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Revision 1.54 by root, Tue Nov 27 20:26:51 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.322 by root, Sun Oct 24 17:58:41 2010 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
		16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		17	// with the name ev_TYPE
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		20
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	23	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	25	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	26	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
		29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		30
		31	// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating
		32	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
23	}	33	}
24		34
		35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	36	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	38	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	39	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	40	// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
		41	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
30	}	42	}
31		43
32	int	44	int
33	main (void)	45	main (void)
34	{	46	{
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
		48	struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;
36		49
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		54
		55	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		59
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	60	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
47		62
		63	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	64	return 0;
49	}	65	}
50		66
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
		70
		71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
		72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
52		84
53	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
54	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
55	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
56		88
57	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	89	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
58	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	90	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
59	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	91	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
61	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	93	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
62	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	94	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
63	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	95	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
64	watcher.	96	watcher.
65		97
66	=head1 FEATURES	98	=head2 FEATURES
67		99
68	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the linux-specific C<epoll>, the	100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
69	bsd-specific C<kqueue> and the solaris-specific event port mechanisms	101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
70	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>),	102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
71	absolute timers with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous	103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
72	signals (C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and	104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
73	event watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,	105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
74	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as	106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
75	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events	107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
76	(C<ev_fork>).	108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
		109	C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even
		110	limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>).
77		111
78	It also is quite fast (see this	112	It also is quite fast (see this
79	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	113	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
80	for example).	114	for example).
81		115
82	=head1 CONVENTIONS	116	=head2 CONVENTIONS
83		117
84	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	118	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
85	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	119	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
86	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	120	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
87	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	121	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
88	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	122	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
89	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	123	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		124	this argument.
90		125
91	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
92		127
93	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
94	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
95	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	130	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
96	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	131	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
97	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	132	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
98	it, you should treat it as such.	133	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
		134
		135	Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for
		136	time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev.
		137
		138	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		139
		140	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		141	and internal errors (bugs).
		142
		143	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		144	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		145	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		146	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		147	()>.
		148
		149	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		150	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		151	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		152	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		153
		154	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		155	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		156	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		157
99		158
100	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	159	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
101		160
102	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	161	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
103	library in any way.	162	library in any way.
…		…
106		165
107	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	166	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
108		167
109	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	168	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
110	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	169	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
111	you actually want to know.	170	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
		171	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.
		172
		173	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		174
		175	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		176	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		177	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
112		178
113	=item int ev_version_major ()	179	=item int ev_version_major ()
114		180
115	=item int ev_version_minor ()	181	=item int ev_version_minor ()
116		182
117	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	183	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
118	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	184	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
119	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	185	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
120	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	186	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
121	version of the library your program was compiled against.	187	version of the library your program was compiled against.
122		188
		189	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		190	release version.
		191
123	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	192	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
124	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	193	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
125	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	194	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
126	not a problem.	195	not a problem.
127		196
128	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	197	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
129	version.	198	version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches,
		199	such as LFS or reentrancy).
130		200
131	assert (("libev version mismatch",	201	assert (("libev version mismatch",
132	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	202	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
133	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	203	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
134		204
135	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	205	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
136		206
137	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	207	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
138	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	208	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
140	a description of the set values.	210	a description of the set values.
141		211
142	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	212	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
143	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	213	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
144		214
145	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	215	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
146	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	216	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
147		217
148	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	218	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
149		219
150	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	220	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
151	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	221	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		222	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
152	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	223	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
153	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	224	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
154	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	225	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
155	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	226	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
156		227
157	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	228	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
158		229
159	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	230	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
160	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	231	value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the
161	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at	232	current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
162	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	233	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
163	recommended ones.	234	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
164		235
165	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	236	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
166		237
167	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, size_t size))	238	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
168		239
169	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype and semantics are	240	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
170	identical to the realloc C function). It is used to allocate and free	241	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
171	memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory needs to be	242	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
172	allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially destructive	243	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
173	action. The default is your system realloc function.	244	or take some potentially destructive action.
		245
		246	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		247	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		248	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
174		249
175	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	250	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
176	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	251	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
177	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	252	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
178		253
179	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	254	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
180	retries).	255	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
181		256
182	static void *	257	static void *
183	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	258	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
184	{	259	{
185	for (;;)	260	for (;;)
…		…
194	}	269	}
195		270
196	...	271	...
197	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	272	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
198		273
199	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	274	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
200		275
201	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	276	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
202	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	277	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
203	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	278	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
204	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	279	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
205	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	280	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
206	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	281	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
207	(such as abort).	282	(such as abort).
208		283
209	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	284	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
218	...	293	...
219	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	294	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
220		295
221	=back	296	=back
222		297
223	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	298	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
224		299
225	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	300	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
226	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	301	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
227	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	302	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
228		303
229	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	304	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
230	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you	305	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops
231	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	306	which do not.
232	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
233	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
234	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
235		307
236	=over 4	308	=over 4
237		309
238	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	310	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
239		311
240	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	312	This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should
241	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	313	normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and
242	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	314	the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for
243	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	315	C<ev_loop_new>.
		316
		317	If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply
		318	returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check
		319	C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given
		320	flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the
		321	one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".
244		322
245	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	323	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
246	function.	324	function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro).
		325
		326	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		327	from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also
		328	that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between
		329	threads anyway).
		330
		331	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers,
		332	and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is
		333	a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with
		334	C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
		335	C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>.
		336
		337	Example: This is the most typical usage.
		338
		339	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		340	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		341
		342	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		343	environment settings to be taken into account:
		344
		345	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		346
		347	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
		348	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
		349	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
		350	fds):
		351
		352	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		353
		354	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
		355
		356	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
		357	could not be initialised, returns false.
		358
		359	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
		360	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		361	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
247		362
248	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	363	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
249	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	364	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
250		365
251	The following flags are supported:	366	The following flags are supported:
…		…
257	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	372	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
258	thing, believe me).	373	thing, believe me).
259		374
260	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	375	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
261		376
262	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	377	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
263	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	378	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
264	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	379	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
265	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	380	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
266	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	381	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
267	around bugs.	382	around bugs.
268		383
		384	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		385
		386	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
		387	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
		388
		389	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		390	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		391	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		392	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		393	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
		394	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		395
		396	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		397	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		398	flag.
		399
		400	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		401	environment variable.
		402
		403	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
		404
		405	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		406	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
		407	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
		408	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
		409
		410	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
		411
		412	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
		413	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
		414	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
		415	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
		416	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
		417	threads that are not interested in handling them.
		418
		419	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
		420	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
		421	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		422
269	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	423	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
270		424
271	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	425	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
272	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	426	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
273	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	427	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
274	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	428	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
275	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	429	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		430
		431	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		432	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		433	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		434	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		435	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		436	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		437
		438	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		439	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		440	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
276		441
277	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	442	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
278		443
279	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	444	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
280	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	445	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
281	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	446	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
282	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	447	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		448	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		449	performance tips.
		450
		451	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		452	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
283		453
284	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	454	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
285		455
		456	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
		457	kernels).
		458
286	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	459	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
287	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	460	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
288	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	461	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
289	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	462	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
290		463
		464	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
		465	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		466	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		467	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		468	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		469	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		470	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		471	hard to detect.
		472
		473	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		474	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		475	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		476	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		477	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		478	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		479	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last
		480	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
		481	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		482
291	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	483	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
292	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	484	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
293	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	485	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
294	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	486	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
295	well if you register events for both fds.	487	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
		488	file descriptors.
296		489
297	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	490	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
298	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	491	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
299	(or space) is available.	492	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		493	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		494	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		495	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		496	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
		497
		498	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		499	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		500	the usage. So sad.
		501
		502	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		503	all kernel versions tested so far.
		504
		505	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		506	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
300		507
301	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	508	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
302		509
303	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	510	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
304	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	511	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
305	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	512	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
306	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	513	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		514	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		515	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
307	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	516	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
308	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	517	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		518	system like NetBSD.
		519
		520	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		521	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		522	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
309		523
310	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	524	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
311	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	525	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
312	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	526	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
313	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	527	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
314	incident, so its best to avoid that.	528	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
		529	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		530	cases
		531
		532	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		533
		534	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		535	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		536	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		537	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		538	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
		539	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		540
		541	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		542	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		543	C<NOTE_EOF>.
315		544
316	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	545	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
317		546
318	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	547	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		548	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		549	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		550	immensely.
319		551
320	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	552	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
321		553
322	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	554	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
323	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	555	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
324		556
325	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	557	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
326	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	558	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
327	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	559	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		560
		561	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		562	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		563	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		564	might perform better.
		565
		566	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
		567	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
		568	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		569	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		570
		571	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		572	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
328		573
329	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	574	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
330		575
331	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	576	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
332	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	577	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
333	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	578	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
334		579
		580	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		581
335	=back	582	=back
336		583
337	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	584	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
338	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	585	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
339	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	586	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
340	order of their flag values :)	587	()> will be tried.
341
342	The most typical usage is like this:
343
344	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
345	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
346
347	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
348	environment settings to be taken into account:
349
350	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
351
352	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
353	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
354	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
355
356	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
357
358	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
359
360	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
361	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
362	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
363	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
364		588
365	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	589	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
366		590
367	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	591	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
368	if (!epoller)	592	if (!epoller)
369	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	593	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
370		594
371	=item ev_default_destroy ()	595	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
372		596
373	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	597	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
374	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	598	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
375	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	599	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
376	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	600	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
377	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	601	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
378	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	602	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
379	for example).	603	for example).
380		604
		605	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
		606	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
		607	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
		608
		609	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
		610	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
		611	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
		612
		613	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
		614	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free it's resources.
		615	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
		616	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
		617
381	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	618	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
382		619
383	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	620	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to
384	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
385
386	=item ev_default_fork ()
387
388	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	621	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
389	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	622	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
390	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	623	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the
391	again makes little sense).	624	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
392		625
393	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	626	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
394	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	627	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
395	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	628	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
		629	during fork.
		630
		631	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
		632	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If
		633	you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to
		634	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
		635	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
		636	costly reset of the backend).
396		637
397	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	638	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
398	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	639	it just in case after a fork.
399	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
400		640
		641	Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when
		642	using pthreads.
		643
		644	static void
		645	post_fork_child (void)
		646	{
		647	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		648	}
		649
		650	...
401	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	651	pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);
402		652
403	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use	653	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
404	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
405	do not need to care.
406		654
407	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	655	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		656	otherwise.
408		657
409	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	658	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)
410	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	659
411	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	660	Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical
		661	to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0>
		662	and happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		663
		664	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		665	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		666	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the
		667	prepare and check phases.
