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Revision 1.426 by root, Sat Feb 23 23:06:40 2013 UTC

…		…
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		59
60	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_run (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		62
63	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	64	return 0;
65	}	65	}
66		66
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		68
…		…
77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming	77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
78	with libev.	78	with libev.
79		79
80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed	80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
81	throughout this document.	81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
		84
		85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
		86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
		87	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
		88	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
		89	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
82		90
83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
84		92
85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
166	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
167		175
168	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
169	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
170	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of	178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
171	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.	179	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
172		180
173	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
174		182
175	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
176	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	184	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		185	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		186	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		187
177	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	188	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		189
		190	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		191	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
178		192
179	=item int ev_version_major ()	193	=item int ev_version_major ()
180		194
181	=item int ev_version_minor ()	195	=item int ev_version_minor ()
182		196
…		…
233	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()	247	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
234	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.	248	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
235		249
236	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	250	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
237		251
238	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	252	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
239		253
240	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	254	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
241	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	255	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
242	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	256	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
243	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	257	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
269	}	283	}
270		284
271	...	285	...
272	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	286	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
273		287
274	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	288	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
275		289
276	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	290	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
277	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	291	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
278	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	292	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
279	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	293	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
291	}	305	}
292		306
293	...	307	...
294	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	308	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
295		309
		310	=item ev_feed_signal (int signum)
		311
		312	This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely
		313	safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
		314	handlers or random threads.
		315
		316	Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
		317	in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
		318	by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when
		319	creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other
		320	mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling
		321	C<ev_feed_signal>.
		322
296	=back	323	=back
297		324
298	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS	325	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
299		326
300	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is	327	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
301	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as	328	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
302	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).	329	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
303		330
304	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which	331	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
305	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops	332	supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which
306	which do not.	333	do not.
307		334
308	=over 4	335	=over 4
309		336
310	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	337	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
311		338
…		…
347	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	374	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
348		375
349	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop	376	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
350	could not be initialised, returns false.	377	could not be initialised, returns false.
351		378
352	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use	379	This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
353	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the	380	threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
354	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.	381	loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
355		382
356	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	383	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
357	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	384	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
358		385
359	The following flags are supported:	386	The following flags are supported:
…		…
394	environment variable.	421	environment variable.
395		422
396	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	423	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
397		424
398	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the	425	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
399	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and	426	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
400	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as	427	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
401	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.	428	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
402		429
403	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>	430	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
404		431
405	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the	432	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
406	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API	433	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
407	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make	434	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
408	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal	435	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
409	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your	436	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
410	threads that are not interested in handling them.	437	threads that are not interested in handling them.
411		438
412	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and	439	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
413	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for	440	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
414	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	441	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		442
		443	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
		444
		445	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
		446	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
		447	when you want to receive them.
		448
		449	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
		450	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
		451	unblocking the signals.
		452
		453	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		454	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		455
		456	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
415		457
416	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	458	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
417		459
418	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	460	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
419	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	461	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
…		…
447	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	489	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
448		490
449	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	491	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
450	kernels).	492	kernels).
451		493
452	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	494	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
453	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	495	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
454	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	496	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
455	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	497	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
456		498
457	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	499	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
458	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	500	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
459	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	501	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
460	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	502	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		503	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		504	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
461	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	505	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
462	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	506	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
463	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	507	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
464	hard to detect.	508	and is of course hard to detect.
465		509
466	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	510	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
467	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	511	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
468	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	512	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
469	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	513	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
470	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	514	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
471	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	515	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
472	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	516	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		517	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		518	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		519	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
473	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	520	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
474	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	521	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		522
		523	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		524	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		525	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
475		526
476	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	527	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
477	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	528	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
478	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	529	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
479	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	530	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
516		567
517	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	568	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
518	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	569	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
519	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	570	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
520	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	571	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
521	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	572	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
522	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	573	might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
523	cases	574	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
524		575
525	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	576	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
526		577
527	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	578	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
528	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	579	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
545	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	596	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
546		597
547	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	598	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
548	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	599	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
549		600
550	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
551	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
552	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
553
554	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	601	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
555	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	602	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
556	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	603	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
557	might perform better.	604	might perform better.
558		605
559	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	606	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
560	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
561	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	607	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
562	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).	608	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
		609	hacks).
		610
		611	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		612	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
		613	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
		614	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
		615	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		616	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		617	to re-arm the watcher.
		618
		619	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
563		620
564	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	621	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
565	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	622	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
566		623
567	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	624	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
568		625
569	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	626	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
570	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	627	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
571	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	628	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
572		629
573	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	630	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
		631	C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend
		632	at all.
		633
		634	=item C<EVBACKEND_MASK>
		635
		636	Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
		637	C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
		638	value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable).
574		639
575	=back	640	=back
576		641
577	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,	642	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
578	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed	643	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
…		…
607	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by	672	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
608	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by	673	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
609	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.	674	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
610		675
611	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop	676	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
612	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free it's resources.	677	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
613	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>	678	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
614	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	679	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
615		680
616	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	681	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
617		682
…		…
665	prepare and check phases.	730	prepare and check phases.
666		731
667	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)	732	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
668		733
669	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of	734	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
670	times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.	735	times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
671		736
672	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is	737	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
673	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),	738	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
674	in which case it is higher.	739	in which case it is higher.
675		740
676	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread	741	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
677	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such	742	throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this
678	ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.	743	as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
		744	convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
679		745
680	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	746	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
681		747
682	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	748	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
683	use.	749	use.
…		…
698		764
699	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	765	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
700	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	766	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
701	the current time is a good idea.	767	the current time is a good idea.
