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		1	=encoding utf-8
		2
1	=head1 NAME	3	=head1 NAME
2		4
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	5	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		6
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
…		…
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	60	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		61
60	// now wait for events to arrive	62	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_run (loop, 0);	63	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		64
63	// unloop was called, so exit	65	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	66	return 0;
65	}	67	}
66		68
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	69	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		70
…		…
82		84
83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY	85	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
84		86
85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes	87	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest	88	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
87	reading L<ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L<EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and	89	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
88	look up the missing functions in L<GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and	90	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
89	C<ev_timer> sections in L<WATCHER TYPES>.	91	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
90		92
91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	93	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
92		94
93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	95	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	96	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
103	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	105	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
104	watcher.	106	watcher.
105		107
106	=head2 FEATURES	108	=head2 FEATURES
107		109
108	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	110	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific aio and C<epoll>
109	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	111	interfaces, the BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port
110	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	112	mechanisms for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify>
111	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner	113	interface (for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
112	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative	114	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
113	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling	115	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
114	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status	116	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
115	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event	117	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
116	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and	118	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
…		…
174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	176	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
175		177
176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	178	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	179	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of	180	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
179	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.	181	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
180		182
181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	183	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
182		184
183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	185	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
184	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	186	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		187	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		188	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		189
185	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	190	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		191
		192	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		193	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
186		194
187	=item int ev_version_major ()	195	=item int ev_version_major ()
188		196
189	=item int ev_version_minor ()	197	=item int ev_version_minor ()
190		198
…		…
241	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()	249	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
242	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.	250	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
243		251
244	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	252	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
245		253
246	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	254	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
247		255
248	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	256	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
249	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	257	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
250	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	258	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
251	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	259	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
257		265
258	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	266	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
259	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	267	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
260	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	268	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
261		269
		270	Example: The following is the C<realloc> function that libev itself uses
		271	which should work with C<realloc> and C<free> functions of all kinds and
		272	is probably a good basis for your own implementation.
		273
		274	static void *
		275	ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT
		276	{
		277	if (size)
		278	return realloc (ptr, size);
		279
		280	free (ptr);
		281	return 0;
		282	}
		283
262	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	284	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
263	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).	285	retries.
264		286
265	static void *	287	static void *
266	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	288	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
267	{	289	{
		290	if (!size)
		291	{
		292	free (ptr);
		293	return 0;
		294	}
		295
268	for (;;)	296	for (;;)
269	{	297	{
270	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	298	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
271		299
272	if (newptr)	300	if (newptr)
…		…
277	}	305	}
278		306
279	...	307	...
280	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	308	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
281		309
282	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg))	310	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
283		311
284	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	312	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
285	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	313	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
286	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	314	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
287	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	315	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
390		418
391	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	419	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
392	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	420	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
393	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	421	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
394	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	422	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
395	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	423	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work
396	around bugs.	424	around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
		425	cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other
		426	thread modifies them).
397		427
398	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	428	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
399		429
400	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also	430	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
401	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.	431	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
402		432
403	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	433	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
404	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	434	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
405	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	435	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
406	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	436	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn
407	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has	437	sequence without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux
408	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	438	system also has C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster). (Update: glibc
		439	versions 2.25 apparently removed the C<getpid> optimisation again).
409		440
410	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	441	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
411	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	442	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still
412	flag.	443	have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>) when you use this flag.
413		444
414	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	445	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
415	environment variable.	446	environment variable.
416		447
417	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	448	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
…		…
435	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	466	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
436		467
437	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>	468	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
438		469
439	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal	470	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
440	mask. Specifically, this means you ahve to make sure signals are unblocked	471	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
441	when you want to receive them.	472	when you want to receive them.
442		473
443	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or	474	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
444	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev	475	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
445	unblocking the signals.	476	unblocking the signals.
		477
		478	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		479	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
446		480
447	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.	481	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
448		482
449	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	483	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
450		484
…		…
477	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and	511	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
478	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.	512	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
479		513
480	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	514	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
481		515
482	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	516	Use the Linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
483	kernels).	517	kernels).
484		518
485	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	519	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
486	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	520	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
487	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	521	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
488	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	522	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
489		523
490	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	524	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
491	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	525	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
492	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	526	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
493	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,	527	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
…		…
496	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program	530	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
497	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll	531	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
498	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)	532	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
499	and is of course hard to detect.	533	and is of course hard to detect.
500		534
501	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	535	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
502	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	536	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
503	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	537	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
504	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	538	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
505	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	539	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
506	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	540	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
507	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	541	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		542	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		543	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		544	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
508	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	545	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
509	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	546	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
510		547
511	Epoll is truly the train wreck analog among event poll mechanisms.	548	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		549	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		550	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
512		551
513	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	552	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
514	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	553	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
515	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	554	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
516	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	555	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
528	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or	567	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
529	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on	568	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
530	the usage. So sad.	569	the usage. So sad.
531		570
532	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	571	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
533	all kernel versions tested so far.	572	a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions.
534		573
535	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	574	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
536	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	575	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
537		576
		577	=item C<EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO> (value 64, Linux)
		578
		579	Use the Linux-specific Linux AIO (I<not> C<< aio(7) >> but C<<
		580	io_submit(2) >>) event interface available in post-4.18 kernels (but libev
		581	only tries to use it in 4.19+).
		582
		583	This is another Linux train wreck of an event interface.
		584
		585	If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very
		586	experimental), it is the best event interface available on Linux and might
		587	be well worth enabling it - if it isn't available in your kernel this will
		588	be detected and this backend will be skipped.
		589
		590	This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring
		591	buffer to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design
		592	problems of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from
		593	the epoll set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this
		594	being the Linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of
		595	limitations, forcing you to fall back to epoll, inheriting all its design
		596	issues.
