[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.352 by root, Mon Jan 10 14:30:15 2011 UTC vs.
Revision 1.369 by root, Mon May 30 18:34:28 2011 UTC

…		…
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		59
60	// now wait for events to arrive	60	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_run (loop, 0);	61	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		62
63	// unloop was called, so exit	63	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	64	return 0;
65	}	65	}
66		66
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		68
…		…
442		442
443	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or	443	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
444	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev	444	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
445	unblocking the signals.	445	unblocking the signals.
446		446
		447	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		448	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		449
447	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.	450	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
448		451
449	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	452	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
450		453
451	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	454	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
…		…
480	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	483	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
481		484
482	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	485	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
483	kernels).	486	kernels).
484		487
485	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	488	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
486	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	489	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
487	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	490	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
488	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	491	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
489		492
490	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	493	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
491	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	494	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
492	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	495	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
493	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,	496	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
…		…
506	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	509	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the
507	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	510	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last
508	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	511	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
509	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	512	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
510		513
511	Epoll is truly the train wreck analog among event poll mechanisms.	514	Epoll is truly the train wreck analog among event poll mechanisms,
		515	a frankenpoll, cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or
		516	interaction with others.
512		517
513	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	518	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
514	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	519	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
515	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	520	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
516	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	521	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
595	hacks).	600	hacks).
596		601
597	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that	602	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
598	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling	603	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
599	function sometimes returning events to the caller even though an error	604	function sometimes returning events to the caller even though an error
600	occured, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's	605	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
601	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where	606	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where
602	you absolutely have to know whether an event occured or not because you	607	you absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you
603	have to re-arm the watcher.	608	have to re-arm the watcher.
604		609
605	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.	610	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
606		611
607	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	612	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
…		…
820	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	825	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
821	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	826	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
822	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	827	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
823	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	828	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
824		829
825	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:	830	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		831	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		832	future versions):
826		833
827	- Increment loop depth.	834	- Increment loop depth.
828	- Reset the ev_break status.	835	- Reset the ev_break status.
829	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	836	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
830	LOOP:	837	LOOP:
…		…
863	anymore.	870	anymore.
864		871
865	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	872	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
866	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	873	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
867	ev_run (my_loop, 0);	874	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
868	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	875	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
869		876
870	=item ev_break (loop, how)	877	=item ev_break (loop, how)
871		878
872	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	879	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
873	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	880	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
…		…
1355	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1362	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1356	functions that do not need a watcher.	1363	functions that do not need a watcher.
1357		1364
1358	=back	1365	=back
1359		1366
1360	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1367	See also the L<ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L<BUILDING YOUR
1361		1368	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1362	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1363	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
1364	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
1365	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
1366	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1367	data:
1368
1369	struct my_io
1370	{
1371	ev_io io;
1372	int otherfd;
1373	void *somedata;
1374	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1375	};
1376
1377	...
1378	struct my_io w;
1379	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1380
1381	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1382	can cast it back to your own type:
1383
1384	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w_, int revents)
1385	{
1386	struct my_io w = (struct my_io )w_;
1387	...
1388	}
1389
1390	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1391	instead have been omitted.
1392
1393	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1394	embedded watchers:
1395
1396	struct my_biggy
1397	{
1398	int some_data;
1399	ev_timer t1;
1400	ev_timer t2;
1401	}
1402
1403	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1404	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1405	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1406	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1407	programmers):
1408
1409	#include <stddef.h>
1410
1411	static void
1412	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1413	{
1414	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1415	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1416	}
1417
1418	static void
1419	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1420	{
1421	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1422	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1423	}
1424		1369
1425	=head2 WATCHER STATES	1370	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1426		1371
1427	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -	1372	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1428	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to	1373	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
…		…
1435		1380
1436	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be	1381	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be
1437	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to	1382	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
1438	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.	1383	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1439		1384
1440	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use	1385	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1441	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.	1386	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1387	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1388	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1442		1389
1443	=item started/running/active	1390	=item started/running/active
1444		1391
1445	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes	1392	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1446	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in	1393	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
…		…
1474	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless	1421	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1475	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before	1422	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
1476	freeing it is often a good idea.	1423	freeing it is often a good idea.
1477		1424
1478	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the	1425	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
1479	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way	1426	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
1480	you wish.	1427	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1428	it again).
1481		1429
1482	=back	1430	=back
1483		1431
1484	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1432	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1485		1433
…		…
1614	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1562	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1615	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1563	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1616	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1564	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1617	required if you know what you are doing).	1565	required if you know what you are doing).
1618		1566
1619	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1620	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1621	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1622	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1623	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1624
1625	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1567	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1626	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1568	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1627	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1569	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1628	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1570	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1629	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1571	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1630	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1572	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1631	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1632	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1573	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1633		1574
1634	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1575	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1635	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1576	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1636	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1577	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1637	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1578	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1638	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1579	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1639	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1580	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1640	indefinitely.	1581	indefinitely.