702		768
703	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	769	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
704		770
705	=item ev_suspend (loop)	771	=item ev_suspend (loop)
706		772
707	=item ev_resume (loop)	773	=item ev_resume (loop)
708		774
…		…
726	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	792	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
727		793
728	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	794	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
729	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	795	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
730		796
731	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)	797	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
732		798
733	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	799	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
734	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	800	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
735	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call	801	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
736	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This	802	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
737	is why event loops are called I<loops>.	803	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
738		804
739	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events	805	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
740	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was	806	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
741	called.	807	called.
		808
		809	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		810	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		811	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
742		812
743	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than	813	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
744	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	814	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
745	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	815	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
746	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	816	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
747	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	817	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
748	beauty.	818	beauty.
749		819
		820	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
		821	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
		822	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
		823	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
		824
750	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle	825	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
751	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and	826	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
752	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one	827	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
753	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new	828	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
754	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.	829	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
…		…
763	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	838	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
764	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	839	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
765	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	840	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
766	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	841	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
767		842
768	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:	843	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		844	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		845	future versions):
769		846
770	- Increment loop depth.	847	- Increment loop depth.
771	- Reset the ev_break status.	848	- Reset the ev_break status.
772	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	849	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
773	LOOP:	850	LOOP:
…		…
806	anymore.	883	anymore.
807		884
808	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	885	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
809	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	886	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
810	ev_run (my_loop, 0);	887	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
811	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	888	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
812		889
813	=item ev_break (loop, how)	890	=item ev_break (loop, how)
814		891
815	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	892	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
816	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	893	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
817	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or	894	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
818	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.	895	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
819		896
820	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.	897	This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>.
821		898
822	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##	899	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in
		900	which case it will have no effect.
823		901
824	=item ev_ref (loop)	902	=item ev_ref (loop)
825		903
826	=item ev_unref (loop)	904	=item ev_unref (loop)
827		905
…		…
848	running when nothing else is active.	926	running when nothing else is active.
849		927
850	ev_signal exitsig;	928	ev_signal exitsig;
851	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	929	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
852	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	930	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
853	evf_unref (loop);	931	ev_unref (loop);
854		932
855	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	933	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
856		934
857	ev_ref (loop);	935	ev_ref (loop);
858	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	936	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
…		…
878	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	956	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
879		957
880	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	958	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
881	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	959	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
882	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	960	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
883	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	961	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
884	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	962	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
885	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	963	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
886	once per this interval, on average.	964	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		965	good enough).
887		966
888	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	967	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
889	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	968	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
890	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	969	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
891	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	970	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
937	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1016	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
938		1017
939	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1018	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
940	callback.	1019	callback.
941		1020
942	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1021	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
943		1022
944	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1023	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
945	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1024	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
946	each call to a libev function.	1025	each call to a libev function.
947		1026
948	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible	1027	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
949	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event	1028	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
950	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these	1029	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
951	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1030	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
952		1031
953	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1032	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
954	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1033	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
955	afterwards.	1034	afterwards.
…		…
970	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this	1049	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
971	document.	1050	document.
972		1051
973	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)	1052	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
974		1053
975	=item ev_userdata (loop)	1054	=item void *ev_userdata (loop)
976		1055
977	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When	1056	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
978	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns	1057	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
979	C<0.>	1058	C<0>.
980		1059
981	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,	1060	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
982	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and	1061	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
983	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for	1062	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
984	any other purpose as well.	1063	any other purpose as well.
…		…
1095		1174
1096	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1175	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1097		1176
1098	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1177	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1099		1178
1100	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts	1179	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1101	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1180	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1102	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1181	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1182	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1183	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1184	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1185	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1186
1103	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1187	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1104	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1188	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1105	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1189	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1106	C<ev_run> from blocking).	1190	blocking).
1107		1191
1108	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1192	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1109		1193
1110	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1194	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1111		1195
…		…
1114	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1198	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
1115	C<ev_fork>).	1199	C<ev_fork>).
1116		1200
1117	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>	1201	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
1118		1202
1119	The event loop is abotu to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).	1203	The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
1120		1204
1121	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1205	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
1122		1206
1123	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1207	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
1124		1208
…		…
1146	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another	1230	programs, though, as the fd could already be closed and reused for another
1147	thing, so beware.	1231	thing, so beware.
1148		1232
1149	=back	1233	=back
1150		1234
		1235	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
		1236
		1237	=over 4
		1238
		1239	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		1240
		1241	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
		1242	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
		1243	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
		1244	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
		1245	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
		1246	which rolls both calls into one.
		1247
		1248	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
		1249	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
		1250
		1251	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
		1252	int revents)>.
		1253
		1254	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
		1255
		1256	ev_io w;
		1257	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
		1258	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1259
		1260	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
		1261
		1262	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
		1263	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
		1264	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
		1265	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
		1266	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
		1267
		1268	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
		1269	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
		1270
		1271	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
		1272
		1273	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
		1274
		1275	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
		1276	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
		1277	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		1278
		1279	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
		1280
		1281	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		1282
		1283	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1284
		1285	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
		1286	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
		1287
		1288	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
		1289	whole section.
		1290
		1291	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
		1292
		1293	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1294
		1295	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
		1296	the watcher was active or not).
		1297
		1298	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
		1299	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
		1300	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
		1301	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
		1302	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
		1303
		1304	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1305
		1306	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
		1307	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
		1308	it.
		1309
		1310	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1311
		1312	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
		1313	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
		1314	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
		1315	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
		1316	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		1317	it).
		1318
		1319	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1320
		1321	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
		1322
		1323	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		1324
		1325	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
		1326	(modulo threads).
