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Revision 1.335 by root, Mon Oct 25 10:32:05 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.417 by root, Sun May 6 19:29:59 2012 UTC

…		…
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		59
60	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_run (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		62
63	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	64	return 0;
65	}	65	}
66		66
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		68
…		…
82		82
83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY	83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
84		84
85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes	85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest	86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
87	reading L<ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L<EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and	87	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
88	look up the missing functions in L<GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and	88	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
89	C<ev_timer> sections in L<WATCHER TYPES>.	89	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
90		90
91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
92		92
93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
175		175
176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of	178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
179	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.	179	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
180		180
181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
182		182
183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
184	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	184	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		185	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		186	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		187
185	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	188	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		189
		190	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		191	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
186		192
187	=item int ev_version_major ()	193	=item int ev_version_major ()
188		194
189	=item int ev_version_minor ()	195	=item int ev_version_minor ()
190		196
…		…
241	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()	247	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
242	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.	248	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
243		249
244	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	250	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
245		251
246	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	252	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
247		253
248	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	254	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
249	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	255	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
250	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	256	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
251	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	257	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
277	}	283	}
278		284
279	...	285	...
280	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	286	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
281		287
282	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	288	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
283		289
284	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	290	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
285	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	291	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
286	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	292	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
287	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	293	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
299	}	305	}
300		306
301	...	307	...
302	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	308	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
303		309
		310	=item ev_feed_signal (int signum)
		311
		312	This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely
		313	safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
		314	handlers or random threads.
		315
		316	Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
		317	in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
		318	by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when
		319	creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other
		320	mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling
		321	C<ev_feed_signal>.
		322
304	=back	323	=back
305		324
306	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS	325	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
307		326
308	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is	327	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
…		…
355	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	374	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
356		375
357	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop	376	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
358	could not be initialised, returns false.	377	could not be initialised, returns false.
359		378
360	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use	379	This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
361	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the	380	threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
362	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.	381	loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
363		382
364	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	383	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
365	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	384	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
366		385
367	The following flags are supported:	386	The following flags are supported:
…		…
402	environment variable.	421	environment variable.
403		422
404	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	423	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
405		424
406	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the	425	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
407	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and	426	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
408	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as	427	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
409	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.	428	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
410		429
411	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>	430	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
412		431
413	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the	432	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
414	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API	433	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
415	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make	434	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
416	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal	435	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
417	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your	436	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
418	threads that are not interested in handling them.	437	threads that are not interested in handling them.
419		438
420	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and	439	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
421	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for	440	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
422	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	441	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		442
		443	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
		444
		445	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
		446	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
		447	when you want to receive them.
		448
		449	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
		450	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
		451	unblocking the signals.
		452
		453	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		454	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		455
		456	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
423		457
424	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	458	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
425		459
426	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	460	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
427	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	461	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
…		…
455	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	489	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
456		490
457	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	491	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
458	kernels).	492	kernels).
459		493
460	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	494	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
461	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	495	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
462	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	496	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
463	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	497	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
464		498
465	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	499	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
466	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	500	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
467	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	501	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
468	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	502	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		503	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		504	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
469	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	505	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
470	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	506	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
471	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	507	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
472	hard to detect.	508	and is of course hard to detect.
473		509
474	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	510	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
475	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	511	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
476	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	512	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
477	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	513	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
478	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	514	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
479	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	515	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
480	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	516	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		517	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		518	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		519	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
481	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	520	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
482	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	521	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		522
		523	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		524	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		525	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
483		526
484	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	527	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
485	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	528	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
486	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	529	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
487	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	530	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
524		567
525	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	568	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
526	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	569	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
527	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	570	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
528	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	571	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
529	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	572	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
530	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	573	might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
531	cases	574	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases
532		575
533	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	576	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
534		577
535	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	578	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
536	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	579	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
553	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	596	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
554		597
555	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	598	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
556	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	599	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
557		600
558	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
559	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
560	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
561
562	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	601	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
563	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	602	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
564	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	603	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
565	might perform better.	604	might perform better.
566		605
567	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	606	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
568	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
569	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	607	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
570	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).	608	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
		609	hacks).
		610
		611	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		612	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
		613	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
		614	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
		615	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		616	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		617	to re-arm the watcher.
		618
		619	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
571		620
572	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	621	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
573	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	622	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
574		623
575	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	624	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
576		625
577	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	626	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
578	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	627	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
579	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	628	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
580		629
581	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	630	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
		631	C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend
		632	at all.
		633
		634	=item C<EVBACKEND_MASK>
		635
		636	Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
		637	C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
		638	value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable).
