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		1	=encoding utf-8
		2
1	=head1 NAME	3	=head1 NAME
2		4
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	5	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		6
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
…		…
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	60	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		61
60	// now wait for events to arrive	62	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_run (loop, 0);	63	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		64
63	// unloop was called, so exit	65	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	66	return 0;
65	}	67	}
66		68
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	69	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		70
…		…
78	with libev.	80	with libev.
79		81
80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed	82	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
81	throughout this document.	83	throughout this document.
82		84
		85	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
		86
		87	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
		88	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
		89	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
		90	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
		91	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
		92
83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	93	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
84		94
85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	95	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	96	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
87	these event sources and provide your program with events.	97	these event sources and provide your program with events.
…		…
95	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	105	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
96	watcher.	106	watcher.
97		107
98	=head2 FEATURES	108	=head2 FEATURES
99		109
100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	110	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific aio and C<epoll>
101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	111	interfaces, the BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port
102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	112	mechanisms for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify>
103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner	113	interface (for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative	114	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling	115	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status	116	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event	117	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and	118	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
…		…
166	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	176	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
167		177
168	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	178	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
169	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	179	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
170	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of	180	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
171	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.	181	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
172		182
173	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	183	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
174		184
175	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	185	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
176	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	186	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		187	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		188	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		189
177	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	190	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		191
		192	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		193	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
178		194
179	=item int ev_version_major ()	195	=item int ev_version_major ()
180		196
181	=item int ev_version_minor ()	197	=item int ev_version_minor ()
182		198
…		…
233	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()	249	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
234	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.	250	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
235		251
236	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	252	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
237		253
238	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	254	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
239		255
240	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	256	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
241	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	257	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
242	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	258	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
243	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	259	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
249		265
250	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	266	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
251	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	267	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
252	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	268	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
253		269
		270	Example: The following is the C<realloc> function that libev itself uses
		271	which should work with C<realloc> and C<free> functions of all kinds and
		272	is probably a good basis for your own implementation.
		273
		274	static void *
		275	ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT
		276	{
		277	if (size)
		278	return realloc (ptr, size);
		279
		280	free (ptr);
		281	return 0;
		282	}
		283
254	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	284	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
255	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).	285	retries.
256		286
257	static void *	287	static void *
258	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	288	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
259	{	289	{
		290	if (!size)
		291	{
		292	free (ptr);
		293	return 0;
		294	}
		295
260	for (;;)	296	for (;;)
261	{	297	{
262	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	298	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
263		299
264	if (newptr)	300	if (newptr)
…		…
269	}	305	}
270		306
271	...	307	...
272	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	308	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
273		309
274	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	310	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
275		311
276	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	312	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
277	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	313	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
278	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	314	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
279	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	315	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
291	}	327	}
292		328
293	...	329	...
294	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	330	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
295		331
		332	=item ev_feed_signal (int signum)
		333
		334	This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely
		335	safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
		336	handlers or random threads.
		337
		338	Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
		339	in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
		340	by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when
		341	creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other
		342	mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling
		343	C<ev_feed_signal>.
		344
296	=back	345	=back
297		346
298	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS	347	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
299		348
300	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is	349	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
301	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as	350	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
302	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).	351	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
303		352
304	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which	353	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
305	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops	354	supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which
306	which do not.	355	do not.
307		356
308	=over 4	357	=over 4
309		358
310	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	359	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
311		360
…		…
347	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	396	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
348		397
349	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop	398	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
350	could not be initialised, returns false.	399	could not be initialised, returns false.
351		400
352	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use	401	This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
353	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the	402	threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
354	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.	403	loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
355		404
356	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	405	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
357	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	406	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
358		407
359	The following flags are supported:	408	The following flags are supported:
…		…
369		418
370	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	419	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
371	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	420	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
372	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	421	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
373	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	422	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
374	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	423	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work
375	around bugs.	424	around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
		425	cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other
		426	thread modifies them).
376		427
377	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	428	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
378		429
379	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also	430	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
380	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.	431	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
381		432
382	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	433	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
383	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	434	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
384	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	435	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
385	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	436	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn
386	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has	437	sequence without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux
387	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	438	system also has C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster). (Update: glibc
		439	versions 2.25 apparently removed the C<getpid> optimisation again).
388		440
389	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	441	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
390	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	442	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still
391	flag.	443	have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>) when you use this flag.
392		444
393	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	445	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
394	environment variable.	446	environment variable.
395		447
396	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	448	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
397		449
398	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the	450	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
399	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and	451	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
400	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as	452	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
401	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.	453	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
402		454
403	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>	455	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
404		456
405	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the	457	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
406	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API	458	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
407	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make	459	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
408	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal	460	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
409	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your	461	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
410	threads that are not interested in handling them.	462	threads that are not interested in handling them.
411		463
412	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and	464	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
413	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for	465	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
414	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	466	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		467
		468	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
		469
		470	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
		471	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
		472	when you want to receive them.
		473
		474	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
		475	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
		476	unblocking the signals.
		477
		478	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		479	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		480
		481	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
415		482
416	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	483	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
417		484
418	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	485	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
419	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	486	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
…		…
447	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	514	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
448		515
449	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	516	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
450	kernels).	517	kernels).
451		518
452	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	519	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
453	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	520	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
454	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	521	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
455	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	522	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
456		523
457	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	524	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
458	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	525	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
459	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	526	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
460	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	527	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		528	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		529	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
461	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	530	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
462	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	531	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
463	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	532	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
464	hard to detect.	533	and is of course hard to detect.
465		534
466	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	535	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
467	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	536	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
468	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	537	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
469	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	538	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
470	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	539	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
471	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	540	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
472	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	541	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		542	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		543	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		544	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
473	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	545	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
474	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	546	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		547
		548	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		549	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		550	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
475		551
476	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	552	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
477	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	553	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
478	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	554	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
479	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	555	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
491	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or	567	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
492	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on	568	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
493	the usage. So sad.	569	the usage. So sad.
494		570
495	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	571	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
496	all kernel versions tested so far.	572	a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions.
		573
		574	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		575	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		576
		577	=item C<EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO> (value 64, Linux)
		578
		579	Use the linux-specific linux aio (I<not> C<< aio(7) >>) event interface
		580	available in post-4.18 kernels.
		581
		582	If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very
		583	experimental and only supports a subset of file types), it is the best
		584	event interface available on linux and might be well worth it enabling it
		585	- if it isn't available in your kernel this will be detected and another
		586	backend will be chosen.
		587
		588	This backend can batch oneshot requests and uses a user-space ring buffer
		589	to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design problems
		590	of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from the epoll
		591	set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this being the
		592	linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of limitations.
		593
		594	For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using
		595	an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to various
		596	arbitrary limits that can be configured in F</proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr>
		597	and F</proc/sys/fs/aio-nr>), which could lead to it being skipped during
		598	initialisation.