		1327
		1328	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
		1329
		1330	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1331
		1332	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		1333	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		1334	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		1335	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		1336	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		1337
		1338	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		1339	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		1340
		1341	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		1342	pending.
		1343
		1344	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		1345	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		1346	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
		1347
		1348	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		1349	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		1350
		1351	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
		1352	priorities.
		1353
		1354	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1355
		1356	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		1357	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		1358	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
		1359	callback.
		1360
		1361	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		1362
		1363	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
		1364	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		1365	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
		1366
		1367	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
		1368	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
		1369
		1370	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		1371
		1372	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
		1373	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
		1374	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
		1375	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
		1376
		1377	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
		1378	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
		1379	not started in the first place.
		1380
		1381	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
		1382	functions that do not need a watcher.
		1383
		1384	=back
		1385
		1386	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
		1387	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
		1388
1151	=head2 WATCHER STATES	1389	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1152		1390
1153	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -	1391	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1154	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to	1392	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1155	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these	1393	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1156	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".	1394	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1157		1395
1158	=over 4	1396	=over 4
1159		1397
1160	=item initialiased	1398	=item initialised
1161		1399
1162	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be	1400	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1163	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to	1401	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
1164	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.	1402	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1165		1403
1166	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use	1404	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1167	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.	1405	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1406	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1407	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1168		1408
1169	=item started/running/active	1409	=item started/running/active
1170		1410
1171	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes	1411	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1172	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in	1412	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
…		…
1200	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless	1440	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1201	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before	1441	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
1202	freeing it is often a good idea.	1442	freeing it is often a good idea.
1203		1443
1204	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the	1444	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
1205	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way	1445	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
1206	you wish.	1446	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1447	it again).
1207		1448
1208	=back	1449	=back
1209
1210	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
1211
1212	=over 4
1213
1214	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1215
1216	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
1217	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
1218	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
1219	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
1220	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
1221	which rolls both calls into one.
1222
1223	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
1224	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
1225
1226	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
1227	int revents)>.
1228
1229	Example: Initialise an C<ev_io> watcher in two steps.
1230
1231	ev_io w;
1232	ev_init (&w, my_cb);
1233	ev_io_set (&w, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1234
1235	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *watcher, [args])
1236
1237	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
1238	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
1239	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
1240	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
1241	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
1242
1243	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
1244	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
1245
1246	See C<ev_init>, above, for an example.
1247
1248	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
1249
1250	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
1251	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
1252	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
1253
1254	Example: Initialise and set an C<ev_io> watcher in one step.
1255
1256	ev_io_init (&w, my_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1257
1258	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1259
1260	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
1261	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
1262
1263	Example: Start the C<ev_io> watcher that is being abused as example in this
1264	whole section.
1265
1266	ev_io_start (EV_DEFAULT_UC, &w);
1267
1268	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1269
1270	Stops the given watcher if active, and clears the pending status (whether
1271	the watcher was active or not).
1272
1273	It is possible that stopped watchers are pending - for example,
1274	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending - but
1275	calling C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor
1276	pending. If you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is
1277	therefore a good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
1278
1279	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1280
1281	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
1282	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
1283	it.
1284
1285	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1286
1287	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
1288	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
1289	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
1290	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
1291	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
1292	it).
1293
1294	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1295
1296	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1297
1298	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1299
1300	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1301	(modulo threads).
1302
1303	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
1304
1305	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1306
1307	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
1308	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
1309	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
1310	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
1311	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
1312
1313	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
1314	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
1315
1316	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
1317	pending.
1318
1319	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
1320	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
1321	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1322
1323	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1324	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1325
1326	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1327	priorities.
1328
1329	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1330
1331	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
1332	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
1333	can deal with that fact, as both are simply passed through to the
1334	callback.
1335
1336	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
1337
1338	If the watcher is pending, this function clears its pending status and
1339	returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
1340	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
1341
1342	Sometimes it can be useful to "poll" a watcher instead of waiting for its
1343	callback to be invoked, which can be accomplished with this function.
1344
1345	=item ev_feed_event (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1346
1347	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1348	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
1349	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher). Obviously you must
1350	not free the watcher as long as it has pending events.
1351
1352	Stopping the watcher, letting libev invoke it, or calling
1353	C<ev_clear_pending> will clear the pending event, even if the watcher was
1354	not started in the first place.
1355
1356	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1357	functions that do not need a watcher.
1358
1359	=back
1360
1361
1362	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
1363
1364	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1365	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
1366	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
1367	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
1368	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1369	data:
1370
1371	struct my_io
1372	{
1373	ev_io io;
1374	int otherfd;
1375	void *somedata;
1376	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1377	};
1378
1379	...
1380	struct my_io w;
1381	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1382
1383	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1384	can cast it back to your own type:
1385
1386	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1387	{
1388	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1389	...
1390	}
1391
1392	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1393	instead have been omitted.
1394
1395	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1396	embedded watchers:
1397
1398	struct my_biggy
1399	{
1400	int some_data;
1401	ev_timer t1;
1402	ev_timer t2;
1403	}
1404
1405	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1406	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1407	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1408	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1409	programmers):
1410
1411	#include <stddef.h>
1412
1413	static void
1414	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1415	{
1416	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1417	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1418	}
1419
1420	static void
1421	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1422	{
1423	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1424	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1425	}
1426		1450
1427	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1451	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1428		1452
1429	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small	1453	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
1430	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation	1454	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
…		…
1557	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1581	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1558	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1582	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1559	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1583	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1560	required if you know what you are doing).	1584	required if you know what you are doing).
1561		1585
1562	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1563	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1564	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1565	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1566	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1567
1568	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1586	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1569	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1587	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1570	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1588	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1571	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1589	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1572	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1590	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1573	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1591	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1574	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1575	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1592	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1576		1593
1577	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1594	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1578	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1595	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1579	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1596	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1580	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1597	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1581	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1598	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1582	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1599	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1583	indefinitely.	1600	indefinitely.
