	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
		3591	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
		3592	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
2683		3593
2684	=back	3594	=back
2685		3595
2686		3596
2687	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3597	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
…		…
2701	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3611	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2702	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3612	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2703		3613
2704	ev_unref (EV_A);	3614	ev_unref (EV_A);
2705	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3615	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2706	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3616	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
2707		3617
2708	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3618	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2709	which is often provided by the following macro.	3619	which is often provided by the following macro.
2710		3620
2711	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3621	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
…		…
2751	}	3661	}
2752		3662
2753	ev_check check;	3663	ev_check check;
2754	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3664	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2755	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3665	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2756	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3666	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2757		3667
2758	=head1 EMBEDDING	3668	=head1 EMBEDDING
2759		3669
2760	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3670	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2761	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3671	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2788		3698
2789	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3699	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2790	#include "ev.h"	3700	#include "ev.h"
2791		3701
2792	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3702	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2793	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3703	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2794	as a bug).	3704	as a bug).
2795		3705
2796	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3706	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2797	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3707	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2798		3708
…		…
2841	libev.m4	3751	libev.m4
2842		3752
2843	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3753	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2844		3754
2845	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to	3755	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2846	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of	3756	define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in
2847	autoconf is noted for every option.	3757	the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.
		3758
		3759	Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different
		3760	values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible
		3761	to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility
		3762	to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all
		3763	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
		3764	settings.
2848		3765
2849	=over 4	3766	=over 4
2850		3767
		3768	=item EV_COMPAT3 (h)
		3769
		3770	Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
		3771	release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
		3772	have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
		3773
		3774	You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future
		3775	versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your
		3776	sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct>
		3777	from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop>
		3778	typedef in that case.
		3779
		3780	In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>,
		3781	and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
		3782	removed completely.
		3783
2851	=item EV_STANDALONE	3784	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
2852		3785
2853	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	3786	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
2854	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3787	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2855	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3788	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2856	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3789	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2857	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3790	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2858		3791
		3792	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3793	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3794
2859	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3795	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2860		3796
2861	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3797	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2862	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use	3798	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2863	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3799	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2864	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3800	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2865	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3801	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2866	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3802	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2867	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3803	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2868		3804
2869	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3805	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2870		3806
2871	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3807	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2872	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at	3808	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2873	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will	3809	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2874	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3810	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2875	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3811	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2876	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3812	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3813	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3814	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3815
		3816	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3817
		3818	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3819	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3820	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3821	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3822	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3823	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3824	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3825	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2877		3826
2878	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3827	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2879		3828
2880	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3829	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2881	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3830	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
…		…
2897		3846
2898	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3847	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2899		3848
2900	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3849	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2901	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3850	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2902	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on	3851	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
2903	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3852	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
2904	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3853	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
2905	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3854	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
2906	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3855	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
2907		3856
2908	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3857	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
2909		3858
2910	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3859	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
2911	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3860	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
2913	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3862	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2914	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3863	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2915	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3864	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2916	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3865	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2917		3866
2918	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE	3867	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
2919		3868
2920	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map	3869	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
2921	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the	3870	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
2922	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually	3871	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
2923	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,	3872	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
2924	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.	3873	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		3874
		3875	=item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
		3876
		3877	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors
		3878	using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing
		3879	their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier
		3880	to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value.
		3881
		3882	=item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
		3883
		3884	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
		3885	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
		3886	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
		3887	the underlying OS handle.
2925		3888
2926	=item EV_USE_POLL	3889	=item EV_USE_POLL
2927		3890
2928	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3891	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2929	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3892	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
…		…
2976	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	3939	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
2977		3940
2978	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	3941	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
2979	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	3942	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2980		3943
2981	=item EV_H	3944	=item EV_H (h)
2982		3945
2983	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3946	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2984	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be	3947	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2985	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3948	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2986		3949
2987	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3950	=item EV_CONFIG_H (h)
2988		3951
2989	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3952	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2990	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3953	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2991	C<EV_H>, above.	3954	C<EV_H>, above.