		599
		600	Most problematic in practise, however, is that, like kqueue, it requires
		601	special support from drivers, and, not surprisingly, not all drivers
		602	implement it. For example, in linux 4.19, tcp sockets, pipes, event fds,
		603	files, F</dev/null> and a few others are supported, but ttys are not, so
		604	this is not (yet?) a generic event polling interface but is probably still
		605	be very useful in a web server or similar program.
497		606
498	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	607	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
499	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	608	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
500		609
501	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	610	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
…		…
516		625
517	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	626	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
518	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	627	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
519	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	628	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
520	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	629	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
521	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	630	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
522	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	631	might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
523	cases	632	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
524		633
525	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	634	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
526		635
527	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	636	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
528	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	637	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
545	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	654	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
546		655
547	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	656	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
548	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	657	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
549		658
550	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
551	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
552	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
553
554	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	659	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
555	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	660	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
556	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	661	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
557	might perform better.	662	might perform better.
558		663
559	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	664	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
560	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
561	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	665	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
562	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).	666	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
		667	hacks).
		668
		669	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		670	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
		671	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
		672	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
		673	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		674	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		675	to re-arm the watcher.
		676
		677	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
563		678
564	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	679	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
565	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	680	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
566		681
567	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	682	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
568		683
569	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	684	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
570	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	685	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
571	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	686	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
572		687
573	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	688	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
		689	C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend
		690	at all.
		691
		692	=item C<EVBACKEND_MASK>
		693
		694	Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
		695	C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
		696	value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable).
574		697
575	=back	698	=back
576		699
577	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,	700	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
578	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed	701	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
…		…
587		710
588	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is	711	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
589	used if available.	712	used if available.
590		713
591	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	714	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		715
		716	Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the
		717	linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that
		718	isn't available.
		719
		720	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO);
592		721
593	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	722	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
594		723
595	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state	724	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
596	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	725	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
…		…
607	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by	736	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
608	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by	737	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
609	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.	738	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
610		739
611	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop	740	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
612	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free it's resources.	741	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
613	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>	742	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
614	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	743	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
615		744
616	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	745	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
617		746
618	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to	747	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations
619	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	748	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite
620	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	749	the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop
621	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the	750	watchers (except inside an C<ev_prepare> callback), but it makes most
		751	sense after forking, in the child process. You I<must> call it (or use
622	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.	752	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
623		753
		754	In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or
		755	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>), you I<also> have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>.
		756
624	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after	757	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
625	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is	758	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
626	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things	759	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
627	during fork.	760	during fork.
628		761
629	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	762	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
…		…
665	prepare and check phases.	798	prepare and check phases.
666		799
667	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)	800	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
668		801
669	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of	802	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
670	times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.	803	times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
671		804
672	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is	805	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
673	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),	806	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
674	in which case it is higher.	807	in which case it is higher.
675		808
676	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread	809	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
677	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such	810	throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this
678	ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.	811	as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
		812	convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
679		813
680	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	814	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
681		815
682	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	816	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
683	use.	817	use.
…		…
698		832
699	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	833	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
700	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	834	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
701	the current time is a good idea.	835	the current time is a good idea.
702		836
703	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	837	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
704		838
705	=item ev_suspend (loop)	839	=item ev_suspend (loop)
706		840
707	=item ev_resume (loop)	841	=item ev_resume (loop)
708		842
…		…
726	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	860	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
727		861
728	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	862	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
729	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	863	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
730		864
731	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)	865	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
732		866
733	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	867	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
734	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	868	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
735	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call	869	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
736	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This	870	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
737	is why event loops are called I<loops>.	871	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
738		872
739	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events	873	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
740	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was	874	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
741	called.	875	called.
		876
		877	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		878	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		879	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
742		880
743	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than	881	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
744	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	882	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
745	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	883	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
746	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	884	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
747	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	885	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
748	beauty.	886	beauty.
749		887
		888	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
		889	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
		890	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
		891	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
		892
750	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle	893	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
751	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and	894	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
752	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one	895	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
753	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new	896	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
754	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.	897	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
…		…
763	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	906	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
764	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	907	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
765	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	908	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
766	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	909	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
767		910
768	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:	911	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		912	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		913	future versions):
769		914
770	- Increment loop depth.	915	- Increment loop depth.
771	- Reset the ev_break status.	916	- Reset the ev_break status.
772	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	917	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
773	LOOP:	918	LOOP:
…		…
806	anymore.	951	anymore.
807		952
808	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	953	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
809	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	954	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
810	ev_run (my_loop, 0);	955	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
811	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	956	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
812		957
813	=item ev_break (loop, how)	958	=item ev_break (loop, how)
814		959
815	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	960	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
816	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	961	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
817	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or	962	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
818	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.	963	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
819		964
820	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.	965	This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>.
821		966
822	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##	967	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in
		968	which case it will have no effect.
823		969
824	=item ev_ref (loop)	970	=item ev_ref (loop)
825		971
826	=item ev_unref (loop)	972	=item ev_unref (loop)
827		973
…		…
848	running when nothing else is active.	994	running when nothing else is active.
849		995
850	ev_signal exitsig;	996	ev_signal exitsig;
851	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	997	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
852	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	998	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
853	evf_unref (loop);	999	ev_unref (loop);
854		1000
855	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	1001	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
856		1002
857	ev_ref (loop);	1003	ev_ref (loop);
858	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	1004	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
…		…
878	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	1024	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
879		1025
880	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	1026	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
881	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	1027	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
882	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	1028	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
883	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	1029	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
884	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	1030	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
885	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	1031	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
886	once per this interval, on average.	1032	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		1033	good enough).
887		1034
888	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	1035	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
889	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	1036	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
890	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	1037	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
891	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	1038	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
937	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1084	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
938		1085
939	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1086	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
940	callback.	1087	callback.
941		1088
942	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1089	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
943		1090
944	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1091	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
945	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1092	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
946	each call to a libev function.	1093	each call to a libev function.
947		1094
948	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible	1095	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
949	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event	1096	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
950	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these	1097	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
951	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1098	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
952		1099
953	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1100	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
954	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1101	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
955	afterwards.	1102	afterwards.
…		…
970	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this	1117	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
971	document.	1118	document.
972		1119
973	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)	1120	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
974		1121
975	=item ev_userdata (loop)	1122	=item void *ev_userdata (loop)
976		1123
977	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When	1124	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
978	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns	1125	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
979	C<0.>	1126	C<0>.
980		1127
981	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,	1128	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
982	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and	1129	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
983	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for	1130	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
984	any other purpose as well.	1131	any other purpose as well.
…		…
1095		1242
1096	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1243	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1097		1244
1098	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1245	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1099		1246
1100	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts	1247	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1101	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1248	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1102	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1249	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1250	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1251	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1252	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1253	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1254
1103	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1255	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1104	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1256	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1105	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1257	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1106	C<ev_run> from blocking).	1258	blocking).
