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Revision 1.134 by root, Sat Mar 8 07:04:56 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.327 by root, Sun Oct 24 20:05:43 2010 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	#include <stdio.h> // for puts
		15
		16	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		17	// with the name ev_TYPE
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	18	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	19	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		20
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	21	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		22	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	23	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	24	stdin_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	25	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	26	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	28	// with its corresponding stop function.
		29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		30
		31	// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating
		32	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
23	}	33	}
24		34
		35	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	36	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	38	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	39	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	40	// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
		41	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
30	}	42	}
31		43
32	int	44	int
33	main (void)	45	main (void)
34	{	46	{
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
		48	struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;
36		49
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		54
		55	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		59
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	60	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
47		62
		63	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	64	return 0;
49	}	65	}
50		66
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
52		68
		69	This document documents the libev software package.
		70
53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted	71	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	72	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	73	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		74
		75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
		76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
		77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
		78	with libev.
		79
		80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
		81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
56		84
57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
59	these event sources and provide your program with events.	87	these event sources and provide your program with events.
60		88
…		…
70	=head2 FEATURES	98	=head2 FEATURES
71		99
72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
76	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals	104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
77	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event	105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
78	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,	106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
79	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as	107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
80	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events	108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
81	(C<ev_fork>).	109	C<ev_check> watchers) as well as file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even
		110	limited support for fork events (C<ev_fork>).
82		111
83	It also is quite fast (see this	112	It also is quite fast (see this
84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	113	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
85	for example).	114	for example).
86		115
87	=head2 CONVENTIONS	116	=head2 CONVENTIONS
88		117
89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	118	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	119	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	120	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	121	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	122	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	123	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		124	this argument.
95		125
96	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
97		127
98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	130	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	131	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	132	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
103	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name	133	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
		134
104	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	135	Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for
105	throughout libev.	136	time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev.
		137
		138	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		139
		140	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		141	and internal errors (bugs).
		142
		143	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		144	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		145	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		146	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		147	()>.
		148
		149	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		150	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		151	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		152	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		153
		154	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		155	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		156	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		157
106		158
107	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	159	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
108		160
109	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	161	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
110	library in any way.	162	library in any way.
…		…
113		165
114	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	166	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
115		167
116	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	168	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
117	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	169	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
118	you actually want to know.	170	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
		171	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.
119		172
120	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	173	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
121		174
122	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	175	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
123	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	176	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
124	this is a subsecond-resolution C<sleep ()>.	177	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
125		178
126	=item int ev_version_major ()	179	=item int ev_version_major ()
127		180
128	=item int ev_version_minor ()	181	=item int ev_version_minor ()
129		182
…		…
140	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	193	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
141	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	194	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
142	not a problem.	195	not a problem.
143		196
144	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	197	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
145	version.	198	version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches,
		199	such as LFS or reentrancy).
146		200
147	assert (("libev version mismatch",	201	assert (("libev version mismatch",
148	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	202	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
149	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	203	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
150		204
151	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	205	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
152		206
153	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	207	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
154	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	208	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
156	a description of the set values.	210	a description of the set values.
157		211
158	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	212	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
159	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	213	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
160		214
161	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	215	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
162	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	216	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
163		217
164	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	218	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
165		219
166	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	220	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
167	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	221	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		222	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
168	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	223	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
169	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	224	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
170	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	225	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
171	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	226	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
172		227
173	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	228	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
174		229
175	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	230	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
176	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	231	value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the
177	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at	232	current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
178	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	233	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
179	recommended ones.	234	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
180		235
181	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	236	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
182		237
183	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	238	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]
184		239
185	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	240	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
186	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	241	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
187	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	242	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
188	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	243	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
189	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	244	or take some potentially destructive action.
190	function.	245
		246	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		247	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		248	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
191		249
192	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	250	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
193	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	251	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
194	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	252	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
195		253
196	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	254	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
197	retries).	255	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
198		256
199	static void *	257	static void *
200	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	258	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
201	{	259	{
202	for (;;)	260	for (;;)
…		…
211	}	269	}
212		270
213	...	271	...
214	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	272	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
215		273
216	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	274	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]
217		275
218	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	276	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
219	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	277	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
220	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	278	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
221	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	279	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
222	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	280	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
223	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	281	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
224	(such as abort).	282	(such as abort).
225		283
226	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	284	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
235	...	293	...
236	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	294	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
237		295
238	=back	296	=back
239		297
240	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	298	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
241		299
242	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	300	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
243	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	301	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
244	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	302	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
245		303
246	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	304	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
247	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you	305	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops
248	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	306	which do not.
249	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
250	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
251	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
252		307
253	=over 4	308	=over 4
254		309
255	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	310	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
256		311
257	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	312	This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should
258	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	313	normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and
259	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	314	the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for
260	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	315	C<ev_loop_new>.
		316
		317	If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply
		318	returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check
		319	C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given
		320	flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the
		321	one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".
261		322
262	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	323	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
263	function.	324	function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro).
264		325
		326	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		327	from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also
		328	that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between
		329	threads anyway).
		330
265	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	331	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers,
266	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	332	and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is
267	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your app you can either	333	a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with
268	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	334	C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
269	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	335	C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>.
270	C<ev_default_init>.	336
		337	Example: This is the most typical usage.
		338
		339	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		340	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		341
		342	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		343	environment settings to be taken into account:
		344
		345	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		346
		347	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
		348
		349	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
		350	could not be initialised, returns false.
		351
		352	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
		353	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		354	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
271		355
272	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	356	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
273	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	357	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
274		358
275	The following flags are supported:	359	The following flags are supported:
…		…
281	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	365	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
282	thing, believe me).	366	thing, believe me).
283		367
284	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	368	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
285		369
286	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	370	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
287	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	371	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
288	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	372	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
289	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	373	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
290	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	374	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
291	around bugs.	375	around bugs.
292		376
293	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	377	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
294		378
295	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after	379	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
296	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by	380	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
297	enabling this flag.
298		381
299	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	382	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
300	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	383	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
301	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	384	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
302	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	385	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
303	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	386	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
304	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	387	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
305		388
306	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	389	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
307	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	390	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
308	flag.	391	flag.
309		392
310	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	393	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
311	environment variable.	394	environment variable.
		395
		396	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
		397
		398	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
		399	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
		400	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
		401	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
		402
		403	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
		404
		405	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
		406	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
		407	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
		408	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
		409	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
		410	threads that are not interested in handling them.
		411
		412	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
		413	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
		414	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
312		415
313	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	416	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
314		417
315	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	418	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
316	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	419	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
317	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	420	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
318	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its	421	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
319	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.	422	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
320		423
321	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of	424	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
322	parallelity (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are	425	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
323	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many	426	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
324	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have	427	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
325	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of	428	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
326	readyness notifications you get per iteration.	429	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		430
		431	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		432	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		433	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
327		434
328	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	435	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
329		436
330	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated	437	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
331	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial	438	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
332	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down	439	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
333	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,	440	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
334	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for	441	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
335	performance tips.	442	performance tips.
336		443
		444	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		445	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
		446
337	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	447	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
		448
		449	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
		450	kernels).
338		451
339	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	452	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
340	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	453	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
341	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	454	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
342	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	455	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
343	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	456
344	cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad	457	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
345	support for dup.	458	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
		459	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
		460	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and
		461	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then
		462	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can
		463	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course
		464	hard to detect.
		465
		466	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
		467	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
		468	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
		469	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
		470	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by
		471	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
		472	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last
		473	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
		474	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
346		475
347	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	476	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
348	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	477	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
349	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	478	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
350	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	479	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
351	very well if you register events for both fds.	480	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
352		481	file descriptors.
353	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
354	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
355	(or space) is available.
356		482
357	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all	483	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
358	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.	484	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible,
359	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.	485	i.e. keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times. Stopping and
		486	starting a watcher (without re-setting it) also usually doesn't cause
		487	extra overhead. A fork can both result in spurious notifications as well
		488	as in libev having to destroy and recreate the epoll object, which can
		489	take considerable time and thus should be avoided.
360		490
		491	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
		492	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
		493	the usage. So sad.
		494
361	While nominally embeddeble in other event loops, this feature is broken in	495	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
362	all kernel versions tested so far.	496	all kernel versions tested so far.
		497
		498	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		499	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
363		500
364	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	501	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
365		502
366	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	503	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
367	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	504	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
368	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	505	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
369	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"	506	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness
		507	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed
		508	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being
370	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	509	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using
371	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	510	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
372	system like NetBSD.	511	system like NetBSD.
373		512
374	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	513	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
375	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	514	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
376	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	515	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
377		516
378	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	517	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
379	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	518	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
380	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	519	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
381	cause an extra syscall as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	520	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
382	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it	521	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but
383	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.	522	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect
		523	cases
384		524
385	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	525	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
386		526
387	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	527	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
388	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	528	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
389	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets	529	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
390	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop	530	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
391	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for	531	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (but C<poll> is of course
392	sockets.	532	also broken on OS X)) and, did I mention it, using it only for sockets.
		533
		534	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		535	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		536	C<NOTE_EOF>.
393		537
394	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	538	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
395		539
396	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an	540	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
397	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets	541	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
…		…
401	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	545	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
402		546
403	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	547	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
404	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	548	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
405		549
406	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious	550	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
407	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	551	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
408	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	552	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
409		553
410	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	554	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
411	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	555	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
412	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	556	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
413	might perform better.	557	might perform better.
414		558
415	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readyness notifications, this	559	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness
416	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully	560	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
417	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.	561	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the
		562	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).
		563
		564	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		565	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
418		566
419	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	567	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
420		568
421	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	569	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
422	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	570	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
…		…
424		572
425	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	573	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
426		574
427	=back	575	=back
428		576
429	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	577	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
430	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are	578	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
431	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.	579	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
432		580	()> will be tried.
433	The most typical usage is like this:
434
435	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
436	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
437
438	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
439	environment settings to be taken into account:
440
441	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
442
443	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
444	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
445	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
446
447	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
448
449	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
450
451	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
452	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
453	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
454	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
455		581
456	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	582	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
457		583
458	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	584	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
459	if (!epoller)	585	if (!epoller)
460	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	586	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
461		587
		588	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
		589	used if available.
		590
		591	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		592
462	=item ev_default_destroy ()	593	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
463		594
464	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	595	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
465	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	596	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
466	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	597	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
467	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	598	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
468	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	599	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
469	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	600	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
470	for example).	601	for example).
471		602
472	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	603	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
473	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)	604	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
474	would need to be stopped manually.	605	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
475		606
476	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	607	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
477	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	608	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
		609	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
		610
		611	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
		612	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free it's resources.
478	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	613	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
479	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).	614	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
480		615
481	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	616	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
482		617
483	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
484	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
485
486	=item ev_default_fork ()
487
488	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations	618	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to
489	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	619	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
490	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	620	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
491	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little	621	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the
492	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev	622	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
493	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.	623
		624	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
		625	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
		626	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
		627	during fork.
494		628
495	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	629	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
496	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If	630	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If
497	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.	631	you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to
		632	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
		633	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
		634	costly reset of the backend).
498		635
499	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	636	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
500	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	637	it just in case after a fork.
501	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
502		638
		639	Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when
		640	using pthreads.
		641
		642	static void
		643	post_fork_child (void)
		644	{
		645	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		646	}
		647
		648	...
503	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	649	pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);
504
505	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
506
507	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
508	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
509	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
510		650
511	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	651	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
512		652
513	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.	653	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
		654	otherwise.
514		655
515	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	656	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)
516		657
517	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	658	Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical
518	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	659	to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0>
519	happily wraps around with enough iterations.	660	and happily wraps around with enough iterations.
520		661
521	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	662	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
522	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	663	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
523	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.	664	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the
		665	prepare and check phases.
		666
		667	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
		668
		669	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
		670	times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.
		671
		672	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
		673	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
		674	in which case it is higher.
		675
		676	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread
		677	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such
		678	ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.
524		679
525	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	680	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
526		681
527	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	682	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
528	use.	683	use.
…		…
533	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	688	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
534	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	689	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
535	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	690	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
536	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	691	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
537		692
		693	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		694
		695	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		696	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		697	is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>.
		698
		699	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		700	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		701	the current time is a good idea.
		702
		703	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
		704
		705	=item ev_suspend (loop)
		706
		707	=item ev_resume (loop)
		708
		709	These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the
		710	loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
		711
		712	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
		713	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
		714	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
		715	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
		716	in your C<SIGTSTP> handler, sending yourself a C<SIGSTOP> and calling
		717	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
		718
		719	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
		720	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
		721	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
		722	occurred while suspended).
		723
		724	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
		725	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
		726	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
		727
		728	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
		729	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
		730
538	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	731	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)
539		732
540	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	733	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
541	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	734	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
542	events.	735	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
		736	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
		737	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
543		738
544	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	739	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
545	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	740	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
		741	called.
546		742
547	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	743	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
548	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	744	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
549	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that	745	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
550	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of	746	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
551	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.	747	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
		748	beauty.
552		749
553	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	750	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
554	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	751	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
555	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	752	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
		753	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
		754	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
556		755
557	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	756	A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if
558	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	757	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
559	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	758	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
560	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	759	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
561	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	760	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
		761	iteration of the loop.
		762
		763	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
		764	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
562	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	765	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
563	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	766	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
564		767
565	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	768	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:
566		769
		770	- Increment loop depth.
		771	- Reset the ev_break status.
567	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	772	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		773	LOOP:
568	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	774	- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
569	- If a fork was detected, queue and call all fork watchers.	775	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
570	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	776	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
		777	- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
571	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	778	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		779	as to not disturb the other process.
572	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	780	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
573	- Update the "event loop time".	781	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
574	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	782	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
575	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	783	(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
576	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	784	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
577	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	785	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
		786	- Increment loop iteration counter.
578	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	787	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
579	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	788	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
580	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	789	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
581	- Queue all outstanding timers.	790	- Queue all expired timers.
582	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	791	- Queue all expired periodics.
583	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	792	- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
584	- Queue all check watchers.	793	- Queue all check watchers.