2992		3955
2993	=item EV_EVENT_H	3956	=item EV_EVENT_H (h)
2994		3957
2995	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3958	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2996	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.	3959	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2997		3960
2998	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3961	=item EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
2999		3962
3000	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3963	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
3001	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3964	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
3002	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions	3965	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
3003	around libev functions.	3966	around libev functions.
…		…
3022	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3985	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
3023	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3986	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
3024	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3987	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
3025	fine.	3988	fine.
3026		3989
3027	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3990	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
3028	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.	3991	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
3029		3992
3030	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3993	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,
		3994	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
		3995	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
3031		3996
3032	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3997	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
3033	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3998	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
3034	code.	3999	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size.
3035		4000
3036	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE	4001	=item EV_FEATURES
3037
3038	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
3039	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
3040	code.
3041
3042	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
3043
3044	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
3045	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3046
3047	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
3048
3049	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
3050	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3051
3052	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
3053
3054	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
3055	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3056
3057	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
3058
3059	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
3060	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
3061
3062	=item EV_MINIMAL
3063		4002
3064	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	4003	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3065	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some	4004	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
3066	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a	4005	certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features
3067	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.	4006	that can be enabled on the platform.
		4007
		4008	A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset
		4009	with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable
		4010	additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal,
		4011	but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
		4012	backend, use this:
		4013
		4014	#define EV_FEATURES 0
		4015	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
		4016	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
		4017	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4018	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
		4019
		4020	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
		4021	values:
		4022
		4023	=over 4
		4024
		4025	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
		4026
		4027	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
		4028
		4029	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the
		4030	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
		4031
		4032	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
		4033	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
		4034	assertions.
		4035
		4036	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
		4037
		4038	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
		4039	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
		4040	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
		4041	runtime.
		4042
		4043	=item C<4> - full API configuration
		4044
		4045	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
		4046	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
		4047
		4048	=item C<8> - full API
		4049
		4050	This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for
		4051	details on which parts of the API are still available without this
		4052	feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time.
		4053
		4054	=item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types
		4055
		4056	Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable
		4057	only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare,
		4058	embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining
		4059	C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead.
		4060
		4061	=item C<32> - enable all backends
		4062
		4063	This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at
		4064	least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice).
		4065
		4066	=item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs
		4067
		4068	Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by
		4069	default.
		4070
		4071	=back
		4072
		4073	Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0>
		4074	reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb
		4075	code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O
		4076	watchers, timers and monotonic clock support.
		4077
		4078	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
		4079	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
		4080	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
		4081	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4082
		4083	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
		4084
		4085	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
		4086	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
		4087	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
		4088	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
		4089	big.
		4090
		4091	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
		4092	enabled.
		4093
		4094	=item EV_NSIG
		4095
		4096	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
		4097	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
		4098	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
		4099	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
		4100	good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev
		4101	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
3068		4102
3069	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	4103	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3070		4104
3071	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4105	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3072	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	4106	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled),
3073	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	4107	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you
3074	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	4108	might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
3075		4109
3076	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	4110	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
3077		4111
3078	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4112	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
3079	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	4113	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES>
3080	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	4114	disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of
3081	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	4115	C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a
3082	two).	4116	power of two).
3083		4117
3084	=item EV_USE_4HEAP	4118	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
3085		4119
3086	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	4120	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3087	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined	4121	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
3088	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has	4122	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
3089	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.	4123	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
3090		4124
3091	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	4125	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3092	(disabled).	4126	will be C<0>.
3093		4127
3094	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT	4128	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
3095		4129
3096	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the	4130	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
3097	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within	4131	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
3098	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),	4132	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
3099	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,	4133	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
3100	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance	4134	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
3101	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.	4135	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
3102		4136
3103	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>	4137	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3104	(disabled).	4138	will be C<0>.