1107		1259
1108	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1260	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1109		1261
1110	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1262	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1111		1263
1112	=item C<EV_FORK>	1264	=item C<EV_FORK>
1113		1265
1114	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1266	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
1115	C<ev_fork>).	1267	C<ev_fork>).
		1268
		1269	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
		1270
		1271	The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
1116		1272
1117	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1273	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
1118		1274
1119	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1275	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
1120		1276
…		…
1142	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another	1298	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
1143	thing, so beware.	1299	thing, so beware.
1144		1300
1145	=back	1301	=back
1146		1302
		1303	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
		1304
		1305	=over 4
		1306
		1307	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		1308
		1309	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
		1310	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
		1311	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
		1312	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
		1313	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
		1314	which rolls both calls into one.
		1315
		1316	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
		1317	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
		1318
		1319	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
		1320	int revents)>.
		1321
		1322	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1323
		1324	ev_io w;
		1325	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1326	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1327
		1328	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
		1329
		1330	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
		1331	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
		1332	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
		1333	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
		1334	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
		1335
		1336	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
		1337	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
		1338
		1339	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1340
		1341	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
		1342
		1343	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
		1344	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
		1345	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		1346
		1347	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1348
		1349	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1350
		1351	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1352
		1353	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
		1354	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
		1355
		1356	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1357	whole section.
		1358
		1359	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1360
		1361	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1362
		1363	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1364	the watcher was active or not).
		1365
		1366	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
		1367	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
		1368	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
		1369	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
		1370	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
		1371
		1372	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1373
		1374	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
		1375	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
		1376	it.
		1377
		1378	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1379
		1380	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
		1381	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
		1382	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
		1383	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
		1384	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		1385	it).
		1386
		1387	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1388
		1389	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
		1390
		1391	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		1392
		1393	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
		1394	(modulo threads).
		1395
		1396	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
		1397
		1398	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1399
		1400	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		1401	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		1402	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		1403	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		1404	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		1405
		1406	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		1407	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		1408
		1409	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		1410	pending.
		1411
		1412	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1413	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1414	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1415
		1416	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1417	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1418
		1419	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
		1420	priorities.
		1421
		1422	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1423
		1424	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		1425	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		1426	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1427	callback.
		1428
		1429	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1430
		1431	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
		1432	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		1433	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
		1434
		1435	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1436	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1437
		1438	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1439
		1440	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1441	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1442	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1443	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1444
		1445	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1446	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1447	not started in the first place.
		1448
		1449	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1450	functions that do not need a watcher.
		1451
		1452	=back
		1453
		1454	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
		1455	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
		1456
1147	=head2 WATCHER STATES	1457	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1148		1458
1149	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -	1459	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1150	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to	1460	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1151	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these	1461	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1152	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".	1462	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1153		1463
1154	=over 4	1464	=over 4
1155		1465
1156	=item initialiased	1466	=item initialised
1157		1467
1158	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be	1468	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1159	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to	1469	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
1160	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.	1470	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1161		1471
1162	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use	1472	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1163	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.	1473	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1474	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1475	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1164		1476
1165	=item started/running/active	1477	=item started/running/active
1166		1478
1167	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes	1479	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1168	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in	1480	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
…		…
1196	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless	1508	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1197	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before	1509	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
1198	freeing it is often a good idea.	1510	freeing it is often a good idea.
1199		1511
1200	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the	1512	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
1201	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way	1513	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
1202	you wish.	1514	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1515	it again).
1203		1516
1204	=back	1517	=back
1205
1206	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
1207
1208	=over 4
1209
1210	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1211
1212	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
1213	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
1214	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
1215	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
1216	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
1217	which rolls both calls into one.
1218
1219	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
1220	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
1221
1222	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
1223	int revents)>.
1224
1225	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
1226
1227	ev_io w;
1228	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
1229	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1230
1231	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
1232
1233	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
1234	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
1235	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
1236	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
1237	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
1238
1239	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
1240	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
1241
1242	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
1243
1244	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
1245
1246	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
1247	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
1248	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
1249
1250	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
1251
1252	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1253
1254	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1255
1256	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
1257	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
1258
1259	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
1260	whole section.
1261
1262	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
1263
1264	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1265
1266	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
1267	the watcher was active or not).
1268
1269	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
1270	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
1271	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
1272	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
1273	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
1274
1275	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1276
1277	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
1278	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
1279	it.
1280
1281	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1282
1283	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
1284	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
1285	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
1286	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
1287	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
1288	it).
1289
1290	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1291
1292	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1293
1294	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1295
1296	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1297	(modulo threads).
1298
1299	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
1300
1301	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1302
1303	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
1304	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
1305	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
1306	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
1307	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
1308
1309	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
1310	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
1311
1312	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
1313	pending.
1314
1315	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
1316	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
1317	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1318
1319	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1320	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1321
1322	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1323	priorities.
1324
1325	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1326
1327	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1328	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
1329	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
1330	callback.
1331
1332	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1333
1334	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
1335	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
1336	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
1337
1338	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
1339	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
1340
1341	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1342
1343	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1344	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
1345	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
1346	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
1347
1348	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
1349	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
1350	not started in the first place.
1351
1352	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1353	functions that do not need a watcher.
1354
1355	=back
1356
1357
1358	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
1359
1360	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1361	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
1362	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
1363	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
1364	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1365	data:
1366
1367	struct my_io
1368	{
1369	ev_io io;
1370	int otherfd;
1371	void *somedata;
1372	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1373	};
1374
1375	...
1376	struct my_io w;
1377	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1378
1379	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1380	can cast it back to your own type:
1381
1382	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1383	{
1384	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1385	...
1386	}
1387
1388	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1389	instead have been omitted.
1390
1391	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1392	embedded watchers:
1393
1394	struct my_biggy
1395	{
1396	int some_data;
1397	ev_timer t1;
1398	ev_timer t2;
1399	}
1400
1401	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1402	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1403	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1404	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1405	programmers):
1406
1407	#include <stddef.h>
1408
1409	static void
1410	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1411	{
1412	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1413	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1414	}
1415
1416	static void
1417	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1418	{
1419	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1420	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1421	}
1422		1518
1423	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1519	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1424		1520
1425	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small	1521	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
1426	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation	1522	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
…		…
1553	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1649	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1554	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1650	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1555	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1651	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1556	required if you know what you are doing).	1652	required if you know what you are doing).
1557		1653
1558	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1559	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1560	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1561	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1562	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1563
1564	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1654	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1565	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1655	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1566	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1656	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1567	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1657	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1568	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1658	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1569	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1659	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1570	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1571	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1660	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1572		1661
1573	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1662	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1574	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1663	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1575	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1664	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1576	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1665	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1577	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1666	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1578	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1667	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1579	indefinitely.	1668	indefinitely.