585	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	794	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
586	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	795	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
587	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	796	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
588	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	797	- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
589	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise	798	were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
590	continue with step *.	799	continue with step LOOP.
		800	FINISH:
		801	- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
		802	- Decrement the loop depth.
		803	- Return.
591		804
592	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding	805	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
593	anymore.	806	anymore.
594		807
595	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	808	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
596	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	809	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
597	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	810	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
598	... jobs done. yeah!	811	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
599		812
600	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	813	=item ev_break (loop, how)
601		814
602	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	815	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
603	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	816	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
604	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	817	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
605	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	818	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
606		819
607	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	820	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.
		821
		822	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##
608		823
609	=item ev_ref (loop)	824	=item ev_ref (loop)
610		825
611	=item ev_unref (loop)	826	=item ev_unref (loop)
612		827
613	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	828	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
614	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	829	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
615	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have	830	count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own.
616	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from	831
617	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	832	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
		833	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from
		834	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
		835	before stopping it.
		836
618	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	837	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
619	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	838	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from
620	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	839	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
621	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	840	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
622	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>	841	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
623	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,	842	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
624	respectively).	843	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
		844	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
		845	in the callback).
625		846
626	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	847	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run>
627	running when nothing else is active.	848	running when nothing else is active.
628		849
629	struct ev_signal exitsig;	850	ev_signal exitsig;
630	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	851	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
631	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	852	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
632	evf_unref (loop);	853	evf_unref (loop);
633		854
634	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	855	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
635		856
636	ev_ref (loop);	857	ev_ref (loop);
637	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	858	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
638		859
639	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	860	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
640		861
641	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)	862	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
642		863
643	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting	864	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
644	for events. Both are by default C<0>, meaning that libev will try to	865	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
645	invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum latency.	866	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		867	latency.
646		868
647	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)	869	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
648	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks to	870	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
649	increase efficiency of loop iterations.	871	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		872	opportunities).
650		873
651	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to	874	The idea is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to handle
652	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes	875	one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes the
653	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new	876	program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
654	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high	877	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
655	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	878	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
656		879
657	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	880	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
658	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	881	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
659	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	882	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
660	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	883	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
661	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.	884	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
		885	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
		886	once per this interval, on average.
662		887
663	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	888	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
664	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	889	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
665	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers	890	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
666	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce	891	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
667	any overhead in libev.	892	value will not introduce any overhead in libev.
668		893
669	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the io collect	894	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
670	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for	895	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
671	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It	896	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
672	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	897	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
673	as this approsaches the timing granularity of most systems.	898	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
		899	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
		900	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
		901	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
		902	then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
		903
		904	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		905	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		906	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		907	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		908	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		909	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		910
		911	Example: we only need 0.1s timeout granularity, and we wish not to poll
		912	more often than 100 times per second:
		913
		914	ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.1);
		915	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
		916
		917	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
		918
		919	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
		920	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
		921	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		922	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		923	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		924	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		925	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
		926
		927	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
		928
		929	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
		930	are pending.
		931
		932	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
		933
		934	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
		935	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call
		936	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
		937	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
		938
		939	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
		940	callback.
		941
		942	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))
		943
		944	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
		945	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
		946	each call to a libev function.
		947
		948	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
		949	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
		950	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these
		951	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
		952
		953	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
		954	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
		955	afterwards.
		956
		957	Ideally, C<release> will just call your mutex_unlock function, and
		958	C<acquire> will just call the mutex_lock function again.
		959
		960	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
		961	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
		962	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
		963	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
		964	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it
		965	to take note of any changes you made.
		966
		967	In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between
		968	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
		969
		970	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
		971	document.
		972
		973	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
		974
		975	=item ev_userdata (loop)
		976
		977	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
		978	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
		979	C<0.>
		980
		981	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
		982	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
		983	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
		984	any other purpose as well.
		985
		986	=item ev_verify (loop)
		987
		988	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		989	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
		990	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
		991	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
		992	error and call C<abort ()>.
		993
		994	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		995	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		996	data structures consistent.
674		997
675	=back	998	=back
676		999
677		1000
678	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	1001	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
679		1002
		1003	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
		1004	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
		1005	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
		1006
680	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1007	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
681	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1008	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
682	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1009	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1010	for that:
683		1011
684	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1012	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
685	{	1013	{
686	ev_io_stop (w);	1014	ev_io_stop (w);
687	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1015	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
688	}	1016	}
689		1017
690	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	1018	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		1019
691	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	1020	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		1021
692	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	1022	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
693	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1023	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
694	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	1024	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		1025
695	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1026	ev_run (loop, 0);
696		1027
697	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	1028	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
698	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	1029	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
699	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	1030	stack).
700		1031
		1032	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
		1033	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
		1034
701	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1035	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
702	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1036	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
703	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	1037	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
704	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1038	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
705	is readable and/or writable).	1039	and/or writable).
706		1040
707	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	1041	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
708	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	1042	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
709	to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<< ev_<type>_init	1043	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
710	(watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1044	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
711		1045
712	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it	1046	To make the watcher actually watch out for events, you have to start it
713	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_<type>_start (loop, watcher	1047	with a watcher-specific start function (C<< ev_TYPE_start (loop, watcher
714	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	1048	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
715	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	1049	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_TYPE_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
716		1050
717	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	1051	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
718	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	1052	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
719	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.	1053	reinitialise it or call its C<ev_TYPE_set> macro.
720		1054
721	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	1055	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
722	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	1056	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
723	third argument.	1057	third argument.
724		1058
…		…
733	=item C<EV_WRITE>	1067	=item C<EV_WRITE>
734		1068
735	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or	1069	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
736	writable.	1070	writable.
737		1071
738	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>	1072	=item C<EV_TIMER>
739		1073
740	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.	1074	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
741		1075
742	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>	1076	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
743		1077
…		…
761		1095
762	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1096	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
763		1097
764	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1098	=item C<EV_CHECK>
765		1099
766	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	1100	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts
767	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1101	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after
768	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1102	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
769	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1103	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
770	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1104	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
771	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1105	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
772	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	1106	C<ev_run> from blocking).
773		1107
774	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1108	=item C<EV_EMBED>
775		1109
776	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1110	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
777		1111
778	=item C<EV_FORK>	1112	=item C<EV_FORK>
779		1113
780	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1114	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
781	C<ev_fork>).	1115	C<ev_fork>).
782		1116
		1117	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
		1118
		1119	The event loop is abotu to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
		1120
783	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1121	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
784		1122
785	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1123	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
786		1124
		1125	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
		1126
		1127	Not ever sent (or otherwise used) by libev itself, but can be freely used
		1128	by libev users to signal watchers (e.g. via C<ev_feed_event>).
		1129
787	=item C<EV_ERROR>	1130	=item C<EV_ERROR>
788		1131
789	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	1132	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
790	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	1133	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
791	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	1134	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
		1135	problem. Libev considers these application bugs.
		1136
792	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	1137	You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping with the
793	with the watcher being stopped.	1138	watcher being stopped. Note that well-written programs should not receive
		1139	an error ever, so when your watcher receives it, this usually indicates a
		1140	bug in your program.
794		1141
795	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	1142	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error, for
796	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	1143	example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if your
797	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	1144	callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope with
798	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	1145	the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
799	programs, though, so beware.	1146	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
		1147	thing, so beware.
800		1148
801	=back	1149	=back
802		1150
		1151	=head2 WATCHER STATES
		1152
		1153	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
		1154	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
		1155	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
		1156	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
		1157
		1158	=over 4
		1159
		1160	=item initialiased
		1161
		1162	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be
		1163	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1164	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
		1165
		1166	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use
		1167	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.
		1168
		1169	=item started/running/active
		1170
		1171	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
		1172	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1173	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1174	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1175	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
		1176
		1177	=item pending
		1178
		1179	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
		1180	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
		1181	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
		1182	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
		1183	callback.
		1184
		1185	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1186	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1187	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1188	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1189	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1190	previous item still apply.
		1191
		1192	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
		1193	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
		1194	active.
		1195
		1196	=item stopped
		1197
		1198	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
		1199	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
		1200	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
		1201	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1202	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1203
		1204	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1205	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1206	you wish.
		1207
		1208	=back
		1209
803	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	1210	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
804
805	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
806	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
807		1211
808	=over 4	1212	=over 4
809		1213
810	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1214	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
811		1215
…		…
817	which rolls both calls into one.	1221	which rolls both calls into one.
818		1222
819	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	1223	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
820	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	1224	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
821		1225
822	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	1226	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
823	int revents)>.	1227	int revents)>.
824		1228
		1229	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1230
		1231	ev_io w;
		1232	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1233	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1234
825	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	1235	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
826		1236
827	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	1237	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
828	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can	1238	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
829	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this	1239	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
830	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a	1240	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
831	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).	1241	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
832		1242
833	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	1243	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
834	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	1244	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
835		1245
		1246	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1247
836	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	1248	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
837		1249
838	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	1250	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
839	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	1251	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
840	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	1252	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
841		1253
		1254	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1255
		1256	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1257
842	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1258	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
843		1259
844	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	1260	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
845	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.	1261	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
846		1262
		1263	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1264	whole section.
		1265
		1266	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1267
847	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1268	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
848		1269
849	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending	1270	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1271	the watcher was active or not).
		1272
850	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,	1273	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
851	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but	1274	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
852	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If	1275	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
853	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a	1276	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
854	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.	1277	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
855		1278
856	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1279	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
857		1280
858	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started	1281	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
859	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify	1282	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
…		…
875	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1298	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
876		1299
877	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1300	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
878	(modulo threads).	1301	(modulo threads).
879		1302
880	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)	1303	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
881		1304
882	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1305	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
883		1306
884	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small	1307	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
885	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>	1308	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
886	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked	1309	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
887	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers	1310	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
888	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).	1311	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
889		1312
890	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
891	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
892	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
893	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
894
895	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending	1313	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
896	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.	1314	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
897		1315
898	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or	1316	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
899	pending.	1317	pending.
900		1318
		1319	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1320	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1321	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1322
901	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1323	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
902	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1324	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
903		1325
904	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is	1326	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
905	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might	1327	priorities.
906	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
907		1328
908	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1329	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
909		1330
910	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1331	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
911	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback	1332	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
912	can deal with that fact.	1333	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1334	callback.
913		1335
914	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)	1336	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
915		1337
916	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status	1338	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
917	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the	1339	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
918	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.	1340	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
919		1341
		1342	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1343	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1344
		1345	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1346
		1347	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1348	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1349	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1350	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1351
		1352	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1353	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1354	not started in the first place.
		1355
		1356	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1357	functions that do not need a watcher.
		1358
920	=back	1359	=back
921		1360
922		1361
923	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1362	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
924		1363
925	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1364	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
926	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1365	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
927	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1366	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
928	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1367	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
929	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1368	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
930	data:	1369	data:
931		1370
932	struct my_io	1371	struct my_io
933	{	1372	{
934	struct ev_io io;	1373	ev_io io;
935	int otherfd;	1374	int otherfd;
936	void *somedata;	1375	void *somedata;
937	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1376	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
938	}	1377	};
		1378
		1379	...
		1380	struct my_io w;
		1381	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
939		1382
940	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1383	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
941	can cast it back to your own type:	1384	can cast it back to your own type:
942		1385
943	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1386	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
944	{	1387	{
945	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1388	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
946	...	1389	...
947	}	1390	}
948		1391
949	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1392	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
950	instead have been omitted.	1393	instead have been omitted.
951		1394
952	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1395	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
953	watchers:	1396	embedded watchers:
954		1397
955	struct my_biggy	1398	struct my_biggy
956	{	1399	{
957	int some_data;	1400	int some_data;
958	ev_timer t1;	1401	ev_timer t1;
959	ev_timer t2;	1402	ev_timer t2;
960	}	1403	}
961		1404
962	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1405	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
963	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1406	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1407	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
		1408	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
		1409	programmers):
964		1410
965	#include <stddef.h>	1411	#include <stddef.h>
966		1412
967	static void	1413	static void
968	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1414	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
969	{	1415	{
970	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1416	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
971	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1417	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
972	}	1418	}
973		1419
974	static void	1420	static void
975	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1421	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
976	{	1422	{
977	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1423	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
978	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1424	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
979	}	1425	}
		1426
		1427	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
		1428
		1429	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
		1430	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
		1431	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
		1432
		1433	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
		1434	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
		1435	range.
		1436
		1437	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
		1438	by event loops:
		1439
		1440	In the more common lock-out model, higher priorities "lock out" invocation
		1441	of lower priority watchers, which means as long as higher priority
		1442	watchers receive events, lower priority watchers are not being invoked.
		1443
		1444	The less common only-for-ordering model uses priorities solely to order
		1445	callback invocation within a single event loop iteration: Higher priority
		1446	watchers are invoked before lower priority ones, but they all get invoked
		1447	before polling for new events.
		1448
		1449	Libev uses the second (only-for-ordering) model for all its watchers
		1450	except for idle watchers (which use the lock-out model).
		1451
		1452	The rationale behind this is that implementing the lock-out model for
		1453	watchers is not well supported by most kernel interfaces, and most event
		1454	libraries will just poll for the same events again and again as long as
		1455	their callbacks have not been executed, which is very inefficient in the
		1456	common case of one high-priority watcher locking out a mass of lower
		1457	priority ones.
		1458
		1459	Static (ordering) priorities are most useful when you have two or more
		1460	watchers handling the same resource: a typical usage example is having an
		1461	C<ev_io> watcher to receive data, and an associated C<ev_timer> to handle
		1462	timeouts. Under load, data might be received while the program handles
		1463	other jobs, but since timers normally get invoked first, the timeout
		1464	handler will be executed before checking for data. In that case, giving
		1465	the timer a lower priority than the I/O watcher ensures that I/O will be
		1466	handled first even under adverse conditions (which is usually, but not
		1467	always, what you want).
		1468
		1469	Since idle watchers use the "lock-out" model, meaning that idle watchers
		1470	will only be executed when no same or higher priority watchers have
		1471	received events, they can be used to implement the "lock-out" model when
		1472	required.
		1473
		1474	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
		1475	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
		1476	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
		1477	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
		1478	continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
		1479	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
		1480	workable.
