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…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
		9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
		10
		11	#include <ev.h>
		12
		13	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		15
		16	/* called when data readable on stdin */
		17	static void
		18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		19	{
		20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */
		21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
		22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
		23	}
		24
		25	static void
		26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		27	{
		28	/* puts ("timeout"); */
		29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
		30	}
		31
		32	int
		33	main (void)
		34	{
		35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		36
		37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
		38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
		39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		40
		41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
		42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
		44
		45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */
		46	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		47
		48	return 0;
		49	}
		50
9	=head1 DESCRIPTION	51	=head1 DESCRIPTION
		52
		53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted
		54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.
10		56
11	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
12	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
13	these event sources and provide your program with events.	59	these event sources and provide your program with events.
14		60
…		…
21	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	67	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
22	watcher.	68	watcher.
23		69
24	=head1 FEATURES	70	=head1 FEATURES
25		71
26	Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific	72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
27	kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute	73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
28	timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change	74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
29	events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event	75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
30	loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite	76	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals
		77	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event
		78	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,
		79	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as
		80	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events
		81	(C<ev_fork>).
		82
		83	It also is quite fast (see this
31	fast (see this L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing	84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
32	it to libevent for example).	85	for example).
33		86
34	=head1 CONVENTIONS	87	=head1 CONVENTIONS
35		88
36	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration	89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
37	will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info	90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
38	about various configuration options please have a look at the file	91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in
39	F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without	92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
40	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial	93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>
41	argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>)	94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.
42	will not have this argument.
43		95
44	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	96	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION
45		97
46	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
47	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
48	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
49	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
50	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
51	it, you should treat it as such.	103	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name
52		104	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		105	throughout libev.
53		106
54	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	107	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
55		108
56	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	109	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
57	library in any way.	110	library in any way.
…		…
66		119
67	=item int ev_version_major ()	120	=item int ev_version_major ()
68		121
69	=item int ev_version_minor ()	122	=item int ev_version_minor ()
70		123
71	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	124	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
72	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	125	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
73	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	126	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
74	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	127	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
75	version of the library your program was compiled against.	128	version of the library your program was compiled against.
76		129
		130	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		131	release version.
		132
77	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	133	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
78	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	134	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
79	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	135	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
80	not a problem.	136	not a problem.
81		137
82	Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	138	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
83	version:	139	version.
84		140
85	assert (("libev version mismatch",	141	assert (("libev version mismatch",
86	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	142	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
87	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	143	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
88		144
…		…
118		174
119	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	175	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
120		176
121	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	177	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
122		178
123	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the	179	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
124	realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate	180	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to
125	and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory	181	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when
126	needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially	182	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some
127	destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.	183	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc
		184	function.
128		185
129	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	186	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
130	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	187	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
131	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	188	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
132		189
133	Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	190	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
134	retries: better than mine).	191	retries).
135		192
136	static void *	193	static void *
137	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size)	194	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
138	{	195	{
139	for (;;)	196	for (;;)
140	{	197	{
141	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	198	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
142		199
…		…
158	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	215	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
159	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	216	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
160	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	217	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
161	(such as abort).	218	(such as abort).
162		219
163	Example: do the same thing as libev does internally:	220	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
164		221
165	static void	222	static void
166	fatal_error (const char *msg)	223	fatal_error (const char *msg)
167	{	224	{
168	perror (msg);	225	perror (msg);
…		…
218	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	275	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
219	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	276	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
220	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	277	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
221	around bugs.	278	around bugs.
222		279
		280	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		281
		282	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		283	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		284	enabling this flag.
		285
		286	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		287	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		288	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		289	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		290	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has
		291	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		292
		293	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		294	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		295	flag.
		296
		297	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		298	environment variable.
		299
223	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	300	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
224		301
225	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	302	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
226	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	303	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
227	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	304	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
…		…
314	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	391	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
315	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	392	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
316	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	393	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
317	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	394	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
318		395
319	Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	396	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
320		397
321	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	398	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
322	if (!epoller)	399	if (!epoller)
323	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	400	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
324		401
325	=item ev_default_destroy ()	402	=item ev_default_destroy ()
326		403
327	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	404	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
328	etc.). This stops all registered event watchers (by not touching them in	405	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
329	any way whatsoever, although you cannot rely on this :).	406	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
		407	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>
		408	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
		409	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
		410	for example).