1584		1601
1585	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1602	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1586		1603
…		…
1614		1631
1615	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1632	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1616	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1633	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1617	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1634	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1618		1635
		1636	=head3 The special problem of files
		1637
		1638	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1639	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1640	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1641
		1642	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1643	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1644	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1645	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1646	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1647
		1648	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1649	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1650	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1651	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1652	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1653
		1654	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1655	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1656	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1657	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1658	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1659	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1660	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1661	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1662	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1663
		1664	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1665	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1666	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1667	reuse the same code path.
		1668
1619	=head3 The special problem of fork	1669	=head3 The special problem of fork
1620		1670
1621	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1671	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
1622	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1672	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
1623	it in the child.	1673	it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
1624		1674
1625	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1675	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1626	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1676	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1627	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1677	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1628	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1629		1678
1630	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1679	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1631		1680
1632	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1681	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1633	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1682	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1731	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1780	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1732	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1781	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1733		1782
1734	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1783	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1735	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1784	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1736	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1785	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1786	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1737	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1787	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1738	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1788	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1739	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).	1789	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1740		1790
1741	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1791	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1742		1792
1743	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1793	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1744	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1794	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1819		1869
1820	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1870	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1821	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1871	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1822	within the callback:	1872	within the callback:
1823		1873
		1874	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1824	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1875	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1876	ev_timer timer;
1825		1877
1826	static void	1878	static void
1827	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1879	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1828	{	1880	{
1829	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1881	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1830	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1882	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1831		1883
1832	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1884	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1833	if (timeout < now)	1885	if (after < 0.)
1834	{	1886	{
1835	// timeout occurred, take action	1887	// timeout occurred, take action
1836	}	1888	}
1837	else	1889	else
1838	{	1890	{
1839	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1891	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1840	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1892	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1841	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1893	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1842	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1894	// the timeout can occur.
		1895	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1843	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1896	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1844	}	1897	}
1845	}	1898	}
1846		1899
1847	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1900	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1848	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1901	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1849	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1902	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1850	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1903	(EV_A)> from that).
1851	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1852	a timeout then.
1853		1904
1854	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1905	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1855	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1906	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1907
		1908	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1909	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1910
		1911	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1912	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1913	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1856		1914
1857	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1915	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1858	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1916	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1859	libev to change the timeout.	1917	libev to change the timeout.
1860		1918
1861	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1919	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1862	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1920	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1863	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1921	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		1922	the timer:
1864		1923
		1924	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1865	ev_init (timer, callback);	1925	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1866	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1926	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1867	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1868		1927
1869	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1928	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1870	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1929	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1871		1930
		1931	if (activity detected)
1872	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1932	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		1933
		1934	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		1935	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		1936	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		1937
		1938	timeout = new_value;
		1939	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		1940	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1873		1941
1874	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	1942	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1875	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	1943	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1876
1877	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1878	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1879	fix things for you.
1880		1944
1881	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	1945	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1882		1946
1883	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	1947	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1884	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	1948	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1911	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	1975	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1912	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	1976	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1913	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	1977	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1914	overkill :)	1978	overkill :)
1915		1979
		1980	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		1981
		1982	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		1983	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		1984	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		1985	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		1986	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		1987
		1988	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		1989	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		1990
		1991	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		1992	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		1993	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		1994	expect.
		1995
		1996	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		1997	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		1998	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		1999	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2000	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2001
		2002	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2003	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2004	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2005	intentions.
		2006
		2007	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2008	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2009	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2010	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2011
		2012	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2013	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2014	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2015	late" side of things.
		2016
1916	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2017	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1917		2018
1918	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2019	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1919	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2020	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1920	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a	2021	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1921	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2022	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1922	lots of events in one iteration.	2023	lots of events in one iteration.
1923		2024
1924	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2025	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
…		…
1930	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2031	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1931		2032
1932	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2033	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1933	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2034	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1934	()>.	2035	()>.
		2036
		2037	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2038
		2039	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2040	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2041	jumps).
		2042
		2043	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2044	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2045	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2046	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2047	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2048
		2049	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2050	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2051	a second or so.
		2052
		2053	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2054	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2055	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2056	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2057
		2058	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2059	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2060	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2061
		2062	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2063	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2064	exactly the right behaviour.
		2065
		2066	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2067	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2068	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1935		2069
1936	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2070	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1937		2071
1938	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2072	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1939	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2073	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
1983	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2117	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1984	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2118	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1985		2119
1986	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2120	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1987		2121
1988	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2122	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
1989	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2123	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2124	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
1990		2125
		2126	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2127	applied to the watcher:
		2128
		2129	=over 4
		2130
1991	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2131	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
1992		2132
1993	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2133	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2134	out, without invoking it).
1994		2135
1995	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2136	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
1996	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2137	and start the timer, if necessary.
1997		2138
		2139	=back
		2140
1998	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2141	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1999	usage example.	2142	usage example.
2000		2143
2001	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2144	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
2002		2145
2003	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2146	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
2123		2266
2124	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2267	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2125	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2268	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2126	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2269	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2127		2270
2128	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2271	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2129	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2272	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2130	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2273	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2274	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2275	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2276	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2131		2277
2132	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2278	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2133	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2279	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2134	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2280	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2135	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2281	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2249		2395
2250	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2396	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2251		2397
2252	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2398	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2253	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2399	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
2254	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2400	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
2255	normal event processing, like any other event.	2401	normal event processing, like any other event.
