ViewVC Help

View File | Revision Log | Show Annotations | Download File

/cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.292 by sf-exg, Mon Mar 22 09:57:01 2010 UTC vs.
Revision 1.450 by root, Mon Jun 24 00:04:26 2019 UTC

		1	=encoding utf-8
		2
1	=head1 NAME	3	=head1 NAME
2		4
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	5	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		6
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
…		…
26	puts ("stdin ready");	28	puts ("stdin ready");
27	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher	29	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
28	// with its corresponding stop function.	30	// with its corresponding stop function.
29	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	31	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
30		32
31	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating	33	// this causes all nested ev_run's to stop iterating
32	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);	34	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ALL);
33	}	35	}
34		36
35	// another callback, this time for a time-out	37	// another callback, this time for a time-out
36	static void	38	static void
37	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	39	timeout_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
38	{	40	{
39	puts ("timeout");	41	puts ("timeout");
40	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating	42	// this causes the innermost ev_run to stop iterating
41	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);	43	ev_break (EV_A_ EVBREAK_ONE);
42	}	44	}
43		45
44	int	46	int
45	main (void)	47	main (void)
46	{	48	{
47	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs	49	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
48	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	50	struct ev_loop *loop = EV_DEFAULT;
49		51
50	// initialise an io watcher, then start it	52	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
51	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable	53	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
52	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	54	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
53	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	55	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
…		…
56	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout	58	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
57	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	59	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	60	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		61
60	// now wait for events to arrive	62	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_loop (loop, 0);	63	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		64
63	// unloop was called, so exit	65	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	66	return 0;
65	}	67	}
66		68
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	69	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		70
…		…
75	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting	77	While this document tries to be as complete as possible in documenting
76	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial	78	libev, its usage and the rationale behind its design, it is not a tutorial
77	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming	79	on event-based programming, nor will it introduce event-based programming
78	with libev.	80	with libev.
79		81
80	Familarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed	82	Familiarity with event based programming techniques in general is assumed
81	throughout this document.	83	throughout this document.
		84
		85	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
		86
		87	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
		88	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
		89	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
		90	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
		91	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
82		92
83	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	93	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
84		94
85	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	95	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
86	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	96	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
95	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	105	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
96	watcher.	106	watcher.
97		107
98	=head2 FEATURES	108	=head2 FEATURES
99		109
100	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	110	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific aio and C<epoll>
101	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	111	interfaces, the BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port
102	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	112	mechanisms for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify>
103	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner	113	interface (for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
104	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative	114	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
105	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling	115	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
106	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status	116	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
107	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event	117	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
108	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and	118	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
…		…
124	this argument.	134	this argument.
125		135
126	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION	136	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
127		137
128	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing	138	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing
129	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere	139	the (fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (in practice
130	near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This	140	somewhere near the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't
131	type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually	141	ask). This type is called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use
132	aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do any calculations	142	too. It usually aliases to the C<double> type in C. When you need to do
133	on it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name	143	any calculations on it, you should treat it as some floating point value.
		144
134	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	145	Unlike the name component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for
135	throughout libev.	146	time differences (e.g. delays) throughout libev.
136		147
137	=head1 ERROR HANDLING	148	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
138		149
139	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors	150	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
140	and internal errors (bugs).	151	and internal errors (bugs).
…		…
164		175
165	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	176	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
166		177
167	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	178	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
168	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	179	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
169	you actually want to know.	180	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
		181	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
170		182
171	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	183	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
172		184
173	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	185	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
174	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	186	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		187	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		188	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		189
175	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	190	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		191
		192	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		193	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
176		194
177	=item int ev_version_major ()	195	=item int ev_version_major ()
178		196
179	=item int ev_version_minor ()	197	=item int ev_version_minor ()
180		198
…		…
191	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	209	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
192	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	210	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
193	not a problem.	211	not a problem.
194		212
195	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	213	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
196	version.	214	version (note, however, that this will not detect other ABI mismatches,
		215	such as LFS or reentrancy).