330		411
331	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	412	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
332		413
333	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	414	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
334	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	415	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
357	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	438	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
358		439
359	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	440	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
360	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	441	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
361	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	442	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
		443
		444	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		445
		446	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		447	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		448	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		449
		450	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		451	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		452	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
362		453
363	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	454	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
364		455
365	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	456	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
366	use.	457	use.
…		…
400	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	491	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
401	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	492	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
402		493
403	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	494	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
404		495
		496	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
405	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	497	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
406	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	498	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
407	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	499	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
408	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	500	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
409	- Update the "event loop time".	501	- Update the "event loop time".
410	- Calculate for how long to block.	502	- Calculate for how long to block.
411	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	503	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
…		…
419	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	511	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
420	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	512	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
421	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	513	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
422	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	514	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
423		515
424	Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	516	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
425	anymore.	517	anymore.
426		518
427	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	519	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
428	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	520	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
429	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	521	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
…		…
449	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	541	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
450	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	542	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
451	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	543	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
452	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	544	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.
453		545
454	Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	546	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
455	running when nothing else is active.	547	running when nothing else is active.
456		548
457	struct dv_signal exitsig;	549	struct ev_signal exitsig;
458	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	550	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
459	ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig);	551	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
460	evf_unref (myloop);	552	evf_unref (loop);
461		553
462	Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	554	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
463		555
464	ev_ref (myloop);	556	ev_ref (loop);
465	ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig);	557	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
466		558
467	=back	559	=back
		560
468		561
469	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	562	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
470		563
471	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	564	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
472	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	565	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
…		…
539	The signal specified in the C<ev_signal> watcher has been received by a thread.	632	The signal specified in the C<ev_signal> watcher has been received by a thread.
540		633
541	=item C<EV_CHILD>	634	=item C<EV_CHILD>
542		635
543	The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change.	636	The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change.
		637
		638	=item C<EV_STAT>
		639
		640	The path specified in the C<ev_stat> watcher changed its attributes somehow.
544		641
545	=item C<EV_IDLE>	642	=item C<EV_IDLE>
546		643
547	The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.	644	The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
548		645
…		…
556	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	653	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
557	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	654	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
558	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	655	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
559	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	656	C<ev_loop> from blocking).
560		657
		658	=item C<EV_EMBED>
		659
		660	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
		661
		662	=item C<EV_FORK>
		663
		664	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
		665	C<ev_fork>).
		666
561	=item C<EV_ERROR>	667	=item C<EV_ERROR>
562		668
563	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	669	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
564	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	670	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
565	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	671	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
…		…
572	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	678	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded
573	programs, though, so beware.	679	programs, though, so beware.
574		680
575	=back	681	=back
576		682
577	=head2 SUMMARY OF GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	683	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
578		684
579	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,	685	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
580	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.	686	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
581		687
582	=over 4	688	=over 4
…		…
591	which rolls both calls into one.	697	which rolls both calls into one.
592		698
593	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped	699	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
594	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.	700	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
595		701
596	The callbakc is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,	702	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
597	int revents)>.	703	int revents)>.
598		704
599	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])	705	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
600		706
601	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to	707	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
…		…
636	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	742	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
637		743
638	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	744	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
639	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	745	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
640	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	746	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
641	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	747	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
642	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	748	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		749	it).
643		750
644	=item callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	751	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
645		752
646	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	753	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
647		754
648	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	755	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
649		756
650	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	757	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
651	(modulo threads).	758	(modulo threads).
		759
		760	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		761
		762	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		763
		764	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		765	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		766	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		767	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		768	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		769
		770	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		771	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		772	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		773	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		774
		775	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		776	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		777
		778	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		779	pending.
		780
		781	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		782	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		783
		784	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		785	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		786	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		787
		788	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		789
		790	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		791	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		792	can deal with that fact.
		793
		794	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		795
		796	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		797	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		798	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
652		799
653	=back	800	=back
654		801
655		802
656	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	803	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
677	{	824	{
678	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	825	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
679	...	826	...
680	}	827	}
681		828
682	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type	829	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
683	have been omitted....	830	instead have been omitted.