3105		4139
3106	=item EV_VERIFY	4140	=item EV_VERIFY
3107		4141
3108	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will	4142	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will
3109	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled	4143	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
3110	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not	4144	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
3111	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be	4145	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
3112	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	4146	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
3113	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	4147	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
3114	libev considerably.	4148	libev considerably.
3115		4149
3116	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be	4150	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
3117	C<0.>	4151	will be C<0>.
3118		4152
3119	=item EV_COMMON	4153	=item EV_COMMON
3120		4154
3121	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4155	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
3122	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4156	this macro to something else you can include more and other types of
3123	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	4157	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
3124	though, and it must be identical each time.	4158	though, and it must be identical each time.
3125		4159
3126	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	4160	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
3127		4161
…		…
3139	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	4173	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
3140	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for	4174	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
3141	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	4175	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
3142	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	4176	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
3143	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	4177	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		4178
		4179	=back
3144		4180
3145	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	4181	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
3146		4182
3147	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of	4183	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
3148	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	4184	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
…		…
3178	file.	4214	file.
3179		4215
3180	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	4216	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
3181	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	4217	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
3182		4218
3183	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	4219	#define EV_FEATURES 8
3184	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	4220	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3185	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
3186	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	4221	#define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1
		4222	#define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1
3187	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	4223	#define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1
3188	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	4224	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4225	#define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0
3189	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	4226	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
3190	#define EV_MINPRI 0
3191	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
3192		4227
3193	#include "ev++.h"	4228	#include "ev++.h"
3194		4229
3195	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4230	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
3196		4231
3197	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4232	#include "ev_cpp.h"
3198	#include "ev.c"	4233	#include "ev.c"
3199		4234
		4235	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
3200		4236
3201	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES	4237	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
3202		4238
3203	=head2 THREADS	4239	=head3 THREADS
3204		4240
3205	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This	4241	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
		4242	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
3206	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as	4243	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
3207	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop	4244	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
3208	parameter.	4245	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		4246	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		4247	structures that need any locking.
3209		4248
3210	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in	4249	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
3211	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be	4250	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
3212	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one	4251	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
3213	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex	4252	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
3214	per loop).	4253	a mutex per loop).
		4254
		4255	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		4256	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		4257	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		4258	outside".
3215		4259
3216	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops	4260	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
3217	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot	4261	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
3218	help you. I can give some generic advice however:	4262	help you, but here is some generic advice:
3219		4263
3220	=over 4	4264	=over 4
3221		4265
3222	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop	4266	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
3223	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.	4267	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
…		…
3235		4279
3236	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do	4280	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
3237	better than you currently do :-)	4281	better than you currently do :-)
3238		4282
3239	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the	4283	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		4284	event loop.
		4285
3240	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other	4286	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
3241	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).	4287	(or from signal contexts...).
		4288
		4289	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
		4290	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
		4291	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
		4292	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
3242		4293
3243	=back	4294	=back
3244		4295
		4296	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		4297
		4298	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		4299	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		4300	created/added/removed.
		4301
		4302	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		4303	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		4304	languages).