2256		2402
2257	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use	2403	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
2258	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing	2404	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
2259	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to	2405	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
…		…
2278	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2424	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2279		2425
2280	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2426	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2281	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2427	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2282	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2428	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2283	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2429	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2430	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2284		2431
2285	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2432	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2286	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2433	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2287	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2434	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2288	certain signals to be blocked.	2435	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2301	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.	2448	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
2302		2449
2303	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when	2450	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
2304	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This	2451	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
2305	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.	2452	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
		2453
		2454	=head3 The special problem of threads signal handling
		2455
		2456	POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
		2457	a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
		2458	threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
		2459
		2460	When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
		2461	for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
		2462	all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
		2463	sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating
		2464	loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles
		2465	these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
		2466	in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>.
2306		2467
2307	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2468	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2308		2469
2309	=over 4	2470	=over 4
2310		2471
…		…
2445		2606
2446	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2607	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
2447		2608
2448	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2609	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
2449	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2610	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
2450	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2611	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
2451	it did.	2612	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2613	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
2452		2614
2453	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2615	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
2454	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2616	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
2455	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2617	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
2456	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2618	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2686	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2848	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2687	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2849	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2688	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2850	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2689	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2851	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2690		2852
		2853	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2854
		2855	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2856	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2857	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2858	lowest priority will do.
		2859
		2860	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2861	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2862	between different connections.
		2863
		2864	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2865	example.
		2866
2691	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2867	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2692		2868
2693	=over 4	2869	=over 4
2694		2870
2695	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2871	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2706	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2882	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2707		2883
2708	static void	2884	static void
2709	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2885	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2710	{	2886	{
		2887	// stop the watcher
		2888	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2889
		2890	// now we can free it
2711	free (w);	2891	free (w);
		2892
2712	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2893	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2713	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2894	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2714	}	2895	}
2715		2896
2716	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2897	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2718	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	2899	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2719		2900
2720		2901
2721	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2902	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2722		2903
2723	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2904	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2724	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2905	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2725	afterwards.	2906	afterwards.
2726		2907
2727	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter	2908	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter
2728	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2909	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
2756	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	2937	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2757	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	2938	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2758	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2939	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2759	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2940	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2760		2941
2761	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2942	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2762	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2943	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2763	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	2944	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		2945	watchers).
2764		2946
2765	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	2947	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2766	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	2948	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2767	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	2949	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2768	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	2950	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2769	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	2951	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2770	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	2952	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2771	others).	2953	others).
		2954
		2955	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		2956
		2957	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		2958	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		2959	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		2960	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		2961	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		2962	connections have a chance of making progress.
		2963
		2964	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		2965	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		2966	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		2967
		2968	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		2969	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		2970	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		2971	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		2972	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2772		2973
2773	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2974	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2774		2975
2775	=over 4	2976	=over 4
2776		2977
…		…
2977		3178
2978	=over 4	3179	=over 4
2979		3180
2980	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3181	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2981		3182
2982	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3183	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2983		3184
2984	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3185	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2985	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3186	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2986	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3187	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2987	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3188	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
…		…
3050		3251
3051	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3252	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
3052		3253
3053	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3254	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
3054	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3255	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
3055	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3256	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
3056	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3257	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
3057	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3258	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
3058	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3259	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
3059	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3260	of course.
3060		3261
3061	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?	3262	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
3062		3263
3063	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set	3264	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
3064	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This	3265	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
…		…
3098		3299
3099	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)	3300	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
3100		3301
3101	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3302	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
3102	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3303	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
3103	believe me.	3304	really.
3104		3305
3105	=back	3306	=back
3106		3307
3107		3308
3108	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end	3309	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
3109		3310
3110	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop they are registered	3311	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed
3111	with is being destroyed.	3312	by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>.
3112		3313
3113	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup	3314	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
3114	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your	3315	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
3115	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the	3316	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
3116	loop when you want them to be invoked.	3317	loop when you want them to be invoked.
…		…
3126		3327
3127	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)	3328	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
3128		3329
3129	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of	3330	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
3130	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly	3331	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
3131	pointless, believe me.	3332	pointless, I assure you.
3132		3333
3133	=back	3334	=back
3134		3335
3135	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any	3336	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
3136	cleanup functions are called.	3337	cleanup functions are called.
…		…
3145	atexit (program_exits);	3346	atexit (program_exits);
3146		3347
3147		3348
3148	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3349	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3149		3350
3150	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3351	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3151	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3352	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3152	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3353	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3153		3354
3154	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,	3355	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3155	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>	3356	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
…		…
3157	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.	3358	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3158		3359
3159	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3360	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3160	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3361	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3161	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3362	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3162	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3363	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3163		3364	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3164	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not	3365	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3165	just the default loop.	3366	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3166		3367
3167	=head3 Queueing	3368	=head3 Queueing
3168		3369
3169	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3370	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3170	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3371	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3262	trust me.	3463	trust me.
3263		3464
3264	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3465	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3265		3466
3266	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3467	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3267	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3468	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3469	returns.
		3470
3268	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3471	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3269	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3472	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3270	section below on what exactly this means).	3473	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3271		3474
3272	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3475	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3273	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3476	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3274	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3477	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3275	reset when the event loop detects that).	3478	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3276		3479
3277	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3480	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3278	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3481	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3279	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3482	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3483	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3484	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3485	zero) under load.
3280		3486
3281	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3487	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3282		3488
3283	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3489	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3284	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3490	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3339	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3545	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3340		3546
3341	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3547	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3342		3548
3343	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3549	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3344	the given events it.	3550	the given events.
3345		3551
3346	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3552	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3347		3553
3348	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3554	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3349	loop!).	3555	which is async-safe.