		831
		832	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
		833	watchers:
		834
		835	struct my_biggy
		836	{
		837	int some_data;
		838	ev_timer t1;
		839	ev_timer t2;
		840	}
		841
		842	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
		843	you need to use C<offsetof>:
		844
		845	#include <stddef.h>
		846
		847	static void
		848	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		849	{
		850	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		851	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		852	}
		853
		854	static void
		855	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		856	{
		857	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		858	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		859	}
684		860
685		861
686	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	862	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
687		863
688	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	864	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
689	information given in the last section.	865	information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
		866	functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
690		867
		868	Members are additionally marked with either I<[read-only]>, meaning that,
		869	while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some
		870	sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the
		871	watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or I<[read-write]>, which
		872	means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
		873	is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
		874	sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
		875	not crash or malfunction in any way.
691		876
		877
692	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable	878	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?
693		879
694	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable	880	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
695	in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called	881	in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading
696	level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the	882	would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write
697	condition persists. Remember you can stop the watcher if you don't want to	883	some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep
698	act on the event and neither want to receive future events).	884	receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop
		885	the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to
		886	receive future events.
699		887
700	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	888	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
701	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	889	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
702	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	890	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
703	required if you know what you are doing).	891	required if you know what you are doing).
704		892
705	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends	893	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
706	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file	894	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
707	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing	895	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
708	to the same underlying file/socket etc. description (that is, they share	896	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
709	the same underlying "file open").	897	the same underlying "file open").
710		898
711	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	899	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
712	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	900	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
713	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	901	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
714		902
		903	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
		904	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might
		905	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
		906	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
		907	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
		908	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
		909	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
		910	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
		911
		912	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
		913	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
		914	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
		915	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
		916	its own, so its quite safe to use).
		917
		918	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		919
		920	Some backends (e.g kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		921	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		922	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		923	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		924	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		925	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		926	fact, a different file descriptor.
		927
		928	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		929	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		930	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		931	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		932	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		933	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		934
		935	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		936	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		937	optimisations to libev.
		938
		939
		940	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
		941
715	=over 4	942	=over 4
716		943
717	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	944	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
718		945
719	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	946	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
720		947
721	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive	948	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
722	events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_READ |	949	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
723	EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	950	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
724		951
725	Please note that most of the more scalable backend mechanisms (for example	952	=item int fd [read-only]
726	epoll and solaris ports) can result in spurious readyness notifications	953
727	for file descriptors, so you practically need to use non-blocking I/O (and	954	The file descriptor being watched.
728	treat callback invocation as hint only), or retest separately with a safe	955
729	interface before doing I/O (XLib can do this), or force the use of either	956	=item int events [read-only]
730	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>, which don't suffer from this	957
731	problem. Also note that it is quite easy to have your callback invoked	958	The events being watched.
732	when the readyness condition is no longer valid even when employing
733	typical ways of handling events, so its a good idea to use non-blocking
734	I/O unconditionally.
735		959
736	=back	960	=back
737		961
738	Example: call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	962	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
739	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	963	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
740	attempt to read a whole line in the callback:	964	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
741		965
742	static void	966	static void
743	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	967	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
744	{	968	{
745	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	969	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
…		…
752	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	976	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
753	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	977	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
754	ev_loop (loop, 0);	978	ev_loop (loop, 0);
755		979
756		980
757	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally recurring timeouts	981	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
758		982
759	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	983	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
760	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	984	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
761		985
762	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	986	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
…		…
775		999
776	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1000	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,
777	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1001	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
778	order of execution is undefined.	1002	order of execution is undefined.
779		1003
		1004	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1005
780	=over 4	1006	=over 4
781		1007
782	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1008	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
783		1009
784	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1010	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
…		…
797	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1023	=item ev_timer_again (loop)
798		1024
799	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1025	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
800	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1026	repeating. The exact semantics are:
801		1027
		1028	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		1029
802	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	1030	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
803		1031
804	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1032	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
805	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1033	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
806		1034
807	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1035	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
808	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1036	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
809	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1037	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
810	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1038	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
811	configure an C<ev_timer> with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each	1039	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
812	time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle	1040	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
813	state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop	1041	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
814	the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.	1042	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
		1043	automatically restart it if need be.
		1044
		1045	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
		1046	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
		1047
		1048	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
		1049	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1050	...
		1051	timer->again = 17.;
		1052	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1053	...
		1054	timer->again = 10.;
		1055	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1056
		1057	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1058	you want to modify its timeout value.