		668
		669	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
		670
		671	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
		672	times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		673
		674	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		675	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		676	in which case it is higher.
		677
		678	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		679	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such
		680	ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.
412		681
413	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	682	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
414		683
415	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	684	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
416	use.	685	use.
…		…
419		688
420	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	689	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
421	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	690	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
422	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	691	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
423	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	692	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
424	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	693	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
425		694
		695	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		696
		697	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		698	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		699	is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>.
		700
		701	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		702	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		703	the current time is a good idea.
		704
		705	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		706
		707	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		708
		709	=item ev_resume (loop)
		710
		711	These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the
		712	loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		713
		714	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		715	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		716	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		717	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		718	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		719	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		720
		721	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		722	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		723	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		724	occurred while suspended).
		725
		726	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		727	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		728	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		729
		730	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		731	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
		732
426	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	733	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)
427		734
428	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	735	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
429	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	736	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
430	events.	737	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
		738	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
		739	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
431		740
432	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	741	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
433	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	742	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
		743	called.
434		744
435	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	745	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
436	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	746	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
437	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	747	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
438	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	748	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
439	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	749	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		750	beauty.
440		751
441	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	752	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
442	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	753	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
443	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	754	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
		755	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
		756	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
444		757
445	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	758	A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if
446	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	759	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
447	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	760	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
448	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	761	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
449	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	762	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		763	iteration of the loop.
		764
		765	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		766	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
450	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	767	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
451	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	768	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
452		769
453	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	770	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:
454		771
455	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	772	- Increment loop depth.
456	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	773	- Reset the ev_break status.
		774	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		775	LOOP:
		776	- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
		777	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
		778	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
		779	- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
457	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	780	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		781	as to not disturb the other process.
458	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	782	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
459	- Update the "event loop time".	783	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
460	- Calculate for how long to block.	784	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		785	(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
		786	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		787	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
		788	- Increment loop iteration counter.
461	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	789	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
462	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	790	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
463	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	791	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
464	- Queue all outstanding timers.	792	- Queue all expired timers.
465	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	793	- Queue all expired periodics.
466	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	794	- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
467	- Queue all check watchers.	795	- Queue all check watchers.
468	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	796	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
469	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	797	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
470	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	798	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
471	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	799	- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
472	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	800	were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
		801	continue with step LOOP.
		802	FINISH:
		803	- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
		804	- Decrement the loop depth.
		805	- Return.
473		806
474	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	807	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
475	anymore.	808	anymore.
476		809
477	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	810	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
478	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	811	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
479	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	812	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
480	... jobs done. yeah!	813	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
481		814
482	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	815	=item ev_break (loop, how)
483		816
484	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	817	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
485	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	818	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
486	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	819	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
487	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	820	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
		821
		822	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.
		823
		824	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##
488		825
489	=item ev_ref (loop)	826	=item ev_ref (loop)
490		827
491	=item ev_unref (loop)	828	=item ev_unref (loop)
492		829
493	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	830	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
494	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	831	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
495	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	832	count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own.
496	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	833
497	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	834	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
		835	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from
		836	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
		837	before stopping it.
		838
498	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	839	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
499	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	840	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from
500	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	841	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
501	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	842	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
502	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	843	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
		844	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
		845	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		846	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		847	in the callback).
503		848
504	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	849	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run>
505	running when nothing else is active.	850	running when nothing else is active.
506		851
507	struct ev_signal exitsig;	852	ev_signal exitsig;
508	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	853	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
509	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	854	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
510	evf_unref (loop);	855	evf_unref (loop);
511		856
512	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	857	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
513		858
514	ev_ref (loop);	859	ev_ref (loop);
515	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	860	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		861
		862	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		863
		864	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		865
		866	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		867	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
		868	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		869	latency.
		870
		871	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		872	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
		873	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		874	opportunities).
		875
		876	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
		877	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
		878	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		879	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		880	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		881
		882	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		883	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		884	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		885	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		886	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		887	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		888	once per this interval, on average.
		889
		890	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		891	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		892	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
		893	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
		894	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
		895
		896	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		897	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		898	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		899	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		900	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		901	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		902	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		903	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		904	then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
		905
		906	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		907	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		908	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		909	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		910	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		911	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		912
		913	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		914	more often than 100 times per second:
		915
		916	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		917	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		918
		919	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		920
		921	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		922	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
		923	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		924	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		925	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		926	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		927	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
		928
		929	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		930
		931	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		932	are pending.
		933
		934	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		935
		936	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		937	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call
		938	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		939	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		940
		941	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		942	callback.
		943
		944	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		945
		946	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		947	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		948	each call to a libev function.
		949
		950	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
		951	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
		952	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these
		953	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		954
		955	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		956	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		957	afterwards.
		958
		959	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		960	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		961
		962	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		963	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		964	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		965	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		966	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it
		967	to take note of any changes you made.
		968
		969	In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between
		970	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		971
		972	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		973	document.
		974
		975	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		976
		977	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		978
		979	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		980	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		981	C<0.>
		982
		983	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		984	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		985	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		986	any other purpose as well.
		987
		988	=item ev_verify (loop)
		989
		990	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		991	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		992	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		993	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		994	error and call C<abort ()>.
		995
		996	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		997	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		998	data structures consistent.
516		999
517	=back	1000	=back
518		1001
519		1002
520	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	1003	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
521		1004
		1005	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		1006	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		1007	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
		1008
522	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1009	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
523	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1010	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
524	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1011	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1012	for that:
525		1013
526	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1014	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
527	{	1015	{
528	ev_io_stop (w);	1016	ev_io_stop (w);
529	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1017	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
530	}	1018	}
531		1019
532	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	1020	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		1021
533	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	1022	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		1023
534	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	1024	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
535	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1025	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
536	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	1026	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		1027
537	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1028	ev_run (loop, 0);
538		1029
539	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	1030	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
540	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	1031	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
541	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	1032	stack).
542		1033
		1034	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		1035	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
		1036
543	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1037	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
544	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1038	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
545	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	1039	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
546	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1040	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
547	is readable and/or writable).	1041	and/or writable).
548		1042
549	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	1043	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
550	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	1044	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
551	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	1045	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
552	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1046	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
553		1047
554	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	1048	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
555	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	1049	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
556	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	1050	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
557	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	1051	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
558		1052
559	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	1053	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
560	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	1054	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
561	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	1055	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
562		1056
563	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	1057	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
564	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	1058	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
565	third argument.	1059	third argument.
566		1060
…		…
575	=item C<EV_WRITE>	1069	=item C<EV_WRITE>
576		1070
577	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or	1071	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
578	writable.	1072	writable.
579		1073
580	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>	1074	=item C<EV_TIMER>
581		1075
582	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.	1076	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
583		1077
584	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>	1078	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
585		1079
…		…
603		1097
604	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1098	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
605		1099
606	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1100	=item C<EV_CHECK>
607		1101
608	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	1102	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts
609	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1103	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after
610	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1104	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
611	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1105	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
612	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1106	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
613	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1107	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
614	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	1108	C<ev_run> from blocking).
615		1109
616	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1110	=item C<EV_EMBED>
617		1111
618	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1112	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
619		1113
620	=item C<EV_FORK>	1114	=item C<EV_FORK>
621		1115
622	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1116	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
623	C<ev_fork>).	1117	C<ev_fork>).
624		1118
		1119	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		1120
		1121	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		1122
		1123	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1124
		1125	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1126	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		1127
625	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1128	=item C<EV_ERROR>
626		1129
627	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1130	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
628	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1131	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
629	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1132	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		1133	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		1134
630	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	1135	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
631	with the watcher being stopped.	1136	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		1137	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		1138	bug in your program.
632		1139
633	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	1140	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
634	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	1141	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
635	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	1142	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
636	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	1143	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
637	programs, though, so beware.	1144	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		1145	thing, so beware.
638		1146
639	=back	1147	=back
640		1148
		1149	=head2 WATCHER STATES
		1150
		1151	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
		1152	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
		1153	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
		1154	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
		1155
		1156	=over 4
		1157
		1158	=item initialiased
		1159
		1160	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be
		1161	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1162	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
		1163
		1164	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use
		1165	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.
		1166
		1167	=item started/running/active
		1168
		1169	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
		1170	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1171	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1172	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1173	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
		1174
		1175	=item pending
		1176
		1177	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
		1178	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
		1179	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
		1180	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
		1181	callback.
		1182
		1183	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1184	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1185	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1186	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1187	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1188	previous item still apply.
		1189
		1190	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
		1191	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
		1192	active.
		1193
		1194	=item stopped
		1195
		1196	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
		1197	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
		1198	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
		1199	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1200	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1201
		1202	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1203	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1204	you wish.
		1205
		1206	=back
		1207
641	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	1208	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
642
643	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
644	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
645		1209
646	=over 4	1210	=over 4
647		1211
648	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1212	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
649		1213
…		…
655	which rolls both calls into one.	1219	which rolls both calls into one.
656		1220
657	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1221	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
658	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1222	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
659		1223
660	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1224	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
661	int revents)>.	1225	int revents)>.
662		1226
		1227	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1228
		1229	ev_io w;
		1230	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1231	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1232
663	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1233	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
664		1234
665	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1235	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
666	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1236	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
667	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this	1237	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
668	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a	1238	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
669	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	1239	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
670		1240
671	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	1241	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
672	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	1242	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
673		1243
		1244	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1245
674	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	1246	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
675		1247
676	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	1248	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
677	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	1249	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
678	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	1250	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
679		1251
		1252	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1253
		1254	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1255
680	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1256	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
681		1257
682	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1258	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
683	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1259	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
684		1260
		1261	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1262	whole section.
		1263
		1264	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1265
685	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1266	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
686		1267
687	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1268	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1269	the watcher was active or not).
		1270
688	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1271	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
689	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1272	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
690	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1273	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
691	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1274	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
692	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1275	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
693		1276
694	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1277	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
695		1278
696	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1279	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
697	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1280	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
700	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1283	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
701		1284
702	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	1285	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
703	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	1286	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
704	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	1287	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
705	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	1288	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
706	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	1289	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		1290	it).
707		1291
708	=item callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1292	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
709		1293
710	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1294	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
711		1295
712	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1296	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
713		1297
714	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1298	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
715	(modulo threads).	1299	(modulo threads).
716		1300
		1301	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
		1302
		1303	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1304
		1305	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		1306	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		1307	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		1308	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		1309	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		1310
		1311	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		1312	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		1313
		1314	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		1315	pending.
		1316
		1317	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1318	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1319	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1320
		1321	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1322	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1323
		1324	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
		1325	priorities.
		1326
		1327	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1328
		1329	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		1330	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		1331	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1332	callback.