3350		3556
3351	=back	3557	=back
		3558
		3559
		3560	=head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
		3561
		3562	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
		3563	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
		3564	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
		3565
		3566	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
		3567
		3568	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3569	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3570	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3571	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3572	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3573	data:
		3574
		3575	struct my_io
		3576	{
		3577	ev_io io;
		3578	int otherfd;
		3579	void *somedata;
		3580	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3581	};
		3582
		3583	...
		3584	struct my_io w;
		3585	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3586
		3587	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3588	can cast it back to your own type:
		3589
		3590	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3591	{
		3592	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3593	...
		3594	}
		3595
		3596	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3597	function type instead have been omitted.
		3598
		3599	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3600
		3601	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3602	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3603	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3604
		3605	struct my_biggy
		3606	{
		3607	int some_data;
		3608	ev_timer t1;
		3609	ev_timer t2;
		3610	}
		3611
		3612	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3613	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3614	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3615	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3616	real programmers):
		3617
		3618	#include <stddef.h>
		3619
		3620	static void
		3621	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3622	{
		3623	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3624	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3625	}
		3626
		3627	static void
		3628	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3629	{
		3630	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3631	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3632	}
		3633
		3634	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3635
		3636	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3637
		3638	callback ()
		3639	{
		3640	free (request);
		3641	}
		3642
		3643	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3644
		3645	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3646	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3647
		3648	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3649	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3650	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3651	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3652
		3653	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3654	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3655
		3656	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3657	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3658	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3659	already been invoked.
		3660
		3661	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3662	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3663	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3664	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3665	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3666	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3667
		3668	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3669	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3670
		3671	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3672	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3673
		3674	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
		3675
		3676	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
		3677	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
		3678	invoking C<ev_run>.
		3679
		3680	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
		3681	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
		3682	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
		3683	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
		3684	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
		3685
		3686	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
		3687	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
		3688	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
		3689
		3690	// main loop
		3691	int exit_main_loop = 0;
		3692
		3693	while (!exit_main_loop)
		3694	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3695
		3696	// in a modal watcher
		3697	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
		3698
		3699	while (!exit_nested_loop)
		3700	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3701
		3702	To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
		3703
		3704	// exit modal loop
		3705	exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3706
		3707	// exit main program, after modal loop is finished
		3708	exit_main_loop = 1;
		3709
		3710	// exit both
		3711	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3712
		3713	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3714
		3715	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3716	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3717	created/added/removed.
		3718
		3719	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3720	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3721	languages).
		3722
		3723	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3724	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3725	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3726
		3727	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3728
		3729	typedef struct {
		3730	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3731	ev_async async_w;
		3732	thread_t tid;
		3733	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3734	} userdata;
		3735
		3736	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3737	{
		3738	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3739	static userdata u;
		3740
		3741	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3742	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3743
		3744	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3745	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3746
		3747	// now associate this with the loop
		3748	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3749	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3750	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3751
		3752	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3753	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3754	}
		3755
		3756	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3757	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3758	that might have been added:
		3759
		3760	static void
		3761	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3762	{
		3763	// just used for the side effects
		3764	}
		3765
		3766	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3767	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3768
		3769	static void
		3770	l_release (EV_P)
		3771	{
		3772	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3773	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3774	}
		3775
		3776	static void
		3777	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3778	{
		3779	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3780	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3781	}
		3782
		3783	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3784	into C<ev_run>:
		3785
		3786	void *
		3787	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3788	{
		3789	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3790
		3791	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3792	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3793	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3794	l_release (EV_A);
		3795
		3796	return 0;
		3797	}
		3798
		3799	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3800	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3801	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3802	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3803	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3804	watchers is very beneficial):
		3805
		3806	static void
		3807	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3808	{
		3809	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3810
		3811	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3812	{
		3813	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3814	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3815	}
		3816	}
		3817
		3818	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3819	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3820	thread to continue:
		3821
		3822	static void
		3823	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3824	{
		3825	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3826
		3827	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3828	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3829	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3830	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3831	}
		3832
		3833	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3834	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3835
		3836	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3837	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3838
		3839	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3840
		3841	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3842	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3843	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3844	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3845
		3846	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3847	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3848	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3849	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3850
		3851	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3852
		3853	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3854	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3855	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3856	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3857
		3858	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3859	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3860	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3861	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3862	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3863	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3864
		3865	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3866	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3867
		3868	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3869	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3870	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3871
		3872	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3873	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3874	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3875	called):
		3876
		3877	void
		3878	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3879	{
		3880	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3881	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3882	}
		3883
		3884	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3885	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3886	this or any other coroutine.
		3887
		3888	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3889	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3890	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3891	any waiters.
		3892
		3893	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3894	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3895
		3896	// my_ev.h
		3897	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3898	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb);
		3899	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3900
		3901	// my_ev.c
		3902	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3903	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3904
		3905	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		3906	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		3907	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3352		3908
3353		3909
3354	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	3910	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3355		3911
3356	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	3912	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
3357	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:	3913	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
3358		3914
3359	=over 4	3915	=over 4
		3916
		3917	=item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.
		3918
		3919	This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
		3920	and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
3360		3921
3361	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.	3922	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
3362		3923
3363	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,	3924	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
3364	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.	3925	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
…		…
3370	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3931	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
3371	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3932	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
3372	is an ev_pri field.	3933	is an ev_pri field.
3373		3934
3374	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	3935	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
3375	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	3936	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
3376		3937
3377	=item * Other members are not supported.	3938	=item * Other members are not supported.
3378		3939
3379	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3940	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
3380	to use the libev header file and library.	3941	to use the libev header file and library.
3381		3942
3382	=back	3943	=back
3383		3944
3384	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3945	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		3946
		3947	=head2 C API
		3948
		3949	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		3950	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		3951	will work fine.