1580		1669
1581	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1670	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1582		1671
1583	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1672	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1584		1673
1585	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1674	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing
1586	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,	1675	a file descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other
1587	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1676	means, such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some
1588	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1677	file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently
1589	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1678	drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then
1590	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1679	is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is,
1591	fact, a different file descriptor.	1680	in fact, a different file descriptor.
1592		1681
1593	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows	1682	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
1594	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev	1683	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
1595	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise	1684	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
1596	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that	1685	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
…		…
1610		1699
1611	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1700	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1612	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1701	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1613	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1702	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1614		1703
		1704	=head3 The special problem of files
		1705
		1706	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1707	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1708	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1709
		1710	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1711	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1712	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1713	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1714	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1715
		1716	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1717	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1718	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1719	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1720	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1721
		1722	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1723	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1724	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1725	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1726	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1727	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1728	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1729	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1730	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1731
		1732	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1733	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1734	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1735	reuse the same code path.
		1736
1615	=head3 The special problem of fork	1737	=head3 The special problem of fork
1616		1738
1617	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1739	Some backends (epoll, kqueue, probably linuxaio) do not support C<fork ()>
1618	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1740	at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs
1619	it in the child.	1741	to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the
		1742	child.
1620		1743
1621	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1744	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1622	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1745	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1623	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1746	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1624	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1625		1747
1626	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1748	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1627		1749
1628	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1750	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1629	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1751	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1727	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1849	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1728	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1850	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1729		1851
1730	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1852	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1731	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1853	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1732	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1854	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1855	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1733	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1856	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1734	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1857	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1735	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).	1858	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1736		1859
1737	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1860	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1738		1861
1739	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1862	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1740	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1863	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1815		1938
1816	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1939	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1817	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1940	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1818	within the callback:	1941	within the callback:
1819		1942
		1943	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1820	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1944	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1945	ev_timer timer;
1821		1946
1822	static void	1947	static void
1823	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1948	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1824	{	1949	{
1825	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1950	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1826	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1951	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1827		1952
1828	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1953	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1829	if (timeout < now)	1954	if (after < 0.)
1830	{	1955	{
1831	// timeout occurred, take action	1956	// timeout occurred, take action
1832	}	1957	}
1833	else	1958	else
1834	{	1959	{
1835	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1960	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1836	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1961	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1837	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1962	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1838	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1963	// the timeout can occur.
		1964	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1839	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1965	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1840	}	1966	}
1841	}	1967	}
1842		1968
1843	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1969	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1844	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1970	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1845	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1971	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1846	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1972	(EV_A)> from that).
1847	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1848	a timeout then.
1849		1973
1850	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1974	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1851	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1975	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1976
		1977	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1978	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1979
		1980	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1981	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1982	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1852		1983
1853	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1984	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1854	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1985	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1855	libev to change the timeout.	1986	libev to change the timeout.
1856		1987
1857	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1988	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1858	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1989	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1859	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1990	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		1991	the timer:
1860		1992
		1993	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1861	ev_init (timer, callback);	1994	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1862	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1995	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1863	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1864		1996
1865	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1997	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1866	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1998	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1867		1999
		2000	if (activity detected)
1868	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	2001	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		2002
		2003	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		2004	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		2005	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		2006
		2007	timeout = new_value;
		2008	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		2009	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1869		2010
1870	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	2011	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1871	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	2012	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1872
1873	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1874	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1875	fix things for you.
1876		2013
1877	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	2014	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1878		2015
1879	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	2016	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1880	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	2017	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1907	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	2044	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1908	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	2045	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1909	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	2046	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1910	overkill :)	2047	overkill :)
1911		2048
		2049	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		2050
		2051	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		2052	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		2053	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		2054	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		2055	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		2056
		2057	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		2058	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		2059
		2060	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		2061	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		2062	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		2063	expect.
		2064
		2065	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		2066	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		2067	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		2068	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2069	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2070
		2071	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2072	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2073	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2074	intentions.
		2075
		2076	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2077	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2078	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2079	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2080
		2081	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2082	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2083	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2084	late" side of things.
		2085
1912	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2086	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1913		2087
1914	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2088	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1915	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2089	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1916	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a	2090	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1917	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2091	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1918	lots of events in one iteration.	2092	lots of events in one iteration.
1919		2093
1920	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2094	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1921	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	2095	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1922	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	2096	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1923	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the	2097	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1924	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	2098	timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust
		2099	for it:
1925		2100
1926	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2101	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () - ev_now ()), 0.);
1927		2102
1928	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2103	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1929	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2104	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1930	()>.	2105	()>, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events
		2106	further into the future.
		2107
		2108	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2109
		2110	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2111	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2112	jumps).
		2113
		2114	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2115	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2116	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2117	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2118	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2119
		2120	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2121	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2122	a second or so.
		2123
		2124	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2125	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2126	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2127	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2128
		2129	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2130	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2131	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2132
		2133	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2134	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2135	exactly the right behaviour.
		2136
		2137	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2138	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2139	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1931		2140
1932	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2141	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1933		2142
1934	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2143	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1935	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2144	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
1965		2174
1966	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2175	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1967		2176
1968	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2177	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1969		2178
1970	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>	2179	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds (fractional and
1971	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is	2180	negative values are supported). If C<repeat> is C<0.>, then it will
1972	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be	2181	automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If it is positive,
1973	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,	2182	then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat>
1974	until stopped manually.	2183	seconds later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
1975		2184
1976	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if	2185	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1977	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally	2186	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1978	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot	2187	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1979	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2188	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1980	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2189	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1981		2190
1982	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2191	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1983		2192
1984	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2193	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
1985	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2194	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2195	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
1986		2196
		2197	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2198	applied to the watcher:
		2199
		2200	=over 4
		2201
1987	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2202	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
1988		2203
1989	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2204	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2205	out, without invoking it).
1990		2206
1991	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2207	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
1992	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2208	and start the timer, if necessary.
1993		2209
		2210	=back
		2211
1994	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2212	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1995	usage example.	2213	usage example.
1996		2214
1997	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2215	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
1998		2216
1999	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2217	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
2052	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2270	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
2053	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2271	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
2054		2272
2055	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or	2273	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
2056	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time	2274	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
2057	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The	2275	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The
2058	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real	2276	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
2059	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your	2277	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
2060	wrist-watch).	2278	wrist-watch).
2061		2279
2062	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point	2280	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
…		…
2067	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting	2285	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
2068	it, as it uses a relative timeout).	2286	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
2069		2287
2070	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex	2288	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
2071	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or	2289	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
2072	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as	2290	other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with C<ev_timer>
2073	those cannot react to time jumps.	2291	watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps.
