[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.310 by root, Thu Oct 21 12:32:47 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.342 by root, Wed Nov 10 13:16:44 2010 UTC

…		…
43		43
44	int	44	int
45	main (void)	45	main (void)
46	{	46	{
47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	48	struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;
49		49
50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /STDIN_FILENO/ 0, EV_READ);	52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /STDIN_FILENO/ 0, EV_READ);
53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
…		…
77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming	77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
78	with libev.	78	with libev.
79		79
80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed	80	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
81	throughout this document.	81	throughout this document.
		82
		83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
		84
		85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
		86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
		87	reading L<ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L<EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
		88	look up the missing functions in L<GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
		89	C<ev_timer> sections in L<WATCHER TYPES>.
82		90
83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
84		92
85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
124	this argument.	132	this argument.
125		133
126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	134	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
127		135
128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing	136	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practise	137	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
130	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't	138	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
131	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use	139	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
132	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do	140	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
133	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.	141	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
134		142
…		…
165		173
166	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
167		175
168	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
169	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
170	you actually want to know.	178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
		179	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.
171		180
172	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
173		182
174	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
175	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	184	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
…		…
192	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	201	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
193	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	202	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
194	not a problem.	203	not a problem.
195		204
196	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	205	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
197	version (note, however, that this will not detect ABI mismatches :).	206	version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches,
		207	such as LFS or reentrancy).
198		208
199	assert (("libev version mismatch",	209	assert (("libev version mismatch",
200	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	210	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
201	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	211	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
202		212
…		…
213	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	223	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
214	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	224	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
215		225
216	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	226	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
217		227
218	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	228	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
219	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	229	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		230	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
220	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	231	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
221	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it	232	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
222	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	233	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
223	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	234	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
224		235
225	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	236	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
226		237
227	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	238	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
228	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	239	value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the
229	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at	240	current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
230	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	241	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
231	recommended ones.	242	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
232		243
233	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	244	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
234		245
235	=item ev_set_allocator (void (cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	246	=item ev_set_allocator (void (cb)(void *ptr, long size))
236		247
237	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	248	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
238	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	249	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
239	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	250	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
240	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	251	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
266	}	277	}
267		278
268	...	279	...
269	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	280	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
270		281
271	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (cb)(const char msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	282	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (cb)(const char msg))
272		283
273	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	284	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
274	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	285	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
275	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	286	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
276	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	287	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
290	...	301	...
291	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	302	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
292		303
293	=back	304	=back
294		305
295	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	306	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
296		307
297	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is	308	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
298	I<not> optional in case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as libev	309	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
299	3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).	310	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
300		311
301	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which	312	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
302	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created event loops	313	supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which
303	which do not.	314	do not.
304		315
305	=over 4	316	=over 4
306		317
307	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	318	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
308		319
309	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	320	This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should
310	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	321	normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and
311	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	322	the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for
312	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	323	C<ev_loop_new>.
		324
		325	If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply
		326	returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check
		327	C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given
		328	flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the
		329	one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".
313		330
314	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	331	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
315	function.	332	function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro).
316		333
317	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	334	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
318	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	335	from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also
319	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).	336	that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between
		337	threads anyway).
320		338
321	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	339	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers,
322	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	340	and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is
323	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	341	a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with
324	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	342	C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
325	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	343	C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>.
326	C<ev_default_init>.	344
		345	Example: This is the most typical usage.
		346
		347	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		348	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		349
		350	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		351	environment settings to be taken into account:
		352
		353	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL \| EVBACKEND_SELECT \| EVFLAG_NOENV);
		354
		355	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
		356
		357	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
		358	could not be initialised, returns false.
		359
		360	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
		361	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		362	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
327		363
328	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	364	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
329	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	365	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
330		366
331	The following flags are supported:	367	The following flags are supported:
…		…
366	environment variable.	402	environment variable.
367		403
368	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	404	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
369		405
370	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the	406	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
371	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and	407	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
372	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as	408	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
373	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.	409	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
374		410
375	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>	411	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
376		412
377	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the	413	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
378	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API	414	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
379	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make	415	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
380	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal	416	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
381	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your	417	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
382	threads that are not interested in handling them.	418	threads that are not interested in handling them.
383		419
…		…
427	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	463	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
428		464
429	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	465	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
430	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	466	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
431	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	467	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
432	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	468	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		469	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		470	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
433	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	471	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
434	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	472	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
435	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	473	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
436	hard to detect.	474	and is of course hard to detect.