582		639
583	=back	640	=back
584		641
585	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,	642	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
586	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed	643	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
…		…
615	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by	672	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
616	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by	673	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
617	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.	674	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
618		675
619	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop	676	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
620	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free it's resources.	677	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
621	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>	678	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
622	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	679	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
623		680
624	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	681	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
625		682
…		…
673	prepare and check phases.	730	prepare and check phases.
674		731
675	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)	732	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
676		733
677	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of	734	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
678	times C<ev_run> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.	735	times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
679		736
680	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is	737	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
681	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),	738	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
682	in which case it is higher.	739	in which case it is higher.
683		740
684	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread	741	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
685	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such	742	throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this
686	ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really convenient.	743	as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
		744	convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
687		745
688	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	746	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
689		747
690	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	748	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
691	use.	749	use.
…		…
706		764
707	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	765	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
708	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	766	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
709	the current time is a good idea.	767	the current time is a good idea.
710		768
711	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	769	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
712		770
713	=item ev_suspend (loop)	771	=item ev_suspend (loop)
714		772
715	=item ev_resume (loop)	773	=item ev_resume (loop)
716		774
…		…
734	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	792	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
735		793
736	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	794	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
737	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	795	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
738		796
739	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)	797	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
740		798
741	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	799	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
742	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	800	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
743	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call	801	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
744	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This	802	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
745	is why event loops are called I<loops>.	803	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
746		804
747	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events	805	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
748	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was	806	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
749	called.	807	called.
		808
		809	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		810	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		811	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
750		812
751	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than	813	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
752	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	814	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
753	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	815	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
754	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	816	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
755	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	817	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
756	beauty.	818	beauty.
757		819
		820	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
		821	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
		822	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
		823	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
		824
758	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle	825	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
759	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and	826	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
760	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one	827	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
761	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new	828	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
762	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.	829	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
…		…
771	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	838	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
772	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	839	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
773	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	840	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
774	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	841	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
775		842
776	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:	843	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		844	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		845	future versions):
777		846
778	- Increment loop depth.	847	- Increment loop depth.
779	- Reset the ev_break status.	848	- Reset the ev_break status.
780	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	849	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
781	LOOP:	850	LOOP:
…		…
814	anymore.	883	anymore.
815		884
816	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	885	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
817	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	886	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
818	ev_run (my_loop, 0);	887	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
819	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	888	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
820		889
821	=item ev_break (loop, how)	890	=item ev_break (loop, how)
822		891
823	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	892	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
824	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	893	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
825	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or	894	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
826	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.	895	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
827		896
828	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.	897	This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>.
829		898
830	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##	899	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in
		900	which case it will have no effect.
831		901
832	=item ev_ref (loop)	902	=item ev_ref (loop)
833		903
834	=item ev_unref (loop)	904	=item ev_unref (loop)
835		905
…		…
856	running when nothing else is active.	926	running when nothing else is active.
857		927
858	ev_signal exitsig;	928	ev_signal exitsig;
859	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	929	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
860	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	930	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
861	evf_unref (loop);	931	ev_unref (loop);
862		932
863	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	933	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
864		934
865	ev_ref (loop);	935	ev_ref (loop);
866	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	936	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
…		…
886	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	956	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
887		957
888	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	958	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
889	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	959	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
890	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	960	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
891	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	961	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
892	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	962	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
893	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	963	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
894	once per this interval, on average.	964	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		965	good enough).
895		966
896	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	967	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
897	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	968	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
898	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	969	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
899	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	970	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
945	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1016	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
946		1017
947	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1018	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
948	callback.	1019	callback.
949		1020
950	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1021	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
951		1022
952	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1023	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
953	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1024	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
954	each call to a libev function.	1025	each call to a libev function.
955		1026
956	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible	1027	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
957	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event	1028	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
958	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these	1029	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
959	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1030	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
960		1031
961	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1032	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
962	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1033	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
963	afterwards.	1034	afterwards.
…		…
978	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this	1049	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
979	document.	1050	document.
980		1051
981	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)	1052	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
982		1053
983	=item ev_userdata (loop)	1054	=item void *ev_userdata (loop)
984		1055
985	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When	1056	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
986	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns	1057	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
987	C<0.>	1058	C<0>.
988		1059
989	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,	1060	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
990	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and	1061	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
991	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for	1062	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
992	any other purpose as well.	1063	any other purpose as well.
…		…
1103		1174
1104	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1175	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1105		1176
1106	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1177	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1107		1178
1108	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts	1179	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1109	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1180	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1110	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1181	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1182	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1183	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1184	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1185	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1186
1111	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1187	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1112	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1188	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1113	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1189	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1114	C<ev_run> from blocking).	1190	blocking).
1115		1191
1116	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1192	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1117		1193
1118	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1194	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1119		1195
…		…
1242		1318
1243	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1319	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1244		1320
1245	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1321	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1246		1322
1247	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1323	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1248		1324
1249	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1325	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1250	(modulo threads).	1326	(modulo threads).