		1481
		1482	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
		1483	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
		1484	it might be preferable to stop the real watcher before starting the
		1485	idle watcher, so the kernel will not have to process the event in case
		1486	the actual processing will be delayed for considerable time.
		1487
		1488	Here is an example of an I/O watcher that should run at a strictly lower
		1489	priority than the default, and which should only process data when no
		1490	other events are pending:
		1491
		1492	ev_idle idle; // actual processing watcher
		1493	ev_io io; // actual event watcher
		1494
		1495	static void
		1496	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1497	{
		1498	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
		1499	// are not yet ready to handle it.
		1500	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1501
		1502	// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.
		1503	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
		1504	// with the default priority are receiving events.
		1505	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
		1506	}
		1507
		1508	static void
		1509	idle_cb (EV_P_ ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1510	{
		1511	// actual processing
		1512	read (STDIN_FILENO, ...);
		1513
		1514	// have to start the I/O watcher again, as
		1515	// we have handled the event
		1516	ev_io_start (EV_P_ &io);
		1517	}
		1518
		1519	// initialisation
		1520	ev_idle_init (&idle, idle_cb);
		1521	ev_io_init (&io, io_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1522	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &io);
		1523
		1524	In the "real" world, it might also be beneficial to start a timer, so that
		1525	low-priority connections can not be locked out forever under load. This
		1526	enables your program to keep a lower latency for important connections
		1527	during short periods of high load, while not completely locking out less
		1528	important ones.
980		1529
981		1530
982	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1531	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
983		1532
984	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1533	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
1008	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1557	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1009	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1558	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1010	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1559	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1011	required if you know what you are doing).	1560	required if you know what you are doing).
1012		1561
1013	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1562	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1014	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1563	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1015	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1564	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
		1565	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
		1566	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1016		1567
1017	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1568	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1018	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1569	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
1019	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1570	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1020	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1571	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
1021	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1572	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
1022	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1573	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
1023	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1574	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1024	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1575	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1025		1576
1026	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1577	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1027	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1578	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1028	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1579	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1029	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1580	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already
1030	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1581	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
		1582	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
		1583	indefinitely.
		1584
		1585	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1031		1586
1032	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1587	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1033		1588
1034	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1589	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
1035	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,	1590	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,
1036	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1591	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
1037	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1592	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
1038	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1593	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
1039	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1594	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
1040	fact, a different file descriptor.	1595	fact, a different file descriptor.
1041		1596
…		…
1070	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1625	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
1071	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1626	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
1072	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1627	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
1073	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1628	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1074		1629
		1630	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1631
		1632	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
		1633	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1634	sent a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1635	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1636
		1637	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1638	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1639	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1640
		1641	=head3 The special problem of accept()ing when you can't
		1642
		1643	Many implementations of the POSIX C<accept> function (for example,
		1644	found in post-2004 Linux) have the peculiar behaviour of not removing a
		1645	connection from the pending queue in all error cases.
		1646
		1647	For example, larger servers often run out of file descriptors (because
		1648	of resource limits), causing C<accept> to fail with C<ENFILE> but not
		1649	rejecting the connection, leading to libev signalling readiness on
		1650	the next iteration again (the connection still exists after all), and
		1651	typically causing the program to loop at 100% CPU usage.
		1652
		1653	Unfortunately, the set of errors that cause this issue differs between
		1654	operating systems, there is usually little the app can do to remedy the
		1655	situation, and no known thread-safe method of removing the connection to
		1656	cope with overload is known (to me).
		1657
		1658	One of the easiest ways to handle this situation is to just ignore it
		1659	- when the program encounters an overload, it will just loop until the
		1660	situation is over. While this is a form of busy waiting, no OS offers an
		1661	event-based way to handle this situation, so it's the best one can do.
		1662
		1663	A better way to handle the situation is to log any errors other than
		1664	C<EAGAIN> and C<EWOULDBLOCK>, making sure not to flood the log with such
		1665	messages, and continue as usual, which at least gives the user an idea of
		1666	what could be wrong ("raise the ulimit!"). For extra points one could stop
		1667	the C<ev_io> watcher on the listening fd "for a while", which reduces CPU
		1668	usage.
		1669
		1670	If your program is single-threaded, then you could also keep a dummy file
		1671	descriptor for overload situations (e.g. by opening F</dev/null>), and
		1672	when you run into C<ENFILE> or C<EMFILE>, close it, run C<accept>,
		1673	close that fd, and create a new dummy fd. This will gracefully refuse
		1674	clients under typical overload conditions.
		1675
		1676	The last way to handle it is to simply log the error and C<exit>, as
		1677	is often done with C<malloc> failures, but this results in an easy
		1678	opportunity for a DoS attack.
1075		1679
1076	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1680	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
1077		1681
1078	=over 4	1682	=over 4
1079		1683
1080	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1684	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
1081		1685
1082	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1686	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
1083		1687
1084	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1688	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1085	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1689	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1086	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1690	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1087		1691
1088	=item int fd [read-only]	1692	=item int fd [read-only]
1089		1693
1090	The file descriptor being watched.	1694	The file descriptor being watched.
1091		1695
…		…
1099		1703
1100	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1704	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1101	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1705	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1102	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1706	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1103		1707
1104	static void	1708	static void
1105	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1709	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1106	{	1710	{
1107	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1711	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1108	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1712	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and handle any I/O errors
1109	}	1713	}
1110		1714
1111	...	1715	...
1112	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1716	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1113	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1717	ev_io stdin_readable;
1114	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1718	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1115	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1719	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1116	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1720	ev_run (loop, 0);
1117		1721
1118		1722
1119	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1723	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1120		1724
1121	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1725	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1122	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1726	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1123		1727
1124	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1728	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1125	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1729	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1126	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1730	year, it will still time out after (roughly) one hour. "Roughly" because
1127	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1731	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1128	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1732	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1733
		1734	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
		1735	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
		1736	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the
		1737	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked
		1738	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is
		1739	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
		1740
		1741	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
		1742
		1743	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
		1744	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
		1745	you want to raise some error after a while.
		1746
		1747	What follows are some ways to handle this problem, from obvious and
		1748	inefficient to smart and efficient.
		1749
		1750	In the following, a 60 second activity timeout is assumed - a timeout that
		1751	gets reset to 60 seconds each time there is activity (e.g. each time some
		1752	data or other life sign was received).
		1753
		1754	=over 4
		1755
		1756	=item 1. Use a timer and stop, reinitialise and start it on activity.
		1757
		1758	This is the most obvious, but not the most simple way: In the beginning,
		1759	start the watcher:
		1760
		1761	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 60., 0.);
		1762	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1763
		1764	Then, each time there is some activity, C<ev_timer_stop> it, initialise it
		1765	and start it again:
		1766
		1767	ev_timer_stop (loop, timer);
		1768	ev_timer_set (timer, 60., 0.);
		1769	ev_timer_start (loop, timer);
		1770
		1771	This is relatively simple to implement, but means that each time there is
		1772	some activity, libev will first have to remove the timer from its internal
		1773	data structure and then add it again. Libev tries to be fast, but it's
		1774	still not a constant-time operation.
		1775
		1776	=item 2. Use a timer and re-start it with C<ev_timer_again> inactivity.
		1777
		1778	This is the easiest way, and involves using C<ev_timer_again> instead of
		1779	C<ev_timer_start>.
		1780
		1781	To implement this, configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value
		1782	of C<60> and then call C<ev_timer_again> at start and each time you
		1783	successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle state where
		1784	you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop>
		1785	the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will automatically restart it if need be.
		1786
		1787	That means you can ignore both the C<ev_timer_start> function and the
		1788	C<after> argument to C<ev_timer_set>, and only ever use the C<repeat>
		1789	member and C<ev_timer_again>.
		1790
		1791	At start:
		1792
		1793	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1794	timer->repeat = 60.;
		1795	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1796
		1797	Each time there is some activity:
		1798
		1799	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1800
		1801	It is even possible to change the time-out on the fly, regardless of
		1802	whether the watcher is active or not:
		1803
		1804	timer->repeat = 30.;
		1805	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1806
		1807	This is slightly more efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1808	you want to modify its timeout value, as libev does not have to completely
		1809	remove and re-insert the timer from/into its internal data structure.
		1810
		1811	It is, however, even simpler than the "obvious" way to do it.
		1812
		1813	=item 3. Let the timer time out, but then re-arm it as required.
		1814
		1815	This method is more tricky, but usually most efficient: Most timeouts are
		1816	relatively long compared to the intervals between other activity - in
		1817	our example, within 60 seconds, there are usually many I/O events with
		1818	associated activity resets.
		1819
		1820	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
		1821	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
		1822	within the callback:
		1823
		1824	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1825
		1826	static void
		1827	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1828	{
		1829	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);
		1830	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;
		1831
		1832	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out
		1833	if (timeout < now)
		1834	{
		1835	// timeout occurred, take action
		1836	}
		1837	else
		1838	{
		1839	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm
		1840	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is
		1841	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:
		1842	w->repeat = timeout - now;
		1843	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);
		1844	}
		1845	}
		1846
		1847	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined
		1848	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has
		1849	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise
		1850	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so
		1851	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
		1852	a timeout then.
		1853
		1854	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the
		1855	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.
		1856
		1857	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
		1858	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
		1859	libev to change the timeout.
		1860
		1861	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>
		1862	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the
		1863	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:
		1864
		1865	ev_init (timer, callback);
		1866	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1867	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
		1868
		1869	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in
		1870	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
		1871
		1872	last_activity = ev_now (loop);
		1873
		1874	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
		1875	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
		1876
		1877	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
		1878	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
		1879	fix things for you.
		1880
		1881	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
		1882
		1883	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
		1884	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
		1885	do even better:
		1886
		1887	When starting the timeout, calculate the timeout value and put the timeout
		1888	at the I<end> of the list.
		1889
		1890	Then use an C<ev_timer> to fire when the timeout at the I<beginning> of
		1891	the list is expected to fire (for example, using the technique #3).
		1892
		1893	When there is some activity, remove the timer from the list, recalculate
		1894	the timeout, append it to the end of the list again, and make sure to
		1895	update the C<ev_timer> if it was taken from the beginning of the list.
		1896
		1897	This way, one can manage an unlimited number of timeouts in O(1) time for
		1898	starting, stopping and updating the timers, at the expense of a major
		1899	complication, and having to use a constant timeout. The constant timeout
		1900	ensures that the list stays sorted.
		1901
		1902	=back
		1903
		1904	So which method the best?
		1905
		1906	Method #2 is a simple no-brain-required solution that is adequate in most
		1907	situations. Method #3 requires a bit more thinking, but handles many cases
		1908	better, and isn't very complicated either. In most case, choosing either
		1909	one is fine, with #3 being better in typical situations.
		1910
		1911	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
		1912	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
		1913	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
		1914	overkill :)
		1915
		1916	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1917
		1918	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1919	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1920	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
		1921	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1922	lots of events in one iteration.
1129		1923
1130	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1924	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1131	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1925	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1132	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1926	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1133	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1927	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1134	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1928	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1135		1929
1136	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1930	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1137		1931
1138	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1932	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1139	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1933	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1140	order of execution is undefined.	1934	()>.
		1935
		1936	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
		1937
		1938	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
		1939	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
		1940
		1941	Some quick tests made with a Linux 2.6.28 indicate that a suspend freezes
		1942	all processes, while the clocks (C<times>, C<CLOCK_MONOTONIC>) continue
		1943	to run until the system is suspended, but they will not advance while the
		1944	system is suspended. That means, on resume, it will be as if the program
		1945	was frozen for a few seconds, but the suspend time will not be counted
		1946	towards C<ev_timer> when a monotonic clock source is used. The real time
		1947	clock advanced as expected, but if it is used as sole clocksource, then a
		1948	long suspend would be detected as a time jump by libev, and timers would
		1949	be adjusted accordingly.
		1950
		1951	I would not be surprised to see different behaviour in different between
		1952	operating systems, OS versions or even different hardware.
		1953
		1954	The other form of suspend (job control, or sending a SIGSTOP) will see a
		1955	time jump in the monotonic clocks and the realtime clock. If the program
		1956	is suspended for a very long time, and monotonic clock sources are in use,
		1957	then you can expect C<ev_timer>s to expire as the full suspension time
		1958	will be counted towards the timers. When no monotonic clock source is in
		1959	use, then libev will again assume a timejump and adjust accordingly.
		1960
		1961	It might be beneficial for this latter case to call C<ev_suspend>
		1962	and C<ev_resume> in code that handles C<SIGTSTP>, to at least get
		1963	deterministic behaviour in this case (you can do nothing against
		1964	C<SIGSTOP>).
1141		1965
1142	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1966	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1143		1967
1144	=over 4	1968	=over 4
1145		1969
1146	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1970	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1147		1971
1148	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1972	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1149		1973
1150	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1974	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
1151	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1975	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
1152	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1976	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
1153	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1977	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1978	until stopped manually.
1154		1979
1155	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1980	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1156	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1981	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1157	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1982	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1158	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1983	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1159	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1984	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1160		1985
1161	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	1986	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1162		1987
1163	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1988	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
1164	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1989	repeating. The exact semantics are:
1165		1990
1166	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1991	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1167		1992
1168	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1993	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1169		1994
1170	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1995	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1171	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1996	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1172		1997
1173	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1998	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1174	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1999	usage example.
1175	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1176	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1177	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1178	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1179	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
1180	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
1181	automatically restart it if need be.
1182		2000
1183	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>	2001	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
1184	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
1185		2002
1186	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);	2003	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
1187	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	2004	then this time is relative to the current event loop time, otherwise it's
1188	...	2005	the timeout value currently configured.
1189	timer->again = 17.;
1190	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1191	...
1192	timer->again = 10.;
1193	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
1194		2006
1195	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time	2007	That is, after an C<ev_timer_set (w, 5, 7)>, C<ev_timer_remaining> returns
1196	you want to modify its timeout value.	2008	C<5>. When the timer is started and one second passes, C<ev_timer_remaining>
		2009	will return C<4>. When the timer expires and is restarted, it will return
		2010	roughly C<7> (likely slightly less as callback invocation takes some time,
		2011	too), and so on.