		1059
		1060	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
		1061
		1062	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
		1063	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
		1064	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
815		1065
816	=back	1066	=back
817		1067
818	Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1068	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
819		1069
820	static void	1070	static void
821	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1071	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
822	{	1072	{
823	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1073	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
…		…
825		1075
826	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1076	struct ev_timer mytimer;
827	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1077	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
828	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1078	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
829		1079
830	Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1080	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
831	inactivity.	1081	inactivity.
832		1082
833	static void	1083	static void
834	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1084	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
835	{	1085	{
…		…
844	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1094	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
845	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1095	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
846	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1096	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
847		1097
848		1098
849	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron	1099	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
850		1100
851	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1101	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
852	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1102	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
853		1103
854	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1104	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
855	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1105	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
856	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1106	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
857	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c<ev_now ()	1107	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()
858	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1108	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
859	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1109	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger
860	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1110	roughly 10 seconds later).
861	again).
862		1111
863	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1112	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
864	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1113	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,
		1114	rules.
865		1115
866	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1116	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
867	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1117	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
868	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1118	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
869		1119
		1120	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1121
870	=over 4	1122	=over 4
871		1123
872	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1124	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
873		1125
874	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1126	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
…		…
876	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1128	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
877	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1129	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
878		1130
879	=over 4	1131	=over 4
880		1132
881	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1133	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
882		1134
883	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1135	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
884	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1136	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
885	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1137	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
886	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1138	system time reaches or surpasses this time.
887		1139
888	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1140	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
889		1141
890	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1142	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
891	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1143	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
892	of any time jumps.	1144	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
893		1145
894	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1146	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
895	time:	1147	time:
896		1148
897	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1149	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
…		…
903		1155
904	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1156	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
905	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1157	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
906	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1158	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
907		1159
		1160	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1161	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1162	this value.
		1163
908	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1164	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
909		1165
910	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1166	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
911	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1167	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
912	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1168	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
913	current time as second argument.	1169	current time as second argument.
914		1170
915	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1171	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
916	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1172	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,
917	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1173	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
918	starting a prepare watcher).	1174	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
919		1175
920	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1176	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,
921	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1177	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
922		1178
923	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1179	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
…		…
946	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1202	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
947	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1203	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
948	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1204	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
949	program when the crontabs have changed).	1205	program when the crontabs have changed).
950		1206
		1207	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1208
		1209	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1210	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1211
		1212	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1213	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1214
		1215	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
		1216
		1217	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
		1218	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
		1219	called.
		1220
		1221	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
		1222
		1223	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
		1224	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
		1225	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1226
		1227	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
		1228
		1229	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1230	trigger next.
		1231
951	=back	1232	=back
952		1233
953	Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1234	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
954	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1235	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
955	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1236	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
956		1237
957	static void	1238	static void
958	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1239	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
…		…
962		1243
963	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1244	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
964	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1245	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
965	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1246	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
966		1247
967	Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1248	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
968		1249
969	#include <math.h>	1250	#include <math.h>
970		1251
971	static ev_tstamp	1252	static ev_tstamp
972	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1253	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
…		…
974	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1255	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
975	}	1256	}
976		1257
977	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1258	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
978		1259
979	Example: call a callback every hour, starting now:	1260	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
980		1261
981	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1262	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
982	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1263	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
983	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1264	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
984	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1265	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
985		1266
986		1267
987	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled	1268	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
988		1269
989	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1270	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
990	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1271	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
991	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1272	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
992	normal event processing, like any other event.	1273	normal event processing, like any other event.
…		…
996	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1277	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
997	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1278	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
998	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1279	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
999	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1280	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1000		1281
		1282	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1283
1001	=over 4	1284	=over 4
1002		1285
1003	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1286	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1004		1287
1005	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1288	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
1006		1289
1007	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one	1290	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
1008	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).	1291	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).
1009		1292
		1293	=item int signum [read-only]
		1294
		1295	The signal the watcher watches out for.
		1296
1010	=back	1297	=back
1011		1298
1012		1299
1013	=head2 C<ev_child> - wait for pid status changes	1300	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1014		1301
1015	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1302	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1016	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1303	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).
		1304
		1305	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1017		1306
1018	=over 4	1307	=over 4
1019		1308
1020	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1309	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)
1021		1310
…		…
1026	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1315	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1027	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1316	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1028	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1317	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1029	process causing the status change.	1318	process causing the status change.