197		216
198	assert (("libev version mismatch",	217	assert (("libev version mismatch",
199	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	218	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
200	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	219	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
201		220
…		…
212	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	231	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
213	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	232	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
214		233
215	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	234	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
216		235
217	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	236	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and
218	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	237	also recommended for this platform, meaning it will work for most file
		238	descriptor types. This set is often smaller than the one returned by
219	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	239	C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on most BSDs
220	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it	240	and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it (assuming
221	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	241	you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that libev will
222	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	242	probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
223		243
224	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	244	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
225		245
226	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This	246	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
227	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends	247	value is platform-specific but can include backends not available on the
228	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at	248	current system. To find which embeddable backends might be supported on
229	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for	249	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
230	recommended ones.	250	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
231		251
232	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	252	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
233		253
234	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) [NOT REENTRANT]	254	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
235		255
236	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	256	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
237	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	257	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
238	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	258	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
239	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	259	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
245		265
246	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	266	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
247	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	267	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
248	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	268	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
249		269
		270	Example: The following is the C<realloc> function that libev itself uses
		271	which should work with C<realloc> and C<free> functions of all kinds and
		272	is probably a good basis for your own implementation.
		273
		274	static void *
		275	ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT
		276	{
		277	if (size)
		278	return realloc (ptr, size);
		279
		280	free (ptr);
		281	return 0;
		282	}
		283
250	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	284	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
251	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).	285	retries.
252		286
253	static void *	287	static void *
254	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	288	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
255	{	289	{
		290	if (!size)
		291	{
		292	free (ptr);
		293	return 0;
		294	}
		295
256	for (;;)	296	for (;;)
257	{	297	{
258	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	298	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
259		299
260	if (newptr)	300	if (newptr)
…		…
265	}	305	}
266		306
267	...	307	...
268	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	308	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
269		309
270	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg)); [NOT REENTRANT]	310	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
271		311
272	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	312	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
273	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	313	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
274	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	314	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
275	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	315	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
287	}	327	}
288		328
289	...	329	...
290	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);	330	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
291		331
		332	=item ev_feed_signal (int signum)
		333
		334	This function can be used to "simulate" a signal receive. It is completely
		335	safe to call this function at any time, from any context, including signal
		336	handlers or random threads.
		337
		338	Its main use is to customise signal handling in your process, especially
		339	in the presence of threads. For example, you could block signals
		340	by default in all threads (and specifying C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when
		341	creating any loops), and in one thread, use C<sigwait> or any other
		342	mechanism to wait for signals, then "deliver" them to libev by calling
		343	C<ev_feed_signal>.
		344
292	=back	345	=back
293		346
294	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	347	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING EVENT LOOPS
295		348
296	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct>	349	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *> (the C<struct> is
297	is I<not> optional in this case, as there is also an C<ev_loop>	350	I<not> optional in this case unless libev 3 compatibility is disabled, as
298	I<function>).	351	libev 3 had an C<ev_loop> function colliding with the struct name).
299		352
300	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which	353	The library knows two types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which
301	supports signals and child events, and dynamically created loops which do	354	supports child process events, and dynamically created event loops which
302	not.	355	do not.
303		356
304	=over 4	357	=over 4
305		358
306	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	359	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
307		360
308	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	361	This returns the "default" event loop object, which is what you should
309	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	362	normally use when you just need "the event loop". Event loop objects and
310	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	363	the C<flags> parameter are described in more detail in the entry for
311	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	364	C<ev_loop_new>.
		365
		366	If the default loop is already initialised then this function simply
		367	returns it (and ignores the flags. If that is troubling you, check
		368	C<ev_backend ()> afterwards). Otherwise it will create it with the given
		369	flags, which should almost always be C<0>, unless the caller is also the
		370	one calling C<ev_run> or otherwise qualifies as "the main program".
312		371
313	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	372	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
314	function.	373	function (or via the C<EV_DEFAULT> macro).
315		374
316	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it	375	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
317	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,	376	from multiple threads, you have to employ some kind of mutex (note also
318	as loops cannot be shared easily between threads anyway).	377	that this case is unlikely, as loops cannot be shared easily between
		378	threads anyway).