		1333
		1334	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1335
		1336	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
		1337	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		1338	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
		1339
		1340	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1341	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1342
		1343	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1344
		1345	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1346	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1347	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1348	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1349
		1350	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1351	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1352	not started in the first place.
		1353
		1354	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1355	functions that do not need a watcher.
		1356
717	=back	1357	=back
718		1358
719		1359
720	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1360	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
721		1361
722	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1362	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
723	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1363	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
724	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1364	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
725	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1365	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
726	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1366	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
727	data:	1367	data:
728		1368
729	struct my_io	1369	struct my_io
730	{	1370	{
731	struct ev_io io;	1371	ev_io io;
732	int otherfd;	1372	int otherfd;
733	void *somedata;	1373	void *somedata;
734	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1374	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
735	}	1375	};
		1376
		1377	...
		1378	struct my_io w;
		1379	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
736		1380
737	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1381	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
738	can cast it back to your own type:	1382	can cast it back to your own type:
739		1383
740	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1384	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
741	{	1385	{
742	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1386	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
743	...	1387	...
744	}	1388	}
745		1389
746	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type	1390	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
747	have been omitted....	1391	instead have been omitted.
		1392
		1393	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		1394	embedded watchers:
		1395
		1396	struct my_biggy
		1397	{
		1398	int some_data;
		1399	ev_timer t1;
		1400	ev_timer t2;
		1401	}
		1402
		1403	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		1404	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1405	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1406	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1407	programmers):
		1408
		1409	#include <stddef.h>
		1410
		1411	static void
		1412	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1413	{
		1414	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		1415	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		1416	}
		1417
		1418	static void
		1419	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1420	{
		1421	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		1422	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		1423	}
		1424
		1425	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1426
		1427	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1428	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1429	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1430
		1431	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1432	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1433	range.
		1434
		1435	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1436	by event loops:
		1437
		1438	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1439	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1440	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1441
		1442	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1443	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1444	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1445	before polling for new events.
		1446
		1447	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1448	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1449
		1450	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1451	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1452	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1453	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1454	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1455	priority ones.
		1456
		1457	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1458	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1459	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1460	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1461	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1462	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1463	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1464	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1465	always, what you want).
		1466
		1467	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1468	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1469	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1470	required.
		1471
		1472	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1473	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1474	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1475	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1476	continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1477	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1478	workable.
		1479
		1480	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1481	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1482	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1483	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1484	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1485
		1486	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1487	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1488	other events are pending:
		1489
		1490	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1491	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1492
		1493	static void
		1494	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1495	{
		1496	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1497	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1498	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1499
		1500	// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.
		1501	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1502	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1503	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1504	}
		1505
		1506	static void
		1507	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1508	{
		1509	// actual processing
		1510	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1511
		1512	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1513	// we have handled the event
		1514	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1515	}
		1516
		1517	// initialisation
		1518	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1519	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1520	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1521
		1522	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1523	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1524	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1525	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1526	important ones.
748		1527
749		1528
750	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1529	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
751		1530
752	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1531	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
776	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1555	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
777	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1556	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
778	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1557	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
779	required if you know what you are doing).	1558	required if you know what you are doing).
780		1559
781	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends	1560	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
782	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file	1561	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
783	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing	1562	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
784	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share	1563	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
785	the same underlying "file open").	1564	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
786
787	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
788	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
789	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
790		1565
791	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1566	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
792	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1567	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
793	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1568	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
794	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1569	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
795	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1570	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
796	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1571	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
797	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1572	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
798	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1573	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
799		1574
800	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1575	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
801	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1576	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
802	wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1577	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
803	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1578	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
804	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1579	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1580	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1581	indefinitely.
		1582
		1583	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
		1584
		1585	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1586
		1587	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1588	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
		1589	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1590	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1591	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1592	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1593	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1594
		1595	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1596	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1597	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1598	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1599	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1600	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1601
		1602	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1603	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1604	optimisations to libev.
		1605
		1606	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1607
		1608	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1609	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1610	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1611	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1612
		1613	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1614	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1615	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1616
		1617	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1618
		1619	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1620	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1621	it in the child.
		1622
		1623	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1624	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1625	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1626	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1627
		1628	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1629
		1630	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1631	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1632	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1633	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1634
		1635	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1636	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1637	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1638
		1639	=head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
		1640
		1641	Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example,
		1642	found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
		1643	connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
		1644
		1645	For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
		1646	of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not
		1647	rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on
		1648	the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and
		1649	typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage.
		1650
		1651	Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between
		1652	operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the
		1653	situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to
		1654	cope with overload is known (to me).
		1655
		1656	One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it
		1657	- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the
		1658	situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
		1659	event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.
		1660
		1661	A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than
		1662	C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such
		1663	messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
		1664	what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop
		1665	the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU
		1666	usage.
		1667
		1668	If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file
		1669	descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and
		1670	when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>,
		1671	close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse
		1672	clients under typical overload conditions.
		1673
		1674	The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as
		1675	is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy
		1676	opportunity for a DoS attack.
		1677
		1678	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
805		1679
806	=over 4	1680	=over 4
807		1681
808	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1682	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
809		1683
810	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1684	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
811		1685
812	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1686	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
813	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1687	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
814	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1688	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
815		1689
816	=item int fd [read-only]	1690	=item int fd [read-only]
817		1691
818	The file descriptor being watched.	1692	The file descriptor being watched.
819		1693
820	=item int events [read-only]	1694	=item int events [read-only]
821		1695
822	The events being watched.	1696	The events being watched.
823		1697
824	=back	1698	=back
		1699
		1700	=head3 Examples
825		1701
826	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1702	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
827	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1703	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
828	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1704	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
829		1705
830	static void	1706	static void
831	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1707	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
832	{	1708	{
833	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1709	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
834	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1710	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
835	}	1711	}
836		1712
837	...	1713	...
838	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1714	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
839	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1715	ev_io stdin_readable;
840	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1716	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
841	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1717	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
842	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1718	ev_run (loop, 0);
843		1719
844		1720
845	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1721	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
846		1722
847	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1723	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
848	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1724	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
849		1725
850	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1726	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
851	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1727	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
852	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1728	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
853	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1729	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
854	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1730	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1731
		1732	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1733	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
		1734	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1735	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1736	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1737	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
		1738
		1739	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1740
		1741	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1742	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1743	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1744
		1745	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1746	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1747
		1748	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1749	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1750	data or other life sign was received).
		1751
		1752	=over 4
		1753
		1754	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1755
		1756	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1757	start the watcher:
		1758
		1759	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1760	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1761
		1762	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1763	and start it again:
		1764
		1765	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1766	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1767	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1768
		1769	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1770	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1771	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1772	still not a constant-time operation.
		1773
		1774	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1775
		1776	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1777	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1778
		1779	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1780	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1781	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1782	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1783	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1784
		1785	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1786	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1787	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1788
		1789	At start:
		1790
		1791	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1792	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1793	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1794
		1795	Each time there is some activity:
		1796
		1797	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1798
		1799	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1800	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1801
		1802	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1803	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1804
		1805	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1806	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1807	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1808
		1809	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1810
		1811	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1812
		1813	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1814	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1815	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1816	associated activity resets.
		1817
		1818	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1819	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1820	within the callback:
		1821
		1822	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1823
		1824	static void
		1825	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1826	{
		1827	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1828	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1829
		1830	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1831	if (timeout < now)
		1832	{
		1833	// timeout occurred, take action
		1834	}
		1835	else
		1836	{
		1837	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1838	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1839	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1840	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1841	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1842	}
		1843	}
		1844
		1845	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1846	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1847	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1848	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1849	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1850	a timeout then.
		1851
		1852	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1853	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1854
		1855	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1856	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1857	libev to change the timeout.
		1858
		1859	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1860	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1861	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1862
		1863	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1864	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1865	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
		1866
		1867	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1868	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1869
		1870	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1871
		1872	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1873	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1874
		1875	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1876	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1877	fix things for you.
		1878
		1879	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1880
		1881	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1882	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1883	do even better:
		1884
		1885	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1886	at the I<end> of the list.
		1887
		1888	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1889	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1890
		1891	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1892	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1893	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1894
		1895	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1896	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1897	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1898	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1899
		1900	=back
		1901
		1902	So which method the best?
		1903
		1904	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1905	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1906	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1907	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1908
		1909	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1910	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1911	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1912	overkill :)
		1913
		1914	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1915
		1916	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1917	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1918	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
		1919	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1920	lots of events in one iteration.
855		1921
856	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1922	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
857	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1923	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
858	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1924	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
859	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1925	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
860	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1926	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
861		1927
862	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1928	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
863		1929
864	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1930	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
865	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1931	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
866	order of execution is undefined.	1932	()>.
		1933
		1934	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
		1935
		1936	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
		1937	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
		1938
		1939	Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes
		1940	all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue
		1941	to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the
		1942	system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program
		1943	was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted
		1944	towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time
		1945	clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a
		1946	long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would
		1947	be adjusted accordingly.
		1948
		1949	I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between
		1950	operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware.
		1951
		1952	The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a
		1953	time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program
		1954	is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use,
		1955	then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time
		1956	will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in
		1957	use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly.
		1958
		1959	It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend>
		1960	and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get
		1961	deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against
		1962	C<SIGSTOP>).
		1963
		1964	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
867		1965
868	=over 4	1966	=over 4
869		1967
870	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1968	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
871		1969
872	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1970	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
873		1971
874	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1972	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
875	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1973	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
876	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1974	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
877	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1975	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1976	until stopped manually.
878		1977
879	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1978	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
880	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1979	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
881	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1980	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
882	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1981	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
883	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1982	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
884		1983
885	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1984	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
886		1985
887	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1986	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
888	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1987	repeating. The exact semantics are:
889		1988
		1989	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		1990
890	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	1991	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
891		1992
892	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1993	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
893	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1994	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
894		1995
895	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1996	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
896	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called	1997	usage example.
897	idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been,
898	say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do
899	this is to configure an C<ev_timer> with C<after>=C<repeat>=C<60> and calling
900	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
901	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
902	socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if
903	need be.
904		1998
905	You can also ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> altogether	1999	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
906	and only ever use the C<repeat> value:
907		2000
908	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);	2001	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
909	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	2002	then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
910	...	2003	the timeout value currently configured.
911	timer->again = 17.;
912	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
913	...
914	timer->again = 10.;
915	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
916		2004
917	This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want	2005	That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
918	to modify its timeout value.	2006	C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining>
		2007	will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
		2008	roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
		2009	too), and so on.