437		475
438	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	476	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but
439	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	477	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally
440	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	478	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot
441	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	479	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially
…		…
443	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	481	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
444	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	482	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last
445	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	483	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
446	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	484	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
447		485
		486	Epoll is truly the train wreck analog among event poll mechanisms.
		487
448	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	488	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
449	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	489	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
450	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	490	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
451	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	491	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
452	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both	492	file descriptors might not work very well if you register events for both
…		…
549	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,	589	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
550	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed	590	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
551	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends	591	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
552	()> will be tried.	592	()> will be tried.
553		593
554	Example: This is the most typical usage.
555
556	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
557	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
558
559	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
560	environment settings to be taken into account:
561
562	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL \| EVBACKEND_SELECT \| EVFLAG_NOENV);
563
564	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
565	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
566	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
567	fds):
568
569	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () \| EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
570
571	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
572
573	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
574	always distinct from the default loop.
575
576	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
577	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
578	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
579
580	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	594	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
581		595
582	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL \| EVFLAG_NOENV);	596	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL \| EVFLAG_NOENV);
583	if (!epoller)	597	if (!epoller)
584	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	598	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
585		599
		600	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
		601	used if available.
		602
		603	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () \| EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		604
586	=item ev_default_destroy ()	605	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
587		606
588	Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None	607	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
589	of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so	608	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
590	e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to	609	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
591	either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function,	610	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
592	or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you	611	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
593	can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example).	612	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
		613	for example).
594		614
595	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal	615	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
596	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such	616	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
597	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.	617	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
598		618
599	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	619	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
600	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	620	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
		621	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
		622
		623	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
		624	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
601	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	625	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
602	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	626	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
603		627
604	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	628	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
605		629
606	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
607	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
608
609	=item ev_default_fork ()
610
611	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations	630	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to
612	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	631	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
613	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	632	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
614	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little	633	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the
615	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev	634	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
616	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_run> iteration.
617		635
618	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after	636	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
619	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is	637	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
620	because some kernel interfaces cough I<kqueue> cough do funny things	638	because some kernel interfaces cough I<kqueue> cough do funny things
621	during fork.	639	during fork.
…		…
626	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a	644	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
627	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a	645	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
628	costly reset of the backend).	646	costly reset of the backend).
629		647
630	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	648	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
631	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	649	it just in case after a fork.
632	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
633		650
		651	Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when
		652	using pthreads.
		653
		654	static void
		655	post_fork_child (void)
		656	{
		657	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		658	}
		659
		660	...
634	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	661	pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);
635
636	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
637
638	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
639	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
640	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you keep track of
641	them is entirely your own problem.
642		662
643	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	663	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
644		664
645	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false	665	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
646	otherwise.	666	otherwise.
…		…
807	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	827	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
808	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	828	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
809	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or	829	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
810	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.	830	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
811		831
812	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.	832	This "break state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_run> again.
813		833
814	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls. ##TODO##	834	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too.
815		835
816	=item ev_ref (loop)	836	=item ev_ref (loop)
817		837
818	=item ev_unref (loop)	838	=item ev_unref (loop)
819		839
…		…
908		928
909	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)	929	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
910		930
911	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their	931	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
912	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,	932	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
913	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.	933	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		934	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		935	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		936	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		937	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
914		938
915	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)	939	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
916		940
917	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers	941	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
918	are pending.	942	are pending.
…		…
962		986
963	=item ev_userdata (loop)	987	=item ev_userdata (loop)
964		988
965	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When	989	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
966	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns	990	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
967	C<0.>	991	C<0>.
968		992
969	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,	993	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
970	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and	994	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
971	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for	995	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
972	any other purpose as well.	996	any other purpose as well.
…		…
990		1014
991	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the	1015	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
992	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer	1016	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
993	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.	1017	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
994		1018
995	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1019	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
996	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1020	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
997	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1021	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1022	for that:
998		1023
999	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)	1024	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
1000	{	1025	{
1001	ev_io_stop (w);	1026	ev_io_stop (w);
1002	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);	1027	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
…		…
1017	stack).	1042	stack).
1018		1043
1019	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>	1044	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
1020	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).	1045	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
1021		1046
1022	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1047	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
1023	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1048	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
1024	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	1049	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
1025	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1050	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
1026	is readable and/or writable).	1051	and/or writable).