319		379
320	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and	380	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_child> watchers,
321	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler	381	and to do this, it always registers a handler for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is
322	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either	382	a problem for your application you can either create a dynamic loop with
323	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you	383	C<ev_loop_new> which doesn't do that, or you can simply overwrite the
324	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling	384	C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling C<ev_default_init>.
325	C<ev_default_init>.	385
		386	Example: This is the most typical usage.
		387
		388	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		389	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		390
		391	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		392	environment settings to be taken into account:
		393
		394	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		395
		396	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
		397
		398	This will create and initialise a new event loop object. If the loop
		399	could not be initialised, returns false.
		400
		401	This function is thread-safe, and one common way to use libev with
		402	threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the default
		403	loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
326		404
327	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	405	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
328	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	406	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
329		407
330	The following flags are supported:	408	The following flags are supported:
…		…
340		418
341	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	419	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
342	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	420	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
343	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	421	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
344	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	422	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
345	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	423	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work
346	around bugs.	424	around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
		425	cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other
		426	thread modifies them).
347		427
348	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	428	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
349		429
350	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also	430	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
351	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.	431	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
352		432
353	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	433	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
354	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	434	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
355	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	435	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
356	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	436	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn
357	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has	437	sequence without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux
358	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	438	system also has C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster). (Update: glibc
		439	versions 2.25 apparently removed the C<getpid> optimisation again).
359		440
360	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	441	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
361	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	442	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still
362	flag.	443	have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>) when you use this flag.
363		444
364	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	445	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
365	environment variable.	446	environment variable.
366		447
367	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	448	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
368		449
369	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the	450	When this flag is specified, then libev will not attempt to use the
370	I<inotify> API for it's C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and	451	I<inotify> API for its C<ev_stat> watchers. Apart from debugging and
371	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as	452	testing, this flag can be useful to conserve inotify file descriptors, as
372	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.	453	otherwise each loop using C<ev_stat> watchers consumes one inotify handle.
373		454
374	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>	455	=item C<EVFLAG_SIGNALFD>
375		456
376	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the	457	When this flag is specified, then libev will attempt to use the
377	I<signalfd> API for it's C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API	458	I<signalfd> API for its C<ev_signal> (and C<ev_child>) watchers. This API
378	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make	459	delivers signals synchronously, which makes it both faster and might make
379	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal	460	it possible to get the queued signal data. It can also simplify signal
380	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your	461	handling with threads, as long as you properly block signals in your
381	threads that are not interested in handling them.	462	threads that are not interested in handling them.
382		463
383	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and	464	Signalfd will not be used by default as this changes your signal mask, and
384	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for	465	there are a lot of shoddy libraries and programs (glib's threadpool for
385	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	466	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
		467
		468	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
		469
		470	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
		471	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
		472	when you want to receive them.
		473
		474	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
		475	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
		476	unblocking the signals.
		477
		478	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		479	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		480
		481	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.
386		482
387	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	483	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
388		484
389	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	485	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
390	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	486	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
…		…
418	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	514	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
419		515
420	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	516	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
421	kernels).	517	kernels).
422		518
423	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	519	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
424	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	520	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
425	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	521	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
426	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	522	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
427		523
428	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	524	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
429	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	525	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
430	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	526	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
431	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup and	527	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
		528	returning before the timeout value, resulting in additional iterations
		529	(and only giving 5ms accuracy while select on the same platform gives
432	so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program forks then	530	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
433	I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll set, which can	531	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
434	take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor) and is of course	532	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
435	hard to detect.	533	and is of course hard to detect.
436		534
437	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	535	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
438	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	536	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
439	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	537	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
440	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	538	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
441	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	539	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
442	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	540	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
443	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required.	541	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		542	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		543	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		544	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
		545	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
		546	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
		547
		548	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		549	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		550	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
444		551
445	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	552	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
446	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	553	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
447	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	554	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
448	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	555	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
460	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or	567	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
461	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on	568	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
462	the usage. So sad.	569	the usage. So sad.
463		570
464	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	571	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
465	all kernel versions tested so far.	572	a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions.
		573
		574	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		575	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		576
		577	=item C<EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO> (value 64, Linux)
		578
		579	Use the linux-specific linux aio (I<not> C<< aio(7) >> but C<<
		580	io_submit(2) >>) event interface available in post-4.18 kernels.