919		2010
920	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	2011	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
921		2012
922	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	2013	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
923	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	2014	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
924	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	2015	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
925		2016
926	=back	2017	=back
927		2018
		2019	=head3 Examples
		2020
928	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	2021	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
929		2022
930	static void	2023	static void
931	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	2024	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
932	{	2025	{
933	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	2026	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
934	}	2027	}
935		2028
936	struct ev_timer mytimer;	2029	ev_timer mytimer;
937	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	2030	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
938	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	2031	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
939		2032
940	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	2033	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
941	inactivity.	2034	inactivity.
942		2035
943	static void	2036	static void
944	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	2037	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
945	{	2038	{
946	.. ten seconds without any activity	2039	.. ten seconds without any activity
947	}	2040	}
948		2041
949	struct ev_timer mytimer;	2042	ev_timer mytimer;
950	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	2043	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
951	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	2044	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
952	ev_loop (loop, 0);	2045	ev_run (loop, 0);
953		2046
954	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	2047	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
955	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	2048	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
956	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	2049	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
957		2050
958		2051
959	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	2052	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
960		2053
961	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2054	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
962	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2055	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
963		2056
964	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	2057	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
965	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	2058	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
966	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	2059	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
967	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	2060	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
968	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	2061	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
969	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	2062	wrist-watch).
970	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time
971	again).
972		2063
973	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	2064	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
		2065	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
		2066	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		2067	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		2068	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		2069	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		2070	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
		2071
		2072	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
974	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	2073	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
		2074	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		2075	those cannot react to time jumps.
975		2076
976	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	2077	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
977	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	2078	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
978	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	2079	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		2080	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		2081	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
		2082
		2083	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
979		2084
980	=over 4	2085	=over 4
981		2086
982	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	2087	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
983		2088
984	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	2089	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
985		2090
986	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	2091	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
987	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	2092	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
988		2093
989	=over 4	2094	=over 4
990		2095
991	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	2096	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
992		2097
993	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	2098	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
994	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	2099	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
995	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	2100	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
996	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	2101	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		2102	this point in time.
997		2103
998	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	2104	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
999		2105
1000	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	2106	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1001	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	2107	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1002	of any time jumps.	2108	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		2109	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1003		2110
1004	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	2111	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1005	time:	2112	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		2113	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1006		2114
1007	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	2115	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1008		2116
1009	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	2117	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1010	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	2118	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1011	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	2119	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1012	by 3600.	2120	by 3600.
1013		2121
1014	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2122	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1015	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2123	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1016	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2124	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1017		2125
		2126	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
		2127	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		2128	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		2129
		2130	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		2131	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		2132	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		2133	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		2134
1018	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	2135	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1019		2136
1020	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	2137	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1021	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	2138	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1022	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	2139	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1023	current time as second argument.	2140	current time as second argument.
1024		2141
1025	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	2142	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1026	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	2143	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
1027	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	2144	allowed by documentation here>.
1028	starting a prepare watcher).
1029		2145
		2146	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		2147	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		2148	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		2149
1030	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	2150	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1031	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	2151	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1032		2152
		2153	static ev_tstamp
1033	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2154	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1034	{	2155	{
1035	return now + 60.;	2156	return now + 60.;
1036	}	2157	}
1037		2158
1038	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	2159	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1039	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	2160	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1040	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	2161	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1041	might be called at other times, too.	2162	might be called at other times, too.
1042		2163
1043	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	2164	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1044	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	2165	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1045		2166
1046	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2167	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1047	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	2168	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1048	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2169	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1049	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2170	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1050	reason I omitted it as an example).	2171	reason I omitted it as an example).
1051		2172
1052	=back	2173	=back
…		…
1056	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	2177	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1057	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	2178	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1058	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	2179	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1059	program when the crontabs have changed).	2180	program when the crontabs have changed).
1060		2181
		2182	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		2183
		2184	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
		2185	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		2186	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		2187	rescheduling modes.
		2188
		2189	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		2190
		2191	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		2192	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		2193	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
		2194
		2195	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		2196	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		2197
1061	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	2198	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1062		2199
1063	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	2200	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1064	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	2201	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1065	called.	2202	called.
1066		2203
1067	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	2204	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1068		2205
1069	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	2206	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1070	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	2207	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1071	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2208	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1072		2209
1073	=back	2210	=back
1074		2211
		2212	=head3 Examples
		2213
1075	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2214	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1076	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2215	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1077	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	2216	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1078		2217
1079	static void	2218	static void
1080	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	2219	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
1081	{	2220	{
1082	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2221	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1083	}	2222	}
1084		2223
1085	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2224	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1086	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	2225	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1087	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2226	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1088		2227
1089	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	2228	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1090		2229
1091	#include <math.h>	2230	#include <math.h>
1092		2231
1093	static ev_tstamp	2232	static ev_tstamp
1094	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2233	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1095	{	2234	{
1096	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	2235	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1097	}	2236	}
1098		2237
1099	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	2238	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1100		2239
1101	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	2240	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1102		2241
1103	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2242	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1104	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2243	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1105	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2244	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1106	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2245	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1107		2246
1108		2247
1109	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2248	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1110		2249
1111	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2250	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1112	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2251	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1113	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2252	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1114	normal event processing, like any other event.	2253	normal event processing, like any other event.
1115		2254
		2255	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
		2256	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
		2257	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
		2258	synchronously wake up an event loop.
		2259
1116	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	2260	You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but
		2261	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
		2262	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
		2263	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
		2264	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
		2265
1117	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	2266	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something
1118	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	2267	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1119	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	2268	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).
1120	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	2269
1121	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	2270	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		2271	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
		2272	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
		2273	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
		2274	and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		2275
		2276	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
		2277
		2278	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
		2279	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
		2280	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
		2281	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
		2282
		2283	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
		2284	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
		2285	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
		2286	certain signals to be blocked.
		2287
		2288	This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset
		2289	the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good
		2290	choice usually).
		2291
		2292	The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
		2293	to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
		2294	catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
		2295
		2296	In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
		2297	unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces
		2298	the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
		2299	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
		2300
		2301	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
		2302	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
		2303	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
		2304
		2305	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1122		2306
1123	=over 4	2307	=over 4
1124		2308
1125	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	2309	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1126		2310
…		…
1133		2317
1134	The signal the watcher watches out for.	2318	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1135		2319
1136	=back	2320	=back
1137		2321
		2322	=head3 Examples
		2323
		2324	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
		2325
		2326	static void
		2327	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
		2328	{
		2329	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
		2330	}
		2331
		2332	ev_signal signal_watcher;
		2333	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		2334	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
		2335
1138		2336
1139	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	2337	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1140		2338
1141	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	2339	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1142	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	2340	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
		2341	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
		2342	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
		2343	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		2344	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		2345	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
		2346	in the next callback invocation is not.
		2347
		2348	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		2349	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2350
		2351	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2352	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2353	libev)
		2354
		2355	=head3 Process Interaction
		2356
		2357	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		2358	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the
		2359	first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		2360	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		2361	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		2362	children, even ones not watched.
		2363
		2364	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		2365
		2366	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		2367	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		2368	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		2369	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		2370	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		2371	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		2372	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		2373
		2374	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		2375
		2376	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		2377	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		2378	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		2379	when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a
		2380	problem).
		2381
		2382	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1143		2383
1144	=over 4	2384	=over 4
1145		2385
1146	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	2386	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1147		2387
1148	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	2388	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1149		2389
1150	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	2390	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1151	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	2391	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1152	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	2392	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1153	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	2393	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1154	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	2394	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1155	process causing the status change.	2395	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		2396	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		2397	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1156		2398
1157	=item int pid [read-only]	2399	=item int pid [read-only]
1158		2400
1159	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	2401	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1160		2402
…		…
1167	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	2409	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1168	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	2410	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1169		2411
1170	=back	2412	=back
1171		2413
1172	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	2414	=head3 Examples
1173		2415
		2416	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		2417	its completion.
		2418
		2419	ev_child cw;
		2420
1174	static void	2421	static void
1175	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2422	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1176	{	2423	{
1177	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2424	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2425	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1178	}	2426	}
1179		2427
1180	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2428	pid_t pid = fork ();
1181	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2429
1182	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	2430	if (pid < 0)
		2431	// error
		2432	else if (pid == 0)
		2433	{
		2434	// the forked child executes here
		2435	exit (1);
		2436	}
		2437	else
		2438	{
		2439	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		2440	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		2441	}
1183		2442
1184		2443
1185	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2444	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1186		2445
1187	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2446	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1188	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2447	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1189	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2448	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2449	it did.
1190		2450
1191	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2451	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1192	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2452	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1193	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2453	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1194	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2454	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1195	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2455	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2456	contents.
1196		2457
1197	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	2458	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
1198	calls C<stat (2)> regulalry on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	2459	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1199	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	2460	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1200	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	2461
1201	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	2462	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1202	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	2463	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1203	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	2464	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1204	usually overkill.	2465	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
		2466	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
		2467	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
		2468	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
		2469	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1205		2470
1206	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2471	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1207	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2472	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1208	resource-intensive.	2473	resource-intensive.
1209		2474
1210	At the time of this writing, no specific OS backends are implemented, but	2475	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1211	if demand increases, at least a kqueue and inotify backend will be added.	2476	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
		2477	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
		2478	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
		2479
		2480	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		2481
		2482	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		2483	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		2484	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		2485	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		2486	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		2487	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		2488	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		2489	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
		2490
		2491	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		2492	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		2493	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		2494	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		2495	default compilation environment.
		2496
		2497	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		2498
		2499	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
		2500	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
		2501	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
		2502	watcher is being started.
		2503
		2504	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		2505	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		2506	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		2507	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		2508	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2509	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2510	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2511	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
		2512
		2513	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		2514	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		2515	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2516	etc. is difficult.
		2517
		2518	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2519
		2520	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2521	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2522	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2523
		2524	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2525	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2526	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2527	watcher).
		2528
		2529	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2530	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2531	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2532
		2533	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2534	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
		2535
		2536	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		2537
		2538	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
		2539	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
		2540	still only support whole seconds.
		2541
		2542	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		2543	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		2544	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		2545	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		2546	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
		2547
		2548	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		2549	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		2550	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		2551	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		2552
		2553	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		2554	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		2555	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		2556	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		2557	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		2558	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		2559	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		2560	the timer callback).
		2561
		2562	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1212		2563
1213	=over 4	2564	=over 4
1214		2565
1215	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	2566	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1216		2567
…		…
1220	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2571	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1221	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2572	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1222	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2573	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1223	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2574	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1224		2575
1225	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	2576	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1226	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	2577	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1227	last change was detected).	2578	last change was detected).
1228		2579
1229	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	2580	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1230		2581
1231	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2582	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1232	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	2583	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1233	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	2584	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1234	useful simply to find out the new values.	2585	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		2586	new values.