1030		1319
		1320	=item int pid [read-only]
		1321
		1322	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
		1323
		1324	=item int rpid [read-write]
		1325
		1326	The process id that detected a status change.
		1327
		1328	=item int rstatus [read-write]
		1329
		1330	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
		1331	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
		1332
1031	=back	1333	=back
1032		1334
1033	Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1335	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
1034		1336
1035	static void	1337	static void
1036	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1338	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
1037	{	1339	{
1038	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1340	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
…		…
1041	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1343	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
1042	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1344	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1043	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1345	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
1044		1346
1045		1347
		1348	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
		1349
		1350	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
		1351	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
		1352	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
		1353
		1354	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
		1355	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
		1356	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
		1357	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
		1358	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
		1359
		1360	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
		1361	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
		1362
		1363	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
		1364	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
		1365	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
		1366	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,
		1367	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around
		1368	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
		1369	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats
		1370	usually overkill.
		1371
		1372	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
		1373	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
		1374	resource-intensive.
		1375
		1376	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
		1377	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1378	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
		1379	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
		1380	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
		1381	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
		1382	polling.
		1383
		1384	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1385
		1386	=over 4
		1387
		1388	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
		1389
		1390	=item ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
		1391
		1392	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
		1393	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
		1394	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
		1395	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
		1396	path for as long as the watcher is active.
		1397
		1398	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,
		1399	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
		1400	last change was detected).
		1401
		1402	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)
		1403
		1404	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
		1405	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
		1406	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
		1407	useful simply to find out the new values.
		1408
		1409	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
		1410
		1411	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
		1412	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
		1413	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there
		1414	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.
		1415
		1416	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
		1417
		1418	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
		1419	C<prev> != C<attr>.
		1420
		1421	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
		1422
		1423	The specified interval.
		1424
		1425	=item const char *path [read-only]
		1426
		1427	The filesystem path that is being watched.
		1428
		1429	=back
		1430
		1431	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
		1432
		1433	static void
		1434	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1435	{
		1436	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
		1437	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
		1438	{
		1439	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
		1440	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1441	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1442	}
		1443	else
		1444	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
		1445	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
		1446	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
		1447	}
		1448
		1449	...
		1450	ev_stat passwd;
		1451
		1452	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");
		1453	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1454
		1455
1046	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do	1456	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1047		1457
1048	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	1458	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1049	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	1459	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
1050	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	1460	count).
1051	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	1461
1052	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	1462	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		1463	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1464	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1465	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1053	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	1466	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1054	busy.	1467	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
1055		1468
1056	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1469	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1057	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1470	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
1058		1471
1059	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1472	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1060	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1473	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1061	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1474	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1062	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1475	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1063		1476
		1477	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1478
1064	=over 4	1479	=over 4
1065		1480
1066	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1481	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1067		1482
1068	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1483	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1069	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1484	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1070	believe me.	1485	believe me.
1071		1486
1072	=back	1487	=back
1073		1488
1074	Example: dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle>, start it, and in the	1489	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1075	callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual.	1490	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1076		1491
1077	static void	1492	static void
1078	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1493	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1079	{	1494	{
1080	free (w);	1495	free (w);
…		…
1085	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1500	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1086	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1501	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1087	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1502	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1088		1503
1089		1504
1090	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop	1505	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1091		1506
1092	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1507	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
1093	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	1508	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
1094	afterwards.	1509	afterwards.
1095		1510
		1511	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
		1512	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
		1513	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
		1514	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
		1515	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
		1516	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
		1517	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
		1518
1096	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	1519	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
1097	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track	1520	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
1098	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	1521	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
1099	coroutine library and lots more.	1522	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
		1523	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
		1524	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
		1525	watcher).
1100		1526
1101	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1527	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1102	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	1528	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
1103	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1529	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1104	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1530	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
…		…
1114	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1540	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1115	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1541	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1116	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1542	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1117	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	1543	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1118		1544
		1545	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1546	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1547	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1548	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1549	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers did
		1550	their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other event
		1551	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		1552	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		1553	others).
		1554
		1555	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1556
1119	=over 4	1557	=over 4
1120		1558
1121	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1559	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1122		1560
1123	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1561	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
…		…
1126	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1564	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1127	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	1565	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1128		1566
1129	=back	1567	=back
1130		1568
1131	Example: *TODO*.	1569	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1570	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1571	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1572	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>
		1573	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV
		1574	into the Glib event loop).