		581
		582	If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very
		583	experimental), it is the best event interface available on linux and might
		584	be well worth enabling it - if it isn't available in your kernel this will
		585	be detected and this backend will be skipped.
		586
		587	This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring
		588	buffer to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design
		589	problems of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from
		590	the epoll set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this
		591	being the linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of
		592	limitations.
		593
		594	For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using
		595	an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide
		596	limit that can be configured in F</proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr> - each loop
		597	currently requires C<61> of this number. If no aio requests are left, this
		598	backend will be skipped during initialisation.
		599
		600	Most problematic in practise, however, is that not all file descriptors
		601	work with it. For example, in linux 5.1, tcp sockets, pipes, event fds,
		602	files, F</dev/null> and a few others are supported, but ttys do not work
		603	properly (a known bug that the kernel developers don't care about, see
		604	L<https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1047453/>), so this is not
		605	(yet?) a generic event polling interface.
		606
		607	To work around this latter problem, the current version of libev uses
		608	epoll as a fallback for file deescriptor types that do not work. Epoll
		609	is used in, kind of, slow mode that hopefully avoids most of its design
		610	problems and requires 1-3 extra syscalls per active fd every iteration.
466		611
467	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	612	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
468	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	613	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
469		614
470	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	615	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
…		…
485		630
486	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	631	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
487	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	632	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
488	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	633	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
489	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	634	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
490	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	635	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
491	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	636	might have to leak fd's on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
492	cases	637	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
493		638
494	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	639	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
495		640
496	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	641	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
497	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	642	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
514	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	659	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
515		660
516	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	661	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
517	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	662	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
518		663
519	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
520	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
521	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
522
523	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active	664	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
524	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file	665	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
525	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend	666	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
526	might perform better.	667	might perform better.
527		668
528	On the positive side, with the exception of the spurious readiness	669	On the positive side, this backend actually performed fully to
529	notifications, this backend actually performed fully to specification
530	in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat among the	670	specification in all tests and is fully embeddable, which is a rare feat
531	OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed hacks).	671	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
		672	hacks).
		673
		674	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
		675	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
		676	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
		677	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
		678	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
		679	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
		680	to re-arm the watcher.
		681
		682	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
532		683
533	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	684	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
534	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	685	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
535		686
536	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	687	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
537		688
538	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	689	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
539	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	690	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
540	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	691	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
541		692
542	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.	693	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag, use whatever
		694	C<ev_recommended_backends ()> returns, or simply do not specify a backend
		695	at all.
		696
		697	=item C<EVBACKEND_MASK>
		698
		699	Not a backend at all, but a mask to select all backend bits from a
		700	C<flags> value, in case you want to mask out any backends from a flags
		701	value (e.g. when modifying the C<LIBEV_FLAGS> environment variable).
543		702
544	=back	703	=back
545		704
546	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,	705	If one or more of the backend flags are or'ed into the flags value,
547	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed	706	then only these backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed
548	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends	707	here). If none are specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends
549	()> will be tried.	708	()> will be tried.
550		709
551	Example: This is the most typical usage.
552
553	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
554	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
555
556	Example: Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
557	environment settings to be taken into account:
558
559	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
560
561	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
562	used if available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own
563	private event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of
564	fds):
565
566	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
567
568	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
569
570	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
571	always distinct from the default loop.
572
573	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and one common way to use
574	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
575	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
576
577	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	710	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
578		711
579	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	712	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
580	if (!epoller)	713	if (!epoller)
581	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	714	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
582		715
		716	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
		717	used if available.
		718
		719	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		720
		721	Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the
		722	linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that
		723	isn't available.
		724
		725	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO);
		726
583	=item ev_default_destroy ()	727	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
584		728
585	Destroys the default loop (frees all memory and kernel state etc.). None	729	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
586	of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal sense, so	730	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
587	e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your responsibility to	731	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
588	either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before> calling this function,	732	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
589	or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually the easiest thing, you	733	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
590	can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them for example).	734	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
		735	for example).