1235		2587
1236	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	2588	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1237		2589
1238	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	2590	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1239	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	2591	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1240	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	2592	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		2593	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1241	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	2594	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1242		2595
1243	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	2596	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1244		2597
1245	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	2598	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1246	C<prev> != C<attr>.	2599	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		2600	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		2601	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1247		2602
1248	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	2603	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1249		2604
1250	The specified interval.	2605	The specified interval.
1251		2606
1252	=item const char *path [read-only]	2607	=item const char *path [read-only]
1253		2608
1254	The filesystem path that is being watched.	2609	The file system path that is being watched.
1255		2610
1256	=back	2611	=back
1257		2612
		2613	=head3 Examples
		2614
1258	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2615	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1259		2616
1260	static void	2617	static void
1261	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2618	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1262	{	2619	{
1263	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2620	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1264	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2621	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1265	{	2622	{
1266	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2623	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1267	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2624	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1268	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2625	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1269	}	2626	}
1270	else	2627	else
1271	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2628	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1272	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2629	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1273	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2630	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1274	}	2631	}
1275		2632
1276	...	2633	...
1277	ev_stat passwd;	2634	ev_stat passwd;
1278		2635
1279	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	2636	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1280	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2637	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		2638
		2639	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		2640	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		2641	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		2642	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		2643
		2644	static ev_stat passwd;
		2645	static ev_timer timer;
		2646
		2647	static void
		2648	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2649	{
		2650	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2651
		2652	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		2653	}
		2654
		2655	static void
		2656	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		2657	{
		2658	/* reset the one-second timer */
		2659	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		2660	}
		2661
		2662	...
		2663	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		2664	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		2665	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1281		2666
1282		2667
1283	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2668	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1284		2669
1285	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	2670	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1286	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	2671	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1287	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	2672	as receiving "events").
1288	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	2673
1289	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	2674	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		2675	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		2676	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		2677	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1290	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	2678	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1291	busy.	2679	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
1292		2680
1293	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	2681	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1294	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	2682	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
1295		2683
1296	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2684	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1297	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2685	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1298	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2686	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1299	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2687	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1300		2688
		2689	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2690
1301	=over 4	2691	=over 4
1302		2692
1303	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2693	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1304		2694
1305	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2695	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1306	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2696	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1307	believe me.	2697	believe me.
1308		2698
1309	=back	2699	=back
1310		2700
		2701	=head3 Examples
		2702
1311	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2703	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1312	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2704	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1313		2705
1314	static void	2706	static void
1315	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2707	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1316	{	2708	{
1317	free (w);	2709	free (w);
1318	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2710	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1319	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	2711	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1320	}	2712	}
1321		2713
1322	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2714	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1323	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2715	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1324	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2716	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1325		2717
1326		2718
1327	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2719	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1328		2720
1329	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2721	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1330	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2722	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1331	afterwards.	2723	afterwards.
1332		2724
1333	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2725	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter
1334	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2726	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
1335	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	2727	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
1336	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	2728	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
1337	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2729	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1338	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2730	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1339	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2731	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1340		2732
1341	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2733	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1342	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2734	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1343	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2735	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1344	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2736	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1345	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2737	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1346	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2738	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1347	watcher).	2739	watcher).
1348		2740
1349	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2741	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1350	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2742	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1351	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2743	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1352	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2744	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1353	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2745	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1354	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2746	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1355	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2747	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1356	because you never know, you know?).	2748	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1357		2749
1358	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2750	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1359	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2751	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1360	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2752	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1361	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2753	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
1362	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	2754	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1363	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	2755	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1364	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2756	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1365	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2757	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1366		2758
		2759	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		2760	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2761	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2762
		2763	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
		2764	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
		2765	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
		2766	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
		2767	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		2768	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		2769	others).
		2770
		2771	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2772
1367	=over 4	2773	=over 4
1368		2774
1369	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	2775	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1370		2776
1371	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2777	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1372		2778
1373	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2779	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1374	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2780	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1375	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2781	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2782	pointless.
1376		2783
1377	=back	2784	=back
1378		2785
1379	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	2786	=head3 Examples
1380	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	2787
		2788	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		2789	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		2790	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		2791	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
		2792	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
		2793	Glib event loop).
		2794
		2795	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1381	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	2796	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1382	pseudo-code only of course:	2797	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		2798	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		2799	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1383		2800
1384	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2801	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1385	static ev_timer tw;	2802	static ev_timer tw;
1386		2803
1387	static void	2804	static void
1388	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2805	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1389	{	2806	{
1390	// set the relevant poll flags
1391	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1392	struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w->data;
1393	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1394	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1395	}	2807	}
1396		2808
1397	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2809	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1398	static void	2810	static void
1399	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2811	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1400	{	2812	{
1401	int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd];	2813	int timeout = 3600000;
		2814	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1402	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2815	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1403	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2816	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1404		2817
1405	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2818	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1406	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2819	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
1407	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2820	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1408		2821
1409	// create on ev_io per pollfd	2822	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1410	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2823	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1411	{	2824	{
1412	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2825	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1413	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2826	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1414	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2827	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1415		2828
1416	fds [i].revents = 0;	2829	fds [i].revents = 0;
1417	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1418	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2830	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1419	}	2831	}
1420	}	2832	}
1421		2833
1422	// stop all watchers after blocking	2834	// stop all watchers after blocking
1423	static void	2835	static void
1424	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2836	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1425	{	2837	{
1426	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2838	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1427		2839
1428	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2840	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		2841	{
		2842	// set the relevant poll flags
		2843	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		2844	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		2845	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		2846	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		2847	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		2848
		2849	// now stop the watcher
1429	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2850	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		2851	}
1430		2852
1431	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2853	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1432	}	2854	}
		2855
		2856	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		2857	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		2858
		2859	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		2860	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		2861	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		2862
		2863	static void
		2864	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2865	{
		2866	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2867	update_now (EV_A);
		2868
		2869	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		2870	}
		2871
		2872	static void
		2873	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		2874	{
		2875	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2876	update_now (EV_A);
		2877
		2878	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2879	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2880	}
		2881
		2882	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		2883
		2884	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		2885	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
		2886	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
		2887	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
		2888	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2889	libglib event loop.
		2890
		2891	static gint
		2892	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		2893	{
		2894	int got_events = 0;
		2895
		2896	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2897	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		2898
		2899	if (timeout >= 0)
		2900	// create/start timer
		2901
		2902	// poll
		2903	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		2904
		2905	// stop timer again
		2906	if (timeout >= 0)
		2907	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		2908
		2909	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		2910	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2911	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		2912
		2913	return got_events;
		2914	}
1433		2915
1434		2916
1435	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2917	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1436		2918
1437	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2919	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1443	prioritise I/O.	2925	prioritise I/O.
1444		2926
1445	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2927	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1446	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2928	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1447	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2929	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1448	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2930	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1449	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2931	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
1450	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2932	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
1451	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2933	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2934	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
1452		2935
1453	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2936	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
1454	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2937	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
1455	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2938	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
1456	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2939	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
1457	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2940	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
1458		2941
1459	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2942	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
1460	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2943	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
1461	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2944	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
1462	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2945	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
1463	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2946	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
1464	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2947	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
1465	embedded loop sweep.
1466		2948
1467	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2949	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
1468	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2950	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
1469	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
1470	interested in that.
1471		2951
1472	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2952	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
1473	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2953	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
1474	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2954	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
1475	yourself.	2955	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
1476		2956
1477	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2957	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
1478	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2958	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
1479	portable one.	2959	portable one.
1480		2960
1481	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2961	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1482	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2962	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1483	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2963	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1484	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2964	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1485		2965
1486	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2966	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
1487	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1488	struct ev_embed embed;
1489
1490	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1491	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1492	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1493	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1494	: 0;
1495		2967
1496	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	2968	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
1497	if (loop_lo)	2969	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
1498	{	2970	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
1499	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	2971	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
1500	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	2972	as applicable.
1501	}	2973
1502	else	2974	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1503	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1504		2975
1505	=over 4	2976	=over 4
1506		2977
1507	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2978	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1508		2979
…		…
1510		2981
1511	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2982	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1512	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2983	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1513	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2984	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1514	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2985	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1515	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2986	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1516		2987
1517	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2988	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1518		2989
1519	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2990	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1520	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2991	similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most
1521	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2992	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1522		2993
1523	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	2994	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1524		2995
1525	The embedded event loop.	2996	The embedded event loop.
1526		2997
1527	=back	2998	=back
		2999
		3000	=head3 Examples
		3001
		3002	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		3003	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		3004	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		3005	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		3006	used).
		3007
		3008	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		3009	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		3010	ev_embed embed;
		3011
		3012	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		3013	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		3014	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		3015	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		3016	: 0;
		3017
		3018	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		3019	if (loop_lo)
		3020	{
		3021	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		3022	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		3023	}
		3024	else
		3025	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		3026
		3027	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		3028	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		3029	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		3030	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		3031
		3032	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		3033	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		3034	ev_embed embed;
		3035
		3036	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		3037	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		3038	{
		3039	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		3040	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		3041	}
		3042
		3043	if (!loop_socket)
		3044	loop_socket = loop;
		3045
		3046	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1528		3047
1529		3048
1530	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3049	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1531		3050
1532	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3051	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1535	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3054	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1536	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3055	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1537	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3056	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1538	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3057	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1539		3058
		3059	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		3060
		3061	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
		3062	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		3063	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		3064
		3065	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		3066	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		3067	fork.
		3068
		3069	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		3070	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		3071	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		3072
		3073	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		3074	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		3075	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		3076	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		3077
		3078	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		3079	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		3080	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		3081	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		3082	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		3083	signal watchers).
		3084
		3085	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		3086	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		3087	C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>.
		3088	Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered
		3089	watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies
		3090	those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
		3091	signal watchers.
		3092
		3093	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3094
1540	=over 4	3095	=over 4
1541		3096
1542	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3097	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1543		3098
1544	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3099	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
…		…
1546	believe me.	3101	believe me.
1547		3102
1548	=back	3103	=back
1549		3104
1550		3105
		3106	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
		3107
		3108	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other
		3109	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		3110	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		3111
		3112	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
		3113	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
		3114	watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal
		3115	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
		3116
		3117	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		3118	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		3119	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		3120	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		3121
		3122	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		3123	just the default loop.
		3124
		3125	=head3 Queueing
		3126
		3127	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		3128	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		3129	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		3130	need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access
		3131	semantics.