1132		1575
		1576	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
		1577	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
		1578	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1579	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1580	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1133		1581
		1582	static ev_io iow [nfd];
		1583	static ev_timer tw;
		1584
		1585	static void
		1586	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
		1587	{
		1588	}
		1589
		1590	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
		1591	static void
		1592	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
		1593	{
		1594	int timeout = 3600000;
		1595	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
		1596	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
		1597	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
		1598
		1599	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
		1600	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
		1601	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
		1602
		1603	// create one ev_io per pollfd
		1604	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1605	{
		1606	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
		1607	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
		1608	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
		1609
		1610	fds [i].revents = 0;
		1611	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
		1612	}
		1613	}
		1614
		1615	// stop all watchers after blocking
		1616	static void
		1617	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
		1618	{
		1619	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
		1620
		1621	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1622	{
		1623	// set the relevant poll flags
		1624	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1625	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1626	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1627	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1628	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		1629
		1630	// now stop the watcher
		1631	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		1632	}
		1633
		1634	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
		1635	}
		1636
		1637	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		1638	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		1639
		1640	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		1641	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		1642	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		1643
		1644	static void
		1645	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1646	{
		1647	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1648	update_now (EV_A);
		1649
		1650	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		1651	}
		1652
		1653	static void
		1654	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1655	{
		1656	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1657	update_now (EV_A);
		1658
		1659	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1660	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1661	}
		1662
		1663	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		1664
		1665	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		1666	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
		1667	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		1668	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		1669	this.
		1670
		1671	static gint
		1672	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		1673	{
		1674	int got_events = 0;
		1675
		1676	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1677	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		1678
		1679	if (timeout >= 0)
		1680	// create/start timer
		1681
		1682	// poll
		1683	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		1684
		1685	// stop timer again
		1686	if (timeout >= 0)
		1687	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		1688
		1689	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		1690	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1691	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		1692
		1693	return got_events;
		1694	}
		1695
		1696
1134	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough	1697	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1135		1698
1136	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	1699	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
1137	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded	1700	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded
1138	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect	1701	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
1139	fashion and must not be used).	1702	fashion and must not be used).
…		…
1199	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	1762	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1200	}	1763	}
1201	else	1764	else
1202	loop_lo = loop_hi;	1765	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1203		1766
		1767	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1768
1204	=over 4	1769	=over 4
1205		1770
1206	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	1771	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1207		1772
1208	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	1773	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
…		…
1217		1782
1218	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	1783	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1219	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	1784	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1220	apropriate way for embedded loops.	1785	apropriate way for embedded loops.
1221		1786
		1787	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]
		1788
		1789	The embedded event loop.
		1790
		1791	=back
		1792
		1793
		1794	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
		1795
		1796	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
		1797	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
		1798	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the
		1799	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
		1800	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
		1801	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
		1802	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
		1803
		1804	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1805
		1806	=over 4
		1807
		1808	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
		1809
		1810	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
		1811	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		1812	believe me.
		1813
1222	=back	1814	=back
1223		1815
1224		1816
1225	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	1817	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
1226		1818
…		…
1306		1898
1307	=back	1899	=back
1308		1900
1309	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	1901	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1310		1902
1311	TBD.	1903	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
		1904	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
		1905	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
		1906
		1907	To use it,
		1908
		1909	#include <ev++.h>
		1910
		1911	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
		1912	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
		1913	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		1914	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
		1915
		1916	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
		1917	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		1918	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		1919	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		1920
		1921	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		1922	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		1923	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		1924	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		1925	it).
		1926
		1927	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
		1928
		1929	=over 4
		1930
		1931	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.
		1932
		1933	These are just enum values with the same values as the C<EV_READ> etc.
		1934	macros from F<ev.h>.
		1935
		1936	=item C<ev::tstamp>, C<ev::now>
		1937
		1938	Aliases to the same types/functions as with the C<ev_> prefix.
		1939
		1940	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
		1941
		1942	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
		1943	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
		1944	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
		1945	defines by many implementations.