		4305
		4306	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		4307	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		4308	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		4309
		4310	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		4311
		4312	typedef struct {
		4313	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		4314	ev_async async_w;
		4315	thread_t tid;
		4316	cond_t invoke_cv;
		4317	} userdata;
		4318
		4319	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		4320	{
		4321	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		4322	static userdata u;
		4323
		4324	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		4325	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4326
		4327	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		4328	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		4329
		4330	// now associate this with the loop
		4331	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		4332	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		4333	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		4334
		4335	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		4336	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		4337	}
		4338
		4339	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		4340	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		4341	that might have been added:
		4342
		4343	static void
		4344	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		4345	{
		4346	// just used for the side effects
		4347	}
		4348
		4349	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4350	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4351
		4352	static void
		4353	l_release (EV_P)
		4354	{
		4355	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4356	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4357	}
		4358
		4359	static void
		4360	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4361	{
		4362	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4363	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4364	}
		4365
		4366	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4367	into C<ev_run>:
		4368
		4369	void *
		4370	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4371	{
		4372	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4373
		4374	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4375	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4376	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		4377	l_release (EV_A);
		4378
		4379	return 0;
		4380	}
		4381
		4382	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4383	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4384	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4385	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4386	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4387	watchers is very beneficial):
		4388
		4389	static void
		4390	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4391	{
		4392	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4393
		4394	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4395	{
		4396	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4397	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4398	}
		4399	}
		4400
		4401	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4402	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4403	thread to continue:
		4404
		4405	static void
		4406	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4407	{
		4408	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4409
		4410	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4411	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4412	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4413	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4414	}
		4415
		4416	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4417	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4418
		4419	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4420	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4421
		4422	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4423
		4424	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4425	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4426	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4427	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4428
		4429	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4430	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4431	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4432	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4433
3245	=head2 COROUTINES	4434	=head3 COROUTINES
3246		4435
3247	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	4436	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
3248	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different	4437	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
3249	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	4438	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two
3250	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the	4439	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
3251	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that	4440	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
3252	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	4441	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
3253		4442
3254	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local	4443	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
3255	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine	4444	C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
3256	switches.	4445	they do not call any callbacks.
3257		4446
		4447	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
3258		4448
3259	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	4449	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		4450	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		4451	scared by this.
3260		4452
3261	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	4453	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
3262	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	4454	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
3263	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	4455	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		4456	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
3264		4457
3265	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	4458	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
3266	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	4459	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
3267	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	4460	maintainable.
3268	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
3269	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
3270		4461
3271	=over 4	4462	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		4463	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		4464	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		4465	warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have
		4466	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		4467	such buggy versions.
3272		4468
3273	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	4469	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		4470	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		4471	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		4472	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		4473	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
3274		4474
3275	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
3276	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
3277	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
3278		4475
3279	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	4476	=head2 VALGRIND
3280		4477
3281	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	4478	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
3282	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	4479	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
3283		4480
3284	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)	4481	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		4482	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
3285		4483
3286	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	4484	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4485	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4486	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3287		4487
3288	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)	4488	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		4489	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
3289		4490
3290	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	4491	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		4492	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		4493	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		4494	confused.
3291		4495
3292	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	4496	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
3293	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	4497	make it into some kind of religion.
3294	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
3295		4498
3296	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)	4499	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		4500	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		4501	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		4502	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		4503	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
3297		4504
3298	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a	4505	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
3299	fixed position in the storage array.	4506	I suggest using suppression lists.
3300		4507
3301	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
3302		4508
3303	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires	4509	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
3304	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
3305	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
3306		4510
3307	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)	4511	=head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
3308		4512
3309	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)	4513	GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file
		4514	interfaces but I<disables> them by default.
3310		4515
3311	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each	4516	That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support
3312	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to	4517	files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers.
3313	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
3314	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
3315		4518
3316	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)	4519	Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue
		4520	by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the
		4521	standard libev compiled for their system.
3317		4522
3318	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	4523	Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would
		4524	suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment,
		4525	i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.
3319		4526
3320	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	4527	=head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
3321		4528
3322	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	4529	The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface
3323	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	4530	you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the
3324	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	4531	OpenGL drivers.
3325		4532
3326	=back	4533	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
3327		4534
		4535	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
		4536	only sockets, many support pipes.
3328		4537
		4538	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
		4539	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
		4540	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		4541	probably going to work well.
		4542
		4543	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
		4544
		4545	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
		4546	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
		4547	release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken.
		4548
		4549	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on
		4550	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating
		4551	a loop.
		4552
		4553	=head3 C<select> is buggy
		4554
		4555	All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
		4556	one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file
		4557	descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when
		4558	you use more.
		4559
		4560	There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining
		4561	C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should>
		4562	work on OS/X.