1197		2012
1198	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	2013	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
1199		2014
1200	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	2015	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
1201	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	2016	or C<ev_timer_again> is called, and determines the next timeout (if any),
1202	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	2017	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1203		2018
1204	=back	2019	=back
1205		2020
1206	=head3 Examples	2021	=head3 Examples
1207		2022
1208	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	2023	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1209		2024
1210	static void	2025	static void
1211	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	2026	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1212	{	2027	{
1213	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	2028	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1214	}	2029	}
1215		2030
1216	struct ev_timer mytimer;	2031	ev_timer mytimer;
1217	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	2032	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1218	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	2033	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1219		2034
1220	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	2035	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1221	inactivity.	2036	inactivity.
1222		2037
1223	static void	2038	static void
1224	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	2039	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents)
1225	{	2040	{
1226	.. ten seconds without any activity	2041	.. ten seconds without any activity
1227	}	2042	}
1228		2043
1229	struct ev_timer mytimer;	2044	ev_timer mytimer;
1230	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	2045	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1231	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	2046	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1232	ev_loop (loop, 0);	2047	ev_run (loop, 0);
1233		2048
1234	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	2049	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1235	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	2050	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1236	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	2051	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1237		2052
1238		2053
1239	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	2054	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1240		2055
1241	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2056	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1242	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2057	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1243		2058
1244	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	2059	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1245	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	2060	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1246	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	2061	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The
1247	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	2062	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1248	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	2063	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1249	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	2064	wrist-watch).
1250	roughly 10 seconds later).
1251		2065
1252	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	2066	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
1253	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,	2067	in time: for example, if you tell a periodic watcher to trigger "in 10
1254	rules.	2068	seconds" (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now () + 10.>, that is, an absolute time
		2069	not a delay) and then reset your system clock to January of the previous
		2070	year, then it will take a year or more to trigger the event (unlike an
		2071	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
		2072	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
1255		2073
		2074	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
		2075	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
		2076	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as
		2077	those cannot react to time jumps.
		2078
1256	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	2079	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1257	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	2080	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1258	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	2081	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
		2082	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
		2083	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1259		2084
1260	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2085	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1261		2086
1262	=over 4	2087	=over 4
1263		2088
1264	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	2089	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1265		2090
1266	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	2091	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp offset, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1267		2092
1268	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	2093	Lots of arguments, let's sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1269	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	2094	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to most complex:
1270		2095
1271	=over 4	2096	=over 4
1272		2097
1273	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	2098	=item * absolute timer (offset = absolute time, interval = 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1274		2099
1275	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	2100	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1276	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	2101	time C<offset> has passed. It will not repeat and will not adjust when a
1277	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	2102	time jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it
1278	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	2103	will be stopped and invoked when the system clock reaches or surpasses
		2104	this point in time.
1279		2105
1280	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	2106	=item * repeating interval timer (offset = offset within interval, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1281		2107
1282	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	2108	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1283	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	2109	C<offset + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be
1284	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	2110	negative) and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps. The C<offset>
		2111	argument is merely an offset into the C<interval> periods.
1285		2112
1286	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	2113	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to the
1287	time:	2114	system clock, for example, here is an C<ev_periodic> that triggers each
		2115	hour, on the hour (with respect to UTC):
1288		2116
1289	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	2117	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1290		2118
1291	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	2119	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1292	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	2120	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1293	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	2121	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1294	by 3600.	2122	by 3600.
1295		2123
1296	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2124	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1297	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2125	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1298	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2126	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1299		2127
1300	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	2128	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near
1301	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2129	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1302	this value.	2130	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
1303		2131
		2132	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		2133	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		2134	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		2135	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		2136
1304	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	2137	=item * manual reschedule mode (offset ignored, interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1305		2138
1306	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	2139	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<offset> are both being
1307	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	2140	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1308	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	2141	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1309	current time as second argument.	2142	current time as second argument.
1310		2143
1311	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	2144	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher, ever,
1312	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	2145	or make ANY other event loop modifications whatsoever, unless explicitly
1313	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	2146	allowed by documentation here>.
1314	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1315		2147
		2148	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		2149	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		2150	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		2151
1316	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	2152	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic
1317	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	2153	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1318		2154
		2155	static ev_tstamp
1319	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2156	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1320	{	2157	{
1321	return now + 60.;	2158	return now + 60.;
1322	}	2159	}
1323		2160
1324	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	2161	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1325	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	2162	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1326	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	2163	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1327	might be called at other times, too.	2164	might be called at other times, too.
1328		2165
1329	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	2166	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1330	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	2167	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1331		2168
1332	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2169	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1333	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	2170	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1334	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2171	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1335	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2172	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1336	reason I omitted it as an example).	2173	reason I omitted it as an example).
1337		2174
1338	=back	2175	=back
…		…
1342	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	2179	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1343	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	2180	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1344	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	2181	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1345	program when the crontabs have changed).	2182	program when the crontabs have changed).
1346		2183
		2184	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		2185
		2186	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed
		2187	to trigger next. This is not the same as the C<offset> argument to
		2188	C<ev_periodic_set>, but indeed works even in interval and manual
		2189	rescheduling modes.
		2190
1347	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	2191	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1348		2192
1349	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	2193	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1350	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	2194	absolute point in time (the C<offset> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>,
		2195	although libev might modify this value for better numerical stability).
1351		2196
1352	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic	2197	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
1353	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2198	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1354		2199
1355	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	2200	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1356		2201
1357	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	2202	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1358	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	2203	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1359	called.	2204	called.
1360		2205
1361	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	2206	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1362		2207
1363	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	2208	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1364	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	2209	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1365	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	2210	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1366		2211
1367	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
1368
1369	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
1370	trigger next.
1371
1372	=back	2212	=back
1373		2213
1374	=head3 Examples	2214	=head3 Examples
1375		2215
1376	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2216	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1377	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2217	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1378	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	2218	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1379		2219
1380	static void	2220	static void
1381	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	2221	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
1382	{	2222	{
1383	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2223	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1384	}	2224	}
1385		2225
1386	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2226	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1387	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	2227	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1388	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2228	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1389		2229
1390	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	2230	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1391		2231
1392	#include <math.h>	2232	#include <math.h>
1393		2233
1394	static ev_tstamp	2234	static ev_tstamp
1395	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	2235	my_scheduler_cb (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1396	{	2236	{
1397	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	2237	return now + (3600. - fmod (now, 3600.));
1398	}	2238	}
1399		2239
1400	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	2240	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1401		2241
1402	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	2242	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1403		2243
1404	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2244	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1405	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2245	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1406	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2246	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1407	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2247	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1408		2248
1409		2249
1410	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2250	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1411		2251
1412	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2252	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
1413	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2253	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
1414	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2254	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
1415	normal event processing, like any other event.	2255	normal event processing, like any other event.
1416		2256
		2257	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
		2258	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
		2259	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
		2260	synchronously wake up an event loop.
		2261
1417	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	2262	You can configure as many watchers as you like for the same signal, but
		2263	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
		2264	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
		2265	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
		2266	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
		2267
1418	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	2268	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something
1419	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	2269	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as
1420	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	2270	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).
1421	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	2271
1422	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	2272	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		2273	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
		2274	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
		2275	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
		2276	and unblock them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		2277
		2278	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
		2279
		2280	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
		2281	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
		2282	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
		2283	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.
		2284
		2285	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
		2286	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
		2287	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
		2288	certain signals to be blocked.
		2289
		2290	This means that before calling C<exec> (from the child) you should reset
		2291	the signal mask to whatever "default" you expect (all clear is a good
		2292	choice usually).
		2293
		2294	The simplest way to ensure that the signal mask is reset in the child is
		2295	to install a fork handler with C<pthread_atfork> that resets it. That will
		2296	catch fork calls done by libraries (such as the libc) as well.
		2297
		2298	In current versions of libev, the signal will not be blocked indefinitely
		2299	unless you use the C<signalfd> API (C<EV_SIGNALFD>). While this reduces
		2300	the window of opportunity for problems, it will not go away, as libev
		2301	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
		2302
		2303	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
		2304	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
		2305	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
1423		2306
1424	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2307	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1425		2308
1426	=over 4	2309	=over 4
1427		2310
…		…
1438		2321
1439	=back	2322	=back
1440		2323
1441	=head3 Examples	2324	=head3 Examples
1442		2325
1443	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	2326	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
1444		2327
1445	static void	2328	static void
1446	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	2329	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
1447	{	2330	{
1448	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2331	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
1449	}	2332	}
1450		2333
1451	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	2334	ev_signal signal_watcher;
1452	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2335	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1453	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	2336	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
1454		2337
1455		2338
1456	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	2339	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1457		2340
1458	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	2341	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1459	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It	2342	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies or
1460	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been	2343	exits). It is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child
1461	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event	2344	has been forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long
1462	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).	2345	as the event loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher), i.e.,
		2346	forking and then immediately registering a watcher for the child is fine,
		2347	but forking and registering a watcher a few event loop iterations later or
		2348	in the next callback invocation is not.
1463		2349
1464	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore	2350	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
1465	you can only rgeister child watchers in the default event loop.	2351	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		2352
		2353	Due to some design glitches inside libev, child watchers will always be
		2354	handled at maximum priority (their priority is set to C<EV_MAXPRI> by
		2355	libev)
1466		2356
1467	=head3 Process Interaction	2357	=head3 Process Interaction
1468		2358
1469	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is	2359	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
1470	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if	2360	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if the
1471	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurance	2361	first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
1472	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done	2362	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
1473	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all	2363	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
1474	children, even ones not watched.	2364	children, even ones not watched.
1475		2365
1476	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing	2366	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
…		…
1480	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for	2370	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
1481	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the	2371	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
1482	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an	2372	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
1483	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for	2373	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
1484	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.	2374	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		2375
		2376	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		2377
		2378	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		2379	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		2380	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		2381	when a child exit is detected (calling C<ev_child_stop> twice is not a
		2382	problem).
1485		2383
1486	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2384	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1487		2385
1488	=over 4	2386	=over 4
1489		2387
…		…
1518	=head3 Examples	2416	=head3 Examples
1519		2417
1520	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for	2418	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
1521	its completion.	2419	its completion.
1522		2420
1523	ev_child cw;	2421	ev_child cw;
1524		2422
1525	static void	2423	static void
1526	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)	2424	child_cb (EV_P_ ev_child *w, int revents)
1527	{	2425	{
1528	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);	2426	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
1529	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);	2427	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1530	}	2428	}
1531		2429
1532	pid_t pid = fork ();	2430	pid_t pid = fork ();
1533		2431
1534	if (pid < 0)	2432	if (pid < 0)
1535	// error	2433	// error
1536	else if (pid == 0)	2434	else if (pid == 0)
1537	{	2435	{
1538	// the forked child executes here	2436	// the forked child executes here
1539	exit (1);	2437	exit (1);
1540	}	2438	}
1541	else	2439	else
1542	{	2440	{
1543	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);	2441	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
1544	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);	2442	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
1545	}	2443	}
1546		2444
1547		2445
1548	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2446	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1549		2447
1550	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2448	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1551	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	2449	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
1552	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	2450	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if
		2451	it did.
1553		2452
1554	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2453	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1555	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	2454	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
1556	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	2455	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
1557	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	2456	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
1558	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	2457	least one) and all the other fields of the stat buffer having unspecified
		2458	contents.
1559		2459
1560	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is	2460	The path I<must not> end in a slash or contain special components such as
		2461	C<.> or C<..>. The path I<should> be absolute: If it is relative and
1561	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.	2462	your working directory changes, then the behaviour is undefined.
1562		2463
1563	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	2464	Since there is no portable change notification interface available, the
1564	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	2465	portable implementation simply calls C<stat(2)> regularly on the path
1565	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	2466	to see if it changed somehow. You can specify a recommended polling
1566	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	2467	interval for this case. If you specify a polling interval of C<0> (highly
1567	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around	2468	recommended!) then a I<suitable, unspecified default> value will be used
1568	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also	2469	(which you can expect to be around five seconds, although this might
1569	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats	2470	change dynamically). Libev will also impose a minimum interval which is
1570	usually overkill.	2471	currently around C<0.1>, but that's usually overkill.
1571		2472
1572	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,	2473	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1573	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	2474	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1574	resource-intensive.	2475	resource-intensive.
1575		2476
1576	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	2477	At the time of this writing, the only OS-specific interface implemented
1577	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	2478	is the Linux inotify interface (implementing kqueue support is left as an
1578	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	2479	exercise for the reader. Note, however, that the author sees no way of
1579	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	2480	implementing C<ev_stat> semantics with kqueue, except as a hint).
1580	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1581	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1582	polling.
1583		2481
1584	=head3 Inotify	2482	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
1585		2483
		2484	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		2485	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		2486	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		2487	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		2488	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		2489	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		2490	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		2491	most noticeably displayed with ev_stat and large file support.
		2492
		2493	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		2494	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		2495	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		2496	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		2497	default compilation environment.
		2498
		2499	=head3 Inotify and Kqueue
		2500
1586	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only	2501	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev and present at
1587	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up	2502	runtime, it will be used to speed up change detection where possible. The
1588	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily	2503	inotify descriptor will be created lazily when the first C<ev_stat>
1589	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.	2504	watcher is being started.
1590		2505
1591	Inotify presense does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers	2506	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
1592	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid	2507	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
1593	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presense of inotify support	2508	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
1594	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.	2509	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling,
		2510	but as long as kernel 2.6.25 or newer is used (2.6.24 and older have too
		2511	many bugs), the path exists (i.e. stat succeeds), and the path resides on
		2512	a local filesystem (libev currently assumes only ext2/3, jfs, reiserfs and
		2513	xfs are fully working) libev usually gets away without polling.
1595		2514
1596	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to	2515	There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
1597	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file	2516	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
1598	descriptor open on the object at all times).	2517	descriptor open on the object at all times, and detecting renames, unlinks
		2518	etc. is difficult.