1251		1327
1252	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)	1328	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
…		…
1270	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1346	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1271		1347
1272	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1348	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1273	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1349	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1274		1350
1275	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of	1351	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1276	priorities.	1352	priorities.
1277		1353
1278	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1354	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1279		1355
1280	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1356	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
…		…
1305	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1381	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1306	functions that do not need a watcher.	1382	functions that do not need a watcher.
1307		1383
1308	=back	1384	=back
1309		1385
1310	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1386	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
1311		1387	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1312	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1313	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
1314	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
1315	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
1316	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1317	data:
1318
1319	struct my_io
1320	{
1321	ev_io io;
1322	int otherfd;
1323	void *somedata;
1324	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1325	};
1326
1327	...
1328	struct my_io w;
1329	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1330
1331	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1332	can cast it back to your own type:
1333
1334	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1335	{
1336	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1337	...
1338	}
1339
1340	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1341	instead have been omitted.
1342
1343	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1344	embedded watchers:
1345
1346	struct my_biggy
1347	{
1348	int some_data;
1349	ev_timer t1;
1350	ev_timer t2;
1351	}
1352
1353	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1354	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1355	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1356	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1357	programmers):
1358
1359	#include <stddef.h>
1360
1361	static void
1362	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1363	{
1364	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1365	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1366	}
1367
1368	static void
1369	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1370	{
1371	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1372	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1373	}
1374		1388
1375	=head2 WATCHER STATES	1389	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1376		1390
1377	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -	1391	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1378	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to	1392	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
…		…
1381		1395
1382	=over 4	1396	=over 4
1383		1397
1384	=item initialiased	1398	=item initialiased
1385		1399
1386	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be	1400	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1387	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to	1401	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
1388	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.	1402	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1389		1403
1390	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use	1404	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1391	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.	1405	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1406	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1407	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1392		1408
1393	=item started/running/active	1409	=item started/running/active
1394		1410
1395	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes	1411	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1396	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in	1412	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
…		…
1424	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless	1440	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1425	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before	1441	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
1426	freeing it is often a good idea.	1442	freeing it is often a good idea.
1427		1443
1428	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the	1444	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
1429	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way	1445	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
1430	you wish.	1446	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1447	it again).
1431		1448
1432	=back	1449	=back
1433		1450
1434	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1451	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1435		1452
…		…
1564	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1581	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1565	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1582	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1566	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1583	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1567	required if you know what you are doing).	1584	required if you know what you are doing).
1568		1585
1569	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1570	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1571	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1572	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1573	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1574
1575	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1586	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1576	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1587	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1577	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1588	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1578	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1589	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1579	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1590	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1580	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1591	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1581	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1582	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1592	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1583		1593
1584	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1594	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1585	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1595	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1586	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1596	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1587	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1597	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1588	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1598	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1589	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1599	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1590	indefinitely.	1600	indefinitely.
1591		1601
1592	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1602	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1593		1603
…		…
1621		1631
1622	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1632	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1623	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1633	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1624	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1634	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1625		1635
		1636	=head3 The special problem of files
		1637
		1638	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1639	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1640	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1641
		1642	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1643	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1644	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1645	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1646	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1647
		1648	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1649	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1650	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1651	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1652	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1653
		1654	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1655	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1656	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1657	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1658	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1659	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1660	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1661	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1662	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1663
		1664	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1665	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1666	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1667	reuse the same code path.
		1668
1626	=head3 The special problem of fork	1669	=head3 The special problem of fork
1627		1670
1628	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1671	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
1629	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1672	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
1630	it in the child.	1673	it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
1631		1674
1632	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1675	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1633	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1676	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1634	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1677	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1635	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1636		1678
1637	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1679	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1638		1680
1639	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1681	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1640	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1682	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1738	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1780	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1739	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1781	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1740		1782
1741	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1783	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1742	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1784	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1743	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1785	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1786	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1744	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1787	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1745	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1788	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1746	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).	1789	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1747		1790
1748	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1791	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1749		1792
1750	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1793	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1751	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1794	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1826		1869
1827	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1870	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1828	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1871	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1829	within the callback:	1872	within the callback:
1830		1873
		1874	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1831	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1875	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1876	ev_timer timer;
1832		1877
1833	static void	1878	static void
1834	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1879	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1835	{	1880	{
1836	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1881	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1837	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1882	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1838		1883
1839	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1884	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1840	if (timeout < now)	1885	if (after < 0.)
1841	{	1886	{
1842	// timeout occurred, take action	1887	// timeout occurred, take action
1843	}	1888	}
1844	else	1889	else
1845	{	1890	{
1846	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1891	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1847	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1892	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1848	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1893	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1849	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1894	// the timeout can occur.