2074		2292
2075	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2293	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
2076	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple	2294	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
2077	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with	2295	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
2078	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values	2296	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
…		…
2119		2337
2120	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2338	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2121	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2339	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2122	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2340	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2123		2341
2124	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2342	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2125	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2343	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2126	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2344	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2345	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2346	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2347	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2127		2348
2128	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2349	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2129	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2350	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2130	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2351	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2131	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2352	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2161		2382
2162	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or	2383	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
2163	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.	2384	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
2164		2385
2165	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2386	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
2166	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the	2387	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate
2167	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2388	the next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for
2168	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2389	this. Here is a (completely untested, no error checking) example on how to
2169	reason I omitted it as an example).	2390	do this:
		2391
		2392	#include <time.h>
		2393
		2394	static ev_tstamp
		2395	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		2396	{
		2397	time_t tnow = (time_t)now;
		2398	struct tm tm;
		2399	localtime_r (&tnow, &tm);
		2400
		2401	tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day
		2402	++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day
		2403
		2404	return mktime (&tm);
		2405	}
		2406
		2407	Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two
		2408	midnights (beginning and end).
2170		2409
2171	=back	2410	=back
2172		2411
2173	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	2412	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
2174		2413
…		…
2239		2478
2240	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2479	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
2241	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2480	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
2242	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2481	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
2243	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2482	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
2244		2483
2245		2484
2246	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2485	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2247		2486
2248	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2487	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2249	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2488	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
2250	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2489	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
2251	normal event processing, like any other event.	2490	normal event processing, like any other event.
2252		2491
2253	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use	2492	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
2254	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing	2493	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
2255	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to	2494	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
…		…
2259	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your	2498	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
2260	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for	2499	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
2261	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At	2500	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
2262	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.	2501	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
2263		2502
2264	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something	2503	Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually
2265	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2504	register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal
2266	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).	2505	handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal.
2267		2506
2268	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2507	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
2269	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should	2508	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
2270	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting	2509	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
2271	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher	2510	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
…		…
2274	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2513	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2275		2514
2276	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2515	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2277	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2516	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2278	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2517	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2279	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2518	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2519	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2280		2520
2281	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2521	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2282	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2522	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2283	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2523	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2284	certain signals to be blocked.	2524	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2297	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.	2537	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
2298		2538
2299	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when	2539	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
2300	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This	2540	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
2301	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.	2541	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
		2542
		2543	=head3 The special problem of threads signal handling
		2544
		2545	POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
		2546	a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
		2547	threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
		2548
		2549	When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
		2550	for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
		2551	all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
		2552	sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating
		2553	loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles
		2554	these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
		2555	in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>.
2302		2556
2303	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2557	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2304		2558
2305	=over 4	2559	=over 4
2306		2560
…		…
2441		2695
2442	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2696	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
2443		2697
2444	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2698	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
2445	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2699	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
2446	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2700	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
2447	it did.	2701	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2702	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
2448		2703
2449	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2704	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
2450	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2705	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
2451	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2706	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
2452	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2707	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2682	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2937	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2683	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2938	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2684	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2939	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2685	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2940	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2686		2941
		2942	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2943
		2944	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2945	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2946	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2947	lowest priority will do.
		2948
		2949	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2950	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2951	between different connections.
		2952
		2953	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2954	example.
		2955
2687	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2956	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2688		2957
2689	=over 4	2958	=over 4
2690		2959
2691	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2960	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2702	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2971	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2703		2972
2704	static void	2973	static void
2705	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2974	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2706	{	2975	{
		2976	// stop the watcher
		2977	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2978
		2979	// now we can free it
2707	free (w);	2980	free (w);
		2981
2708	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2982	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2709	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2983	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2710	}	2984	}
2711		2985
2712	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2986	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2714	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	2988	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2715		2989
2716		2990
2717	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2991	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2718		2992
2719	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2993	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2720	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2994	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2721	afterwards.	2995	afterwards.
2722		2996
2723	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter	2997	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> (or similar functions that enter the
2724	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2998	current event loop) or C<ev_loop_fork> from either C<ev_prepare> or
2725	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	2999	C<ev_check> watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine,
2726	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	3000	however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check
2727	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	3001	for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be
2728	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	3002	C<ev_prepare>, blocking, C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each
2729	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	3003	kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
2730		3004
2731	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	3005	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
2732	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track	3006	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
2733	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	3007	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
2734	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	3008	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
…		…
2752	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	3026	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2753	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	3027	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2754	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	3028	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2755	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	3029	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2756		3030
2757	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	3031	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2758	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	3032	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2759	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	3033	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		3034	watchers).
2760		3035
2761	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	3036	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2762	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	3037	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2763	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	3038	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2764	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	3039	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2765	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	3040	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2766	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	3041	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2767	others).	3042	others).
		3043
		3044	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		3045
		3046	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		3047	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		3048	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		3049	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		3050	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		3051	connections have a chance of making progress.
		3052
		3053	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		3054	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		3055	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		3056
		3057	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		3058	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		3059	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		3060	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		3061	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2768		3062
2769	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3063	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2770		3064
2771	=over 4	3065	=over 4
2772		3066
…		…
2973		3267
2974	=over 4	3268	=over 4
2975		3269
2976	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3270	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2977		3271
2978	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3272	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2979		3273
2980	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3274	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2981	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3275	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2982	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3276	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2983	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3277	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
…		…
3004	used).	3298	used).
3005		3299
3006	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3300	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
3007	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3301	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
3008	ev_embed embed;	3302	ev_embed embed;
3009		3303
3010	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3304	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
3011	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3305	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
3012	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3306	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
3013	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3307	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
3014	: 0;	3308	: 0;
…		…
3028	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3322	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
3029		3323
3030	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3324	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
3031	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3325	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
3032	ev_embed embed;	3326	ev_embed embed;
3033		3327
3034	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3328	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
3035	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3329	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
3036	{	3330	{
3037	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3331	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
3038	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	3332	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
…		…
3046		3340
3047	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3341	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
3048		3342
3049	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3343	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
3050	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3344	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
3051	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3345	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
3052	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3346	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
3053	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3347	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
3054	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3348	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
3055	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3349	of course.
3056		3350
3057	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?	3351	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
3058		3352
3059	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set	3353	Most uses of C<fork ()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
3060	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This	3354	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
3061	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.	3355	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
3062		3356
3063	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling	3357	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
3064	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the	3358	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
…		…
3090		3384
3091	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3385	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
3092		3386
3093	=over 4	3387	=over 4
3094		3388
3095	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3389	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
3096		3390
3097	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3391	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
3098	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3392	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
3099	believe me.	3393	really.
3100		3394
3101	=back	3395	=back
3102		3396
3103		3397
		3398	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
		3399
		3400	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed
		3401	by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>.
		3402
		3403	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
		3404	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
		3405	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
		3406	loop when you want them to be invoked.
		3407
		3408	Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike
		3409	all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which
		3410	makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you
		3411	can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>.
		3412
		3413	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3414
		3415	=over 4
		3416
		3417	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
		3418
		3419	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
		3420	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
		3421	pointless, I assure you.
		3422
		3423	=back
		3424
		3425	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
		3426	cleanup functions are called.