		597
		598	For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using
		599	an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide
		600	limit that can be configured in F</proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr>. If no AIO
		601	requests are left, this backend will be skipped during initialisation, and
		602	will switch to epoll when the loop is active.
		603
		604	Most problematic in practice, however, is that not all file descriptors
		605	work with it. For example, in Linux 5.1, TCP sockets, pipes, event fds,
		606	files, F</dev/null> and many others are supported, but ttys do not work
		607	properly (a known bug that the kernel developers don't care about, see
		608	L<https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1047453/>), so this is not
		609	(yet?) a generic event polling interface.
		610
		611	Overall, it seems the Linux developers just don't want it to have a
		612	generic event handling mechanism other than C<select> or C<poll>.
		613
		614	To work around all these problem, the current version of libev uses its
		615	epoll backend as a fallback for file descriptor types that do not work. Or
		616	falls back completely to epoll if the kernel acts up.
		617
		618	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		619	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		620
538	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	621	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
539		622
540	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	623	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time this backend was
541	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	624	implemented, it was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't
542	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	625	work reliably with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin,
543	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness	626	where of course it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose
544	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed	627	brokenness is by design, these kqueue bugs can be (and mostly have been)
545	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being	628	fixed without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not
546	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using	629	being "auto-detected" on all platforms unless you explicitly specify it
547	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	630	in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a
548	system like NetBSD.	631	known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.
549		632
550	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	633	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
551	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	634	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
552	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	635	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
553		636
554	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	637	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
555	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	638	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
556	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	639	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
557	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	640	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
558	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	641	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
559	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	642	might have to leak fds on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
560	cases	643	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
561		644
562	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	645	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
563		646
564	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	647	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
565	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	648	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
592	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to	675	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
593	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat	676	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
594	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed	677	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
595	hacks).	678	hacks).
596		679
597	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre>, with the event polling	680	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		681	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
598	function sometimes returning events to the caller even though an error	682	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
599	occured, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's	683	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
600	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces, but	684	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		685	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		686	to re-arm the watcher.
		687
601	fortunately libev seems to be able to work around it.	688	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
602		689
603	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	690	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
604	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	691	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
605		692
606	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	693	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
…		…
634		721
635	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is	722	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
636	used if available.	723	used if available.
637		724
638	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	725	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		726
		727	Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the
		728	linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that
		729	isn't available.
		730
		731	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO);
639		732
640	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	733	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
641		734
642	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state	735	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
643	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	736	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
…		…
660	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>	753	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
661	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	754	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
662		755
663	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	756	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
664		757
665	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to	758	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations
666	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	759	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite
667	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	760	the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop
668	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the	761	watchers (except inside an C<ev_prepare> callback), but it makes most
		762	sense after forking, in the child process. You I<must> call it (or use
669	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.	763	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
670		764
		765	In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or
		766	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>), you I<also> have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>.
		767
671	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after	768	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
672	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is	769	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
673	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things	770	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
674	during fork.	771	during fork.
675		772
676	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	773	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
…		…
746		843
747	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	844	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
748	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	845	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
749	the current time is a good idea.	846	the current time is a good idea.
750		847
751	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	848	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
752		849
753	=item ev_suspend (loop)	850	=item ev_suspend (loop)
754		851
755	=item ev_resume (loop)	852	=item ev_resume (loop)
756		853
…		…
774	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	871	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
775		872
776	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	873	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
777	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	874	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
778		875
779	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)	876	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
780		877
781	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	878	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
782	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	879	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
783	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call	880	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
784	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This	881	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
785	is why event loops are called I<loops>.	882	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
786		883
787	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events	884	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
788	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was	885	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
789	called.	886	called.
		887
		888	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		889	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		890	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
790		891
791	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than	892	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
792	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	893	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
793	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	894	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
794	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	895	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
795	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	896	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
796	beauty.	897	beauty.
797		898
798	This function is also I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of	899	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
799	a C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++	900	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
800	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor	901	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
801	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.	902	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
802		903
803	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle	904	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
804	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and	905	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
…		…
816	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	917	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
817	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	918	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
818	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	919	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
819	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	920	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
820		921
821	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:	922	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		923	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		924	future versions):
822		925
823	- Increment loop depth.	926	- Increment loop depth.
824	- Reset the ev_break status.	927	- Reset the ev_break status.
825	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	928	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
826	LOOP:	929	LOOP:
…		…
859	anymore.	962	anymore.
860		963
861	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	964	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
862	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	965	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
863	ev_run (my_loop, 0);	966	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
864	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	967	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
865		968
866	=item ev_break (loop, how)	969	=item ev_break (loop, how)
867		970
868	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	971	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
869	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	972	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
…		…
932	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	1035	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
933		1036
934	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	1037	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
935	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	1038	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
936	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	1039	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
937	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	1040	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
938	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	1041	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
939	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	1042	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
940	once per this interval, on average.	1043	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		1044	good enough).
941		1045
942	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	1046	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
943	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	1047	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
944	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	1048	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
945	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	1049	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
991	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1095	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
992		1096
993	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1097	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
994	callback.	1098	callback.
995		1099
996	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1100	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
997		1101
998	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1102	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
999	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1103	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
1000	each call to a libev function.	1104	each call to a libev function.
1001		1105
1002	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible	1106	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
1003	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event	1107	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
1004	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these	1108	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
1005	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1109	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
1006		1110
1007	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1111	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
1008	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1112	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
1009	afterwards.	1113	afterwards.
…		…
1149		1253
1150	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1254	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1151		1255
1152	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1256	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1153		1257
1154	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts	1258	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1155	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1259	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1156	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1260	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1261	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1262	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1263	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1264	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1265
1157	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1266	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1158	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1267	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1159	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1268	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1160	C<ev_run> from blocking).	1269	blocking).
1161		1270
1162	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1271	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1163		1272
1164	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1273	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1165		1274
…		…
1288		1397
1289	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1398	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1290		1399
1291	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1400	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1292		1401
1293	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1402	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1294		1403
1295	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1404	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1296	(modulo threads).	1405	(modulo threads).