1641		1582
1642	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1583	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1643		1584
…		…
1671		1612
1672	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1613	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1673	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1614	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1674	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1615	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1675		1616
		1617	=head3 The special problem of files
		1618
		1619	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1620	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1621	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1622
		1623	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1624	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1625	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1626	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1627	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1628
		1629	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1630	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1631	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1632	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1633	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1634
		1635	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1636	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1637	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1638	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1639	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1640	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1641	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1642	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1643	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1644
		1645	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1646	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1647	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1648	reuse the same code path.
		1649
1676	=head3 The special problem of fork	1650	=head3 The special problem of fork
1677		1651
1678	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1652	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
1679	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1653	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
1680	it in the child.	1654	it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the child.
1681		1655
1682	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1656	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1683	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1657	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1684	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1658	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1685	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1686		1659
1687	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1660	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1688		1661
1689	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1662	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1690	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1663	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
2180		2153
2181	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2154	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2182	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2155	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2183	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2156	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2184		2157
2185	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2158	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2186	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2159	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2187	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2160	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2161	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2162	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2163	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2188		2164
2189	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2165	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2190	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2166	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2191	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2167	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2192	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2168	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2335	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2311	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2336		2312
2337	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2313	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2338	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2314	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2339	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2315	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2340	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2316	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2317	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2341		2318
2342	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2319	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2343	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2320	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2344	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2321	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2345	certain signals to be blocked.	2322	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
3216	atexit (program_exits);	3193	atexit (program_exits);
3217		3194
3218		3195
3219	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3196	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3220		3197
3221	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3198	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3222	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3199	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3223	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3200	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3224		3201
3225	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,	3202	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3226	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>	3203	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
…		…
3336	trust me.	3313	trust me.
3337		3314
3338	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3315	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3339		3316
3340	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3317	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3341	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3318	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3319	returns.
		3320
3342	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3321	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3343	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3322	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3344	section below on what exactly this means).	3323	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3345		3324
3346	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3325	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3347	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3326	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this
3348	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3327	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,
3349	reset when the event loop detects that).	3328	reset when the event loop detects that).
…		…
3429		3408
3430	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately	3409	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
3431	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this	3410	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
3432	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.	3411	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
3433		3412
3434	=over 4	3413	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
3435		3414
3436	=item Model/nested event loop invocations and exit conditions.	3415	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3416	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3417	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3418	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3419	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3420	data:
		3421
		3422	struct my_io
		3423	{
		3424	ev_io io;
		3425	int otherfd;
		3426	void *somedata;
		3427	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3428	};
		3429
		3430	...
		3431	struct my_io w;
		3432	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3433
		3434	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3435	can cast it back to your own type:
		3436
		3437	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, ev_io w_, int revents)
		3438	{
		3439	struct my_io w = (struct my_io )w_;
		3440	...
		3441	}
		3442
		3443	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3444	function type instead have been omitted.
		3445
		3446	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3447
		3448	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3449	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3450	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3451
		3452	struct my_biggy
		3453	{
		3454	int some_data;
		3455	ev_timer t1;
		3456	ev_timer t2;
		3457	}
		3458
		3459	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3460	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3461	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3462	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3463	real programmers):
		3464
		3465	#include <stddef.h>
		3466
		3467	static void
		3468	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3469	{
		3470	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3471	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3472	}
		3473
		3474	static void
		3475	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3476	{
		3477	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3478	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3479	}
		3480
		3481	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
3437		3482
3438	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have	3483	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
3439	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively	3484	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
3440	invoking C<ev_run>.	3485	invoking C<ev_run>.
3441		3486
…		…
3470	exit_main_loop = 1;	3515	exit_main_loop = 1;
3471		3516
3472	// exit both	3517	// exit both
3473	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;	3518	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
3474		3519
3475	=back	3520	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3521
		3522	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3523	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3524	created/added/removed.
		3525
		3526	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3527	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3528	languages).
		3529
		3530	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3531	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3532	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3533
		3534	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3535
		3536	typedef struct {
		3537	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3538	ev_async async_w;
		3539	thread_t tid;
		3540	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3541	} userdata;
		3542
		3543	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3544	{
		3545	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3546	static userdata u;
		3547
		3548	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3549	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3550
		3551	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3552	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3553
		3554	// now associate this with the loop
		3555	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3556	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3557	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3558
		3559	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3560	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3561	}
		3562
		3563	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3564	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3565	that might have been added:
		3566
		3567	static void
		3568	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3569	{
		3570	// just used for the side effects
		3571	}
		3572
		3573	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3574	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3575
		3576	static void
		3577	l_release (EV_P)
		3578	{
		3579	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3580	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3581	}
		3582
		3583	static void
		3584	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3585	{
		3586	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3587	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3588	}
		3589
		3590	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3591	into C<ev_run>:
		3592
		3593	void *
		3594	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3595	{
		3596	struct ev_loop loop = (struct ev_loop )thr_arg;
		3597
		3598	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3599	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3600	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3601	l_release (EV_A);
		3602
		3603	return 0;
		3604	}
		3605
		3606	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3607	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3608	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3609	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3610	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3611	watchers is very beneficial):
		3612
		3613	static void
		3614	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3615	{
		3616	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3617
		3618	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3619	{
		3620	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3621	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3622	}
		3623	}
		3624
		3625	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3626	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3627	thread to continue:
		3628
		3629	static void
		3630	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3631	{
		3632	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3633
		3634	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3635	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3636	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3637	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3638	}
		3639
		3640	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3641	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3642
		3643	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3644	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3645
		3646	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3647
		3648	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3649	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3650	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3651	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3652
		3653	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3654	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3655	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3656	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3657
		3658	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3659
		3660	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3661	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3662	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3663	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3664
		3665	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3666	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3667	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3668	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3669	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3670	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3671
		3672	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3673	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3674
		3675	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3676	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3677	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3678
		3679	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3680	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3681	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3682	called):
		3683
		3684	void
		3685	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3686	{
		3687	ev_cb_set (w) = current_coro;
		3688	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3689	}
		3690
		3691	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3692	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3693	this or any other coroutine. I am sure if you sue this your own :)
		3694
		3695	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3696	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3697	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3698	any waiters.