		2519
		2520	=head3 C<stat ()> is a synchronous operation
		2521
		2522	Libev doesn't normally do any kind of I/O itself, and so is not blocking
		2523	the process. The exception are C<ev_stat> watchers - those call C<stat
		2524	()>, which is a synchronous operation.
		2525
		2526	For local paths, this usually doesn't matter: unless the system is very
		2527	busy or the intervals between stat's are large, a stat call will be fast,
		2528	as the path data is usually in memory already (except when starting the
		2529	watcher).
		2530
		2531	For networked file systems, calling C<stat ()> can block an indefinite
		2532	time due to network issues, and even under good conditions, a stat call
		2533	often takes multiple milliseconds.
		2534
		2535	Therefore, it is best to avoid using C<ev_stat> watchers on networked
		2536	paths, although this is fully supported by libev.
1599		2537
1600	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution	2538	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
1601		2539
1602	The C<stat ()> syscall only supports full-second resolution portably, and	2540	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably,
1603	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many filesystems still	2541	and even on systems where the resolution is higher, most file systems
1604	only support whole seconds.	2542	still only support whole seconds.
1605		2543
1606	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you might	2544	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
1607	miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and calls	2545	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
1608	your callback, which does something. When there is another update within	2546	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
1609	the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it.	2547	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect unless the
		2548	stat data does change in other ways (e.g. file size).
1610		2549
1611	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for a second (or till	2550	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
1612	the next second boundary), using a roughly one-second delay C<ev_timer>	2551	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
1613	(C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.01); ev_timer_again (loop, w)>). The C<.01>	2552	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
1614	is added to work around small timing inconsistencies of some operating	2553	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
1615	systems.	2554
		2555	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		2556	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		2557	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		2558	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		2559	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		2560	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		2561	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		2562	the timer callback).
1616		2563
1617	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2564	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1618		2565
1619	=over 4	2566	=over 4
1620		2567
…		…
1626	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	2573	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1627	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	2574	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1628	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	2575	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1629	path for as long as the watcher is active.	2576	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1630		2577
1631	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	2578	The callback will receive an C<EV_STAT> event when a change was detected,
1632	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	2579	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1633	last change was detected).	2580	last change was detected).
1634		2581
1635	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)	2582	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1636		2583
1637	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	2584	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1638	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	2585	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1639	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	2586	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1640	useful simply to find out the new values.	2587	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		2588	new values.
1641		2589
1642	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	2590	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1643		2591
1644	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	2592	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1645	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	2593	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1646	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	2594	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		2595	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1647	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	2596	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1648		2597
1649	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	2598	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1650		2599
1651	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	2600	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1652	C<prev> != C<attr>.	2601	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		2602	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		2603	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1653		2604
1654	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	2605	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1655		2606
1656	The specified interval.	2607	The specified interval.
1657		2608
1658	=item const char *path [read-only]	2609	=item const char *path [read-only]
1659		2610
1660	The filesystem path that is being watched.	2611	The file system path that is being watched.
1661		2612
1662	=back	2613	=back
1663		2614
1664	=head3 Examples	2615	=head3 Examples
1665		2616
1666	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	2617	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1667		2618
1668	static void	2619	static void
1669	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	2620	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1670	{	2621	{
1671	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	2622	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1672	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	2623	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1673	{	2624	{
1674	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	2625	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1675	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2626	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1676	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	2627	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1677	}	2628	}
1678	else	2629	else
1679	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	2630	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1680	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	2631	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1681	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	2632	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1682	}	2633	}
1683		2634
1684	...	2635	...
1685	ev_stat passwd;	2636	ev_stat passwd;
1686		2637
1687	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2638	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1688	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2639	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1689		2640
1690	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not	2641	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
1691	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so	2642	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
1692	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on	2643	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
1693	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).	2644	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
1694		2645
1695	static ev_stat passwd;	2646	static ev_stat passwd;
1696	static ev_timer timer;	2647	static ev_timer timer;
1697		2648
1698	static void	2649	static void
1699	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2650	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1700	{	2651	{
1701	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);	2652	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
1702		2653
1703	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */	2654	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
1704	}	2655	}
1705		2656
1706	static void	2657	static void
1707	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)	2658	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
1708	{	2659	{
1709	/* reset the one-second timer */	2660	/* reset the one-second timer */
1710	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);	2661	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
1711	}	2662	}
1712		2663
1713	...	2664	...
1714	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);	2665	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1715	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	2666	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1716	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.01);	2667	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1717		2668
1718		2669
1719	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	2670	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1720		2671
1721	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	2672	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1722	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not	2673	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count
1723	count).	2674	as receiving "events").
1724		2675
1725	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts	2676	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
1726	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be	2677	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
1727	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers	2678	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
1728	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop	2679	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
…		…
1739		2690
1740	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2691	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1741		2692
1742	=over 4	2693	=over 4
1743		2694
1744	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2695	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
1745		2696
1746	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	2697	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1747	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2698	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1748	believe me.	2699	believe me.
1749		2700
…		…
1752	=head3 Examples	2703	=head3 Examples
1753		2704
1754	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	2705	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1755	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2706	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1756		2707
1757	static void	2708	static void
1758	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	2709	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
1759	{	2710	{
1760	free (w);	2711	free (w);
1761	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2712	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1762	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2713	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1763	}	2714	}
1764		2715
1765	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	2716	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
1766	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	2717	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1767	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	2718	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
1768		2719
1769		2720
1770	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2721	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1771		2722
1772	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	2723	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:
1773	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2724	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1774	afterwards.	2725	afterwards.
1775		2726
1776	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	2727	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter
1777	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2728	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
1778	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	2729	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
1779	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	2730	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
1780	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	2731	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
1781	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	2732	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
1782	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	2733	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
1783		2734
1784	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	2735	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1785	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	2736	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
1786	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	2737	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1787	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	2738	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
1788	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,	2739	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
1789	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>	2740	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
1790	watcher).	2741	watcher).
1791		2742
1792	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	2743	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors
1793	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	2744	need to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers
1794	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	2745	for them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many
1795	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	2746	libraries provide exactly this functionality). Then, in the check watcher,
1796	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	2747	you check for any events that occurred (by checking the pending status
1797	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	2748	of all watchers and stopping them) and call back into the library. The
1798	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	2749	I/O and timer callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid
1799	because you never know, you know?).	2750	nevertheless, because you never know, you know?).
1800		2751
1801	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	2752	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
1802	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	2753	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
1803	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	2754	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
1804	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines	2755	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
…		…
1807	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2758	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1808	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2759	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1809		2760
1810	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2761	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1811	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2762	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		2763	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).
		2764
1812	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	2765	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
1813	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	2766	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
1814	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers	2767	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
1815	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other	2768	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
1816	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable	2769	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
1817	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to	2770	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
1818	coexist peacefully with others).	2771	others).
1819		2772
1820	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2773	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1821		2774
1822	=over 4	2775	=over 4
1823		2776
…		…
1825		2778
1826	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	2779	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
1827		2780
1828	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	2781	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
1829	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2782	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1830	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2783	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly, utterly and completely
		2784	pointless.
1831		2785
1832	=back	2786	=back
1833		2787
1834	=head3 Examples	2788	=head3 Examples
1835		2789
1836	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	2790	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1837	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	2791	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1838	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	2792	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1839	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	2793	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1840	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	2794	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1841	into the Glib event loop).	2795	Glib event loop).
1842		2796
1843	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	2797	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1844	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2798	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1845	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2799	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1846	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2800	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1847	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2801	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1848		2802
1849	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2803	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1850	static ev_timer tw;	2804	static ev_timer tw;
1851		2805
1852	static void	2806	static void
1853	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2807	io_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1854	{	2808	{
1855	}	2809	}
1856		2810
1857	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2811	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1858	static void	2812	static void
1859	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2813	adns_prepare_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1860	{	2814	{
1861	int timeout = 3600000;	2815	int timeout = 3600000;
1862	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2816	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1863	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2817	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1864	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2818	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1865		2819
1866	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2820	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1867	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2821	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3, 0.);
1868	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2822	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1869		2823
1870	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2824	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1871	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2825	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1872	{	2826	{
1873	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2827	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1874	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2828	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1875	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2829	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1876		2830
1877	fds [i].revents = 0;	2831	fds [i].revents = 0;
1878	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2832	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1879	}	2833	}
1880	}	2834	}
1881		2835
1882	// stop all watchers after blocking	2836	// stop all watchers after blocking
1883	static void	2837	static void
1884	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2838	adns_check_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1885	{	2839	{
1886	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2840	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1887		2841
1888	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2842	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1889	{	2843	{
1890	// set the relevant poll flags	2844	// set the relevant poll flags
1891	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2845	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1892	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2846	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1893	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2847	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1894	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2848	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1895	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2849	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1896		2850
1897	// now stop the watcher	2851	// now stop the watcher
1898	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2852	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1899	}	2853	}
1900		2854
1901	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2855	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1902	}	2856	}
1903		2857
1904	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2858	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1905	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2859	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1906		2860
1907	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2861	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1908	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2862	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1909	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2863	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1910		2864
1911	static void	2865	static void
1912	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2866	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1913	{	2867	{
1914	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2868	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1915	update_now (EV_A);	2869	update_now (EV_A);
1916		2870
1917	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2871	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1918	}	2872	}
1919		2873
1920	static void	2874	static void
1921	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2875	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1922	{	2876	{
1923	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2877	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1924	update_now (EV_A);	2878	update_now (EV_A);
1925		2879
1926	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2880	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1927	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2881	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1928	}	2882	}
1929		2883
1930	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2884	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1931		2885
1932	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2886	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1933	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2887	want to embed is not flexible enough to support it. Instead, you can
1934	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2888	override their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the
1935	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2889	main loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module uses
1936	this.	2890	this approach, effectively embedding EV as a client into the horrible
		2891	libglib event loop.
1937		2892
1938	static gint	2893	static gint
1939	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2894	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1940	{	2895	{
1941	int got_events = 0;	2896	int got_events = 0;
1942		2897
1943	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2898	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1944	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2899	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1945		2900
1946	if (timeout >= 0)	2901	if (timeout >= 0)
1947	// create/start timer	2902	// create/start timer
1948		2903
1949	// poll	2904	// poll
1950	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2905	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
1951		2906
1952	// stop timer again	2907	// stop timer again
1953	if (timeout >= 0)	2908	if (timeout >= 0)
1954	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2909	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1955		2910
1956	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2911	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1957	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2912	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1958	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2913	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1959		2914
1960	return got_events;	2915	return got_events;
1961	}	2916	}
1962		2917
1963		2918
1964	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2919	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1965		2920
1966	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2921	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1972	prioritise I/O.	2927	prioritise I/O.
1973		2928
1974	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2929	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
1975	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you	2930	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
1976	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales	2931	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
1977	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it	2932	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed
1978	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will	2933	it into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation
1979	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but	2934	will be a bit slower because first libev has to call C<poll> and then
1980	at least you can use both at what they are best.	2935	C<kevent>, but at least you can use both mechanisms for what they are
		2936	best: C<kqueue> for scalable sockets and C<poll> if you want it to work :)
1981		2937
1982	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have	2938	As for prioritising I/O: under rare circumstances you have the case where
1983	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even	2939	some fds have to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency),
1984	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case	2940	and even priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In
1985	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in	2941	this case you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all
1986	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.	2942	the rest in a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
1987		2943
1988	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time	2944	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every
1989	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then	2945	time there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback
1990	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke	2946	must then call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single
1991	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded	2947	sweep and invoke their callbacks (the callback doesn't need to invoke the
1992	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback	2948	C<ev_embed_sweep> function directly, it could also start an idle watcher
1993	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the	2949	to give the embedded loop strictly lower priority for example).
1994	embedded loop sweep.
1995		2950
1996	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The	2951	You can also set the callback to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher
1997	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can	2952	will automatically execute the embedded loop sweep whenever necessary.
1998	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
1999	interested in that.
2000		2953
2001	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:	2954	Fork detection will be handled transparently while the C<ev_embed> watcher
2002	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,	2955	is active, i.e., the embedded loop will automatically be forked when the
2003	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers	2956	embedding loop forks. In other cases, the user is responsible for calling
2004	yourself.	2957	C<ev_loop_fork> on the embedded loop.
2005		2958
2006	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by	2959	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable: only the ones returned by
2007	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any	2960	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
2008	portable one.	2961	portable one.
2009		2962
2010	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2963	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
2011	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2964	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
2012	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2965	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
2013	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.	2966	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
2014		2967
		2968	=head3 C<ev_embed> and fork
		2969
		2970	While the C<ev_embed> watcher is running, forks in the embedding loop will
		2971	automatically be applied to the embedded loop as well, so no special
		2972	fork handling is required in that case. When the watcher is not running,
		2973	however, it is still the task of the libev user to call C<ev_loop_fork ()>
		2974	as applicable.
		2975
2015	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2976	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2016		2977
2017	=over 4	2978	=over 4
2018		2979
2019	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2980	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
…		…
2022		2983
2023	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2984	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2024	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2985	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2025	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2986	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2026	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2987	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
2027	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2988	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2028		2989
2029	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2990	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2030		2991
2031	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2992	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2032	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2993	similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most
2033	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2994	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2034		2995
2035	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2996	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2036		2997
2037	The embedded event loop.	2998	The embedded event loop.
2038		2999
…		…
2040		3001
2041	=head3 Examples	3002	=head3 Examples
2042		3003
2043	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default	3004	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
2044	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default	3005	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
2045	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the mebeddable loop is stored in	3006	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
2046	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the acse no embeddable loop can be	3007	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
2047	used).	3008	used).