1297		1406
1298	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)	1407	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
…		…
1316	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1425	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1317		1426
1318	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1427	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1319	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1428	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1320		1429
1321	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of	1430	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1322	priorities.	1431	priorities.
1323		1432
1324	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1433	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1325		1434
1326	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1435	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
…		…
1351	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1460	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1352	functions that do not need a watcher.	1461	functions that do not need a watcher.
1353		1462
1354	=back	1463	=back
1355		1464
1356	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1465	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
1357		1466	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1358	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1359	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
1360	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
1361	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
1362	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1363	data:
1364
1365	struct my_io
1366	{
1367	ev_io io;
1368	int otherfd;
1369	void *somedata;
1370	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1371	};
1372
1373	...
1374	struct my_io w;
1375	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1376
1377	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1378	can cast it back to your own type:
1379
1380	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1381	{
1382	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1383	...
1384	}
1385
1386	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1387	instead have been omitted.
1388
1389	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1390	embedded watchers:
1391
1392	struct my_biggy
1393	{
1394	int some_data;
1395	ev_timer t1;
1396	ev_timer t2;
1397	}
1398
1399	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1400	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1401	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1402	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1403	programmers):
1404
1405	#include <stddef.h>
1406
1407	static void
1408	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1409	{
1410	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1411	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1412	}
1413
1414	static void
1415	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1416	{
1417	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1418	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1419	}
1420		1467
1421	=head2 WATCHER STATES	1468	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1422		1469
1423	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -	1470	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1424	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to	1471	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1425	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these	1472	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1426	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".	1473	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1427		1474
1428	=over 4	1475	=over 4
1429		1476
1430	=item initialiased	1477	=item initialised
1431		1478
1432	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be	1479	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1433	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to	1480	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
1434	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.	1481	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1435		1482
1436	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use	1483	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1437	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.	1484	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1485	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1486	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1438		1487
1439	=item started/running/active	1488	=item started/running/active
1440		1489
1441	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes	1490	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1442	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in	1491	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
…		…
1470	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless	1519	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1471	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before	1520	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
1472	freeing it is often a good idea.	1521	freeing it is often a good idea.
1473		1522
1474	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the	1523	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
1475	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way	1524	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
1476	you wish.	1525	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1526	it again).
1477		1527
1478	=back	1528	=back
1479		1529
1480	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1530	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1481		1531
…		…
1610	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1660	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1611	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1661	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1612	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1662	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1613	required if you know what you are doing).	1663	required if you know what you are doing).
1614		1664
1615	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1616	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1617	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1618	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1619	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1620
1621	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1665	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1622	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1666	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1623	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1667	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1624	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1668	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1625	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1669	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1626	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1670	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1627	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1628	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1671	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1629		1672
1630	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1673	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1631	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1674	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1632	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1675	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1633	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1676	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1634	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1677	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1635	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1678	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1636	indefinitely.	1679	indefinitely.
1637		1680
1638	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1681	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1639		1682
1640	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1683	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1641		1684
1642	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1685	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing
1643	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,	1686	a file descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other
1644	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1687	means, such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some
1645	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1688	file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently
1646	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1689	drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then
1647	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1690	is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is,
1648	fact, a different file descriptor.	1691	in fact, a different file descriptor.
1649		1692
1650	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows	1693	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
1651	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev	1694	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
1652	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise	1695	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
1653	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that	1696	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
…		…
1667		1710
1668	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1711	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1669	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1712	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1670	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1713	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1671		1714
		1715	=head3 The special problem of files
		1716
		1717	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1718	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1719	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1720
		1721	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1722	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1723	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1724	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1725	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1726
		1727	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1728	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1729	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1730	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1731	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1732
		1733	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1734	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1735	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1736	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1737	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1738	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1739	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1740	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1741	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1742
		1743	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1744	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1745	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1746	reuse the same code path.
		1747
1672	=head3 The special problem of fork	1748	=head3 The special problem of fork
1673		1749
1674	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1750	Some backends (epoll, kqueue, probably linuxaio) do not support C<fork ()>
1675	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1751	at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs
1676	it in the child.	1752	to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the
		1753	child.
1677		1754
1678	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1755	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1679	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1756	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1680	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1757	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1681	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1682		1758
1683	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1759	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1684		1760
1685	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1761	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1686	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1762	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1784	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1860	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1785	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1861	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1786		1862
1787	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1863	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1788	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1864	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1789	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1865	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1866	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1790	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1867	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1791	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1868	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1792	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).	1869	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1793		1870
1794	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1871	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1795		1872
1796	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1873	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1797	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1874	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1872		1949
1873	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1950	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1874	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1951	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1875	within the callback:	1952	within the callback:
1876		1953
		1954	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1877	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1955	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1956	ev_timer timer;
1878		1957
1879	static void	1958	static void
1880	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1959	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1881	{	1960	{
1882	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1961	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1883	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1962	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1884		1963
1885	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1964	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1886	if (timeout < now)	1965	if (after < 0.)
1887	{	1966	{
1888	// timeout occurred, take action	1967	// timeout occurred, take action
1889	}	1968	}
1890	else	1969	else
1891	{	1970	{
1892	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1971	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1893	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1972	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1894	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1973	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1895	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1974	// the timeout can occur.
		1975	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1896	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1976	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1897	}	1977	}
1898	}	1978	}
1899		1979
1900	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1980	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1901	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1981	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1902	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1982	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1903	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1983	(EV_A)> from that).
1904	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1905	a timeout then.
1906		1984
1907	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1985	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1908	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1986	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1987
		1988	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1989	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1990
		1991	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1992	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1993	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1909		1994
1910	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1995	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1911	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1996	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1912	libev to change the timeout.	1997	libev to change the timeout.