591		736
592	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal	737	Note that certain global state, such as signal state (and installed signal
593	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such	738	handlers), will not be freed by this function, and related watchers (such
594	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.	739	as signal and child watchers) would need to be stopped manually.
595		740
596	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the	741	This function is normally used on loop objects allocated by
597	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling	742	C<ev_loop_new>, but it can also be used on the default loop returned by
		743	C<ev_default_loop>, in which case it is not thread-safe.
		744
		745	Note that it is not advisable to call this function on the default loop
		746	except in the rare occasion where you really need to free its resources.
598	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use	747	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
599	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	748	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
600		749
601	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	750	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
602		751
603	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
604	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
605
606	=item ev_default_fork ()
607
608	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations	752	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations
609	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	753	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite
610	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	754	the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop
611	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little	755	watchers (except inside an C<ev_prepare> callback), but it makes most
612	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev	756	sense after forking, in the child process. You I<must> call it (or use
613	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.	757	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
614		758
		759	In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or
		760	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>), you I<also> have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>.
		761
615	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after	762	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
616	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is	763	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
617	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things	764	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
618	during fork.	765	during fork.
619		766
620	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	767	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
621	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If you	768	process if and only if you want to use the event loop in the child. If
622	just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to call	769	you just fork+exec or create a new loop in the child, you don't have to
623	it at all.	770	call it at all (in fact, C<epoll> is so badly broken that it makes a
		771	difference, but libev will usually detect this case on its own and do a
		772	costly reset of the backend).
624		773
625	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	774	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
626	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	775	it just in case after a fork.
627	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
628		776
		777	Example: Automate calling C<ev_loop_fork> on the default loop when
		778	using pthreads.
		779
		780	static void
		781	post_fork_child (void)
		782	{
		783	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		784	}
		785
		786	...
629	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	787	pthread_atfork (0, 0, post_fork_child);
630
631	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
632
633	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
634	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
635	after fork that you want to re-use in the child, and how you keep track of
636	them is entirely your own problem.
637		788
638	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)	789	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
639		790
640	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false	791	Returns true when the given loop is, in fact, the default loop, and false
641	otherwise.	792	otherwise.
642		793
643	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)	794	=item unsigned int ev_iteration (loop)
644		795
645	Returns the current iteration count for the loop, which is identical to	796	Returns the current iteration count for the event loop, which is identical
646	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	797	to the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0>
647	happily wraps around with enough iterations.	798	and happily wraps around with enough iterations.
648		799
649	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it	800	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
650	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with	801	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
651	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the	802	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls - and is incremented between the
652	prepare and check phases.	803	prepare and check phases.
653		804
654	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)	805	=item unsigned int ev_depth (loop)
655		806
656	Returns the number of times C<ev_loop> was entered minus the number of	807	Returns the number of times C<ev_run> was entered minus the number of
657	times C<ev_loop> was exited, in other words, the recursion depth.	808	times C<ev_run> was exited normally, in other words, the recursion depth.
658		809
659	Outside C<ev_loop>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is	810	Outside C<ev_run>, this number is zero. In a callback, this number is
660	C<1>, unless C<ev_loop> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),	811	C<1>, unless C<ev_run> was invoked recursively (or from another thread),
661	in which case it is higher.	812	in which case it is higher.
662		813
663	Leaving C<ev_loop> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread	814	Leaving C<ev_run> abnormally (setjmp/longjmp, cancelling the thread,
664	etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this as a hint to avoid such	815	throwing an exception etc.), doesn't count as "exit" - consider this
665	ungentleman behaviour unless it's really convenient.	816	as a hint to avoid such ungentleman-like behaviour unless it's really
		817	convenient, in which case it is fully supported.
666		818
667	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	819	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
668		820
669	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	821	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
670	use.	822	use.
…		…
679		831
680	=item ev_now_update (loop)	832	=item ev_now_update (loop)
681		833
682	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time	834	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
683	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and	835	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
684	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.	836	is usually done automatically within C<ev_run ()>.
685		837
686	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	838	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
687	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	839	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
688	the current time is a good idea.	840	the current time is a good idea.