		1946
		1947	All of those classes have these methods:
		1948
		1949	=over 4
		1950
		1951	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
		1952
		1953	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
		1954
		1955	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
		1956
		1957	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
		1958	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
		1959
		1960	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
		1961	C<set> method before starting it.
		1962
		1963	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		1964	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		1965
		1966	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		1967	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
		1968
		1969	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		1970
		1971	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		1972
		1973	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		1974	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		1975	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		1976	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		1977
		1978	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		1979	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		1980	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		1981	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		1982	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		1983
		1984	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		1985
		1986	struct myclass
		1987	{
		1988	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		1989	}
		1990
		1991	myclass obj;
		1992	ev::io iow;
		1993	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		1994
		1995	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		1996
		1997	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		1998	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		1999	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2000
		2001	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2002
		2003	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2004
		2005	Example:
		2006
		2007	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2008	iow.set <io_cb> ();
		2009
		2010	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
		2011
		2012	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
		2013	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
		2014
		2015	=item w->set ([args])
		2016
		2017	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be
		2018	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
		2019	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2020	method.
		2021
		2022	=item w->start ()
		2023
		2024	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
		2025	constructor already stores the event loop.
		2026
		2027	=item w->stop ()
		2028
		2029	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
		2030
		2031	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
		2032
		2033	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
		2034	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
		2035
		2036	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
		2037
		2038	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
		2039
		2040	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
		2041
		2042	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
		2043
		2044	=back
		2045
		2046	=back
		2047
		2048	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
		2049	the constructor.
		2050
		2051	class myclass
		2052	{
		2053	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		2054	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
		2055
		2056	myclass ();
		2057	}
		2058
		2059	myclass::myclass (int fd)
		2060	{
		2061	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2062	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		2063
		2064	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2065	}
		2066
		2067
		2068	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
		2069
		2070	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal
		2071	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
		2072	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
		2073
		2074	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
		2075	following macros are defined:
		2076
		2077	=over 4
		2078
		2079	=item C<EV_A>, C<EV_A_>
		2080
		2081	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2082	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
		2083	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
		2084
		2085	ev_unref (EV_A);
		2086	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
		2087	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2088
		2089	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
		2090	which is often provided by the following macro.
		2091
		2092	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
		2093
		2094	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2095	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
		2096	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
		2097
		2098	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
		2099	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
		2100
		2101	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
		2102	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2103
		2104	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
		2105	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
		2106
		2107	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
		2108
		2109	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
		2110	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2111
		2112	=back
		2113
		2114	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
		2115	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2116	or not.
		2117
		2118	static void
		2119	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2120	{
		2121	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2122	}
		2123
		2124	ev_check check;
		2125	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
		2126	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
		2127	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
		2128
		2129	=head1 EMBEDDING
		2130
		2131	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
		2132	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
		2133	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
		2134	and rxvt-unicode.
		2135
		2136	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your
		2137	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
		2138	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
		2139	libev somewhere in your source tree).
		2140
		2141	=head2 FILESETS
		2142
		2143	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
		2144	in your app.
		2145
		2146	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
		2147
		2148	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
		2149	configuration (no autoconf):
		2150
		2151	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2152	#include "ev.c"
		2153
		2154	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
		2155	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
		2156	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
		2157	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
		2158	where you can put other configuration options):
		2159
		2160	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2161	#include "ev.h"
		2162
		2163	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
		2164	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
		2165	as a bug).
		2166
		2167	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
		2168	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
		2169
		2170	ev.h
		2171	ev.c
		2172	ev_vars.h
		2173	ev_wrap.h
		2174
		2175	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
		2176
		2177	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
		2178	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2179	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2180	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2181	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2182
		2183	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
		2184	to compile this single file.
		2185
		2186	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
		2187
		2188	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
		2189
		2190	#include "event.c"
		2191
		2192	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
		2193
		2194	#include "event.h"
		2195
		2196	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
		2197
		2198	You need the following additional files for this:
		2199
		2200	event.h
		2201	event.c
		2202
		2203	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
		2204
		2205	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in
		2206	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
		2207	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
		2208	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
		2209
		2210	For this of course you need the m4 file:
		2211
		2212	libev.m4
		2213
		2214	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
		2215
		2216	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define
		2217	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity
		2218	and only include the select backend.
		2219
		2220	=over 4
		2221
		2222	=item EV_STANDALONE
		2223
		2224	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
		2225	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
		2226	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
		2227	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
		2228	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
		2229
		2230	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
		2231
		2232	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2233	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
		2234	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
		2235	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
		2236	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have
		2237	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
		2238	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
		2239
		2240	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
		2241
		2242	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2243	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
		2244	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
		2245	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
		2246	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries
		2247	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2248
		2249	=item EV_USE_SELECT
		2250
		2251	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
		2252	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
		2253	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
		2254	will not be compiled in.