2048		3009
2049	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3010	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2050	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3011	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2051	struct ev_embed embed;	3012	ev_embed embed;
2052		3013
2053	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3014	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2054	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3015	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2055	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3016	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2056	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3017	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
2057	: 0;	3018	: 0;
2058		3019
2059	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi	3020	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
2060	if (loop_lo)	3021	if (loop_lo)
2061	{	3022	{
2062	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);	3023	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
2063	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	3024	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
2064	}	3025	}
2065	else	3026	else
2066	loop_lo = loop_hi;	3027	loop_lo = loop_hi;
2067		3028
2068	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create	3029	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
2069	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any	3030	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
2070	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in	3031	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
2071	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3032	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2072		3033
2073	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3034	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2074	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3035	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2075	struct ev_embed embed;	3036	ev_embed embed;
2076		3037
2077	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3038	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2078	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3039	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2079	{	3040	{
2080	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3041	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2081	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	3042	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
2082	}	3043	}
2083		3044
2084	if (!loop_socket)	3045	if (!loop_socket)
2085	loop_socket = loop;	3046	loop_socket = loop;
2086		3047
2087	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else	3048	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
2088		3049
2089		3050
2090	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3051	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2091		3052
2092	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3053	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
2095	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3056	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
2096	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3057	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
2097	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3058	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
2098	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3059	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
2099		3060
		3061	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
		3062
		3063	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
		3064	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
		3065	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
		3066
		3067	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
		3068	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
		3069	fork.
		3070
		3071	The default mode of operation (for libev, with application help to detect
		3072	forks) is to duplicate all the state in the child, as would be expected
		3073	when I<either> the parent I<or> the child process continues.
		3074
		3075	When both processes want to continue using libev, then this is usually the
		3076	wrong result. In that case, usually one process (typically the parent) is
		3077	supposed to continue with all watchers in place as before, while the other
		3078	process typically wants to start fresh, i.e. without any active watchers.
		3079
		3080	The cleanest and most efficient way to achieve that with libev is to
		3081	simply create a new event loop, which of course will be "empty", and
		3082	use that for new watchers. This has the advantage of not touching more
		3083	memory than necessary, and thus avoiding the copy-on-write, and the
		3084	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
		3085	signal watchers).
		3086
		3087	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
		3088	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
		3089	C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>.
		3090	Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered
		3091	watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies
		3092	those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
		3093	signal watchers.
		3094
2100	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3095	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2101		3096
2102	=over 4	3097	=over 4
2103		3098
2104	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3099	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
2105		3100
2106	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3101	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
2107	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3102	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2108	believe me.	3103	believe me.
2109		3104
2110	=back	3105	=back
2111		3106
2112		3107
		3108	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
		3109
		3110	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop they are registered
		3111	with is being destroyed.
		3112
		3113	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
		3114	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
		3115	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
		3116	loop when you want them to be invoked.
		3117
		3118	Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike
		3119	all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which
		3120	makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you
		3121	can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>.
		3122
		3123	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3124
		3125	=over 4
		3126
		3127	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
		3128
		3129	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
		3130	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
		3131	pointless, believe me.
		3132
		3133	=back
		3134
		3135	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
		3136	cleanup functions are called.
		3137
		3138	static void
		3139	program_exits (void)
		3140	{
		3141	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		3142	}
		3143
		3144	...
		3145	atexit (program_exits);
		3146
		3147
2113	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop	3148	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
2114		3149
2115	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other	3150	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other
2116	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3151	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
2117	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3152	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
2118		3153
2119	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not	3154	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
2120	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what	3155	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
2121	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you	3156	watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal
2122	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal	3157	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
2123	safe.
2124		3158
2125	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3159	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
2126	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3160	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
2127	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3161	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
2128	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3162	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
…		…
2133	=head3 Queueing	3167	=head3 Queueing
2134		3168
2135	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3169	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
2136	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3170	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
2137	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't	3171	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
2138	need elaborate support such as pthreads.	3172	need elaborate support such as pthreads or unportable memory access
		3173	semantics.
2139		3174
2140	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own	3175	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
2141	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your	3176	queue. But at least I can tell you how to implement locking around your
2142	queue:	3177	queue:
2143		3178
2144	=over 4	3179	=over 4
2145		3180
2146	=item queueing from a signal handler context	3181	=item queueing from a signal handler context
2147		3182
2148	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal	3183	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
2149	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for	3184	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is
2150	some fictitiuous SIGUSR1 handler:	3185	an example that does that for some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
2151		3186
2152	static ev_async mysig;	3187	static ev_async mysig;
2153		3188
2154	static void	3189	static void
2155	sigusr1_handler (void)	3190	sigusr1_handler (void)
…		…
2221	=over 4	3256	=over 4
2222		3257
2223	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)	3258	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
2224		3259
2225	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any	3260	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
2226	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3261	kind. There is a C<ev_async_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
2227	believe me.	3262	trust me.
2228		3263
2229	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3264	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
2230		3265
2231	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3266	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
2232	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3267	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
2233	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or	3268	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or
2234	similar contexts (see the dicusssion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3269	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
2235	section below on what exactly this means).	3270	section below on what exactly this means).
2236		3271
		3272	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
		3273	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
		3274	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
		3275	reset when the event loop detects that).
		3276
2237	This call incurs the overhead of a syscall only once per loop iteration,	3277	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop
2238	so while the overhead might be noticable, it doesn't apply to repeated	3278	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to
2239	calls to C<ev_async_send>.	3279	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.
		3280
		3281	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		3282
		3283	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		3284	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		3285	event loop.
		3286
		3287	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		3288	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		3289	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		3290	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		3291
		3292	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending,
		3293	only whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending: there
		3294	is a time window between the event loop checking and resetting the async
		3295	notification, and the callback being invoked.
2240		3296
2241	=back	3297	=back
2242		3298
2243		3299
2244	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	3300	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
2248	=over 4	3304	=over 4
2249		3305
2250	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3306	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
2251		3307
2252	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3308	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
2253	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	3309	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
2254	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3310	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
2255	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3311	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
2256	more watchers yourself.	3312	more watchers yourself.
2257		3313
2258	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	3314	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and the
2259	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	3315	C<events> argument is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for
2260	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	3316	the given C<fd> and C<events> set will be created and started.
2261		3317
2262	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	3318	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
2263	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	3319	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
2264	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	3320	repeat = 0) will be started. C<0> is a valid timeout.
2265	dubious value.
2266		3321
2267	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	3322	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and is
2268	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	3323	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
2269	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	3324	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMER>) and the C<arg>
2270	value passed to C<ev_once>:	3325	value passed to C<ev_once>. Note that it is possible to receive I<both>
		3326	a timeout and an io event at the same time - you probably should give io
		3327	events precedence.
2271		3328
		3329	Example: wait up to ten seconds for data to appear on STDIN_FILENO.
		3330
2272	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	3331	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
2273	{	3332	{
2274	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
2275	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2276	else if (revents & EV_READ)	3333	if (revents & EV_READ)
2277	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	3334	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
		3335	else if (revents & EV_TIMER)
		3336	/* doh, nothing entered */;
2278	}	3337	}
2279		3338
2280	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3339	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
2281		3340
2282	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
2283
2284	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
2285	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
2286	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
2287
2288	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)	3341	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
2289		3342
2290	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3343	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
2291	the given events it.	3344	the given events it.
2292		3345
2293	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	3346	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
2294		3347
2295	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	3348	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
2296	loop!).	3349	loop!).
2297		3350
2298	=back	3351	=back
2299		3352
2300		3353
…		…
2316		3369
2317	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3370	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
2318	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3371	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
2319	is an ev_pri field.	3372	is an ev_pri field.
2320		3373
		3374	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		3375	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		3376
2321	=item * Other members are not supported.	3377	=item * Other members are not supported.
2322		3378
2323	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3379	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
2324	to use the libev header file and library.	3380	to use the libev header file and library.
2325		3381
2326	=back	3382	=back
2327		3383
2328	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3384	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
2329		3385
2330	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3386	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
2331	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3387	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
2332	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3388	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
2333		3389
2334	To use it,	3390	To use it,
2335		3391
2336	#include <ev++.h>	3392	#include <ev++.h>
2337		3393
2338	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	3394	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
2339	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	3395	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
2340	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	3396	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
2341	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	3397	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2375		3431
2376	=over 4	3432	=over 4
2377		3433
2378	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()	3434	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
2379		3435
2380	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)	3436	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (loop)
2381		3437
2382	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	3438	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
2383		3439
2384	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher	3440	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
2385	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.	3441	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
…		…
2408	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	3464	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2409	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	3465	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2410		3466
2411	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	3467	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2412		3468
2413	struct myclass	3469	struct myclass
2414	{	3470	{
2415	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3471	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2416	}	3472	}
2417		3473
2418	myclass obj;	3474	myclass obj;
2419	ev::io iow;	3475	ev::io iow;
2420	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	3476	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		3477
		3478	=item w->set (object *)
		3479
		3480	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
		3481	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
		3482	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
		3483	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
		3484	list.
		3485
		3486	The C<operator ()> method prototype must be C<void operator ()(watcher &w,
		3487	int revents)>.
		3488
		3489	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		3490
		3491	Example: use a functor object as callback.
		3492
		3493	struct myfunctor
		3494	{
		3495	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
		3496	{
		3497	...
		3498	}
		3499	}
		3500
		3501	myfunctor f;
		3502
		3503	ev::io w;
		3504	w.set (&f);
2421		3505
2422	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	3506	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2423		3507
2424	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	3508	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2425	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	3509	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2427		3511
2428	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.	3512	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
2429		3513
2430	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	3514	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2431		3515
2432	Example:	3516	Example: Use a plain function as callback.
2433		3517
2434	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	3518	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2435	iow.set <io_cb> ();	3519	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2436		3520
2437	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	3521	=item w->set (loop)
2438		3522
2439	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	3523	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2440	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	3524	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2441		3525
2442	=item w->set ([args])	3526	=item w->set ([arguments])
2443		3527
2444	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	3528	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this
2445	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	3529	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the
2446	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	3530	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted
2447	method.	3531	when reconfiguring it with this method.
2448		3532
2449	=item w->start ()	3533	=item w->start ()
2450		3534
2451	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	3535	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
2452	constructor already stores the event loop.	3536	constructor already stores the event loop.
2453		3537
		3538	=item w->start ([arguments])
		3539
		3540	Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often
		3541	convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as
		3542	the configure C<set> method of the watcher.
		3543
2454	=item w->stop ()	3544	=item w->stop ()
2455		3545
2456	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	3546	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
2457		3547
2458	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)	3548	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
…		…
2470		3560
2471	=back	3561	=back
2472		3562
2473	=back	3563	=back
2474		3564
2475	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	3565	Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O
2476	the constructor.	3566	watchers in the constructor.
2477		3567
2478	class myclass	3568	class myclass
2479	{	3569	{
2480	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	3570	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		3571	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2481	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	3572	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2482		3573
2483	myclass (int fd)	3574	myclass (int fd)
2484	{	3575	{
2485	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	3576	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		3577	io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
2486	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	3578	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2487		3579
2488	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	3580	io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher
		3581	io.start (); // start it whenever convenient
		3582
		3583	io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call
2489	}	3584	}
2490	};	3585	};
		3586
		3587
		3588	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		3589
		3590	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		3591	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		3592	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		3593	me a note.
		3594
		3595	=over 4
		3596
		3597	=item Perl
		3598
		3599	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		3600	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		3601	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		3602	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>, but C<AnyEvent::DNS> is preferred nowadays),
		3603	C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV>
		3604	and C<EV::Glib>).
		3605
		3606	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		3607	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		3608
		3609	=item Python
		3610
		3611	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		3612	seems to be quite complete and well-documented.
		3613
		3614	=item Ruby
		3615
		3616	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		3617	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		3618	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		3619	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		3620
		3621	Roger Pack reports that using the link order C<-lws2_32 -lmsvcrt-ruby-190>
		3622	makes rev work even on mingw.
		3623
		3624	=item Haskell
		3625
		3626	A haskell binding to libev is available at
		3627	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
		3628
		3629	=item D
		3630
		3631	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		3632	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		3633
		3634	=item Ocaml
		3635
		3636	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
		3637	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
		3638
		3639	=item Lua
		3640
		3641	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
		3642	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
		3643	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
		3644
		3645	=back
2491		3646
2492		3647
2493	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	3648	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2494		3649
2495	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal	3650	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2496	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)	3651	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2497	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	3652	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2498		3653
2499	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	3654	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2500	following macros are defined:	3655	following macros are defined:
…		…
2505		3660
2506	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3661	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2507	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	3662	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2508	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	3663	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2509		3664
2510	ev_unref (EV_A);	3665	ev_unref (EV_A);
2511	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	3666	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2512	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3667	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
2513		3668
2514	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	3669	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2515	which is often provided by the following macro.	3670	which is often provided by the following macro.
2516		3671
2517	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	3672	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2518		3673
2519	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	3674	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2520	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	3675	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2521	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	3676	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2522		3677
2523	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	3678	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2524	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	3679	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2525		3680
2526	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	3681	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2527	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3682	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2528		3683
2529	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	3684	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2530	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	3685	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2531		3686
2532	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	3687	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2533		3688
2534	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	3689	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2535	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	3690	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		3691
		3692	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		3693
		3694	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		3695	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		3696	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		3697	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		3698
		3699	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		3700	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2536		3701
2537	=back	3702	=back
2538		3703
2539	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	3704	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2540	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	3705	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2541	or not.	3706	or not.
2542		3707
2543	static void	3708	static void
2544	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	3709	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2545	{	3710	{
2546	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	3711	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2547	}	3712	}
2548		3713
2549	ev_check check;	3714	ev_check check;
2550	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	3715	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2551	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	3716	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2552	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	3717	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2553		3718
2554	=head1 EMBEDDING	3719	=head1 EMBEDDING
2555		3720
2556	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	3721	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2557	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	3722	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2564	libev somewhere in your source tree).	3729	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2565		3730
2566	=head2 FILESETS	3731	=head2 FILESETS
2567		3732
2568	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	3733	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2569	in your app.	3734	in your application.
2570		3735
2571	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	3736	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2572		3737
2573	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	3738	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2574	configuration (no autoconf):	3739	configuration (no autoconf):
2575		3740
2576	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3741	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2577	#include "ev.c"	3742	#include "ev.c"
2578		3743
2579	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	3744	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2580	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	3745	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2581	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	3746	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2582	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	3747	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2583	where you can put other configuration options):	3748	where you can put other configuration options):
2584		3749
2585	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	3750	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2586	#include "ev.h"	3751	#include "ev.h"
2587		3752
2588	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	3753	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2589	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	3754	compiler (at least, that's a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2590	as a bug).	3755	as a bug).