		4563
		4564	=head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
		4565
		4566	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
		4567
		4568	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
		4569	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
		4570	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
		4571	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
		4572
		4573	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
		4574	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
		4575
		4576	=head3 Event port backend
		4577
		4578	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
		4579	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		4580	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
		4581	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
		4582	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
		4583	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		4584	great.
		4585
		4586	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
		4587	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
		4588	C<select> backends.
		4589
		4590	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
		4591
		4592	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
		4593	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
		4594	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
		4595	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
		4596
3329	=head1 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS	4597	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		4598
		4599	=head3 General issues
3330		4600
3331	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	4601	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
3332	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	4602	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
3333	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	4603	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
3334	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	4604	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
3335	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	4605	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
3336	e.g. cygwin.	4606	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
		4607	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
		4608	environment.
3337		4609
3338	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	4610	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
3339	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of	4611	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
3340	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable	4612	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
3341	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	4613	also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3342		4614
3343	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	4615	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3344	embedding it into other applications.	4616	embedding it into other applications.
		4617
		4618	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4619	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
3345		4620
3346	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't	4621	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
3347	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will	4622	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
3348	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,	4623	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
3349	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a	4624	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
3350	megabyte seems safe, but thsi apparently depends on the amount of memory	4625	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
3351	available).	4626	available).
3352		4627
3353	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and	4628	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
3354	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets	4629	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3355	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use	4630	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3356	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally	4631	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3357	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness	4632	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3358	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows	4633	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
3359	(Microsoft monopoly games).	4634	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
3360		4635
3361	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding	4636	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
3362	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead	4637	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
3363	of F<ev.h>:	4638	of F<ev.h>:
3364		4639
…		…
3366	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */	4641	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
3367		4642
3368	#include "ev.h"	4643	#include "ev.h"
3369		4644
3370	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure	4645	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
3371	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded soruce files!):	4646	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
3372		4647
3373	#include "evwrap.h"	4648	#include "evwrap.h"
3374	#include "ev.c"	4649	#include "ev.c"
3375		4650
3376	=over 4
3377
3378	=item The winsocket select function	4651	=head3 The winsocket C<select> function
3379		4652
3380	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it	4653	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
3381	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is	4654	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
3382	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also	4655	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
3383	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft	4656	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
…		…
3392	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	4665	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
3393		4666
3394	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	4667	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
3395	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	4668	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
3396		4669
3397	=item Limited number of file descriptors	4670	=head3 Limited number of file descriptors
3398		4671
3399	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.	4672	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
3400		4673
3401	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	4674	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3402	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	4675	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3403	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft	4676	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3404	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the	4677	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
3405	previous thread in each. Great).	4678	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3406		4679
3407	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4680	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3408	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4681	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3409	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4682	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3410	select emulation on windows).	4683	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3411		4684
3412	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime	4685	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3413	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4686	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3414	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4687	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3415	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4688	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3416	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime	4689	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3417	libraries.
3418
3419	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4690	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3420	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4691	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3421	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4692	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3422	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4693	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
3423		4694
3424	=back
3425
3426
3427	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	4695	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
3428		4696
3429	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few	4697	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
3430	additional extensions:	4698	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
3431		4699
3432	=over 4	4700	=over 4
3433		4701
3434	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible	4702	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
3435	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.	4703	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
…		…
3441	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	4709	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
3442		4710
3443	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	4711	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
3444		4712
3445	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	4713	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
3446	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different	4714	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
3447	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is	4715	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
3448	believed to be sufficiently portable.	4716	believed to be sufficiently portable.
3449		4717
3450	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment	4718	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
3451		4719
…		…
3460	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	4728	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
3461	well.	4729	well.
3462		4730
3463	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	4731	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
3464		4732
3465	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>	4733	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
3466	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On	4734	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
3467	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but	4735	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
3468	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of	4736	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
3469	millions of watchers.	4737	watchers.