		3952
		3953	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		3954	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all
		3955	other callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic
		3956	reschedule callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<throw
		3957	()> specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C
		3958	and C++ you can use the C<EV_THROW> macro for this:
		3959
		3960	static void
		3961	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_THROW
		3962	{
		3963	perror (msg);
		3964	abort ();
		3965	}
		3966
		3967	...
		3968	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		3969
		3970	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		3971	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		3972	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		3973
		3974	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		3975	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		3976	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		3977
		3978	=head2 C++ API
3385		3979
3386	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3980	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3387	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3981	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3388	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3982	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3389		3983
…		…
3399	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++	3993	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
3400	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer	3994	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
3401	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if	3995	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
3402	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).	3996	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
3403		3997
3404	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be	3998	Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
3405	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only	3999	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3406	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other	4000	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3407	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing	4001	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3408	it).	4002	(preferably after implementing it).
		4003
		4004	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4005	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4006	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
3409		4007
3410	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4008	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3411		4009
3412	=over 4	4010	=over 4
3413		4011
…		…
3423	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4021	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3424		4022
3425	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4023	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3426	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4024	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3427	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4025	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3428	defines by many implementations.	4026	defined by many implementations.
3429		4027
3430	All of those classes have these methods:	4028	All of those classes have these methods:
3431		4029
3432	=over 4	4030	=over 4
3433		4031
…		…
3523	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4121	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
3524	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4122	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
3525		4123
3526	=item w->set ([arguments])	4124	=item w->set ([arguments])
3527		4125
3528	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this	4126	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
3529	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the	4127	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3530	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted	4128	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3531	when reconfiguring it with this method.	4129	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		4130	method.
		4131
		4132	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4133	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3532		4134
3533	=item w->start ()	4135	=item w->start ()
3534		4136
3535	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4137	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3536	constructor already stores the event loop.	4138	constructor already stores the event loop.
…		…
3566	watchers in the constructor.	4168	watchers in the constructor.
3567		4169
3568	class myclass	4170	class myclass
3569	{	4171	{
3570	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4172	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3571	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4173	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3572	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4174	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3573		4175
3574	myclass (int fd)	4176	myclass (int fd)
3575	{	4177	{
3576	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4178	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
…		…
3627	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4229	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3628		4230
3629	=item D	4231	=item D
3630		4232
3631	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4233	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3632	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4234	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3633		4235
3634	=item Ocaml	4236	=item Ocaml
3635		4237
3636	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4238	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3637	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4239	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3640		4242
3641	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4243	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3642	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4244	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3643	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4245	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3644		4246
		4247	=item Javascript
		4248
		4249	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4250
		4251	=item Others
		4252
		4253	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4254
3645	=back	4255	=back
3646		4256
3647		4257
3648	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4258	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3649		4259
…		…
3685	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4295	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3686		4296
3687	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4297	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3688		4298
3689	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4299	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3690	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4300	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4301	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4302
		4303	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4304	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3691		4305
3692	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4306	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3693		4307
3694	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4308	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3695	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4309	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3840	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4454	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3841	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4455	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3842		4456
3843	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4457	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3844	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4458	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4459
		4460	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4461
		4462	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4463	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4464	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4465	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4466	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4467	this.
3845		4468
3846	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4469	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3847		4470
3848	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4471	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3849	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4472	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
3934		4557
3935	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4558	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
3936	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4559	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
3937	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4560	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
3938	the underlying OS handle.	4561	the underlying OS handle.
		4562
		4563	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4564
		4565	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4566	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4567	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4568	environments.
3939		4569
3940	=item EV_USE_POLL	4570	=item EV_USE_POLL
3941		4571
3942	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4572	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3943	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4573	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
…		…
3979	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4609	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
3980	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4610	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
3981	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4611	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
3982	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4612	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
3983		4613
		4614	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4615
		4616	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4617	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4618	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4619	and makes libev faster.
		4620
		4621	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4622
		4623	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4624	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4625	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4626	libev faster.
		4627
3984	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4628	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
3985		4629
3986	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4630	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
3987	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4631	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
3988	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4632	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
3989	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4633	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
3990	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4634	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4635	watchers.
3991		4636
3992	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4637	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
3993	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4638	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
3994		4639
3995	=item EV_H (h)	4640	=item EV_H (h)
…		…
4022	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4667	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
4023	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4668	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
4024	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4669	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
4025	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4670	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
4026		4671
		4672	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4673	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4674	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4675
4027	=item EV_MINPRI	4676	=item EV_MINPRI
4028		4677
4029	=item EV_MAXPRI	4678	=item EV_MAXPRI
4030		4679
4031	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4680	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
4067	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4716	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
4068	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4717	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
4069	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4718	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
4070		4719
4071	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4720	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
4072	values:	4721	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
4073		4722
4074	=over 4	4723	=over 4
4075		4724
4076	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4725	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
4077		4726
…		…
4081	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).	4730	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
4082		4731
4083	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4732	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
4084	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4733	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
4085	assertions.	4734	assertions.
		4735
		4736	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4737	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
4086		4738
4087	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4739	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
4088		4740
4089	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4741	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
4090	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size	4742	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
4091	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4743	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
4092	runtime.	4744	runtime.
4093		4745
		4746	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4747	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4748
4094	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4749	=item C<4> - full API configuration
4095		4750
4096	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4751	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
4097	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4752	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
4098		4753
…		…
4128		4783
4129	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4784	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
4130	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4785	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
4131	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4786	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
4132	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4787	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4788
		4789	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4790
		4791	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4792	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4793	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4794	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4795	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4796
		4797	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4798	wants to use libev.