		3132
		3133	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		3134	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
		3135	queue:
		3136
		3137	=over 4
		3138
		3139	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		3140
		3141	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		3142	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
		3143	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		3144
		3145	static ev_async mysig;
		3146
		3147	static void
		3148	sigusr1_handler (void)
		3149	{
		3150	sometype data;
		3151
		3152	// no locking etc.
		3153	queue_put (data);
		3154	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		3155	}
		3156
		3157	static void
		3158	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3159	{
		3160	sometype data;
		3161	sigset_t block, prev;
		3162
		3163	sigemptyset (&block);
		3164	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		3165	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		3166
		3167	while (queue_get (&data))
		3168	process (data);
		3169
		3170	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		3171	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		3172	}
		3173
		3174	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		3175	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		3176	either...).
		3177
		3178	=item queueing from a thread context
		3179
		3180	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		3181	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		3182	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		3183
		3184	static ev_async mysig;
		3185	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		3186
		3187	static void
		3188	otherthread (void)
		3189	{
		3190	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		3191	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		3192	queue_put (data);
		3193	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		3194
		3195	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		3196	}
		3197
		3198	static void
		3199	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3200	{
		3201	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		3202
		3203	while (queue_get (&data))
		3204	process (data);
		3205
		3206	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		3207	}
		3208
		3209	=back
		3210
		3211
		3212	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3213
		3214	=over 4
		3215
		3216	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		3217
		3218	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		3219	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		3220	trust me.
		3221
		3222	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		3223
		3224	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		3225	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		3226	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
		3227	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		3228	section below on what exactly this means).
		3229
		3230	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		3231	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		3232	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		3233	reset when the event loop detects that).
		3234
		3235	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
		3236	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
		3237	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
		3238
		3239	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		3240
		3241	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		3242	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		3243	event loop.
		3244
		3245	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		3246	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		3247	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		3248	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		3249
		3250	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
		3251	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3252	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3253	notification, and the callback being invoked.
		3254
		3255	=back
		3256
		3257
1551	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3258	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
1552		3259
1553	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	3260	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
1554		3261
1555	=over 4	3262	=over 4
1556		3263
1557	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3264	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
1558		3265
1559	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3266	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
1560	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	3267	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
1561	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3268	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
1562	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3269	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1563	more watchers yourself.	3270	more watchers yourself.
1564		3271
1565	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	3272	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
1566	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	3273	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
1567	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	3274	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
1568		3275
1569	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	3276	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1570	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	3277	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1571	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	3278	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
1572	dubious value.
1573		3279
1574	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	3280	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is
1575	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	3281	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1576	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	3282	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg>
1577	value passed to C<ev_once>:	3283	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		3284	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		3285	events precedence.
1578		3286
		3287	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		3288
1579	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	3289	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1580	{	3290	{
1581	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1582	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1583	else if (revents & EV_READ)	3291	if (revents & EV_READ)
1584	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	3292	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		3293	else if (revents & EV_TIMER)
		3294	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1585	}	3295	}
1586		3296
1587	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3297	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1588		3298
1589	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1590
1591	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1592	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
1593	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
1594
1595	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3299	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
1596		3300
1597	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3301	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1598	the given events it.	3302	the given events it.
1599		3303
1600	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3304	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
1601		3305
1602	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	3306	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1603	loop!).	3307	loop!).
1604		3308
1605	=back	3309	=back
1606		3310
1607		3311
…		…
1623		3327
1624	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3328	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1625	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3329	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1626	is an ev_pri field.	3330	is an ev_pri field.
1627		3331
		3332	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		3333	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		3334
1628	=item * Other members are not supported.	3335	=item * Other members are not supported.
1629		3336
1630	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3337	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1631	to use the libev header file and library.	3338	to use the libev header file and library.
1632		3339
1633	=back	3340	=back
1634		3341
1635	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3342	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1636		3343
1637	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3344	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1638	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3345	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1639	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3346	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1640		3347
1641	To use it,	3348	To use it,
1642		3349
1643	#include <ev++.h>	3350	#include <ev++.h>
1644		3351
1645	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	3352	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1646	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	3353	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1647	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	3354	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		3355	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1648		3356
1649	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	3357	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1650	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	3358	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		3359	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		3360	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		3361
		3362	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		3363	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		3364	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		3365	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		3366	it).
1651		3367
1652	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	3368	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1653		3369
1654	=over 4	3370	=over 4
1655		3371
…		…
1671		3387
1672	All of those classes have these methods:	3388	All of those classes have these methods:
1673		3389
1674	=over 4	3390	=over 4
1675		3391
1676	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)	3392	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1677		3393
1678	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)	3394	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
1679		3395
1680	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	3396	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1681		3397
1682	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	3398	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1683	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	3399	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1684	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	3400
1685	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	3401	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1686	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	3402	C<set> method before starting it.
		3403
		3404	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		3405	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		3406
		3407	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		3408	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1687		3409
1688	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	3410	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
1689		3411
		3412	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		3413
		3414	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		3415	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		3416	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		3417	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		3418
		3419	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		3420	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		3421	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		3422	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		3423	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		3424
		3425	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		3426
		3427	struct myclass
		3428	{
		3429	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		3430	}
		3431
		3432	myclass obj;
		3433	ev::io iow;
		3434	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		3435
		3436	=item w->set (object *)
		3437
		3438	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3439	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3440	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3441	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3442	list.
		3443
		3444	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3445	int revents)>.
		3446
		3447	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3448
		3449	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3450
		3451	struct myfunctor
		3452	{
		3453	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3454	{
		3455	...
		3456	}
		3457	}
		3458
		3459	myfunctor f;
		3460
		3461	ev::io w;
		3462	w.set (&f);
		3463
		3464	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		3465
		3466	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		3467	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		3468	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		3469
		3470	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		3471
		3472	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3473
		3474	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
		3475
		3476	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		3477	iow.set <io_cb> ();
		3478
1690	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3479	=item w->set (loop)
1691		3480
1692	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3481	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1693	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3482	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1694		3483
1695	=item w->set ([args])	3484	=item w->set ([arguments])
1696		3485
1697	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	3486	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this
1698	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	3487	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the
1699	automatically stopped and restarted.	3488	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted
		3489	when reconfiguring it with this method.
1700		3490
1701	=item w->start ()	3491	=item w->start ()
1702		3492
1703	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	3493	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1704	constructor already takes the loop.	3494	constructor already stores the event loop.
		3495
		3496	=item w->start ([arguments])
		3497
		3498	Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often
		3499	convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as
		3500	the configure C<set> method of the watcher.
1705		3501
1706	=item w->stop ()	3502	=item w->stop ()
1707		3503
1708	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	3504	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1709		3505
1710	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	3506	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1711		3507
1712	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	3508	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1713	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	3509	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1714		3510
1715	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	3511	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1716		3512
1717	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	3513	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1718		3514
1719	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	3515	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1720		3516
1721	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	3517	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1722		3518
1723	=back	3519	=back
1724		3520
1725	=back	3521	=back
1726		3522
1727	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	3523	Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O
1728	the constructor.	3524	watchers in the constructor.
1729		3525
1730	class myclass	3526	class myclass
1731	{	3527	{
1732	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	3528	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		3529	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1733	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	3530	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1734		3531
1735	myclass ();	3532	myclass (int fd)
		3533	{
		3534	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		3535	io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
		3536	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		3537
		3538	io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher
		3539	io.start (); // start it whenever convenient
		3540
		3541	io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call
		3542	}
1736	}	3543	};
1737		3544
1738	myclass::myclass (int fd)	3545
1739	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),	3546	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
1740	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)	3547
1741	{	3548	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
1742	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	3549	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
1743	}	3550	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		3551	me a note.
		3552
		3553	=over 4
		3554
		3555	=item Perl
		3556
		3557	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		3558	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		3559	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		3560	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
		3561	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3562	and C<EV::Glib>).
		3563
		3564	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		3565	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		3566
		3567	=item Python
		3568
		3569	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		3570	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
		3571
		3572	=item Ruby
		3573
		3574	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		3575	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		3576	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		3577	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		3578
		3579	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3580	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3581
		3582	=item Haskell
		3583
		3584	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3585	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3586
		3587	=item D
		3588
		3589	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		3590	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3591
		3592	=item Ocaml
		3593
		3594	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3595	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3596
		3597	=item Lua
		3598
		3599	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
		3600	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
		3601	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
		3602
		3603	=back
1744		3604
1745		3605
1746	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3606	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1747		3607
1748	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	3608	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
1749	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and	3609	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1750	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	3610	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1751		3611
1752	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	3612	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1753	following macros are defined:	3613	following macros are defined:
1754		3614
1755	=over 4	3615	=over 4
…		…
1758		3618
1759	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3619	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1760	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3620	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1761	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3621	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1762		3622
1763	ev_unref (EV_A);	3623	ev_unref (EV_A);
1764	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3624	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1765	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3625	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
1766		3626
1767	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3627	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
1768	which is often provided by the following macro.	3628	which is often provided by the following macro.
1769		3629
1770	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3630	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
1771		3631
1772	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3632	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1773	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	3633	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1774	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	3634	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1775		3635
1776	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3636	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
1777	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3637	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1778		3638
1779	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3639	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
1780	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3640	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1781		3641
1782	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3642	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
1783	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3643	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
1784		3644
1785	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3645	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1786		3646
1787	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	3647	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1788	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	3648	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1789		3649
		3650	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		3651
		3652	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		3653	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		3654	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		3655	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		3656
		3657	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		3658	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
		3659
1790	=back	3660	=back
1791		3661
1792	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of	3662	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1793	wether multiple loops are supported or not.	3663	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		3664	or not.
1794		3665
1795	static void	3666	static void
1796	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3667	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1797	{	3668	{
1798	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3669	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1799	}	3670	}
1800		3671
1801	ev_check check;	3672	ev_check check;
1802	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3673	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1803	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3674	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1804	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3675	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1805
1806		3676
1807	=head1 EMBEDDING	3677	=head1 EMBEDDING
1808		3678
1809	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3679	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1810	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3680	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1811	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	3681	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1812	and rxvt-unicode.	3682	and rxvt-unicode.
1813		3683
1814	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	3684	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1815	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	3685	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1816	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	3686	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1817	libev somewhere in your source tree).	3687	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1818		3688
1819	=head2 FILESETS	3689	=head2 FILESETS
1820		3690
1821	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	3691	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
1822	in your app.	3692	in your application.
1823		3693
1824	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3694	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
1825		3695
1826	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3696	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
1827	configuration (no autoconf):	3697	configuration (no autoconf):
1828		3698
1829	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3699	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1830	#include "ev.c"	3700	#include "ev.c"
1831		3701
1832	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3702	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
1833	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3703	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
1834	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3704	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
1835	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3705	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
1836	where you can put other configuration options):	3706	where you can put other configuration options):
1837		3707
1838	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3708	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1839	#include "ev.h"	3709	#include "ev.h"
1840		3710
1841	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3711	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
1842	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3712	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
1843	as a bug).	3713	as a bug).