1913		1998
1914	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1999	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1915	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	2000	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1916	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	2001	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		2002	the timer:
1917		2003
		2004	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1918	ev_init (timer, callback);	2005	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1919	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	2006	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1920	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1921		2007
1922	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	2008	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1923	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	2009	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1924		2010
		2011	if (activity detected)
1925	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	2012	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		2013
		2014	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		2015	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		2016	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		2017
		2018	timeout = new_value;
		2019	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		2020	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1926		2021
1927	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	2022	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1928	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	2023	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1929
1930	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1931	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1932	fix things for you.
1933		2024
1934	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	2025	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1935		2026
1936	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	2027	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1937	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	2028	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1964	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	2055	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1965	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	2056	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1966	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	2057	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1967	overkill :)	2058	overkill :)
1968		2059
		2060	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		2061
		2062	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		2063	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		2064	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		2065	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		2066	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		2067
		2068	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		2069	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		2070
		2071	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		2072	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		2073	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		2074	expect.
		2075
		2076	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		2077	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		2078	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		2079	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2080	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2081
		2082	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2083	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2084	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2085	intentions.
		2086
		2087	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2088	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2089	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2090	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2091
		2092	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2093	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2094	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2095	late" side of things.
		2096
1969	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2097	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1970		2098
1971	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2099	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1972	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2100	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1973	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a	2101	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1974	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2102	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1975	lots of events in one iteration.	2103	lots of events in one iteration.
1976		2104
1977	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2105	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1978	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	2106	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1979	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	2107	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1980	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the	2108	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1981	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	2109	timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust
		2110	for it:
1982		2111
1983	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2112	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () - ev_now ()), 0.);
1984		2113
1985	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2114	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1986	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2115	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1987	()>.	2116	()>, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events
		2117	further into the future.
		2118
		2119	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2120
		2121	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2122	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2123	jumps).
		2124
		2125	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2126	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2127	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2128	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2129	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2130
		2131	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2132	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2133	a second or so.
		2134
		2135	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2136	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2137	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2138	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2139
		2140	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2141	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2142	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2143
		2144	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2145	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2146	exactly the right behaviour.
		2147
		2148	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2149	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2150	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1988		2151
1989	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2152	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1990		2153
1991	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2154	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1992	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2155	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
2022		2185
2023	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2186	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
2024		2187
2025	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2188	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
2026		2189
2027	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>	2190	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds (fractional and
2028	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is	2191	negative values are supported). If C<repeat> is C<0.>, then it will
2029	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be	2192	automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If it is positive,
2030	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,	2193	then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat>
2031	until stopped manually.	2194	seconds later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
2032		2195
2033	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if	2196	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
2034	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally	2197	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
2035	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot	2198	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
2036	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2199	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
2037	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2200	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
2038		2201
2039	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2202	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
2040		2203
2041	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2204	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
2042	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2205	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2206	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
2043		2207
		2208	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2209	applied to the watcher:
		2210
		2211	=over 4
		2212
2044	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2213	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
2045		2214
2046	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2215	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2216	out, without invoking it).
2047		2217
2048	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2218	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
2049	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2219	and start the timer, if necessary.
2050		2220
		2221	=back
		2222
2051	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2223	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
2052	usage example.	2224	usage example.
2053		2225
2054	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2226	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
2055		2227
2056	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2228	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
2109	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2281	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
2110	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2282	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
2111		2283
2112	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or	2284	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
2113	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time	2285	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
2114	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The	2286	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The
2115	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real	2287	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
2116	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your	2288	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
2117	wrist-watch).	2289	wrist-watch).
2118		2290
2119	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point	2291	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
…		…
2124	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting	2296	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
2125	it, as it uses a relative timeout).	2297	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
2126		2298
2127	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex	2299	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
2128	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or	2300	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
2129	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as	2301	other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with C<ev_timer>
2130	those cannot react to time jumps.	2302	watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps.
2131		2303
2132	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2304	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
2133	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple	2305	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
2134	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with	2306	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
2135	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values	2307	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
…		…
2176		2348
2177	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2349	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2178	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2350	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2179	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2351	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2180		2352
2181	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2353	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2182	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2354	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2183	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2355	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2356	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2357	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2358	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2184		2359
2185	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2360	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2186	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2361	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2187	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2362	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2188	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2363	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2218		2393
2219	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or	2394	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
2220	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.	2395	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
2221		2396
2222	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2397	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
2223	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the	2398	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate
2224	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2399	the next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for
2225	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2400	this. Here is a (completely untested, no error checking) example on how to
2226	reason I omitted it as an example).	2401	do this:
		2402
		2403	#include <time.h>
		2404
		2405	static ev_tstamp
		2406	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		2407	{
		2408	time_t tnow = (time_t)now;
		2409	struct tm tm;
		2410	localtime_r (&tnow, &tm);
		2411
		2412	tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day
		2413	++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day
		2414
		2415	return mktime (&tm);
		2416	}
		2417
		2418	Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two
		2419	midnights (beginning and end).
2227		2420
2228	=back	2421	=back
2229		2422
2230	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	2423	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
2231		2424
…		…
2296		2489
2297	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2490	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
2298	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2491	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
2299	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2492	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
2300	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2493	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
2301		2494
2302		2495
2303	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2496	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2304		2497
2305	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2498	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2306	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2499	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
…		…
2316	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your	2509	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
2317	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for	2510	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
2318	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At	2511	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
2319	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.	2512	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
2320		2513
2321	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something	2514	Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually
2322	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2515	register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal
2323	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).	2516	handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal.