		3427
		3428	static void
		3429	program_exits (void)
		3430	{
		3431	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		3432	}
		3433
		3434	...
		3435	atexit (program_exits);
		3436
		3437
3104	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3438	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3105		3439
3106	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3440	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3107	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3441	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3108	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3442	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3109		3443
3110	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,	3444	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3111	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>	3445	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
…		…
3113	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.	3447	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3114		3448
3115	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3449	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3116	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3450	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3117	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3451	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3118	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3452	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3119		3453	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3120	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not	3454	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3121	just the default loop.	3455	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3122		3456
3123	=head3 Queueing	3457	=head3 Queueing
3124		3458
3125	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3459	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3126	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3460	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3218	trust me.	3552	trust me.
3219		3553
3220	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3554	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3221		3555
3222	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3556	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3223	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3557	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3558	returns.
		3559
3224	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3560	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3225	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3561	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3226	section below on what exactly this means).	3562	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3227		3563
3228	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3564	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3229	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3565	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3230	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3566	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3231	reset when the event loop detects that).	3567	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3232		3568
3233	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3569	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3234	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3570	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3235	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3571	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3572	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3573	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3574	zero) under load.
3236		3575
3237	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3576	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3238		3577
3239	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3578	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3240	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3579	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3257		3596
3258	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	3597	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
3259		3598
3260	=over 4	3599	=over 4
3261		3600
3262	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3601	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)
3263		3602
3264	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3603	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
3265	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both	3604	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
3266	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3605	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
3267	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3606	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
…		…
3295	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3634	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3296		3635
3297	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3636	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3298		3637
3299	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3638	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3300	the given events it.	3639	the given events.
3301		3640
3302	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3641	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3303		3642
3304	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3643	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3305	loop!).	3644	which is async-safe.
3306		3645
3307	=back	3646	=back
		3647
		3648
		3649	=head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
		3650
		3651	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
		3652	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
		3653	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
		3654
		3655	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
		3656
		3657	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3658	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3659	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3660	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3661	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3662	data:
		3663
		3664	struct my_io
		3665	{
		3666	ev_io io;
		3667	int otherfd;
		3668	void *somedata;
		3669	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3670	};
		3671
		3672	...
		3673	struct my_io w;
		3674	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3675
		3676	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3677	can cast it back to your own type:
		3678
		3679	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3680	{
		3681	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3682	...
		3683	}
		3684
		3685	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3686	function type instead have been omitted.
		3687
		3688	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3689
		3690	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3691	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3692	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3693
		3694	struct my_biggy
		3695	{
		3696	int some_data;
		3697	ev_timer t1;
		3698	ev_timer t2;
		3699	}
		3700
		3701	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3702	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3703	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3704	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3705	real programmers):
		3706
		3707	#include <stddef.h>
		3708
		3709	static void
		3710	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3711	{
		3712	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3713	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3714	}
		3715
		3716	static void
		3717	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3718	{
		3719	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3720	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3721	}
		3722
		3723	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3724
		3725	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3726
		3727	callback ()
		3728	{
		3729	free (request);
		3730	}
		3731
		3732	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3733
		3734	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3735	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3736
		3737	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3738	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3739	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3740	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3741
		3742	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3743	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3744
		3745	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3746	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3747	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3748	already been invoked.
		3749
		3750	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3751	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3752	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3753	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3754	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3755	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3756
		3757	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3758	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3759
		3760	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3761	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3762
		3763	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
		3764
		3765	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
		3766	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
		3767	invoking C<ev_run>.
		3768
		3769	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
		3770	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
		3771	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
		3772	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
		3773	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
		3774
		3775	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
		3776	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
		3777	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
		3778
		3779	// main loop
		3780	int exit_main_loop = 0;
		3781
		3782	while (!exit_main_loop)
		3783	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3784
		3785	// in a modal watcher
		3786	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
		3787
		3788	while (!exit_nested_loop)
		3789	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3790
		3791	To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
		3792
		3793	// exit modal loop
		3794	exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3795
		3796	// exit main program, after modal loop is finished
		3797	exit_main_loop = 1;
		3798
		3799	// exit both
		3800	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3801
		3802	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3803
		3804	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3805	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3806	created/added/removed.
		3807
		3808	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3809	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3810	languages).
		3811
		3812	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3813	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3814	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3815
		3816	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3817
		3818	typedef struct {
		3819	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3820	ev_async async_w;
		3821	thread_t tid;
		3822	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3823	} userdata;
		3824
		3825	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3826	{
		3827	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3828	static userdata u;
		3829
		3830	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3831	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3832
		3833	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3834	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3835
		3836	// now associate this with the loop
		3837	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3838	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3839	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3840
		3841	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3842	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3843	}
		3844
		3845	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3846	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3847	that might have been added:
		3848
		3849	static void
		3850	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3851	{
		3852	// just used for the side effects
		3853	}
		3854
		3855	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3856	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3857
		3858	static void
		3859	l_release (EV_P)
		3860	{
		3861	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3862	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3863	}
		3864
		3865	static void
		3866	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3867	{
		3868	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3869	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3870	}
		3871
		3872	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3873	into C<ev_run>:
		3874
		3875	void *
		3876	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3877	{
		3878	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3879
		3880	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3881	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3882	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3883	l_release (EV_A);
		3884
		3885	return 0;
		3886	}
		3887
		3888	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3889	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3890	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3891	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3892	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3893	watchers is very beneficial):
		3894
		3895	static void
		3896	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3897	{
		3898	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3899
		3900	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3901	{
		3902	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3903	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3904	}
		3905	}
		3906
		3907	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3908	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3909	thread to continue:
		3910
		3911	static void
		3912	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3913	{
		3914	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3915
		3916	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3917	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3918	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3919	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3920	}
		3921
		3922	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3923	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3924
		3925	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3926	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3927
		3928	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3929
		3930	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3931	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3932	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3933	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3934
		3935	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3936	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3937	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3938	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3939
		3940	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3941
		3942	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3943	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3944	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3945	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3946
		3947	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3948	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3949	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3950	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3951	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3952	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3953
		3954	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3955	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3956
		3957	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3958	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3959	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3960
		3961	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3962	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3963	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3964	called):
		3965
		3966	void
		3967	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3968	{
		3969	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3970	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3971	}
		3972
		3973	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3974	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3975	this or any other coroutine.
		3976
		3977	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3978	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3979	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3980	any waiters.
		3981
		3982	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3983	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3984
		3985	// my_ev.h
		3986	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3987	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3988	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3989
		3990	// my_ev.c
		3991	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3992	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3993
		3994	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		3995	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		3996	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3308		3997
3309		3998
3310	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	3999	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3311		4000
3312	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	4001	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
3313	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:	4002	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
3314		4003
3315	=over 4	4004	=over 4
		4005
		4006	=item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.