1844		3714
1845	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3715	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
1846	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3716	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
1847		3717
1848	ev.h	3718	ev.h
1849	ev.c	3719	ev.c
1850	ev_vars.h	3720	ev_vars.h
1851	ev_wrap.h	3721	ev_wrap.h
1852		3722
1853	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3723	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1854		3724
1855	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default)	3725	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
1856	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3726	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1857	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3727	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1858	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3728	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1859	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3729	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1860		3730
1861	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3731	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
1862	to compile this single file.	3732	to compile this single file.
1863		3733
1864	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3734	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
1865		3735
1866	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3736	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
1867		3737
1868	#include "event.c"	3738	#include "event.c"
1869		3739
1870	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3740	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
1871		3741
1872	#include "event.h"	3742	#include "event.h"
1873		3743
1874	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3744	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
1875		3745
1876	You need the following additional files for this:	3746	You need the following additional files for this:
1877		3747
1878	event.h	3748	event.h
1879	event.c	3749	event.c
1880		3750
1881	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3751	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
1882		3752
1883	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3753	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
1884	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3754	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
1885	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3755	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
1886	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3756	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
1887		3757
1888	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3758	For this of course you need the m4 file:
1889		3759
1890	libev.m4	3760	libev.m4
1891		3761
1892	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3762	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
1893		3763
1894	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3764	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
1895	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3765	define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in
1896	and only include the select backend.	3766	the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.
		3767
		3768	Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different
		3769	values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible
		3770	to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility
		3771	to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all
		3772	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
		3773	settings.
1897		3774
1898	=over 4	3775	=over 4
1899		3776
		3777	=item EV_COMPAT3 (h)
		3778
		3779	Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
		3780	release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
		3781	have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
		3782
		3783	You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future
		3784	versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your
		3785	sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct>
		3786	from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop>
		3787	typedef in that case.
		3788
		3789	In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>,
		3790	and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
		3791	removed completely.
		3792
1900	=item EV_STANDALONE	3793	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
1901		3794
1902	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	3795	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
1903	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3796	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
1904	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3797	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
1905	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3798	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
1906	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3799	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
1907		3800
		3801	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3802	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3803
1908	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3804	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
1909		3805
1910	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3806	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1911	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3807	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
1912	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3808	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
1913	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3809	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
1914	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	3810	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
1915	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3811	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
1916	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3812	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
1917		3813
1918	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3814	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
1919		3815
1920	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3816	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1921	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3817	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
1922	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3818	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
1923	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3819	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
1924	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	3820	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
1925	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3821	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3822	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3823	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3824
		3825	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3826
		3827	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3828	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3829	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3830	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3831	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3832	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3833	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3834	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
		3835
		3836	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		3837
		3838	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		3839	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		3840
		3841	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3842
		3843	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3844	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3845	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3846	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3847	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
1926		3848
1927	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3849	=item EV_USE_SELECT
1928		3850
1929	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3851	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
1930	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3852	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
1931	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3853	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
1932	will not be compiled in.	3854	will not be compiled in.
1933		3855
1934	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3856	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
1935		3857
1936	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3858	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
1937	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3859	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
1938	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3860	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
1939	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3861	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
1940	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3862	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
1941	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3863	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
1942	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3864	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
1943		3865
1944	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3866	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
1945		3867
1946	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3868	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
1947	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3869	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
1949	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3871	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
1950	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3872	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
1951	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3873	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
1952	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3874	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
1953		3875
		3876	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
		3877
		3878	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		3879	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		3880	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		3881	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		3882	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		3883
		3884	=item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
		3885
		3886	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors
		3887	using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing
		3888	their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier
		3889	to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value.
		3890
		3891	=item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
		3892
		3893	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
		3894	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
		3895	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
		3896	the underlying OS handle.
		3897
1954	=item EV_USE_POLL	3898	=item EV_USE_POLL
1955		3899
1956	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3900	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
1957	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3901	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
1958	takes precedence over select.	3902	takes precedence over select.
1959		3903
1960	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3904	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
1961		3905
1962	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3906	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
1963	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3907	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
1964	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3908	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
1965	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3909	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3910	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
1966		3911
1967	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3912	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
1968		3913
1969	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3914	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
1970	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3915	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
1983	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3928	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
1984	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3929	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
1985		3930
1986	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3931	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
1987		3932
1988	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3933	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
1989		3934
		3935	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
		3936
		3937	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
		3938	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
		3939	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3940	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3941
		3942	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		3943
		3944	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		3945	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		3946	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		3947	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		3948	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		3949
		3950	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		3951	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
		3952
1990	=item EV_H	3953	=item EV_H (h)
1991		3954
1992	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3955	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
1993	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	3956	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
1994	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3957	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
1995		3958
1996	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3959	=item EV_CONFIG_H (h)
1997		3960
1998	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3961	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
1999	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3962	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2000	C<EV_H>, above.	3963	C<EV_H>, above.
2001		3964
2002	=item EV_EVENT_H	3965	=item EV_EVENT_H (h)
2003		3966
2004	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3967	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2005	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	3968	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2006		3969
2007	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3970	=item EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
2008		3971
2009	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3972	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2010	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3973	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
2011	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions	3974	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
2012	around libev functions.	3975	around libev functions.
…		…
2017	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	3980	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
2018	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	3981	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
2019	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	3982	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
2020	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	3983	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
2021		3984
2022	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2023
2024	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2025	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2026	code.
2027
2028	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2029
2030	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2031	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2032
2033	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2034
2035	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2036	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2037
2038	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2039
2040	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2041	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2042
2043	=item EV_MINIMAL	3985	=item EV_MINPRI
		3986
		3987	=item EV_MAXPRI
		3988
		3989	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		3990	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		3991	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		3992	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		3993
		3994	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		3995	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		3996	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		3997	fine.
		3998
		3999	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
		4000	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
		4001
		4002	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,
		4003	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
		4004	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
		4005
		4006	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
		4007	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
		4008	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size.
		4009
		4010	=item EV_FEATURES
2044		4011
2045	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	4012	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2046	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	4013	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
2047	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	4014	certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features
		4015	that can be enabled on the platform.
		4016
		4017	A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset
		4018	with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable
		4019	additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal,
		4020	but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
		4021	backend, use this:
		4022
		4023	#define EV_FEATURES 0
		4024	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
		4025	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
		4026	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4027	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
		4028
		4029	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
		4030	values:
		4031
		4032	=over 4
		4033
		4034	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
		4035
		4036	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
		4037
		4038	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the
		4039	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
		4040
		4041	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
		4042	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
		4043	assertions.
		4044
		4045	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
		4046
		4047	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
		4048	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
		4049	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
		4050	runtime.
		4051
		4052	=item C<4> - full API configuration
		4053
		4054	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
		4055	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
		4056
		4057	=item C<8> - full API
		4058
		4059	This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for
		4060	details on which parts of the API are still available without this
		4061	feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time.
		4062
		4063	=item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types
		4064
		4065	Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable
		4066	only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare,
		4067	embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining
		4068	C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead.
		4069
		4070	=item C<32> - enable all backends
		4071
		4072	This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at
		4073	least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice).
		4074
		4075	=item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs
		4076
		4077	Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by
		4078	default.
		4079
		4080	=back
		4081
		4082	Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0>
		4083	reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb
		4084	code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O
		4085	watchers, timers and monotonic clock support.
		4086
		4087	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
		4088	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
		4089	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
		4090	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4091
		4092	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
		4093
		4094	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
		4095	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
		4096	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
		4097	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
		4098	big.
		4099
		4100	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
		4101	enabled.
		4102
		4103	=item EV_NSIG
		4104
		4105	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
		4106	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
		4107	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
		4108	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
		4109	good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev
		4110	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
2048		4111
2049	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	4112	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2050		4113
2051	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4114	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2052	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	4115	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled),
2053	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	4116	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you
2054	increase this value.	4117	might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
		4118
		4119	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
		4120
		4121	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		4122	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES>
		4123	disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of
		4124	C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a
		4125	power of two).
		4126
		4127	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		4128
		4129	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		4130	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		4131	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		4132	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		4133
		4134	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
		4135	will be C<0>.
		4136
		4137	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		4138
		4139	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		4140	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		4141	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		4142	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		4143	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		4144	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		4145
		4146	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
		4147	will be C<0>.
		4148
		4149	=item EV_VERIFY
		4150
		4151	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will
		4152	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		4153	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		4154	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		4155	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		4156	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		4157	libev considerably.
		4158
		4159	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
		4160	will be C<0>.
2055		4161
2056	=item EV_COMMON	4162	=item EV_COMMON
2057		4163
2058	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4164	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2059	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4165	this macro to something else you can include more and other types of
2060	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	4166	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2061	though, and it must be identical each time.	4167	though, and it must be identical each time.
2062		4168
2063	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	4169	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2064		4170
2065	#define EV_COMMON \	4171	#define EV_COMMON \
2066	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	4172	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2067	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	4173	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2068		4174
2069	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	4175	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2070		4176
2071	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	4177	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2072		4178
2073	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	4179	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2074		4180
2075	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	4181	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2076	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	4182	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2077	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	4183	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2078	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	4184	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2079	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	4185	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2080	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	4186	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		4187
		4188	=back
		4189
		4190	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		4191
		4192	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
		4193	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		4194	all public symbols, one per line:
		4195
		4196	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		4197	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		4198
		4199	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		4200	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		4201	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
		4202
		4203	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		4204	include before including F<ev.h>:
		4205
		4206	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		4207
		4208	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		4209
		4210	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		4211	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		4212	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		4213	...
2081		4214
2082	=head2 EXAMPLES	4215	=head2 EXAMPLES
2083		4216
2084	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	4217	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2085	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	4218	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2088	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file	4221	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
2089	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header	4222	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
2090	file.	4223	file.
2091		4224
2092	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	4225	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2093	that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices:	4226	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2094		4227
		4228	#define EV_FEATURES 8
		4229	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		4230	#define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1
		4231	#define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1
		4232	#define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1
		4233	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
2095	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	4234	#define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0
2096	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2097	#define EV_PERIODICS 0
2098	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	4235	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2099		4236
2100	#include "ev++.h"	4237	#include "ev++.h"
2101		4238
2102	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4239	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2103		4240
2104	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4241	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2105	#include "ev.c"	4242	#include "ev.c"
2106		4243
		4244	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
2107		4245
		4246	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		4247
		4248	=head3 THREADS
		4249
		4250	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
		4251	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
		4252	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
		4253	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
		4254	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		4255	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		4256	structures that need any locking.