2324		2517
2325	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2518	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
2326	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should	2519	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
2327	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting	2520	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
2328	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher	2521	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
…		…
2331	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2524	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2332		2525
2333	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2526	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2334	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2527	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2335	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2528	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2336	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2529	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2530	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2337		2531
2338	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2532	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2339	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2533	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2340	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2534	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2341	certain signals to be blocked.	2535	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2512		2706
2513	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2707	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
2514		2708
2515	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2709	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
2516	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2710	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
2517	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2711	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
2518	it did.	2712	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2713	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
2519		2714
2520	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2715	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
2521	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2716	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
2522	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2717	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
2523	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2718	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2753	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2948	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2754	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2949	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2755	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2950	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2756	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2951	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2757		2952
		2953	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2954
		2955	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2956	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2957	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2958	lowest priority will do.
		2959
		2960	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2961	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2962	between different connections.
		2963
		2964	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2965	example.
		2966
2758	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2967	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2759		2968
2760	=over 4	2969	=over 4
2761		2970
2762	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2971	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2773	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2982	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2774		2983
2775	static void	2984	static void
2776	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2985	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2777	{	2986	{
		2987	// stop the watcher
		2988	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2989
		2990	// now we can free it
2778	free (w);	2991	free (w);
		2992
2779	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2993	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2780	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2994	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2781	}	2995	}
2782		2996
2783	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2997	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2785	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	2999	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2786		3000
2787		3001
2788	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	3002	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2789		3003
2790	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	3004	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2791	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	3005	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2792	afterwards.	3006	afterwards.
2793		3007
2794	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter	3008	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> (or similar functions that enter the
2795	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	3009	current event loop) or C<ev_loop_fork> from either C<ev_prepare> or
2796	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	3010	C<ev_check> watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine,
2797	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	3011	however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check
2798	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	3012	for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be
2799	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	3013	C<ev_prepare>, blocking, C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each
2800	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	3014	kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
2801		3015
2802	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	3016	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
2803	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track	3017	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
2804	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	3018	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
2805	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	3019	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
…		…
2823	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	3037	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2824	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	3038	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2825	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	3039	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2826	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	3040	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2827		3041
2828	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	3042	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2829	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	3043	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2830	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	3044	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		3045	watchers).
2831		3046
2832	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	3047	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2833	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	3048	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2834	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	3049	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2835	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	3050	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2836	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	3051	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2837	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	3052	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2838	others).	3053	others).
		3054
		3055	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		3056
		3057	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		3058	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		3059	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		3060	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		3061	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		3062	connections have a chance of making progress.
		3063
		3064	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		3065	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		3066	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		3067
		3068	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		3069	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		3070	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		3071	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		3072	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2839		3073
2840	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3074	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2841		3075
2842	=over 4	3076	=over 4
2843		3077
…		…
3044		3278
3045	=over 4	3279	=over 4
3046		3280
3047	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3281	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
3048		3282
3049	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3283	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
3050		3284
3051	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3285	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
3052	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3286	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
3053	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3287	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
3054	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3288	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
…		…
3075	used).	3309	used).
3076		3310
3077	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3311	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
3078	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3312	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
3079	ev_embed embed;	3313	ev_embed embed;
3080		3314
3081	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3315	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
3082	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3316	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
3083	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3317	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
3084	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3318	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
3085	: 0;	3319	: 0;
…		…
3099	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3333	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
3100		3334
3101	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3335	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
3102	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3336	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
3103	ev_embed embed;	3337	ev_embed embed;
3104		3338
3105	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3339	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
3106	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3340	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
3107	{	3341	{
3108	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3342	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
3109	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	3343	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
…		…
3117		3351
3118	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3352	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
3119		3353
3120	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3354	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
3121	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3355	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
3122	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3356	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
3123	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3357	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
3124	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3358	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
3125	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3359	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
3126	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3360	of course.
3127		3361
3128	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?	3362	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
3129		3363
3130	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set	3364	Most uses of C<fork ()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
3131	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This	3365	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
3132	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.	3366	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
3133		3367
3134	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling	3368	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
3135	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the	3369	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
…		…
3212	atexit (program_exits);	3446	atexit (program_exits);
3213		3447
3214		3448
3215	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3449	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3216		3450
3217	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3451	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3218	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3452	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3219	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3453	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3220		3454
3221	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,	3455	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3222	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>	3456	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
…		…
3224	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.	3458	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3225		3459
3226	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3460	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3227	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3461	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3228	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3462	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3229	C<ev_async_sent> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind	3463	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3230	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused	3464	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3231	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,	3465	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3232	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.	3466	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3233
3234	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
3235	just the default loop.
3236		3467
3237	=head3 Queueing	3468	=head3 Queueing
3238		3469
3239	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3470	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3240	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3471	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3332	trust me.	3563	trust me.
3333		3564
3334	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3565	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3335		3566
3336	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3567	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3337	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3568	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3569	returns.
		3570
3338	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3571	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3339	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3572	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3340	section below on what exactly this means).	3573	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3341		3574
3342	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3575	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3343	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3576	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3344	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3577	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3345	reset when the event loop detects that).	3578	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3346		3579
3347	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3580	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3348	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3581	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3349	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3582	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3583	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3584	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3585	zero) under load.
3350		3586
3351	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3587	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3352		3588
3353	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3589	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3354	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3590	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3371		3607
3372	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	3608	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
3373		3609
3374	=over 4	3610	=over 4
3375		3611
3376	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3612	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)
3377		3613
3378	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3614	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
3379	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both	3615	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
3380	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3616	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
3381	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3617	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
…		…
3409	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3645	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3410		3646
3411	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3647	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3412		3648
3413	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3649	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3414	the given events it.	3650	the given events.
3415		3651
3416	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3652	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3417		3653
3418	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,	3654	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3419	which is async-safe.	3655	which is async-safe.
…		…
3425		3661
3426	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately	3662	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
3427	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this	3663	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
3428	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.	3664	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
3429		3665
3430	=over 4	3666	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
3431		3667
3432	=item Model/nested event loop invocations and exit conditions.	3668	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3669	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3670	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3671	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3672	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3673	data:
		3674
		3675	struct my_io
		3676	{
		3677	ev_io io;
		3678	int otherfd;
		3679	void *somedata;
		3680	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3681	};
		3682
		3683	...