		2255
		2256	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
		2257
		2258	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
		2259	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
		2260	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on
		2261	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
		2262	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
		2263	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
		2264	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
		2265
		2266	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
		2267
		2268	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
		2269	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
		2270	wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to
		2271	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
		2272	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
		2273	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
		2274	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
		2275
		2276	=item EV_USE_POLL
		2277
		2278	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
		2279	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
		2280	takes precedence over select.
		2281
		2282	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
		2283
		2284	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		2285	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2286	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
		2287	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.
		2288
		2289	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
		2290
		2291	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
		2292	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
		2293	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2294	backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
		2295	supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that
		2296	supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but
		2297	not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find
		2298	out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded
		2299	kqueue loop.
		2300
		2301	=item EV_USE_PORT
		2302
		2303	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Solaris
		2304	10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2305	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2306	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
		2307
		2308	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
		2309
		2310	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
		2311
		2312	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
		2313
		2314	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
		2315	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
		2316	be detected at runtime.
		2317
		2318	=item EV_H
		2319
		2320	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
		2321	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This
		2322	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
		2323
		2324	=item EV_CONFIG_H
		2325
		2326	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
		2327	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
		2328	C<EV_H>, above.
		2329
		2330	=item EV_EVENT_H
		2331
		2332	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
		2333	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.
		2334
		2335	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
		2336
		2337	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
		2338	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
		2339	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
		2340	around libev functions.
		2341
		2342	=item EV_MULTIPLICITY
		2343
		2344	If undefined or defined to C<1>, then all event-loop-specific functions
		2345	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
		2346	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
		2347	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
		2348	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
		2349
		2350	=item EV_MINPRI
		2351
		2352	=item EV_MAXPRI
		2353
		2354	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		2355	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2356	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2357	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		2358
		2359	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2360	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2361	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2362	fine.
		2363
		2364	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2365	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.
		2366
		2367	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
		2368
		2369	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
		2370	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2371	code.
		2372
		2373	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		2374
		2375	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		2376	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2377	code.
		2378
		2379	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
		2380
		2381	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
		2382	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2383
		2384	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
		2385
		2386	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
		2387	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2388
		2389	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
		2390
		2391	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
		2392	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2393
		2394	=item EV_MINIMAL
		2395
		2396	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
		2397	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override
		2398	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.
		2399
		2400	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
		2401
		2402	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2403	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
		2404	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
		2405	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
		2406
		2407	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
		2408
		2409	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2410	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
		2411	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
		2412	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
		2413	two).
		2414
		2415	=item EV_COMMON
		2416
		2417	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
		2418	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
		2419	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
		2420	though, and it must be identical each time.
		2421
		2422	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
		2423
		2424	#define EV_COMMON \
		2425	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
		2426	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
		2427
		2428	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
		2429
		2430	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
		2431
		2432	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
		2433
		2434	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
		2435	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
		2436	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for
		2437	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
		2438	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
		2439	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		2440
		2441	=head2 EXAMPLES
		2442
		2443	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
		2444	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
		2445	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html>). It has the libev files in
		2446	the F<libev/> subdirectory and includes them in the F<EV/EVAPI.h> (public
		2447	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
		2448	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
		2449	file.
		2450
		2451	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
		2452	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
		2453
		2454	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
		2455	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
		2456	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
		2457	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		2458	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		2459	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
		2460	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		2461	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		2462	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
		2463
		2464	#include "ev++.h"
		2465
		2466	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
		2467
		2468	#include "ev_cpp.h"
		2469	#include "ev.c"
		2470
		2471
		2472	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
		2473
		2474	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		2475	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
		2476	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		2477
		2478	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		2479	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		2480	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		2481	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		2482	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		2483
		2484	=over 4
		2485
		2486	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		2487
		2488	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		2489	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		2490	have to skip those 100 watchers.
		2491
		2492	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		2493
		2494	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		2495	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		2496
		2497	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)
		2498
		2499	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		2500	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)
		2501
		2502	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		2503
		2504	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		2505	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		2506	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		2507
		2508	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)
		2509
		2510	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		2511
		2512	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		2513	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).
		2514
		2515	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)
		2516
		2517	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		2518
		2519	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		2520	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		2521	linearly search all the priorities.
		2522
		2523	=back
		2524
1312		2525
1313	=head1 AUTHOR	2526	=head1 AUTHOR
1314		2527
1315	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	2528	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
1316		2529

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