1027		1052
1028	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>	1053	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
1029	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There	1054	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
1030	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<	1055	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
1031	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1056	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
…		…
1099	=item C<EV_FORK>	1124	=item C<EV_FORK>
1100		1125
1101	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1126	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
1102	C<ev_fork>).	1127	C<ev_fork>).
1103		1128
		1129	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
		1130
		1131	The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
		1132
1104	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1133	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
1105		1134
1106	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1135	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
1107		1136
1108	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>	1137	=item C<EV_CUSTOM>
…		…
1279		1308
1280	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1309	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1281	functions that do not need a watcher.	1310	functions that do not need a watcher.
1282		1311
1283	=back	1312	=back
1284
1285		1313
1286	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1314	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
1287		1315
1288	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1316	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1289	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1317	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
…		…
1345	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1373	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1346	{	1374	{
1347	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)	1375	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1348	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1376	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1349	}	1377	}
		1378
		1379	=head2 WATCHER STATES
		1380
		1381	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
		1382	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
		1383	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
		1384	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
		1385
		1386	=over 4
		1387
		1388	=item initialiased
		1389
		1390	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be
		1391	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1392	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
		1393
		1394	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use
		1395	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.
		1396
		1397	=item started/running/active
		1398
		1399	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
		1400	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1401	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1402	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1403	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
		1404
		1405	=item pending
		1406
		1407	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
		1408	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
		1409	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
		1410	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
		1411	callback.
		1412
		1413	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1414	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1415	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1416	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1417	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1418	previous item still apply.
		1419
		1420	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
		1421	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
		1422	active.
		1423
		1424	=item stopped
		1425
		1426	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
		1427	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
		1428	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
		1429	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1430	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1431
		1432	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1433	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1434	you wish.
		1435
		1436	=back
1350		1437
1351	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1438	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1352		1439
1353	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small	1440	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
1354	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation	1441	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
…		…
2173		2260
2174	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2261	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2175		2262
2176	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2263	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2177	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2264	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
2178	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2265	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
2179	normal event processing, like any other event.	2266	normal event processing, like any other event.
2180		2267
2181	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use	2268	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
2182	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing	2269	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
2183	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to	2270	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
…		…
3008	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support	3095	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
3009	signal watchers).	3096	signal watchers).
3010		3097
3011	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for	3098	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
3012	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call	3099	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
3013	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying	3100	C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>.
3014	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you	3101	Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered
3015	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note	3102	watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies
3016	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.	3103	those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
		3104	signal watchers.
3017		3105
3018	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3106	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
3019		3107
3020	=over 4	3108	=over 4
3021		3109
3022	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3110	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
3023		3111
3024	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3112	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
3025	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3113	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
3026	believe me.	3114	really.
3027		3115
3028	=back	3116	=back
		3117
		3118
		3119	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
		3120
		3121	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed
		3122	by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>.
		3123
		3124	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
		3125	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
		3126	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
		3127	loop when you want them to be invoked.
		3128
		3129	Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike
		3130	all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which
		3131	makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you
		3132	can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>.
		3133
		3134	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3135
		3136	=over 4
		3137
		3138	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
		3139
		3140	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
		3141	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
		3142	pointless, I assure you.
		3143
		3144	=back
		3145
		3146	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
		3147	cleanup functions are called.
		3148
		3149	static void
		3150	program_exits (void)
		3151	{
		3152	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		3153	}
		3154
		3155	...
		3156	atexit (program_exits);
3029		3157
3030		3158
3031	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3159	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3032		3160
3033	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3161	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other
…		…
3253	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	3381	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
3254	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	3382	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
3255	is an ev_pri field.	3383	is an ev_pri field.
3256		3384
3257	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	3385	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
3258	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	3386	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
3259		3387
3260	=item * Other members are not supported.	3388	=item * Other members are not supported.
3261		3389
3262	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	3390	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
3263	to use the libev header file and library.	3391	to use the libev header file and library.
…		…
4467	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy	4595	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
4468		4596
4469	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support	4597	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
4470	only sockets, many support pipes.	4598	only sockets, many support pipes.
4471		4599
4472	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on	4600	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
4473	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating	4601	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
4474	a loop.	4602	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		4603	probably going to work well.