2591		3756
2592	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	3757	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2593	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	3758	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2594		3759
2595	ev.h	3760	ev.h
2596	ev.c	3761	ev.c
2597	ev_vars.h	3762	ev_vars.h
2598	ev_wrap.h	3763	ev_wrap.h
2599		3764
2600	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	3765	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2601		3766
2602	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	3767	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2603	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3768	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2604	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3769	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2605	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3770	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2606	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	3771	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2607		3772
2608	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	3773	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2609	to compile this single file.	3774	to compile this single file.
2610		3775
2611	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	3776	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2612		3777
2613	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	3778	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2614		3779
2615	#include "event.c"	3780	#include "event.c"
2616		3781
2617	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	3782	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2618		3783
2619	#include "event.h"	3784	#include "event.h"
2620		3785
2621	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	3786	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2622		3787
2623	You need the following additional files for this:	3788	You need the following additional files for this:
2624		3789
2625	event.h	3790	event.h
2626	event.c	3791	event.c
2627		3792
2628	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	3793	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2629		3794
2630	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	3795	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2631	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	3796	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2632	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	3797	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2633	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	3798	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2634		3799
2635	For this of course you need the m4 file:	3800	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2636		3801
2637	libev.m4	3802	libev.m4
2638		3803
2639	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	3804	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2640		3805
2641	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	3806	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2642	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	3807	define before including (or compiling) any of its files. The default in
2643	and only include the select backend.	3808	the absence of autoconf is documented for every option.
		3809
		3810	Symbols marked with "(h)" do not change the ABI, and can have different
		3811	values when compiling libev vs. including F<ev.h>, so it is permissible
		3812	to redefine them before including F<ev.h> without breaking compatibility
		3813	to a compiled library. All other symbols change the ABI, which means all
		3814	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
		3815	settings.
2644		3816
2645	=over 4	3817	=over 4
2646		3818
		3819	=item EV_COMPAT3 (h)
		3820
		3821	Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
		3822	release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
		3823	have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
		3824
		3825	You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future
		3826	versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your
		3827	sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct>
		3828	from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop>
		3829	typedef in that case.
		3830
		3831	In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>,
		3832	and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
		3833	removed completely.
		3834
2647	=item EV_STANDALONE	3835	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
2648		3836
2649	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	3837	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
2650	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	3838	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
2651	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	3839	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
2652	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	3840	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
2653	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	3841	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2654		3842
		3843	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
		3844	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		3845
2655	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	3846	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2656		3847
2657	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3848	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2658	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	3849	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
2659	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	3850	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
2660	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	3851	you usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it
2661	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	3852	when the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2662	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	3853	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2663	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	3854	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>). See also C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
2664		3855
2665	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	3856	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2666		3857
2667	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	3858	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2668	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	3859	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability
2669	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	3860	at runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock
2670	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	3861	option will be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday>
2671	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	3862	by C<clock_get (CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect
2672	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	3863	correctness. See the note about libraries in the description of
		3864	C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though. Defaults to the opposite value of
		3865	C<EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL>.
		3866
		3867	=item EV_USE_CLOCK_SYSCALL
		3868
		3869	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to use a direct syscall instead
		3870	of calling the system-provided C<clock_gettime> function. This option
		3871	exists because on GNU/Linux, C<clock_gettime> is in C<librt>, but C<librt>
		3872	unconditionally pulls in C<libpthread>, slowing down single-threaded
		3873	programs needlessly. Using a direct syscall is slightly slower (in
		3874	theory), because no optimised vdso implementation can be used, but avoids
		3875	the pthread dependency. Defaults to C<1> on GNU/Linux with glibc 2.x or
		3876	higher, as it simplifies linking (no need for C<-lrt>).
2673		3877
2674	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP	3878	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
2675		3879
2676	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available	3880	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
2677	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.	3881	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
2678		3882
		3883	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		3884
		3885	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		3886	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		3887	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		3888	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		3889	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3890
2679	=item EV_USE_SELECT	3891	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2680		3892
2681	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	3893	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2682	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	3894	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2683	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	3895	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2684	will not be compiled in.	3896	will not be compiled in.
2685		3897
2686	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	3898	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2687		3899
2688	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	3900	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2689	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	3901	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2690	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	3902	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout
2691	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	3903	on exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to
2692	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	3904	some low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket
2693	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	3905	only allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation,
2694	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	3906	configures the maximum size of the C<fd_set>.
2695		3907
2696	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET	3908	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
2697		3909
2698	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that	3910	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
2699	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but	3911	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
…		…
2701	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	3913	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2702	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	3914	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2703	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	3915	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2704	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	3916	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2705		3917
2706	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE	3918	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE(fd)
2707		3919
2708	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map	3920	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
2709	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the	3921	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
2710	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually	3922	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
2711	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,	3923	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
2712	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.	3924	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
2713		3925
		3926	=item EV_WIN32_HANDLE_TO_FD(handle)
		3927
		3928	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> then libev maps handles to file descriptors
		3929	using the standard C<_open_osfhandle> function. For programs implementing
		3930	their own fd to handle mapping, overwriting this function makes it easier
		3931	to do so. This can be done by defining this macro to an appropriate value.
		3932
		3933	=item EV_WIN32_CLOSE_FD(fd)
		3934
		3935	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
		3936	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
		3937	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
		3938	the underlying OS handle.
		3939
2714	=item EV_USE_POLL	3940	=item EV_USE_POLL
2715		3941
2716	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	3942	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2717	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	3943	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
2718	takes precedence over select.	3944	takes precedence over select.
2719		3945
2720	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	3946	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2721		3947
2722	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	3948	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2723	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	3949	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2724	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	3950	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2725	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	3951	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		3952	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2726		3953
2727	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	3954	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2728		3955
2729	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	3956	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2730	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	3957	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2743	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	3970	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2744	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	3971	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2745		3972
2746	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	3973	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2747		3974
2748	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3975	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2749		3976
2750	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	3977	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2751		3978
2752	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	3979	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2753	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	3980	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2754	be detected at runtime.	3981	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3982	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2755		3983
2756	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	3984	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
2757		3985
2758	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	3986	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
2759	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	3987	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
2760	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	3988	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
2761	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	3989	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
2762	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	3990	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
2763		3991
2764	In the absense of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	3992	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
2765	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	3993	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2766		3994
2767	=item EV_H	3995	=item EV_H (h)
2768		3996
2769	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3997	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2770	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be	3998	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2771	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3999	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2772		4000
2773	=item EV_CONFIG_H	4001	=item EV_CONFIG_H (h)
2774		4002
2775	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	4003	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2776	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	4004	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2777	C<EV_H>, above.	4005	C<EV_H>, above.
2778		4006
2779	=item EV_EVENT_H	4007	=item EV_EVENT_H (h)
2780		4008
2781	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	4009	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2782	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.	4010	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2783		4011
2784	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	4012	=item EV_PROTOTYPES (h)
2785		4013
2786	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	4014	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2787	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	4015	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
2788	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions	4016	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
2789	around libev functions.	4017	around libev functions.
…		…
2808	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	4036	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2809	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	4037	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2810	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	4038	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2811	fine.	4039	fine.
2812		4040
2813	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	4041	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these
2814	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	4042	both to C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2815		4043
2816	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	4044	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE, EV_IDLE_ENABLE, EV_EMBED_ENABLE, EV_STAT_ENABLE,
		4045	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
		4046	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
2817		4047
2818	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	4048	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
2819	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	4049	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
2820	code.	4050	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size.
2821		4051
2822	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE	4052	=item EV_FEATURES
2823
2824	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
2825	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2826	code.
2827
2828	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2829
2830	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2831	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2832
2833	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2834
2835	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2836	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2837
2838	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2839
2840	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2841	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2842
2843	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
2844
2845	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
2846	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2847
2848	=item EV_MINIMAL
2849		4053
2850	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	4054	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2851	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	4055	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
2852	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	4056	certain subsets of functionality. The default is to enable all features
		4057	that can be enabled on the platform.
		4058
		4059	A typical way to use this symbol is to define it to C<0> (or to a bitset
		4060	with some broad features you want) and then selectively re-enable
		4061	additional parts you want, for example if you want everything minimal,
		4062	but multiple event loop support, async and child watchers and the poll
		4063	backend, use this:
		4064
		4065	#define EV_FEATURES 0
		4066	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 1
		4067	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
		4068	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4069	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
		4070
		4071	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
		4072	values:
		4073
		4074	=over 4
		4075
		4076	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
		4077
		4078	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
		4079
		4080	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the
		4081	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
		4082
		4083	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
		4084	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
		4085	assertions.
		4086
		4087	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
		4088
		4089	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
		4090	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
		4091	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
		4092	runtime.
		4093
		4094	=item C<4> - full API configuration
		4095
		4096	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
		4097	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
		4098
		4099	=item C<8> - full API
		4100
		4101	This enables a lot of the "lesser used" API functions. See C<ev.h> for
		4102	details on which parts of the API are still available without this
		4103	feature, and do not complain if this subset changes over time.
		4104
		4105	=item C<16> - enable all optional watcher types
		4106
		4107	Enables all optional watcher types. If you want to selectively enable
		4108	only some watcher types other than I/O and timers (e.g. prepare,
		4109	embed, async, child...) you can enable them manually by defining
		4110	C<EV_watchertype_ENABLE> to C<1> instead.
		4111
		4112	=item C<32> - enable all backends
		4113
		4114	This enables all backends - without this feature, you need to enable at
		4115	least one backend manually (C<EV_USE_SELECT> is a good choice).
		4116
		4117	=item C<64> - enable OS-specific "helper" APIs
		4118
		4119	Enable inotify, eventfd, signalfd and similar OS-specific helper APIs by
		4120	default.
		4121
		4122	=back
		4123
		4124	Compiling with C<gcc -Os -DEV_STANDALONE -DEV_USE_EPOLL=1 -DEV_FEATURES=0>
		4125	reduces the compiled size of libev from 24.7Kb code/2.8Kb data to 6.5Kb
		4126	code/0.3Kb data on my GNU/Linux amd64 system, while still giving you I/O
		4127	watchers, timers and monotonic clock support.
		4128
		4129	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
		4130	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
		4131	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
		4132	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4133
		4134	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
		4135
		4136	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
		4137	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
		4138	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
		4139	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
		4140	big.
		4141
		4142	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
		4143	enabled.
		4144
		4145	=item EV_NSIG
		4146
		4147	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
		4148	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
		4149	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
		4150	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
		4151	good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev
		4152	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
2853		4153
2854	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	4154	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2855		4155
2856	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4156	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2857	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	4157	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES> disabled),
2858	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	4158	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you
2859	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	4159	might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2860		4160
2861	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	4161	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2862		4162
2863	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4163	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2864	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	4164	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_FEATURES>
2865	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	4165	disabled), usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of
2866	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	4166	C<ev_stat> watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a
2867	two).	4167	power of two).
		4168
		4169	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		4170
		4171	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		4172	timer and periodics heaps, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		4173	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has noticeably
		4174	faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		4175
		4176	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
		4177	will be C<0>.
		4178
		4179	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		4180
		4181	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		4182	timer and periodics heaps, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		4183	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		4184	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		4185	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		4186	noticeably with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		4187
		4188	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
		4189	will be C<0>.
		4190
		4191	=item EV_VERIFY
		4192
		4193	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will
		4194	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		4195	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		4196	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		4197	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		4198	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		4199	libev considerably.
		4200
		4201	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
		4202	will be C<0>.
2868		4203
2869	=item EV_COMMON	4204	=item EV_COMMON
2870		4205
2871	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4206	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2872	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4207	this macro to something else you can include more and other types of
2873	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	4208	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2874	though, and it must be identical each time.	4209	though, and it must be identical each time.
2875		4210
2876	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	4211	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2877		4212
2878	#define EV_COMMON \	4213	#define EV_COMMON \
2879	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	4214	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2880	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	4215	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2881		4216
2882	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	4217	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2883		4218
2884	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	4219	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2885		4220
…		…
2890	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for	4225	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2891	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	4226	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2892	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	4227	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2893	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	4228	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
2894		4229
		4230	=back
		4231
2895	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	4232	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
2896		4233
2897	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of	4234	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
2898	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	4235	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
2899	all public symbols, one per line:	4236	all public symbols, one per line:
2900		4237
2901	Symbols.ev for libev proper	4238	Symbols.ev for libev proper
2902	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	4239	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
2903		4240
2904	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	4241	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
2905	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	4242	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
2906	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).	4243	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
2907		4244
2908	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to	4245	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
2909	include before including F<ev.h>:	4246	include before including F<ev.h>:
2910		4247
2911	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h	4248	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
…		…
2928	file.	4265	file.
2929		4266
2930	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	4267	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2931	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	4268	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2932		4269
2933	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	4270	#define EV_FEATURES 8
2934	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	4271	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
2935	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2936	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	4272	#define EV_PREPARE_ENABLE 1
		4273	#define EV_IDLE_ENABLE 1
2937	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	4274	#define EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE 1
2938	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	4275	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
		4276	#define EV_USE_STDEXCEPT 0
2939	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	4277	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2940	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2941	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2942		4278
2943	#include "ev++.h"	4279	#include "ev++.h"
2944		4280
2945	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4281	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2946		4282
2947	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4283	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2948	#include "ev.c"	4284	#include "ev.c"
2949		4285
		4286	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES
2950		4287
2951	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	4288	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
2952		4289
2953	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	4290	=head3 THREADS
2954	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2955	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2956		4291
2957	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be	4292	All libev functions are reentrant and thread-safe unless explicitly
2958	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this	4293	documented otherwise, but libev implements no locking itself. This means
2959	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might	4294	that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as there
2960	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average	4295	are no concurrent calls into any libev function with the same loop
2961	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.	4296	parameter (C<ev_default_*> calls have an implicit default loop parameter,
		4297	of course): libev guarantees that different event loops share no data
		4298	structures that need any locking.
		4299
		4300	Or to put it differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done
		4301	concurrently from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter
		4302	must be done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as
		4303	only one thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using
		4304	a mutex per loop).