		3684	struct my_io w;
		3685	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3686
		3687	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3688	can cast it back to your own type:
		3689
		3690	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3691	{
		3692	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3693	...
		3694	}
		3695
		3696	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3697	function type instead have been omitted.
		3698
		3699	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3700
		3701	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3702	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3703	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3704
		3705	struct my_biggy
		3706	{
		3707	int some_data;
		3708	ev_timer t1;
		3709	ev_timer t2;
		3710	}
		3711
		3712	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3713	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3714	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3715	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3716	real programmers):
		3717
		3718	#include <stddef.h>
		3719
		3720	static void
		3721	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3722	{
		3723	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3724	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3725	}
		3726
		3727	static void
		3728	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3729	{
		3730	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3731	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3732	}
		3733
		3734	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3735
		3736	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3737
		3738	callback ()
		3739	{
		3740	free (request);
		3741	}
		3742
		3743	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3744
		3745	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3746	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3747
		3748	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3749	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3750	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3751	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3752
		3753	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3754	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3755
		3756	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3757	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3758	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3759	already been invoked.
		3760
		3761	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3762	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3763	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3764	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3765	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3766	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3767
		3768	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3769	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3770
		3771	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3772	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3773
		3774	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
3433		3775
3434	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have	3776	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
3435	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively	3777	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
3436	invoking C<ev_run>.	3778	invoking C<ev_run>.
3437		3779
3438	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the	3780	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
3439	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but	3781	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
3440	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one	3782	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
3441	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some	3783	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
3442	other combination: In these cases, C<ev_break> will not work alone.	3784	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
3443		3785
3444	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>	3786	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
3445	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is	3787	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
3446	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:	3788	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
3447		3789
…		…
3449	int exit_main_loop = 0;	3791	int exit_main_loop = 0;
3450		3792
3451	while (!exit_main_loop)	3793	while (!exit_main_loop)
3452	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);	3794	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
3453		3795
3454	// in a model watcher	3796	// in a modal watcher
3455	int exit_nested_loop = 0;	3797	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
3456		3798
3457	while (!exit_nested_loop)	3799	while (!exit_nested_loop)
3458	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);	3800	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
3459		3801
…		…
3466	exit_main_loop = 1;	3808	exit_main_loop = 1;
3467		3809
3468	// exit both	3810	// exit both
3469	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;	3811	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
3470		3812
3471	=back	3813	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3814
		3815	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3816	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3817	created/added/removed.
		3818
		3819	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3820	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3821	languages).
		3822
		3823	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3824	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3825	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3826
		3827	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3828
		3829	typedef struct {
		3830	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3831	ev_async async_w;
		3832	thread_t tid;
		3833	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3834	} userdata;
		3835
		3836	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3837	{
		3838	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3839	static userdata u;
		3840
		3841	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3842	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3843
		3844	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3845	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3846
		3847	// now associate this with the loop
		3848	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3849	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3850	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3851
		3852	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3853	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3854	}
		3855
		3856	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3857	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3858	that might have been added:
		3859
		3860	static void
		3861	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3862	{
		3863	// just used for the side effects
		3864	}
		3865
		3866	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3867	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3868
		3869	static void
		3870	l_release (EV_P)
		3871	{
		3872	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3873	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3874	}
		3875
		3876	static void
		3877	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3878	{
		3879	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3880	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3881	}
		3882
		3883	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3884	into C<ev_run>:
		3885
		3886	void *
		3887	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3888	{
		3889	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3890
		3891	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3892	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3893	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3894	l_release (EV_A);
		3895
		3896	return 0;
		3897	}
		3898
		3899	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3900	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3901	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3902	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3903	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3904	watchers is very beneficial):
		3905
		3906	static void
		3907	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3908	{
		3909	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3910
		3911	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3912	{
		3913	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3914	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3915	}
		3916	}
		3917
		3918	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3919	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3920	thread to continue:
		3921
		3922	static void
		3923	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3924	{
		3925	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3926
		3927	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3928	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3929	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3930	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3931	}
		3932
		3933	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3934	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3935
		3936	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3937	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3938
		3939	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3940
		3941	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3942	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3943	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3944	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3945
		3946	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3947	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3948	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3949	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3950
		3951	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3952
		3953	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3954	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3955	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3956	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3957
		3958	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3959	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3960	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3961	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3962	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3963	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3964
		3965	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3966	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3967
		3968	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3969	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3970	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3971
		3972	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3973	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3974	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3975	called):
		3976
		3977	void
		3978	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3979	{
		3980	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3981	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3982	}
		3983
		3984	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3985	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3986	this or any other coroutine.
		3987
		3988	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3989	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3990	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3991	any waiters.
		3992
		3993	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3994	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3995
		3996	// my_ev.h
		3997	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3998	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3999	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		4000
		4001	// my_ev.c
		4002	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		4003	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		4004
		4005	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		4006	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		4007	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3472		4008
3473		4009
3474	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	4010	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3475		4011
3476	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	4012	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
…		…
3506		4042
3507	=back	4043	=back
3508		4044
3509	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	4045	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
3510		4046
		4047	=head2 C API
		4048
		4049	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		4050	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		4051	will work fine.
		4052
		4053	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		4054	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other
		4055	callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic reschedule
		4056	callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<noexcept>
		4057	specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and
		4058	C++ you can use the C<EV_NOEXCEPT> macro for this:
		4059
		4060	static void
		4061	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT
		4062	{
		4063	perror (msg);
		4064	abort ();
		4065	}
		4066
		4067	...