		4007
		4008	This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
		4009	and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
3316		4010
3317	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.	4011	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
3318		4012
3319	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,	4013	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
3320	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.	4014	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
…		…
3326	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	4020	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
3327	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	4021	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
3328	is an ev_pri field.	4022	is an ev_pri field.
3329		4023
3330	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	4024	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
3331	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	4025	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
3332		4026
3333	=item * Other members are not supported.	4027	=item * Other members are not supported.
3334		4028
3335	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	4029	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
3336	to use the libev header file and library.	4030	to use the libev header file and library.
3337		4031
3338	=back	4032	=back
3339		4033
3340	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	4034	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		4035
		4036	=head2 C API
		4037
		4038	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		4039	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		4040	will work fine.
		4041
		4042	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		4043	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other
		4044	callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic reschedule
		4045	callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<noexcept>
		4046	specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and
		4047	C++ you can use the C<EV_NOEXCEPT> macro for this:
		4048
		4049	static void
		4050	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT
		4051	{
		4052	perror (msg);
		4053	abort ();
		4054	}
		4055
		4056	...
		4057	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		4058
		4059	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		4060	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		4061	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		4062
		4063	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		4064	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		4065	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		4066
		4067	=head2 C++ API
3341		4068
3342	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	4069	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3343	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	4070	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3344	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	4071	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3345		4072
3346	To use it,	4073	To use it,
3347		4074
3348	#include <ev++.h>	4075	#include <ev++.h>
3349		4076
3350	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	4077	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
3351	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	4078	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
3352	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	4079	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
…		…
3355	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++	4082	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
3356	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer	4083	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
3357	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if	4084	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
3358	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).	4085	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
3359		4086
3360	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be	4087	Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
3361	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only	4088	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3362	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other	4089	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3363	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing	4090	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3364	it).	4091	(preferably after implementing it).
		4092
		4093	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4094	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4095	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
3365		4096
3366	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4097	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3367		4098
3368	=over 4	4099	=over 4
3369		4100
…		…
3379	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4110	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3380		4111
3381	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4112	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3382	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4113	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3383	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4114	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3384	defines by many implementations.	4115	defined by many implementations.
3385		4116
3386	All of those classes have these methods:	4117	All of those classes have these methods:
3387		4118
3388	=over 4	4119	=over 4
3389		4120
…		…
3451	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)	4182	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
3452	{	4183	{
3453	...	4184	...
3454	}	4185	}
3455	}	4186	}
3456		4187
3457	myfunctor f;	4188	myfunctor f;
3458		4189
3459	ev::io w;	4190	ev::io w;
3460	w.set (&f);	4191	w.set (&f);
3461		4192
…		…
3479	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4210	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
3480	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4211	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
3481		4212
3482	=item w->set ([arguments])	4213	=item w->set ([arguments])
3483		4214
3484	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this	4215	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
3485	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the	4216	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3486	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted	4217	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3487	when reconfiguring it with this method.	4218	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		4219	method.
		4220
		4221	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4222	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3488		4223
3489	=item w->start ()	4224	=item w->start ()
3490		4225
3491	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4226	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3492	constructor already stores the event loop.	4227	constructor already stores the event loop.
…		…
3522	watchers in the constructor.	4257	watchers in the constructor.
3523		4258
3524	class myclass	4259	class myclass
3525	{	4260	{
3526	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4261	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3527	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4262	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3528	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4263	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3529		4264
3530	myclass (int fd)	4265	myclass (int fd)
3531	{	4266	{
3532	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4267	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
…		…
3583	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4318	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3584		4319
3585	=item D	4320	=item D
3586		4321
3587	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4322	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3588	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4323	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3589		4324
3590	=item Ocaml	4325	=item Ocaml
3591		4326
3592	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4327	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3593	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4328	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3596		4331
3597	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4332	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3598	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4333	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3599	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4334	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3600		4335
		4336	=item Javascript
		4337
		4338	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4339
		4340	=item Others
		4341
		4342	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4343
3601	=back	4344	=back
3602		4345
3603		4346
3604	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4347	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3605		4348
…		…
3641	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4384	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3642		4385
3643	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4386	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3644		4387
3645	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4388	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3646	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4389	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4390	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4391
		4392	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4393	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3647		4394
3648	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4395	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3649		4396
3650	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4397	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3651	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4398	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3718	ev_vars.h	4465	ev_vars.h
3719	ev_wrap.h	4466	ev_wrap.h
3720		4467
3721	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	4468	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
3722		4469
3723	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	4470	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled
3724	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4471	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled
3725	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4472	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled
		4473	ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled
3726	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4474	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled
3727	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4475	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled
3728		4476
3729	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	4477	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
3730	to compile this single file.	4478	to compile this single file.
3731		4479
3732	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	4480	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
…		…
3796	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4544	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3797	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4545	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3798		4546
3799	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4547	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3800	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4548	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4549
		4550	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4551
		4552	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4553	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4554	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4555	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4556	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4557	this.
3801		4558
3802	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4559	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3803		4560
3804	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4561	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3805	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4562	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
3891	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4648	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
3892	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4649	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
3893	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4650	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
3894	the underlying OS handle.	4651	the underlying OS handle.
3895		4652
		4653	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4654
		4655	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4656	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4657	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4658	environments.
		4659
3896	=item EV_USE_POLL	4660	=item EV_USE_POLL
3897		4661
3898	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4662	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3899	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4663	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
3900	takes precedence over select.	4664	takes precedence over select.
…		…
3904	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	4668	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
3905	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	4669	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
3906	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	4670	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
3907	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the	4671	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
3908	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4672	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		4673
		4674	=item EV_USE_LINUXAIO
		4675
		4676	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		4677	aio backend. Due to it's currenbt limitations it has to be requested
		4678	explicitly. If undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise
		4679	disabled.
3909		4680
3910	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	4681	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
3911		4682
3912	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	4683	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
3913	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	4684	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
3935	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4706	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
3936	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4707	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
3937	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4708	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
3938	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4709	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
3939		4710
		4711	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4712
		4713	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4714	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4715	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4716	and makes libev faster.
		4717
		4718	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4719
		4720	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4721	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4722	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4723	libev faster.
		4724
3940	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4725	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
3941		4726
3942	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4727	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
3943	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4728	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
3944	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4729	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
3945	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4730	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
3946	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4731	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4732	watchers.
3947		4733
3948	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4734	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
3949	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4735	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
3950		4736
3951	=item EV_H (h)	4737	=item EV_H (h)
…		…
3978	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4764	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
3979	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4765	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
3980	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4766	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
3981	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4767	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
3982		4768
		4769	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4770	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4771	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4772
3983	=item EV_MINPRI	4773	=item EV_MINPRI
3984		4774
3985	=item EV_MAXPRI	4775	=item EV_MAXPRI
3986		4776
3987	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4777	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
4023	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4813	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
4024	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4814	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
4025	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4815	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
4026		4816
4027	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4817	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
4028	values:	4818	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
4029		4819
4030	=over 4	4820	=over 4
4031		4821
4032	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4822	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
4033		4823
…		…
4037	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).	4827	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
4038		4828
4039	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4829	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
4040	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4830	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
4041	assertions.	4831	assertions.