		1895	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1850	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1896	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1851	}	1897	}
1852	}	1898	}
1853		1899
1854	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1900	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1855	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1901	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1856	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1902	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1857	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1903	(EV_A)> from that).
1858	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1859	a timeout then.
1860		1904
1861	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1905	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1862	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1906	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1907
		1908	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1909	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1910
		1911	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1912	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1913	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1863		1914
1864	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1915	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1865	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1916	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1866	libev to change the timeout.	1917	libev to change the timeout.
1867		1918
1868	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1919	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1869	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1920	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1870	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1921	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		1922	the timer:
1871		1923
		1924	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1872	ev_init (timer, callback);	1925	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1873	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1926	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1874	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1875		1927
1876	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	1928	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1877	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	1929	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1878		1930
		1931	if (activity detected)
1879	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	1932	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		1933
		1934	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		1935	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		1936	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		1937
		1938	timeout = new_value;
		1939	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		1940	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1880		1941
1881	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	1942	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1882	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	1943	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1883
1884	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1885	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1886	fix things for you.
1887		1944
1888	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	1945	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1889		1946
1890	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	1947	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1891	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	1948	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1918	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	1975	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1919	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	1976	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1920	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	1977	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1921	overkill :)	1978	overkill :)
1922		1979
		1980	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		1981
		1982	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		1983	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		1984	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		1985	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		1986	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		1987
		1988	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		1989	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		1990
		1991	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		1992	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		1993	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		1994	expect.
		1995
		1996	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		1997	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		1998	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		1999	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2000	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2001
		2002	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2003	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2004	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2005	intentions.
		2006
		2007	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2008	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2009	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2010	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2011
		2012	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2013	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2014	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2015	late" side of things.
		2016
1923	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2017	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1924		2018
1925	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2019	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1926	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2020	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1927	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a	2021	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1928	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2022	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1929	lots of events in one iteration.	2023	lots of events in one iteration.
1930		2024
1931	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2025	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
…		…
1937	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2031	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1938		2032
1939	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2033	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1940	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2034	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1941	()>.	2035	()>.
		2036
		2037	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2038
		2039	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2040	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2041	jumps).
		2042
		2043	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2044	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2045	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2046	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2047	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2048
		2049	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2050	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2051	a second or so.
		2052
		2053	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2054	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2055	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2056	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2057
		2058	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2059	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2060	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2061
		2062	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2063	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2064	exactly the right behaviour.
		2065
		2066	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2067	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2068	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1942		2069
1943	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2070	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1944		2071
1945	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2072	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1946	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2073	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
1990	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2117	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1991	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2118	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1992		2119
1993	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2120	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1994		2121
1995	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2122	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
1996	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2123	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2124	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
1997		2125
		2126	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2127	applied to the watcher:
		2128
		2129	=over 4
		2130
1998	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2131	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
1999		2132
2000	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2133	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2134	out, without invoking it).
2001		2135
2002	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2136	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
2003	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2137	and start the timer, if necessary.
2004		2138
		2139	=back
		2140
2005	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2141	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
2006	usage example.	2142	usage example.
2007		2143
2008	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2144	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
2009		2145
2010	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2146	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
2130		2266
2131	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2267	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2132	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2268	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2133	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2269	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2134		2270
2135	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2271	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2136	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2272	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2137	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2273	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2274	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2275	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2276	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2138		2277
2139	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2278	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2140	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2279	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2141	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2280	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2142	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2281	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2256		2395
2257	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2396	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2258		2397
2259	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2398	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2260	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2399	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
2261	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2400	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
2262	normal event processing, like any other event.	2401	normal event processing, like any other event.
2263		2402
2264	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use	2403	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
2265	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing	2404	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
2266	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to	2405	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
…		…
2285	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2424	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2286		2425
2287	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2426	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2288	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2427	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2289	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2428	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2290	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2429	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2430	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2291		2431
2292	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2432	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2293	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2433	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2294	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2434	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2295	certain signals to be blocked.	2435	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2308	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.	2448	I<has> to modify the signal mask, at least temporarily.
2309		2449
2310	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when	2450	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
2311	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This	2451	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
2312	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.	2452	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
		2453
		2454	=head3 The special problem of threads signal handling
		2455
		2456	POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
		2457	a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
		2458	threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
		2459
		2460	When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
		2461	for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
		2462	all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
		2463	sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating
		2464	loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles
		2465	these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
		2466	in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>.
2313		2467
2314	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2468	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2315		2469
2316	=over 4	2470	=over 4
2317		2471
…		…
2693	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2847	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2694	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2848	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2695	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2849	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2696	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2850	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2697		2851
		2852	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2853
		2854	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2855	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2856	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2857	lowest priority will do.
		2858
		2859	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2860	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2861	between different connections.