		4068	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		4069
		4070	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		4071	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		4072	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		4073
		4074	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		4075	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		4076	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		4077
		4078	=head2 C++ API
		4079
3511	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	4080	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3512	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	4081	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3513	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	4082	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3514		4083
3515	To use it,	4084	To use it,
3516		4085
3517	#include <ev++.h>	4086	#include <ev++.h>
3518		4087
3519	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	4088	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
3520	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	4089	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
3521	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	4090	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
…		…
3530	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy	4099	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3531	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If	4100	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3532	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author	4101	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3533	(preferably after implementing it).	4102	(preferably after implementing it).
3534		4103
		4104	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4105	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4106	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
		4107
3535	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4108	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3536		4109
3537	=over 4	4110	=over 4
3538		4111
3539	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.	4112	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.
…		…
3548	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4121	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3549		4122
3550	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4123	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3551	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4124	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3552	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4125	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3553	defines by many implementations.	4126	defined by many implementations.
3554		4127
3555	All of those classes have these methods:	4128	All of those classes have these methods:
3556		4129
3557	=over 4	4130	=over 4
3558		4131
…		…
3620	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)	4193	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
3621	{	4194	{
3622	...	4195	...
3623	}	4196	}
3624	}	4197	}
3625		4198
3626	myfunctor f;	4199	myfunctor f;
3627		4200
3628	ev::io w;	4201	ev::io w;
3629	w.set (&f);	4202	w.set (&f);
3630		4203
…		…
3648	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4221	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
3649	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4222	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
3650		4223
3651	=item w->set ([arguments])	4224	=item w->set ([arguments])
3652		4225
3653	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this	4226	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
3654	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the	4227	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3655	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted	4228	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3656	when reconfiguring it with this method.	4229	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		4230	method.
		4231
		4232	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4233	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3657		4234
3658	=item w->start ()	4235	=item w->start ()
3659		4236
3660	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4237	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3661	constructor already stores the event loop.	4238	constructor already stores the event loop.
…		…
3691	watchers in the constructor.	4268	watchers in the constructor.
3692		4269
3693	class myclass	4270	class myclass
3694	{	4271	{
3695	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4272	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3696	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4273	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3697	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4274	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3698		4275
3699	myclass (int fd)	4276	myclass (int fd)
3700	{	4277	{
3701	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4278	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
…		…
3752	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4329	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3753		4330
3754	=item D	4331	=item D
3755		4332
3756	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4333	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3757	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4334	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3758		4335
3759	=item Ocaml	4336	=item Ocaml
3760		4337
3761	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4338	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3762	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4339	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3765		4342
3766	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4343	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3767	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4344	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3768	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4345	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3769		4346
		4347	=item Javascript
		4348
		4349	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4350
		4351	=item Others
		4352
		4353	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4354
3770	=back	4355	=back
3771		4356
3772		4357
3773	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4358	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3774		4359
…		…
3810	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4395	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3811		4396
3812	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4397	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3813		4398
3814	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4399	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3815	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4400	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4401	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4402
		4403	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4404	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3816		4405
3817	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4406	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3818		4407
3819	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4408	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3820	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4409	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3887	ev_vars.h	4476	ev_vars.h
3888	ev_wrap.h	4477	ev_wrap.h
3889		4478
3890	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	4479	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
3891		4480
3892	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	4481	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled
3893	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4482	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled
3894	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4483	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled
		4484	ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled
3895	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4485	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled
3896	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4486	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled
3897		4487
3898	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	4488	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
3899	to compile this single file.	4489	to compile this single file.
3900		4490
3901	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	4491	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
…		…
3965	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4555	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3966	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4556	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3967		4557
3968	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4558	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3969	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4559	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4560
		4561	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4562
		4563	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4564	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4565	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4566	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4567	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4568	this.
3970		4569
3971	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4570	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3972		4571
3973	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4572	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3974	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4573	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
4060	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4659	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
4061	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4660	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
4062	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4661	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
4063	the underlying OS handle.	4662	the underlying OS handle.
4064		4663
		4664	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4665
		4666	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4667	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4668	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4669	environments.
		4670
4065	=item EV_USE_POLL	4671	=item EV_USE_POLL
4066		4672
4067	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4673	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
4068	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4674	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
4069	takes precedence over select.	4675	takes precedence over select.
…		…
4073	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	4679	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
4074	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	4680	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
4075	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	4681	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
4076	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the	4682	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
4077	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4683	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		4684
		4685	=item EV_USE_LINUXAIO
		4686
		4687	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		4688	aio backend. Due to it's currenbt limitations it has to be requested
		4689	explicitly. If undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise
		4690	disabled.
4078		4691
4079	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	4692	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
4080		4693
4081	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	4694	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
4082	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	4695	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
4104	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4717	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
4105	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4718	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
4106	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4719	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
4107	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4720	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
4108		4721
		4722	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4723
		4724	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4725	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4726	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4727	and makes libev faster.
		4728
		4729	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4730
		4731	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4732	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4733	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4734	libev faster.
		4735
4109	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4736	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
4110		4737
4111	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4738	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
4112	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4739	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
4113	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4740	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
4114	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4741	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
4115	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4742	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4743	watchers.
4116		4744
4117	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4745	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
4118	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4746	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
4119		4747
4120	=item EV_H (h)	4748	=item EV_H (h)
…		…
4147	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4775	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
4148	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4776	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
4149	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4777	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
4150	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4778	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
4151		4779
		4780	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4781	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4782	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4783
4152	=item EV_MINPRI	4784	=item EV_MINPRI
4153		4785
4154	=item EV_MAXPRI	4786	=item EV_MAXPRI
4155		4787
4156	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4788	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
4192	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4824	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
4193	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4825	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
4194	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4826	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
4195		4827
4196	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4828	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
4197	values:	4829	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
4198		4830
4199	=over 4	4831	=over 4
4200		4832
4201	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4833	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
4202		4834
…		…
4206	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).	4838	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
4207		4839
4208	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4840	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
4209	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4841	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
4210	assertions.	4842	assertions.