		4832
		4833	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4834	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
4042		4835
4043	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4836	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
4044		4837
4045	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4838	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
4046	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size	4839	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
4047	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4840	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
4048	runtime.	4841	runtime.
4049		4842
		4843	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4844	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4845
4050	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4846	=item C<4> - full API configuration
4051		4847
4052	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4848	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
4053	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4849	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
4054		4850
…		…
4084		4880
4085	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4881	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
4086	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4882	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
4087	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4883	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
4088	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4884	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4885
		4886	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4887
		4888	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4889	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4890	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4891	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4892	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4893
		4894	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4895	wants to use libev.
		4896
		4897	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4898	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
4089		4899
4090	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4900	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
4091		4901
4092	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4902	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
4093	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size	4903	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
…		…
4237	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	5047	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4238		5048
4239	#include "ev_cpp.h"	5049	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4240	#include "ev.c"	5050	#include "ev.c"
4241		5051
4242	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	5052	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4243		5053
4244	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	5054	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4245		5055
4246	=head3 THREADS	5056	=head3 THREADS
4247		5057
…		…
4298	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5108	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4299	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5109	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4300		5110
4301	=back	5111	=back
4302		5112
4303	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5113	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4304
4305	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4306	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4307	created/added/removed.
4308
4309	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4310	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4311	languages).
4312
4313	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4314	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4315	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4316
4317	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4318
4319	typedef struct {
4320	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4321	ev_async async_w;
4322	thread_t tid;
4323	cond_t invoke_cv;
4324	} userdata;
4325
4326	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4327	{
4328	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4329	static userdata u;
4330
4331	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4332	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4333
4334	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4335	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4336
4337	// now associate this with the loop
4338	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4339	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4340	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4341
4342	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4343	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4344	}
4345
4346	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4347	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4348	that might have been added:
4349
4350	static void
4351	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4352	{
4353	// just used for the side effects
4354	}
4355
4356	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4357	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4358
4359	static void
4360	l_release (EV_P)
4361	{
4362	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4363	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4364	}
4365
4366	static void
4367	l_acquire (EV_P)
4368	{
4369	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4370	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4371	}
4372
4373	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4374	into C<ev_run>:
4375
4376	void *
4377	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4378	{
4379	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4380
4381	l_acquire (EV_A);
4382	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4383	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
4384	l_release (EV_A);
4385
4386	return 0;
4387	}
4388
4389	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4390	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4391	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4392	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4393	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4394	watchers is very beneficial):
4395
4396	static void
4397	l_invoke (EV_P)
4398	{
4399	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4400
4401	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4402	{
4403	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4404	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4405	}
4406	}
4407
4408	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4409	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4410	thread to continue:
4411
4412	static void
4413	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4414	{
4415	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4416
4417	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4418	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4419	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4420	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4421	}
4422
4423	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4424	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4425
4426	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4427	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4428
4429	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4430
4431	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4432	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4433	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4434	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4435
4436	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4437	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4438	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4439	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4440		5114
4441	=head3 COROUTINES	5115	=head3 COROUTINES
4442		5116
4443	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5117	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4444	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5118	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
…		…
4609	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5283	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4610	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5284	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4611	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5285	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4612	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5286	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4613	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,	5287	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
4614	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible	5288	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
4615	environment.	5289	environment.
4616		5290
4617	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5291	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4618	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,	5292	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4619	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note	5293	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
…		…
4713	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5387	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4714	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5388	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4715	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5389	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4716	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5390	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
4717		5391
		5392	=item null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes
		5393
		5394	Libev uses C<memset> to initialise structs and arrays to C<0> bytes, and
		5395	relies on this setting pointers and integers to null.
		5396
		5397	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
		5398
		5399	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
		5400	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
		5401
4718	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	5402	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
4719		5403
4720	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	5404	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
4721	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different	5405	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
4722	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is	5406	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
…		…
4730	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5414	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
4731	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5415	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
4732	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5416	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
4733		5417
4734	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5418	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
4735	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5419	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
4736	well.	5420	thread as well.
4737		5421
4738	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5422	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
4739		5423
4740	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5424	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
4741	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5425	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
4747		5431
4748	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5432	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4749	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is	5433	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4750	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy	5434	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
4751	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by	5435	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4752	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With	5436	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5437
4753	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.	5438	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
		5439	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5440	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5441	something like that, just kidding).
4754		5442
4755	=back	5443	=back
4756		5444
4757	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5445	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4758		5446
…		…
4820	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5508	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4821		5509
4822	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5510	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
4823		5511
4824	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5512	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
4825	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5513	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5514	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
4826	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5515	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
4827		5516
4828	=back	5517	=back
4829		5518
4830		5519
4831	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5520	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
4832		5521
4833	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.	5522	The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.
4834		5523
4835	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial	5524	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions
4836	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be	5525	for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility
4837	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.	5526	layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the
		5527	new API early than late.
4838		5528
4839	=over 4	5529	=over 4
4840		5530
		5531	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		5532
		5533	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		5534	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"> in the L</EMBEDDING>
		5535	section.
		5536
4841	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed	5537	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
4842		5538
4843	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:	5539	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
4844		5540
4845	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT);	5541	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
4846	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);	5542	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
4847		5543
4848	=item function/symbol renames	5544	=item function/symbol renames
4849		5545
4850	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:	5546	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
…		…
4870	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme	5566	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
4871	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called	5567	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
4872	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>	5568	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
4873	typedef.	5569	typedef.
4874		5570
4875	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
4876
4877	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
4878	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
4879	section.
4880
4881	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>	5571	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
4882		5572
4883	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different	5573	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
4884	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile	5574	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
4885	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.	5575	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
…		…
4892	=over 4	5582	=over 4
4893		5583
4894	=item active	5584	=item active
4895		5585
4896	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.	5586	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
4897	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5587	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4898		5588
4899	=item application	5589	=item application
4900		5590
4901	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5591	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
4902		5592
…		…
4938	watchers and events.	5628	watchers and events.
4939		5629
4940	=item pending	5630	=item pending
4941		5631
4942	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been	5632	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
4943	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5633	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4944		5634
4945	=item real time	5635	=item real time
4946		5636
4947	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5637	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
4948		5638
4949	=item wall-clock time	5639	=item wall-clock time
4950		5640
4951	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5641	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
4952	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5642	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
4953	clock.	5643	clock.
4954		5644
4955	=item watcher	5645	=item watcher
4956		5646
4957	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5647	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
…		…
4959		5649
4960	=back	5650	=back
4961		5651
4962	=head1 AUTHOR	5652	=head1 AUTHOR
4963		5653
4964	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.	5654	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
		5655	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
4965		5656

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