		2862
		2863	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2864	example.
		2865
2698	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2866	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2699		2867
2700	=over 4	2868	=over 4
2701		2869
2702	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2870	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2713	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2881	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2714		2882
2715	static void	2883	static void
2716	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2884	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2717	{	2885	{
		2886	// stop the watcher
		2887	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2888
		2889	// now we can free it
2718	free (w);	2890	free (w);
		2891
2719	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2892	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2720	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2893	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2721	}	2894	}
2722		2895
2723	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2896	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2725	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	2898	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2726		2899
2727		2900
2728	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2901	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2729		2902
2730	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2903	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2731	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2904	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2732	afterwards.	2905	afterwards.
2733		2906
2734	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter	2907	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter
2735	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	2908	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
…		…
2763	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	2936	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2764	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	2937	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2765	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	2938	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2766	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	2939	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2767		2940
2768	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	2941	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2769	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	2942	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2770	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	2943	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		2944	watchers).
2771		2945
2772	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	2946	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2773	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	2947	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2774	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	2948	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2775	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	2949	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2776	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	2950	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2777	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	2951	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2778	others).	2952	others).
		2953
		2954	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		2955
		2956	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		2957	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		2958	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		2959	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		2960	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		2961	connections have a chance of making progress.
		2962
		2963	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		2964	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		2965	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		2966
		2967
		2968	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		2969	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		2970	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		2971	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		2972	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2779		2973
2780	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2974	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2781		2975
2782	=over 4	2976	=over 4
2783		2977
…		…
3152	atexit (program_exits);	3346	atexit (program_exits);
3153		3347
3154		3348
3155	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3349	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3156		3350
3157	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3351	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3158	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3352	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3159	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3353	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3160		3354
3161	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,	3355	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3162	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>	3356	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
…		…
3164	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.	3358	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3165		3359
3166	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3360	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3167	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3361	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3168	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3362	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3169	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3363	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3170		3364	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3171	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not	3365	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3172	just the default loop.	3366	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3173		3367
3174	=head3 Queueing	3368	=head3 Queueing
3175		3369
3176	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3370	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3177	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3371	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3269	trust me.	3463	trust me.
3270		3464
3271	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3465	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3272		3466
3273	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3467	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3274	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3468	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3469	returns.
		3470
3275	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3471	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3276	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3472	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3277	section below on what exactly this means).	3473	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3278		3474
3279	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3475	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3280	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3476	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3281	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3477	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3282	reset when the event loop detects that).	3478	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3283		3479
3284	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3480	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3285	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3481	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3286	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3482	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3483	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3484	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3485	zero) under load.
3287		3486
3288	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3487	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3289		3488
3290	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3489	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3291	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3490	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3346	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3545	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3347		3546
3348	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3547	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3349		3548
3350	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3549	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3351	the given events it.	3550	the given events.
3352		3551
3353	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3552	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3354		3553
3355	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3554	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3356	loop!).	3555	which is async-safe.
3357		3556
3358	=back	3557	=back
		3558
		3559
		3560	=head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
		3561
		3562	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
		3563	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
		3564	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
		3565
		3566	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
		3567
		3568	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3569	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3570	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3571	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3572	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3573	data:
		3574
		3575	struct my_io
		3576	{
		3577	ev_io io;
		3578	int otherfd;
		3579	void *somedata;
		3580	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3581	};
		3582
		3583	...
		3584	struct my_io w;
		3585	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3586
		3587	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3588	can cast it back to your own type:
		3589
		3590	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3591	{
		3592	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3593	...
		3594	}
		3595
		3596	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3597	function type instead have been omitted.
		3598
		3599	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3600
		3601	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3602	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3603	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3604
		3605	struct my_biggy
		3606	{
		3607	int some_data;
		3608	ev_timer t1;
		3609	ev_timer t2;
		3610	}
		3611
		3612	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3613	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3614	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3615	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3616	real programmers):
		3617
		3618	#include <stddef.h>
		3619
		3620	static void
		3621	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3622	{
		3623	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3624	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3625	}
		3626
		3627	static void
		3628	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3629	{
		3630	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3631	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3632	}
		3633
		3634	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3635
		3636	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3637
		3638	callback ()
		3639	{
		3640	free (request);
		3641	}
		3642
		3643	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3644
		3645	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3646	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3647
		3648	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3649	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3650	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3651	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3652
		3653	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3654	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3655
		3656	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3657	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3658	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3659	already been invoked.
		3660
		3661	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3662	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3663	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3664	delay invoking the callback by e.g. using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher
		3665	for example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher
		3666	and pushing it into the pending queue:
		3667
		3668	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3669	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3670
		3671	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3672	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3673
		3674	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
		3675
		3676	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
		3677	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
		3678	invoking C<ev_run>.