		3699
		3700	To embed libev, see L<EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3701	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3702
		3703	// my_ev.h
		3704	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3705	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb);
		3706	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3707
		3708	// my_ev.c
		3709	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3710	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3711
		3712	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		3713	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		3714	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3476		3715
3477		3716
3478	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	3717	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3479		3718
3480	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	3719	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
…		…
3970	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4209	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3971		4210
3972	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4211	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3973	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4212	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
3974		4213
		4214	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4215
		4216	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4217	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4218	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4219	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4220	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4221	this.
		4222
3975	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4223	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3976		4224
3977	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4225	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3978	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4226	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
3979	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,	4227	use of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this,
…		…
4410	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	4658	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4411		4659
4412	#include "ev_cpp.h"	4660	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4413	#include "ev.c"	4661	#include "ev.c"
4414		4662
4415	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	4663	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4416		4664
4417	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	4665	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4418		4666
4419	=head3 THREADS	4667	=head3 THREADS
4420		4668
…		…
4471	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	4719	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4472	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	4720	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4473		4721
4474	=back	4722	=back
4475		4723
4476	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	4724	See also L<THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4477
4478	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4479	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4480	created/added/removed.
4481
4482	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4483	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4484	languages).
4485
4486	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4487	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4488	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4489
4490	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4491
4492	typedef struct {
4493	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4494	ev_async async_w;
4495	thread_t tid;
4496	cond_t invoke_cv;
4497	} userdata;
4498
4499	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4500	{
4501	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4502	static userdata u;
4503
4504	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4505	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4506
4507	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4508	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4509
4510	// now associate this with the loop
4511	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4512	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4513	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4514
4515	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4516	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4517	}
4518
4519	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4520	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4521	that might have been added:
4522
4523	static void
4524	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4525	{
4526	// just used for the side effects
4527	}
4528
4529	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4530	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4531
4532	static void
4533	l_release (EV_P)
4534	{
4535	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4536	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4537	}
4538
4539	static void
4540	l_acquire (EV_P)
4541	{
4542	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4543	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4544	}
4545
4546	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4547	into C<ev_run>:
4548
4549	void *
4550	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4551	{
4552	struct ev_loop loop = (struct ev_loop )thr_arg;
4553
4554	l_acquire (EV_A);
4555	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4556	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
4557	l_release (EV_A);
4558
4559	return 0;
4560	}
4561
4562	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4563	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4564	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4565	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4566	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4567	watchers is very beneficial):
4568
4569	static void
4570	l_invoke (EV_P)
4571	{
4572	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4573
4574	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4575	{
4576	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4577	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4578	}
4579	}
4580
4581	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4582	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4583	thread to continue:
4584
4585	static void
4586	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4587	{
4588	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4589
4590	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4591	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4592	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4593	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4594	}
4595
4596	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4597	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4598
4599	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4600	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4601
4602	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4603
4604	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4605	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4606	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4607	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4608
4609	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4610	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4611	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4612	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4613		4725
4614	=head3 COROUTINES	4726	=head3 COROUTINES
4615		4727
4616	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	4728	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4617	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	4729	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
…		…
5126	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5238	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
5127		5239
5128	=item wall-clock time	5240	=item wall-clock time
5129		5241
5130	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5242	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
5131	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5243	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
5132	clock.	5244	clock.
5133		5245
5134	=item watcher	5246	=item watcher
5135		5247
5136	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5248	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
…		…
5139	=back	5251	=back
5140		5252
5141	=head1 AUTHOR	5253	=head1 AUTHOR
5142		5254
5143	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael	5255	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
5144	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta.	5256	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
5145		5257

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.352 by root, Mon Jan 10 14:30:15 2011 UTC vs. Revision 1.369 by root, Mon May 30 18:34:28 2011 UTC

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.352 by root, Mon Jan 10 14:30:15 2011 UTC vs.
Revision 1.369 by root, Mon May 30 18:34:28 2011 UTC