689		841
690	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	842	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
691		843
692	=item ev_suspend (loop)	844	=item ev_suspend (loop)
693		845
694	=item ev_resume (loop)	846	=item ev_resume (loop)
695		847
696	These two functions suspend and resume a loop, for use when the loop is	848	These two functions suspend and resume an event loop, for use when the
697	not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.	849	loop is not used for a while and timeouts should not be processed.
698		850
699	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When	851	A typical use case would be an interactive program such as a game: When
700	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it	852	the user presses C<^Z> to suspend the game and resumes it an hour later it
701	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while	853	would be best to handle timeouts as if no time had actually passed while
702	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>	854	the program was suspended. This can be achieved by calling C<ev_suspend>
…		…
704	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.	856	C<ev_resume> directly afterwards to resume timer processing.
705		857
706	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend	858	Effectively, all C<ev_timer> watchers will be delayed by the time spend
707	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers	859	between C<ev_suspend> and C<ev_resume>, and all C<ev_periodic> watchers
708	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have	860	will be rescheduled (that is, they will lose any events that would have
709	occured while suspended).	861	occurred while suspended).
710		862
711	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the	863	After calling C<ev_suspend> you B<must not> call I<any> function on the
712	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>	864	given loop other than C<ev_resume>, and you B<must not> call C<ev_resume>
713	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	865	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
714		866
715	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	867	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
716	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	868	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
717		869
718	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	870	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
719		871
720	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	872	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
721	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	873	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
722	handling events.	874	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
		875	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
		876	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
723		877
724	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until	878	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
725	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	879	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
		880	called.
726		881
		882	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		883	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		884	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
		885
727	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than	886	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
728	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	887	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
729	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	888	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
730	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	889	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
731	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	890	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
732	beauty.	891	beauty.
733		892
		893	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
		894	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
		895	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
		896	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
		897
734	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	898	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
735	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not block your	899	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
736	process in case there are no events and will return after one iteration of	900	block your process in case there are no events and will return after one
737	the loop.	901	iteration of the loop. This is sometimes useful to poll and handle new
		902	events while doing lengthy calculations, to keep the program responsive.
738		903
739	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	904	A flags value of C<EVRUN_ONCE> will look for new events (waiting if
740	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It	905	necessary) and will handle those and any already outstanding ones. It
741	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could	906	will block your process until at least one new event arrives (which could
742	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a	907	be an event internal to libev itself, so there is no guarantee that a
743	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one	908	user-registered callback will be called), and will return after one
744	iteration of the loop.	909	iteration of the loop.
745		910
746	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	911	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
747	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	912	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
748	own C<ev_loop>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	913	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
749	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	914	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
750		915
751	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	916	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		917	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		918	future versions):
752		919
		920	- Increment loop depth.
		921	- Reset the ev_break status.
753	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	922	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		923	LOOP:
754	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.	924	- If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
755	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.	925	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
756	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.	926	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
		927	- If ev_break was called, goto FINISH.
757	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state	928	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
758	as to not disturb the other process.	929	as to not disturb the other process.
759	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	930	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
760	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).	931	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
761	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all	932	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
762	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having	933	(active idle watchers, EVRUN_NOWAIT or not having
763	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).	934	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
764	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.	935	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
		936	- Increment loop iteration counter.
765	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	937	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
766	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	938	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
767	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.	939	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
768	- Queue all expired timers.	940	- Queue all expired timers.
769	- Queue all expired periodics.	941	- Queue all expired periodics.
770	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	942	- Queue all idle watchers with priority higher than that of pending events.
771	- Queue all check watchers.	943	- Queue all check watchers.
772	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	944	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
773	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	945	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
774	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	946	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
775	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	947	- If ev_break has been called, or EVRUN_ONCE or EVRUN_NOWAIT
776	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise	948	were used, or there are no active watchers, goto FINISH, otherwise
777	continue with step *.	949	continue with step LOOP.
		950	FINISH:
		951	- Reset the ev_break status iff it was EVBREAK_ONE.
		952	- Decrement the loop depth.
		953	- Return.
778		954
779	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding	955	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
780	anymore.	956	anymore.
781		957
782	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	958	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
783	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	959	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
784	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	960	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
785	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	961	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
786		962
787	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	963	=item ev_break (loop, how)
788		964
789	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	965	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
790	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	966	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
791	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	967	C<EVBREAK_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_run> call return, or
792	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	968	C<EVBREAK_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_run> calls return.