		4799
		4800	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4801	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
4133		4802
4134	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4803	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
4135		4804
4136	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4805	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
4137	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size	4806	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
…		…
4281	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4950	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4282		4951
4283	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4952	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4284	#include "ev.c"	4953	#include "ev.c"
4285		4954
4286	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	4955	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4287		4956
4288	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	4957	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4289		4958
4290	=head3 THREADS	4959	=head3 THREADS
4291		4960
…		…
4342	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5011	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4343	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5012	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4344		5013
4345	=back	5014	=back
4346		5015
4347	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5016	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4348
4349	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4350	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4351	created/added/removed.
4352
4353	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4354	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4355	languages).
4356
4357	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4358	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4359	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4360
4361	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4362
4363	typedef struct {
4364	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4365	ev_async async_w;
4366	thread_t tid;
4367	cond_t invoke_cv;
4368	} userdata;
4369
4370	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4371	{
4372	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4373	static userdata u;
4374
4375	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4376	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4377
4378	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4379	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4380
4381	// now associate this with the loop
4382	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4383	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4384	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4385
4386	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4387	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4388	}
4389
4390	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4391	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4392	that might have been added:
4393
4394	static void
4395	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4396	{
4397	// just used for the side effects
4398	}
4399
4400	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4401	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4402
4403	static void
4404	l_release (EV_P)
4405	{
4406	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4407	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4408	}
4409
4410	static void
4411	l_acquire (EV_P)
4412	{
4413	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4414	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4415	}
4416
4417	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4418	into C<ev_run>:
4419
4420	void *
4421	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4422	{
4423	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4424
4425	l_acquire (EV_A);
4426	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4427	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
4428	l_release (EV_A);
4429
4430	return 0;
4431	}
4432
4433	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4434	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4435	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4436	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4437	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4438	watchers is very beneficial):
4439
4440	static void
4441	l_invoke (EV_P)
4442	{
4443	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4444
4445	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4446	{
4447	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4448	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4449	}
4450	}
4451
4452	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4453	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4454	thread to continue:
4455
4456	static void
4457	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4458	{
4459	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4460
4461	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4462	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4463	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4464	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4465	}
4466
4467	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4468	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4469
4470	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4471	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4472
4473	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4474
4475	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4476	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4477	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4478	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4479
4480	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4481	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4482	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4483	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4484		5017
4485	=head3 COROUTINES	5018	=head3 COROUTINES
4486		5019
4487	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5020	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4488	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5021	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
…		…
4653	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5186	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4654	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5187	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4655	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5188	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4656	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5189	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4657	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,	5190	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
4658	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible	5191	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
4659	environment.	5192	environment.
4660		5193
4661	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5194	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4662	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,	5195	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4663	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note	5196	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
…		…
4757	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5290	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4758	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5291	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4759	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5292	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4760	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5293	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
4761		5294
		5295	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
		5296
		5297	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
		5298	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
		5299
4762	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	5300	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
4763		5301
4764	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	5302	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
4765	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different	5303	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
4766	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is	5304	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
…		…
4774	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5312	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
4775	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5313	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
4776	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5314	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
4777		5315
4778	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5316	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
4779	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5317	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
4780	well.	5318	thread as well.
4781		5319
4782	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5320	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
4783		5321
4784	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5322	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
4785	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5323	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
4791		5329
4792	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5330	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4793	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is	5331	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4794	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy	5332	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
4795	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by	5333	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4796	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With	5334	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5335
4797	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.	5336	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
		5337	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5338	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5339	something like that, just kidding).
4798		5340
4799	=back	5341	=back
4800		5342
4801	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5343	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4802		5344
…		…
4864	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5406	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4865		5407
4866	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5408	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
4867		5409
4868	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5410	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
4869	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5411	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5412	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
4870	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5413	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
4871		5414
4872	=back	5415	=back
4873		5416
4874		5417
4875	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5418	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
4876		5419
4877	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.	5420	The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.
4878		5421
4879	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial	5422	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions
4880	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be	5423	for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility
4881	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.	5424	layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the
		5425	new API early than late.
4882		5426
4883	=over 4	5427	=over 4
		5428
		5429	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		5430
		5431	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		5432	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L</EMBEDDING>
		5433	section.
4884		5434
4885	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed	5435	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
4886		5436
4887	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:	5437	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
4888		5438
…		…
4914	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme	5464	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
4915	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called	5465	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
4916	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>	5466	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
4917	typedef.	5467	typedef.
4918		5468
4919	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
4920
4921	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
4922	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
4923	section.
4924
4925	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>	5469	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
4926		5470
4927	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different	5471	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
4928	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile	5472	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
4929	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.	5473	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
…		…
4936	=over 4	5480	=over 4
4937		5481
4938	=item active	5482	=item active
4939		5483
4940	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.	5484	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
4941	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5485	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4942		5486
4943	=item application	5487	=item application
4944		5488
4945	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5489	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
4946		5490
…		…
4982	watchers and events.	5526	watchers and events.
4983		5527
4984	=item pending	5528	=item pending
4985		5529
4986	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been	5530	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
4987	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5531	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4988		5532
4989	=item real time	5533	=item real time
4990		5534
4991	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5535	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
4992		5536
4993	=item wall-clock time	5537	=item wall-clock time
4994		5538
4995	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5539	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
4996	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5540	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
4997	clock.	5541	clock.
4998		5542
4999	=item watcher	5543	=item watcher
5000		5544
5001	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5545	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
…		…
5003		5547
5004	=back	5548	=back
5005		5549
5006	=head1 AUTHOR	5550	=head1 AUTHOR
5007		5551
5008	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.	5552	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
		5553	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
5009		5554

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