		4305
		4306	Specifically to support threads (and signal handlers), libev implements
		4307	so-called C<ev_async> watchers, which allow some limited form of
		4308	concurrency on the same event loop, namely waking it up "from the
		4309	outside".
		4310
		4311	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		4312	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		4313	help you, but here is some generic advice:
2962		4314
2963	=over 4	4315	=over 4
2964		4316
2965	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	4317	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		4318	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
2966		4319
2967	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	4320	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
2968	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	4321	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
2969	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
2970		4322
2971	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	4323	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
2972		4324
2973	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	4325	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
2974	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	4326	exists, but it is always a good start.
2975		4327
2976	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)	4328	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		4329	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
2977		4330
2978	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	4331	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		4332	better than you currently do :-)
2979		4333
2980	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)	4334	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		4335	event loop.
2981		4336
2982	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	4337	C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other threads safely
		4338	(or from signal contexts...).
2983		4339
2984	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	4340	An example use would be to communicate signals or other events that only
2985	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	4341	work in the default loop by registering the signal watcher with the
2986	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	4342	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
2987		4343	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
2988	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
2989
2990	By virtue of using a binary heap, the next timer is always found at the
2991	beginning of the storage array.
2992
2993	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2994
2995	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
2996	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
2997	on backend and wether C<ev_io_set> was used).
2998
2999	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
3000
3001	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
3002
3003	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
3004	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
3005	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
3006	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
3007
3008	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
3009
3010	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
3011
3012	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
3013
3014	Sending involves a syscall I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
3015	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
3016	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
3017		4344
3018	=back	4345	=back
3019		4346
		4347	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
3020		4348
3021	=head1 Win32 platform limitations and workarounds	4349	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		4350	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		4351	created/added/removed.
		4352
		4353	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		4354	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		4355	languages).
		4356
		4357	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		4358	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		4359	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		4360
		4361	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		4362
		4363	typedef struct {
		4364	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		4365	ev_async async_w;
		4366	thread_t tid;
		4367	cond_t invoke_cv;
		4368	} userdata;
		4369
		4370	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		4371	{
		4372	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		4373	static userdata u;
		4374
		4375	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		4376	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4377
		4378	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		4379	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		4380
		4381	// now associate this with the loop
		4382	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		4383	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		4384	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		4385
		4386	// then create the thread running ev_loop
		4387	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		4388	}
		4389
		4390	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		4391	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		4392	that might have been added:
		4393
		4394	static void
		4395	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		4396	{
		4397	// just used for the side effects
		4398	}
		4399
		4400	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		4401	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		4402
		4403	static void
		4404	l_release (EV_P)
		4405	{
		4406	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4407	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4408	}
		4409
		4410	static void
		4411	l_acquire (EV_P)
		4412	{
		4413	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4414	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4415	}
		4416
		4417	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		4418	into C<ev_run>:
		4419
		4420	void *
		4421	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		4422	{
		4423	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		4424
		4425	l_acquire (EV_A);
		4426	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		4427	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		4428	l_release (EV_A);
		4429
		4430	return 0;
		4431	}
		4432
		4433	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		4434	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		4435	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		4436	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		4437	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		4438	watchers is very beneficial):
		4439
		4440	static void
		4441	l_invoke (EV_P)
		4442	{
		4443	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4444
		4445	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		4446	{
		4447	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		4448	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		4449	}
		4450	}
		4451
		4452	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		4453	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		4454	thread to continue:
		4455
		4456	static void
		4457	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		4458	{
		4459	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4460
		4461	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4462	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		4463	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		4464	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4465	}
		4466
		4467	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		4468	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		4469
		4470	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		4471	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		4472
		4473	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		4474
		4475	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		4476	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		4477	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		4478	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		4479
		4480	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		4481	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		4482	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		4483	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		4484
		4485	=head3 COROUTINES
		4486
		4487	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		4488	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
		4489	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two
		4490	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
		4491	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
		4492	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		4493
		4494	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
		4495	C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
		4496	they do not call any callbacks.
		4497
		4498	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
		4499
		4500	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		4501	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		4502	scared by this.
		4503
		4504	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		4505	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		4506	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		4507	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		4508
		4509	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		4510	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		4511	maintainable.
		4512
		4513	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		4514	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		4515	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
		4516	warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have
		4517	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
		4518	such buggy versions.
		4519
		4520	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		4521	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		4522	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		4523	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		4524	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		4525
		4526
		4527	=head2 VALGRIND
		4528
		4529	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		4530	highly useful. Unfortunately, valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		4531
		4532	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		4533	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		4534
		4535	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4536	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		4537	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		4538
		4539	Then there is no memory leak, just as memory accounted to global variables
		4540	is not a memleak - the memory is still being referenced, and didn't leak.
		4541
		4542	Similarly, under some circumstances, valgrind might report kernel bugs
		4543	as if it were a bug in libev (e.g. in realloc or in the poll backend,
		4544	although an acceptable workaround has been found here), or it might be
		4545	confused.
		4546
		4547	Keep in mind that valgrind is a very good tool, but only a tool. Don't
		4548	make it into some kind of religion.
		4549
		4550	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		4551	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this
		4552	is a bug in libev (best check the archives, too :). However, don't be
		4553	annoyed when you get a brisk "this is no bug" answer and take the chance
		4554	of learning how to interpret valgrind properly.
		4555
		4556	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		4557	I suggest using suppression lists.
		4558
		4559
		4560	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
		4561
		4562	=head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
		4563
		4564	GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file
		4565	interfaces but I<disables> them by default.
		4566
		4567	That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support
		4568	files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers.
		4569
		4570	Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue
		4571	by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the
		4572	standard libev compiled for their system.
		4573
		4574	Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would
		4575	suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment,
		4576	i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.
		4577
		4578	=head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
		4579
		4580	The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface
		4581	you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the
		4582	OpenGL drivers.
		4583
		4584	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
		4585
		4586	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
		4587	only sockets, many support pipes.
		4588
		4589	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
		4590	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
		4591	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		4592	probably going to work well.
		4593
		4594	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
		4595
		4596	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
		4597	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
		4598	release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken.
		4599
		4600	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on
		4601	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating
		4602	a loop.
		4603
		4604	=head3 C<select> is buggy
		4605
		4606	All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
		4607	one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file
		4608	descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when
		4609	you use more.
		4610
		4611	There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining
		4612	C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should>
		4613	work on OS/X.
		4614
		4615	=head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
		4616
		4617	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
		4618
		4619	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
		4620	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
		4621	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
		4622	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
		4623
		4624	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
		4625	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
		4626
		4627	=head3 Event port backend
		4628
		4629	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
		4630	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		4631	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
		4632	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
		4633	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
		4634	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		4635	great.
		4636
		4637	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
		4638	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
		4639	C<select> backends.
		4640
		4641	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
		4642
		4643	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
		4644	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
		4645	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
		4646	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
		4647
		4648	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		4649
		4650	=head3 General issues
3022		4651
3023	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	4652	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
3024	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	4653	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
3025	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	4654	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
3026	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	4655	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
3027	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	4656	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
3028	e.g. cygwin.	4657	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
		4658	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
		4659	environment.
		4660
		4661	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		4662	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
		4663	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
		4664	also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
3029		4665
3030	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	4666	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
3031	embedding it into other applications.	4667	embedding it into other applications.
3032		4668
		4669	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
		4670	tries its best, but under most conditions, signals will simply not work.
		4671
		4672	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		4673	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		4674	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		4675	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		4676	megabyte seems safe, but this apparently depends on the amount of memory
		4677	available).
		4678
3033	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and the	4679	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
3034	abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets is not	4680	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
3035	recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use more than	4681	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
3036	a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally different	4682	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
3037	implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX model, which cannot	4683	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
3038	be implemented efficiently on windows (microsoft monopoly games).	4684	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		4685	(due to Microsoft monopoly games).
3039		4686
3040	=over 4	4687	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		4688	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		4689	of F<ev.h>:
3041		4690
		4691	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		4692	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		4693
		4694	#include "ev.h"
		4695
		4696	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		4697	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
		4698
		4699	#include "evwrap.h"
		4700	#include "ev.c"
		4701
3042	=item The winsocket select function	4702	=head3 The winsocket C<select> function
3043		4703
3044	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it requires	4704	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
3045	socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors>. This makes select	4705	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
3046	very inefficient, and also requires a mapping from file descriptors	4706	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
3047	to socket handles. See the discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>,	4707	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
3048	C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor	4708	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
3049	symbols for more info.	4709	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		4710	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
3050		4711
3051	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the microsoft runtime	4712	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
3052	libraries and raw winsocket select is:	4713	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
3053		4714
3054	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1	4715	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
3055	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	4716	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
3056		4717
3057	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	4718	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
3058	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	4719	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
3059		4720
3060	=item Limited number of file descriptors	4721	=head3 Limited number of file descriptors
3061		4722
3062	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things. Early versions	4723	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
3063	of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a max. of C<64> handles	4724
		4725	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
3064	(probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels can only wait for	4726	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
3065	C<64> things at the same time internally; microsoft recommends spawning a	4727	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
3066	chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the previous thread in each).	4728	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		4729	previous thread in each. Sounds great!).
3067		4730
3068	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>	4731	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
3069	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select	4732	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
3070	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own	4733	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl and many
3071	select emulation on windows).	4734	other interpreters do their own select emulation on windows).
3072		4735
3073	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the microsoft runtime	4736	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
3074	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish	4737	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64>
3075	or something like this inside microsoft). You can increase this by calling	4738	fetish or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this
3076	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another	4739	by calling C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048>
3077	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the microsoft runtime	4740	(another arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft
3078	libraries.
3079
3080	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on	4741	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
3081	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to	4742	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
3082	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of	4743	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
3083	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	4744	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		4745
		4746	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		4747
		4748	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
		4749	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
		4750
		4751	=over 4
		4752
		4753	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		4754	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		4755
		4756	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		4757	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		4758	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		4759	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		4760	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		4761
		4762	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		4763
		4764	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		4765	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
		4766	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		4767	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		4768
		4769	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		4770
		4771	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		4772	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		4773	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		4774	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		4775	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		4776	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		4777
		4778	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		4779	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		4780	well.
		4781
		4782	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		4783
		4784	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
		4785	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
		4786	systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but is still at
		4787	least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of millions of
		4788	watchers.
		4789
		4790	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		4791
		4792	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		4793	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
		4794	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
		4795	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
		4796	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With
		4797	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.
3084		4798
3085	=back	4799	=back
3086		4800
		4801	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		4802
		4803
		4804	=head1 ALGORITHMIC COMPLEXITIES
		4805
		4806	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		4807	libev will be documented. For complexity discussions about backends see
		4808	the documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		4809
		4810	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		4811	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		4812	happens asymptotically rarer with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		4813	mean that libev does a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on
		4814	average it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		4815
		4816	=over 4
		4817
		4818	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4819
		4820	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		4821	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that, then inserting will
		4822	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		4823
		4824	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		4825
		4826	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them,
		4827	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		4828
		4829	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4830
		4831	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		4832
		4833	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
		4834
		4835	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		4836
		4837	These watchers are stored in lists, so they need to be walked to find the
		4838	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		4839	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal: one is typical, two
		4840	is rare).
		4841
		4842	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		4843
		4844	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		4845	fixed position in the storage array.
		4846
		4847	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		4848
		4849	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		4850	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		4851	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		4852
		4853	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		4854
		4855	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		4856
		4857	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		4858	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		4859	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		4860	watchers becomes O(1) with respect to priority handling.
		4861
		4862	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		4863
		4864	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		4865
		4866	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		4867
		4868	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		4869	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		4870	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
		4871
		4872	=back
		4873
		4874
		4875	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
		4876
		4877	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.
		4878
		4879	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial
		4880	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be
		4881	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.
		4882
		4883	=over 4
		4884
		4885	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
		4886
		4887	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
		4888
		4889	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		4890	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		4891
		4892	=item function/symbol renames
		4893
		4894	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
		4895
		4896	ev_loop => ev_run
		4897	EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
		4898	EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE
		4899
		4900	ev_unloop => ev_break
		4901	EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
		4902	EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
		4903	EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL
		4904
		4905	EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER
		4906
		4907	ev_loop_count => ev_iteration
		4908	ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
		4909	ev_loop_verify => ev_verify
		4910
		4911	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an
		4912	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and
		4913	associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct
		4914	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
		4915	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
		4916	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
		4917	typedef.
		4918
		4919	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		4920
		4921	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		4922	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
		4923	section.
		4924
		4925	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
		4926
		4927	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
		4928	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
		4929	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
		4930
		4931	=back
		4932
		4933
		4934	=head1 GLOSSARY
		4935
		4936	=over 4
		4937
		4938	=item active
		4939
		4940	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
		4941	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
		4942
		4943	=item application
		4944
		4945	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4946
		4947	=item backend
		4948
		4949	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
		4950
		4951	=item callback
		4952
		4953	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
		4954	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
		4955	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
		4956
		4957	=item callback/watcher invocation
		4958
		4959	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
		4960
		4961	=item event
		4962
		4963	A change of state of some external event, such as data now being available
		4964	for reading on a file descriptor, time having passed or simply not having
		4965	any other events happening anymore.
		4966
		4967	In libev, events are represented as single bits (such as C<EV_READ> or
		4968	C<EV_TIMER>).
		4969
		4970	=item event library
		4971
		4972	A software package implementing an event model and loop.
		4973
		4974	=item event loop
		4975
		4976	An entity that handles and processes external events and converts them
		4977	into callback invocations.
		4978
		4979	=item event model
		4980
		4981	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
		4982	watchers and events.
		4983
		4984	=item pending
		4985
		4986	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
		4987	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
		4988
		4989	=item real time
		4990
		4991	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
		4992
		4993	=item wall-clock time
		4994
		4995	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
		4996	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your
		4997	clock.
		4998
		4999	=item watcher
		5000
		5001	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
		5002	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
		5003
		5004	=back
3087		5005
3088	=head1 AUTHOR	5006	=head1 AUTHOR
3089		5007
3090	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	5008	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.
3091		5009

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