4475		4604
4476	=head3 C<poll> is buggy	4605	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
4477		4606
4478	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>	4607	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
4479	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6	4608	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
…		…
4498		4627
4499	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy	4628	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
4500		4629
4501	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so	4630	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
4502	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled	4631	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
4503	without C<-D_REENTRANT> (as long as they use C<errno>), which, of course,	4632	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
4504	isn't defined by default.	4633	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
4505		4634
4506	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure	4635	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
4507	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.	4636	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
4508		4637
4509	=head3 Event port backend	4638	=head3 Event port backend
4510		4639
4511	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event ports". Unfortunately,	4640	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
4512	this mechanism is very buggy. If you run into high CPU usage, your program	4641	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		4642	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
4513	freezes or you get a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have	4643	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
4514	all the relevant and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which	4644	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
4515	ones, but there are multiple ones.	4645	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		4646	great.
4516		4647
4517	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting	4648	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
4518	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and	4649	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
4519	C<select> backends.	4650	C<select> backends.
4520		4651
4521	=head2 AIX POLL BUG	4652	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
4522		4653
4523	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around	4654	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
4524	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even	4655	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
4525	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine	4656	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
4526	with large bitsets, and AIX is dead anyway.	4657	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
4527		4658
4528	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS	4659	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
4529		4660
4530	=head3 General issues	4661	=head3 General issues
4531		4662
…		…
4637	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	4768	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4638	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	4769	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4639	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	4770	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4640	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	4771	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
4641		4772
		4773	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
		4774
		4775	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
		4776	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
		4777
4642	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	4778	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
4643		4779
4644	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	4780	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
4645	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different	4781	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
4646	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is	4782	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
…		…
4752	=back	4888	=back
4753		4889
4754		4890
4755	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	4891	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
4756		4892
4757	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.	4893	The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.
4758		4894
4759	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial	4895	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions
4760	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be	4896	for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility
4761	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.	4897	layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the
		4898	new API early than late.
4762		4899
4763	=over 4	4900	=over 4
		4901
		4902	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
		4903
		4904	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		4905	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
		4906	section.
		4907
		4908	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
		4909
		4910	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
		4911
		4912	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		4913	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
4764		4914
4765	=item function/symbol renames	4915	=item function/symbol renames
4766		4916
4767	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:	4917	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
4768		4918
…		…
4787	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme	4937	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
4788	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called	4938	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
4789	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>	4939	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
4790	typedef.	4940	typedef.
4791		4941
4792	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
4793
4794	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
4795	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>
4796	section.
4797
4798	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>	4942	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
4799		4943
4800	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different	4944	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
4801	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile	4945	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
4802	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.	4946	and work, but the library code will of course be larger.
…		…
4808		4952
4809	=over 4	4953	=over 4
4810		4954
4811	=item active	4955	=item active
4812		4956
4813	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to	4957	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
4814	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).	4958	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
4815		4959
4816	=item application	4960	=item application
4817		4961
4818	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	4962	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		4963
		4964	=item backend
		4965
		4966	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
4819		4967
4820	=item callback	4968	=item callback
4821		4969
4822	The address of a function that is called when some event has been	4970	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
4823	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that	4971	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
4824	received the event, and the actual event bitset.	4972	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
4825		4973
4826	=item callback invocation	4974	=item callback/watcher invocation
4827		4975
4828	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.	4976	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
4829		4977
4830	=item event	4978	=item event
4831		4979
…		…
4850	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes	4998	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
4851	watchers and events.	4999	watchers and events.
4852		5000
4853	=item pending	5001	=item pending
4854		5002
4855	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,	5003	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
4856	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its	5004	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.
4857	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
4858
4859	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
4860	its pending status.
4861		5005
4862	=item real time	5006	=item real time
4863		5007
4864	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5008	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
4865		5009
…		…
4872	=item watcher	5016	=item watcher
4873		5017
4874	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5018	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
4875	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.	5019	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
4876		5020
4877	=item watcher invocation
4878
4879	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
4880
4881	=back	5021	=back
4882		5022
4883	=head1 AUTHOR	5023	=head1 AUTHOR
4884		5024
4885	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.	5025	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
		5026	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta.
4886		5027

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.310 by root, Thu Oct 21 12:32:47 2010 UTC vs. Revision 1.342 by root, Wed Nov 10 13:16:44 2010 UTC

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.310 by root, Thu Oct 21 12:32:47 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.342 by root, Wed Nov 10 13:16:44 2010 UTC