		4843
		4844	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4845	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
4211		4846
4212	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4847	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
4213		4848
4214	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4849	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
4215	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size	4850	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
4216	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4851	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
4217	runtime.	4852	runtime.
4218		4853
		4854	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4855	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4856
4219	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4857	=item C<4> - full API configuration
4220		4858
4221	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4859	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
4222	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4860	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
4223		4861
…		…
4253		4891
4254	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4892	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
4255	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4893	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
4256	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4894	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
4257	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4895	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4896
		4897	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4898
		4899	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4900	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4901	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4902	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4903	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4904
		4905	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4906	wants to use libev.
		4907
		4908	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4909	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
4258		4910
4259	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4911	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
4260		4912
4261	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4913	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
4262	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size	4914	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
…		…
4406	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	5058	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4407		5059
4408	#include "ev_cpp.h"	5060	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4409	#include "ev.c"	5061	#include "ev.c"
4410		5062
4411	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	5063	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4412		5064
4413	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	5065	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4414		5066
4415	=head3 THREADS	5067	=head3 THREADS
4416		5068
…		…
4467	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5119	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4468	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5120	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4469		5121
4470	=back	5122	=back
4471		5123
4472	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5124	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4473
4474	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4475	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4476	created/added/removed.
4477
4478	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4479	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4480	languages).
4481
4482	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4483	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4484	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4485
4486	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4487
4488	typedef struct {
4489	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4490	ev_async async_w;
4491	thread_t tid;
4492	cond_t invoke_cv;
4493	} userdata;
4494
4495	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4496	{
4497	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4498	static userdata u;
4499
4500	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4501	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4502
4503	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4504	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4505
4506	// now associate this with the loop
4507	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4508	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4509	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4510
4511	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4512	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4513	}
4514
4515	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4516	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4517	that might have been added:
4518
4519	static void
4520	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4521	{
4522	// just used for the side effects
4523	}
4524
4525	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4526	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4527
4528	static void
4529	l_release (EV_P)
4530	{
4531	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4532	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4533	}
4534
4535	static void
4536	l_acquire (EV_P)
4537	{
4538	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4539	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4540	}
4541
4542	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4543	into C<ev_run>:
4544
4545	void *
4546	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4547	{
4548	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4549
4550	l_acquire (EV_A);
4551	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4552	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
4553	l_release (EV_A);
4554
4555	return 0;
4556	}
4557
4558	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4559	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4560	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4561	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4562	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4563	watchers is very beneficial):
4564
4565	static void
4566	l_invoke (EV_P)
4567	{
4568	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4569
4570	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4571	{
4572	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4573	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4574	}
4575	}
4576
4577	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4578	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4579	thread to continue:
4580
4581	static void
4582	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4583	{
4584	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4585
4586	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4587	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4588	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4589	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4590	}
4591
4592	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4593	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4594
4595	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4596	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4597
4598	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4599
4600	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4601	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4602	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4603	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4604
4605	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4606	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4607	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4608	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4609		5125
4610	=head3 COROUTINES	5126	=head3 COROUTINES
4611		5127
4612	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5128	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4613	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5129	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
…		…
4778	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5294	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4779	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5295	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4780	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5296	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4781	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5297	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4782	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,	5298	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
4783	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible	5299	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
4784	environment.	5300	environment.
4785		5301
4786	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5302	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4787	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,	5303	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4788	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note	5304	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
…		…
4882	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5398	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4883	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5399	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4884	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5400	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4885	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5401	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
4886		5402
		5403	=item null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes
		5404
		5405	Libev uses C<memset> to initialise structs and arrays to C<0> bytes, and
		5406	relies on this setting pointers and integers to null.
		5407
4887	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic	5408	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
4888		5409
4889	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and	5410	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
4890	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.	5411	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
4891		5412
…		…
4904	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5425	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
4905	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5426	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
4906	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5427	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
4907		5428
4908	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5429	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
4909	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5430	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
4910	well.	5431	thread as well.
4911		5432
4912	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5433	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
4913		5434
4914	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5435	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
4915	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5436	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
4921		5442
4922	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5443	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4923	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is	5444	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4924	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy	5445	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
4925	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by	5446	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4926	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With	5447	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5448
4927	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.	5449	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
		5450	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5451	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5452	something like that, just kidding).
4928		5453
4929	=back	5454	=back
4930		5455
4931	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5456	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4932		5457
…		…
4994	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5519	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4995		5520
4996	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5521	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
4997		5522
4998	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5523	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
4999	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5524	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5525	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
5000	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5526	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
5001		5527
5002	=back	5528	=back
5003		5529
5004		5530
5005	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5531	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
…		…
5014	=over 4	5540	=over 4
5015		5541
5016	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism	5542	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
5017		5543
5018	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by	5544	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
5019	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>	5545	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"> in the L</EMBEDDING>
5020	section.	5546	section.
5021		5547
5022	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed	5548	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
5023		5549
5024	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:	5550	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
…		…
5067	=over 4	5593	=over 4
5068		5594
5069	=item active	5595	=item active
5070		5596
5071	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.	5597	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
5072	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5598	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
5073		5599
5074	=item application	5600	=item application
5075		5601
5076	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5602	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
5077		5603
…		…
5113	watchers and events.	5639	watchers and events.
5114		5640
5115	=item pending	5641	=item pending
5116		5642
5117	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been	5643	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
5118	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5644	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
5119		5645
5120	=item real time	5646	=item real time
5121		5647
5122	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5648	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
5123		5649
5124	=item wall-clock time	5650	=item wall-clock time
5125		5651
5126	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5652	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
5127	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5653	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
5128	clock.	5654	clock.
5129		5655
5130	=item watcher	5656	=item watcher
5131		5657
5132	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5658	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
…		…
5135	=back	5661	=back
5136		5662
5137	=head1 AUTHOR	5663	=head1 AUTHOR
5138		5664
5139	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael	5665	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
5140	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta.	5666	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
5141		5667

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