		3679
		3680	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
		3681	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
		3682	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
		3683	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
		3684	other combination: In these cases, C<ev_break> will not work alone.
		3685
		3686	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
		3687	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
		3688	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
		3689
		3690	// main loop
		3691	int exit_main_loop = 0;
		3692
		3693	while (!exit_main_loop)
		3694	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3695
		3696	// in a modal watcher
		3697	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
		3698
		3699	while (!exit_nested_loop)
		3700	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3701
		3702	To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
		3703
		3704	// exit modal loop
		3705	exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3706
		3707	// exit main program, after modal loop is finished
		3708	exit_main_loop = 1;
		3709
		3710	// exit both
		3711	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3712
		3713	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3714
		3715	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3716	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3717	created/added/removed.
		3718
		3719	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3720	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3721	languages).
		3722
		3723	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3724	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3725	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3726
		3727	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3728
		3729	typedef struct {
		3730	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3731	ev_async async_w;
		3732	thread_t tid;
		3733	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3734	} userdata;
		3735
		3736	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3737	{
		3738	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3739	static userdata u;
		3740
		3741	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3742	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3743
		3744	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3745	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3746
		3747	// now associate this with the loop
		3748	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3749	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3750	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3751
		3752	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3753	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3754	}
		3755
		3756	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3757	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3758	that might have been added:
		3759
		3760	static void
		3761	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3762	{
		3763	// just used for the side effects
		3764	}
		3765
		3766	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3767	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3768
		3769	static void
		3770	l_release (EV_P)
		3771	{
		3772	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3773	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3774	}
		3775
		3776	static void
		3777	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3778	{
		3779	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3780	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3781	}
		3782
		3783	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3784	into C<ev_run>:
		3785
		3786	void *
		3787	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3788	{
		3789	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3790
		3791	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3792	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3793	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3794	l_release (EV_A);
		3795
		3796	return 0;
		3797	}
		3798
		3799	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3800	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3801	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3802	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3803	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3804	watchers is very beneficial):
		3805
		3806	static void
		3807	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3808	{
		3809	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3810
		3811	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3812	{
		3813	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3814	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3815	}
		3816	}
		3817
		3818	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3819	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3820	thread to continue:
		3821
		3822	static void
		3823	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3824	{
		3825	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3826
		3827	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3828	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3829	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3830	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3831	}
		3832
		3833	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3834	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3835
		3836	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3837	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3838
		3839	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3840
		3841	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3842	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3843	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3844	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3845
		3846	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3847	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3848	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3849	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3850
		3851	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3852
		3853	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3854	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3855	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3856	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3857
		3858	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3859	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3860	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3861	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3862	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3863	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3864
		3865	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3866	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3867
		3868	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3869	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3870	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3871
		3872	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3873	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3874	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3875	called):
		3876
		3877	void
		3878	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3879	{
		3880	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3881	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3882	}
		3883
		3884	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3885	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3886	this or any other coroutine.
		3887
		3888	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3889	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3890	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3891	any waiters.
		3892
		3893	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3894	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3895
		3896	// my_ev.h
		3897	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3898	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb);
		3899	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3900
		3901	// my_ev.c
		3902	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3903	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3904
		3905	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		3906	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		3907	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3359		3908
3360		3909
3361	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	3910	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3362		3911
3363	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	3912	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
3364	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:	3913	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
3365		3914
3366	=over 4	3915	=over 4
		3916
		3917	=item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.
		3918
		3919	This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
		3920	and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
3367		3921
3368	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.	3922	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
3369		3923
3370	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,	3924	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
3371	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.	3925	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
…		…
3377	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3931	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
3378	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3932	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
3379	is an ev_pri field.	3933	is an ev_pri field.
3380		3934
3381	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	3935	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
3382	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	3936	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
3383		3937
3384	=item * Other members are not supported.	3938	=item * Other members are not supported.
3385		3939
3386	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3940	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
3387	to use the libev header file and library.	3941	to use the libev header file and library.
3388		3942
3389	=back	3943	=back
3390		3944
3391	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	3945	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		3946
		3947	=head2 C API
		3948
		3949	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		3950	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		3951	will work fine.
		3952
		3953	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		3954	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all
		3955	other callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodioc
		3956	reschedule callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<throw
		3957	()> specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C
		3958	and C++ you can use the C<EV_THROW> macro for this:
		3959
		3960	static void
		3961	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_THROW
		3962	{
		3963	perror (msg);
		3964	abort ();
		3965	}
		3966
		3967	...
		3968	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		3969
		3970	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		3971	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		3972	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		3973
		3974	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		3975	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		3976	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		3977
		3978	=head2 C++ API
3392		3979
3393	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	3980	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3394	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	3981	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3395	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	3982	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3396		3983
…		…
3406	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++	3993	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
3407	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer	3994	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
3408	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if	3995	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
3409	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).	3996	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
3410		3997
3411	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be	3998	Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
3412	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only	3999	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3413	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other	4000	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3414	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing	4001	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3415	it).	4002	(preferably after implementing it).