		4257
		4258	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		4259	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		4260	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		4261	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		4262	a mutex per loop).
		4263
		4264	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		4265	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		4266	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		4267	outside".
		4268
		4269	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		4270	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		4271	help you, but here is some generic advice:
		4272
		4273	=over 4
		4274
		4275	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		4276	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		4277
		4278	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		4279	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		4280
		4281	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		4282
		4283	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		4284	exists, but it is always a good start.
		4285
		4286	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		4287	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		4288
		4289	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		4290	better than you currently do :-)
		4291
		4292	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		4293	event loop.
		4294
		4295	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		4296	(or from signal contexts...).
		4297
		4298	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
		4299	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
		4300	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
		4301	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
		4302
		4303	=back
		4304
		4305	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		4306
		4307	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		4308	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		4309	created/added/removed.
		4310
		4311	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		4312	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		4313	languages).
		4314
		4315	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		4316	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		4317	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		4318
		4319	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		4320
		4321	typedef struct {
		4322	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		4323	ev_async async_w;
		4324	thread_t tid;
		4325	cond_t invoke_cv;
		4326	} userdata;
		4327
		4328	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		4329	{
		4330	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		4331	static userdata u;
		4332
		4333	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		4334	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4335
		4336	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		4337	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		4338
		4339	// now associate this with the loop
		4340	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		4341	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		4342	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		4343
		4344	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		4345	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		4346	}
		4347
		4348	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		4349	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		4350	that might have been added:
		4351
		4352	static void
		4353	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		4354	{
		4355	// just used for the side effects
		4356	}
		4357
		4358	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4359	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4360
		4361	static void
		4362	l_release (EV_P)
		4363	{
		4364	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4365	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4366	}
		4367
		4368	static void
		4369	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4370	{
		4371	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4372	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4373	}
		4374
		4375	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4376	into C<ev_run>:
		4377
		4378	void *
		4379	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4380	{
		4381	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4382
		4383	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4384	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4385	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		4386	l_release (EV_A);
		4387
		4388	return 0;
		4389	}
		4390
		4391	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4392	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4393	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4394	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4395	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4396	watchers is very beneficial):
		4397
		4398	static void
		4399	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4400	{
		4401	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4402
		4403	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4404	{
		4405	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4406	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4407	}
		4408	}
		4409
		4410	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4411	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4412	thread to continue:
		4413
		4414	static void
		4415	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4416	{
		4417	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4418
		4419	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4420	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4421	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4422	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4423	}
		4424
		4425	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4426	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4427
		4428	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4429	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4430
		4431	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4432
		4433	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4434	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4435	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4436	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4437
		4438	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4439	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4440	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4441	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4442
		4443	=head3 COROUTINES
		4444
		4445	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		4446	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		4447	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two
		4448	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
		4449	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
		4450	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		4451
		4452	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		4453	C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		4454	they do not call any callbacks.
		4455
		4456	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		4457
		4458	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		4459	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		4460	scared by this.
		4461
		4462	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		4463	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		4464	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		4465	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		4466
		4467	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		4468	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		4469	maintainable.
		4470
		4471	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		4472	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		4473	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		4474	warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have
		4475	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		4476	such buggy versions.
		4477
		4478	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		4479	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		4480	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		4481	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		4482	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		4483
		4484
		4485	=head2 VALGRIND
		4486
		4487	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		4488	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		4489
		4490	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		4491	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		4492
		4493	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4494	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4495	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		4496
		4497	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		4498	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
		4499
		4500	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		4501	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		4502	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		4503	confused.
		4504
		4505	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		4506	make it into some kind of religion.
		4507
		4508	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		4509	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		4510	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		4511	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		4512	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		4513
		4514	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		4515	I suggest using suppression lists.
		4516
		4517
		4518	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		4519
		4520	=head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
		4521
		4522	GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file
		4523	interfaces but I<disables> them by default.
		4524
		4525	That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support
		4526	files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers.
		4527
		4528	Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue
		4529	by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the
		4530	standard libev compiled for their system.
		4531
		4532	Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would
		4533	suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment,
		4534	i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.
		4535
		4536	=head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
		4537
		4538	The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface
		4539	you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the
		4540	OpenGL drivers.
		4541
		4542	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
		4543
		4544	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
		4545	only sockets, many support pipes.
		4546
		4547	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
		4548	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
		4549	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		4550	probably going to work well.
		4551
		4552	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
		4553
		4554	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
		4555	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
		4556	release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken.
		4557
		4558	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on
		4559	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating
		4560	a loop.
		4561
		4562	=head3 C<select> is buggy
		4563
		4564	All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
		4565	one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file
		4566	descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when
		4567	you use more.
		4568
		4569	There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining
		4570	C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should>
		4571	work on OS/X.
		4572
		4573	=head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
		4574
		4575	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
		4576
		4577	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
		4578	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
		4579	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
		4580	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
		4581
		4582	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
		4583	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
		4584
		4585	=head3 Event port backend
		4586
		4587	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
		4588	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		4589	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
		4590	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
		4591	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
		4592	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		4593	great.
		4594
		4595	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
		4596	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
		4597	C<select> backends.
		4598
		4599	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
		4600
		4601	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
		4602	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
		4603	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
		4604	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
		4605
		4606	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		4607
		4608	=head3 General issues
		4609
		4610	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		4611	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		4612	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		4613	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		4614	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		4615	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
		4616	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
		4617	environment.
		4618
		4619	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		4620	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
		4621	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
		4622	also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		4623
		4624	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		4625	embedding it into other applications.
		4626
		4627	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4628	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		4629
		4630	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		4631	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		4632	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		4633	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		4634	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		4635	available).
		4636
		4637	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		4638	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		4639	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		4640	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		4641	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		4642	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		4643	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
		4644
		4645	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		4646	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		4647	of F<ev.h>:
		4648
		4649	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		4650	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		4651
		4652	#include "ev.h"
		4653
		4654	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		4655	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		4656
		4657	#include "evwrap.h"
		4658	#include "ev.c"
		4659
		4660	=head3 The winsocket C<select> function
		4661
		4662	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		4663	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		4664	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		4665	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		4666	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		4667	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		4668	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		4669
		4670	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		4671	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		4672
		4673	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		4674	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		4675
		4676	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		4677	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		4678
		4679	=head3 Limited number of file descriptors
		4680
		4681	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		4682
		4683	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		4684	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		4685	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		4686	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		4687	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
		4688
		4689	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		4690	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		4691	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
		4692	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
		4693
		4694	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		4695	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
		4696	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
		4697	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
		4698	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
		4699	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
		4700	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
		4701	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
		4702	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		4703
		4704	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		4705
		4706	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		4707	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		4708
		4709	=over 4
		4710
		4711	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		4712	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		4713
		4714	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		4715	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		4716	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		4717	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		4718	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		4719
		4720	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		4721
		4722	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		4723	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		4724	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		4725	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		4726
		4727	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		4728
		4729	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		4730	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		4731	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		4732	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		4733	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		4734	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		4735
		4736	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		4737	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		4738	well.
		4739
		4740	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		4741
		4742	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		4743	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		4744	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		4745	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		4746	watchers.
		4747
		4748	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		4749
		4750	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		4751	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
		4752	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
		4753	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
		4754	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With
		4755	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.
		4756
		4757	=back
		4758
		4759	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		4760
		4761
2108	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	4762	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
2109		4763
2110	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	4764	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2111	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	4765	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
2112	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	4766	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		4767
		4768	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		4769	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		4770	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		4771	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		4772	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
2113		4773
2114	=over 4	4774	=over 4
2115		4775
2116	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	4776	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2117		4777
		4778	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		4779	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
		4780	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		4781
2118	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	4782	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2119		4783
		4784	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		4785	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		4786
2120	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	4787	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2121		4788
		4789	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		4790
2122	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	4791	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2123		4792
2124	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % 16))	4793	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2125		4794
		4795	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
		4796	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		4797	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		4798	is rare).
		4799
2126	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	4800	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		4801
		4802	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		4803	fixed position in the storage array.
2127		4804
2128	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	4805	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2129		4806
2130	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	4807	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		4808	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		4809	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		4810
		4811	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		4812
		4813	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		4814
		4815	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		4816	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		4817	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		4818	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		4819
		4820	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		4821
		4822	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		4823
		4824	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		4825
		4826	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		4827	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		4828	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2131		4829
2132	=back	4830	=back
2133		4831
2134		4832
		4833	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
		4834
		4835	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.
		4836
		4837	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial
		4838	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be
		4839	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.
		4840
		4841	=over 4
		4842
		4843	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
		4844
		4845	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
		4846
		4847	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT);
		4848	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		4849
		4850	=item function/symbol renames
		4851
		4852	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
		4853
		4854	ev_loop => ev_run
		4855	EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
		4856	EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE
		4857
		4858	ev_unloop => ev_break
		4859	EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
		4860	EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
		4861	EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL
		4862
		4863	EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER
		4864
		4865	ev_loop_count => ev_iteration
		4866	ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
		4867	ev_loop_verify => ev_verify
		4868
		4869	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an
		4870	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and
		4871	associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct
		4872	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
		4873	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
		4874	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
		4875	typedef.
		4876
		4877	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		4878
		4879	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		4880	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
		4881	section.
		4882
		4883	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
		4884
		4885	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
		4886	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
		4887	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
		4888
		4889	=back
		4890
		4891
		4892	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4893
		4894	=over 4
		4895
		4896	=item active
		4897
		4898	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
		4899	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
		4900
		4901	=item application
		4902
		4903	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4904
		4905	=item backend
		4906
		4907	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
		4908
		4909	=item callback
		4910
		4911	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4912	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4913	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4914
		4915	=item callback/watcher invocation
		4916
		4917	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4918
		4919	=item event
		4920
		4921	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4922	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4923	any other events happening anymore.
		4924
		4925	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4926	C<EV_TIMER>).
		4927
		4928	=item event library
		4929
		4930	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4931
		4932	=item event loop
		4933
		4934	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4935	into callback invocations.
		4936
		4937	=item event model
		4938
		4939	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4940	watchers and events.
		4941
		4942	=item pending
		4943
		4944	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
		4945	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
		4946
		4947	=item real time
		4948
		4949	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4950
		4951	=item wall-clock time
		4952
		4953	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4954	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4955	clock.
		4956
		4957	=item watcher
		4958
		4959	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		4960	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		4961
		4962	=back
		4963
2135	=head1 AUTHOR	4964	=head1 AUTHOR
2136		4965
2137	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	4966	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
2138		4967

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