3470		4738
3471	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	4739	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
3472		4740
3473	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	4741	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
3474	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	4742	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
3475	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	4743	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
		4744	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
3476	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).	4745	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With
		4746	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.
3477		4747
3478	=back	4748	=back
3479		4749
3480	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	4750	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
3481		4751
3482		4752
3483	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS	4753	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
3484		4754
3485	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	4755	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
3486	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently	4756	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
3487	scared by this.	4757	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
3488		4758
3489	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler	4759	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
3490	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding	4760	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
3491	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when	4761	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
3492	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.	4762	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		4763	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
3493		4764
3494	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate	4765	=over 4
3495	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
3496	maintainable.
3497		4766
3498	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply	4767	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
3499	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
3500	seems to warn about).
3501		4768
3502	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,	4769	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
3503	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev	4770	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
3504	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with	4771	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
3505	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
3506	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
3507		4772
		4773	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
3508		4774
3509	=head1 VALGRIND	4775	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		4776	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
3510		4777
3511	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is	4778	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
3512	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
3513		4779
3514	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)	4780	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
3515	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
3516		4781
3517	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.	4782	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
3518	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
3519	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
3520		4783
3521	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,	4784	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
3522	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
3523	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
3524		4785
3525	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list	4786	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
3526	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is	4787	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
3527	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is	4788	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
3528	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind	4789	is rare).
3529	properly.
3530		4790
3531	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project	4791	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
3532	I suggest using suppression lists.
3533		4792
		4793	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		4794	fixed position in the storage array.
		4795
		4796	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		4797
		4798	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		4799	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		4800	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		4801
		4802	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		4803
		4804	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		4805
		4806	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		4807	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		4808	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		4809	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		4810
		4811	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		4812
		4813	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		4814
		4815	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		4816
		4817	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		4818	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		4819	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
		4820
		4821	=back
		4822
		4823
		4824	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
		4825
		4826	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.
		4827
		4828	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial
		4829	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be
		4830	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.
		4831
		4832	=over 4
		4833
		4834	=item function/symbol renames
		4835
		4836	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
		4837
		4838	ev_loop => ev_run
		4839	EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
		4840	EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE
		4841
		4842	ev_unloop => ev_break
		4843	EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
		4844	EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
		4845	EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL
		4846
		4847	EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER
		4848
		4849	ev_loop_count => ev_iteration
		4850	ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
		4851	ev_loop_verify => ev_verify
		4852
		4853	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an
		4854	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and
		4855	associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct
		4856	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
		4857	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
		4858	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
		4859	typedef.
		4860
		4861	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		4862
		4863	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		4864	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
		4865	section.
		4866
		4867	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
		4868
		4869	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
		4870	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
		4871	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
		4872
		4873	=back
		4874
		4875
		4876	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4877
		4878	=over 4
		4879
		4880	=item active
		4881
		4882	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
		4883	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
		4884
		4885	=item application
		4886
		4887	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4888
		4889	=item backend
		4890
		4891	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
		4892
		4893	=item callback
		4894
		4895	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4896	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4897	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4898
		4899	=item callback/watcher invocation
		4900
		4901	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4902
		4903	=item event
		4904
		4905	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4906	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4907	any other events happening anymore.
		4908
		4909	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4910	C<EV_TIMER>).
		4911
		4912	=item event library
		4913
		4914	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4915
		4916	=item event loop
		4917
		4918	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4919	into callback invocations.
		4920
		4921	=item event model
		4922
		4923	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4924	watchers and events.
		4925
		4926	=item pending
		4927
		4928	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
		4929	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
		4930
		4931	=item real time
		4932
		4933	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4934
		4935	=item wall-clock time
		4936
		4937	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4938	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4939	clock.
		4940
		4941	=item watcher
		4942
		4943	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4944	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4945
		4946	=back
3534		4947
3535	=head1 AUTHOR	4948	=head1 AUTHOR
3536		4949
3537	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4950	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3538		4951

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