		4003
		4004	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4005	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4006	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
3416		4007
3417	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4008	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3418		4009
3419	=over 4	4010	=over 4
3420		4011
…		…
3430	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4021	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3431		4022
3432	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4023	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3433	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4024	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3434	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4025	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3435	defines by many implementations.	4026	defined by many implementations.
3436		4027
3437	All of those classes have these methods:	4028	All of those classes have these methods:
3438		4029
3439	=over 4	4030	=over 4
3440		4031
…		…
3573	watchers in the constructor.	4164	watchers in the constructor.
3574		4165
3575	class myclass	4166	class myclass
3576	{	4167	{
3577	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4168	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3578	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4169	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3579	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4170	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3580		4171
3581	myclass (int fd)	4172	myclass (int fd)
3582	{	4173	{
3583	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4174	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
…		…
3634	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4225	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3635		4226
3636	=item D	4227	=item D
3637		4228
3638	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4229	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3639	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4230	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3640		4231
3641	=item Ocaml	4232	=item Ocaml
3642		4233
3643	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4234	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3644	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4235	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3647		4238
3648	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4239	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3649	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4240	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3650	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4241	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3651		4242
		4243	=item Javascript
		4244
		4245	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4246
		4247	=item Others
		4248
		4249	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4250
3652	=back	4251	=back
3653		4252
3654		4253
3655	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4254	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3656		4255
…		…
3692	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4291	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3693		4292
3694	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4293	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3695		4294
3696	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4295	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3697	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4296	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4297	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4298
		4299	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4300	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3698		4301
3699	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4302	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3700		4303
3701	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4304	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3702	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4305	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3847	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4450	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3848	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4451	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3849		4452
3850	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4453	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3851	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4454	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4455
		4456	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4457
		4458	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4459	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4460	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4461	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4462	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4463	this.
3852		4464
3853	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4465	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3854		4466
3855	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4467	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3856	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4468	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
3941		4553
3942	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4554	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
3943	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4555	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
3944	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4556	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
3945	the underlying OS handle.	4557	the underlying OS handle.
		4558
		4559	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4560
		4561	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4562	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4563	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4564	enviornments.
3946		4565
3947	=item EV_USE_POLL	4566	=item EV_USE_POLL
3948		4567
3949	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4568	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3950	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4569	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
…		…
3986	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4605	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
3987	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4606	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
3988	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4607	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
3989	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4608	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
3990		4609
		4610	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4611
		4612	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4613	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4614	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4615	and makes libev faster.
		4616
		4617	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4618
		4619	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called
		4620	from different threads, which is a stronger assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>,
		4621	above. This reduces dependencies and makes libev faster.
		4622
3991	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4623	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
3992		4624
3993	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4625	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
3994	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4626	access is atomic and serialised with respect to other threads or signal
3995	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4627	contexts. No such type is easily found in the C language, so you can
3996	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4628	provide your own type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used
3997	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4629	both for signal handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety
		4630	in C<ev_async> watchers.
3998		4631
3999	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4632	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
4000	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4633	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms,
		4634	although strictly speaking using a type that also implies a memory fence
		4635	is required.
4001		4636
4002	=item EV_H (h)	4637	=item EV_H (h)
4003		4638
4004	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	4639	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
4005	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be	4640	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
…		…
4029	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4664	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
4030	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4665	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
4031	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4666	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
4032	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4667	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
4033		4668
		4669	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4670	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4671	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4672
4034	=item EV_MINPRI	4673	=item EV_MINPRI
4035		4674
4036	=item EV_MAXPRI	4675	=item EV_MAXPRI
4037		4676
4038	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4677	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
4074	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4713	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
4075	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4714	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
4076	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4715	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
4077		4716
4078	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4717	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
4079	values:	4718	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
4080		4719
4081	=over 4	4720	=over 4
4082		4721
4083	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4722	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
4084		4723
…		…
4088	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).	4727	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
4089		4728
4090	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4729	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
4091	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4730	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
4092	assertions.	4731	assertions.
		4732
		4733	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4734	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
4093		4735
4094	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4736	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
4095		4737
4096	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4738	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
4097	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size	4739	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
4098	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4740	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
4099	runtime.	4741	runtime.
4100		4742
		4743	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4744	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4745
4101	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4746	=item C<4> - full API configuration
4102		4747
4103	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4748	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
4104	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4749	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
4105		4750
…		…
4135		4780
4136	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4781	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
4137	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4782	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
4138	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4783	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
4139	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4784	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4785
		4786	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4787
		4788	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4789	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4790	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4791	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4792	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4793
		4794	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4795	wants to use libev.
		4796
		4797	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4798	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
4140		4799
4141	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4800	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
4142		4801
4143	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4802	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
4144	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size	4803	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
…		…
4288	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4947	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4289		4948
4290	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4949	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4291	#include "ev.c"	4950	#include "ev.c"
4292		4951
4293	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	4952	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4294		4953
4295	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	4954	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4296		4955
4297	=head3 THREADS	4956	=head3 THREADS
4298		4957
…		…
4349	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5008	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4350	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5009	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4351		5010
4352	=back	5011	=back
4353		5012
4354	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5013	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4355
4356	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4357	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4358	created/added/removed.
4359
4360	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4361	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4362	languages).
4363
4364	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4365	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4366	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4367
4368	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4369
4370	typedef struct {
4371	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4372	ev_async async_w;
4373	thread_t tid;
4374	cond_t invoke_cv;
4375	} userdata;
4376
4377	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4378	{
4379	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4380	static userdata u;
4381
4382	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4383	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4384
4385	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4386	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4387
4388	// now associate this with the loop
4389	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4390	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4391	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4392
4393	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4394	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4395	}
4396
4397	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4398	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4399	that might have been added:
4400
4401	static void
4402	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4403	{
4404	// just used for the side effects
4405	}
4406
4407	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4408	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4409
4410	static void
4411	l_release (EV_P)
4412	{
4413	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4414	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4415	}
4416
4417	static void
4418	l_acquire (EV_P)
4419	{
4420	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4421	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4422	}
4423
4424	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4425	into C<ev_run>:
4426
4427	void *
4428	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4429	{
4430	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4431
4432	l_acquire (EV_A);
4433	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4434	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
4435	l_release (EV_A);
4436
4437	return 0;
4438	}
4439
4440	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4441	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4442	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4443	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4444	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4445	watchers is very beneficial):
4446
4447	static void
4448	l_invoke (EV_P)
4449	{
4450	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4451
4452	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4453	{
4454	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4455	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4456	}
4457	}
4458
4459	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4460	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4461	thread to continue:
4462
4463	static void
4464	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4465	{
4466	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4467
4468	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4469	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4470	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4471	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4472	}
4473
4474	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4475	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4476
4477	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4478	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4479
4480	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4481
4482	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4483	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4484	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4485	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4486
4487	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4488	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4489	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4490	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4491		5014
4492	=head3 COROUTINES	5015	=head3 COROUTINES
4493		5016
4494	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5017	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4495	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5018	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
…		…
4660	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5183	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4661	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5184	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4662	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5185	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4663	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5186	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4664	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,	5187	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
4665	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible	5188	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
4666	environment.	5189	environment.
4667		5190
4668	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5191	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4669	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,	5192	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4670	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note	5193	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
…		…
4803		5326
4804	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5327	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4805	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is	5328	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4806	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy	5329	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
4807	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by	5330	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4808	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With	5331	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5332
4809	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.	5333	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
		5334	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5335	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5336	something like that, just kidding).
4810		5337
4811	=back	5338	=back
4812		5339
4813	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5340	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4814		5341
…		…
4876	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5403	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4877		5404
4878	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5405	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
4879		5406
4880	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5407	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
4881	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5408	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5409	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
4882	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5410	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
4883		5411
4884	=back	5412	=back
4885		5413
4886		5414
4887	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5415	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
…		…
4896	=over 4	5424	=over 4
4897		5425
4898	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism	5426	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
4899		5427
4900	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by	5428	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
4901	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>	5429	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L</EMBEDDING>
4902	section.	5430	section.
4903		5431
4904	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed	5432	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
4905		5433
4906	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:	5434	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
…		…
4949	=over 4	5477	=over 4
4950		5478
4951	=item active	5479	=item active
4952		5480
4953	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.	5481	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
4954	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5482	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4955		5483
4956	=item application	5484	=item application
4957		5485
4958	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5486	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
4959		5487
…		…
4995	watchers and events.	5523	watchers and events.
4996		5524
4997	=item pending	5525	=item pending
4998		5526
4999	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been	5527	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
5000	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5528	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
5001		5529
5002	=item real time	5530	=item real time
5003		5531
5004	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5532	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
5005		5533
5006	=item wall-clock time	5534	=item wall-clock time
5007		5535
5008	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5536	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
5009	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5537	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
5010	clock.	5538	clock.
5011		5539
5012	=item watcher	5540	=item watcher
5013		5541
5014	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5542	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
…		…
5017	=back	5545	=back
5018		5546
5019	=head1 AUTHOR	5547	=head1 AUTHOR
5020		5548
5021	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael	5549	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
5022	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta.	5550	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
5023		5551

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