793		969
794	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.	970	This "break state" will be cleared on the next call to C<ev_run>.
795		971
796	It is safe to call C<ev_unloop> from otuside any C<ev_loop> calls.	972	It is safe to call C<ev_break> from outside any C<ev_run> calls, too, in
		973	which case it will have no effect.
797		974
798	=item ev_ref (loop)	975	=item ev_ref (loop)
799		976
800	=item ev_unref (loop)	977	=item ev_unref (loop)
801		978
802	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event	979	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
803	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference	980	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
804	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own.	981	count is nonzero, C<ev_run> will not return on its own.
805		982
806	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to	983	This is useful when you have a watcher that you never intend to
807	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_loop> from	984	unregister, but that nevertheless should not keep C<ev_run> from
808	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>	985	returning. In such a case, call C<ev_unref> after starting, and C<ev_ref>
809	before stopping it.	986	before stopping it.
810		987
811	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It	988	As an example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It
812	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from	989	is not visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_run> from
813	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an	990	exiting if no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an
814	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within	991	excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within
815	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref	992	third-party libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref
816	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active	993	before stop> (but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active
817	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself	994	before, respectively. Note also that libev might stop watchers itself
818	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>	995	(e.g. non-repeating timers) in which case you have to C<ev_ref>
819	in the callback).	996	in the callback).
820		997
821	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	998	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_run>
822	running when nothing else is active.	999	running when nothing else is active.
823		1000
824	ev_signal exitsig;	1001	ev_signal exitsig;
825	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	1002	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
826	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	1003	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
827	evf_unref (loop);	1004	ev_unref (loop);
828		1005
829	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	1006	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
830		1007
831	ev_ref (loop);	1008	ev_ref (loop);
832	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	1009	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
…		…
852	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	1029	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
853		1030
854	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	1031	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
855	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	1032	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
856	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	1033	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
857	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	1034	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
858	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	1035	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
859	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	1036	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
860	once per this interval, on average.	1037	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		1038	good enough).
861		1039
862	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	1040	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
863	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	1041	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
864	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	1042	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
865	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	1043	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
871	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,	1049	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
872	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if	1050	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems. Note that if
873	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the	1051	you do transactions with the outside world and you can't increase the
874	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you	1052	parallelity, then this setting will limit your transaction rate (if you
875	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,	1053	need to poll once per transaction and the I/O collect interval is 0.01,
876	then you can't do more than 100 transations per second).	1054	then you can't do more than 100 transactions per second).
877		1055
878	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for	1056	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
879	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that	1057	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
880	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of	1058	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
881	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to	1059	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
…		…
889	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);	1067	ev_set_io_collect_interval (EV_DEFAULT_UC_ 0.01);
890		1068
891	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)	1069	=item ev_invoke_pending (loop)
892		1070
893	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their	1071	This call will simply invoke all pending watchers while resetting their
894	pending state. Normally, C<ev_loop> does this automatically when required,	1072	pending state. Normally, C<ev_run> does this automatically when required,
895	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy.	1073	but when overriding the invoke callback this call comes handy. This
		1074	function can be invoked from a watcher - this can be useful for example
		1075	when you want to do some lengthy calculation and want to pass further
		1076	event handling to another thread (you still have to make sure only one
		1077	thread executes within C<ev_invoke_pending> or C<ev_run> of course).
896		1078
897	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)	1079	=item int ev_pending_count (loop)
898		1080
899	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers	1081	Returns the number of pending watchers - zero indicates that no watchers
900	are pending.	1082	are pending.
901		1083
902	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))	1084	=item ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (loop, void (*invoke_pending_cb)(EV_P))
903		1085
904	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of	1086	This overrides the invoke pending functionality of the loop: Instead of
905	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_loop> will call	1087	invoking all pending watchers when there are any, C<ev_run> will call
906	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to	1088	this callback instead. This is useful, for example, when you want to
907	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1089	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
908		1090
909	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1091	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
910	callback.	1092	callback.
911		1093
912	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1094	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
913		1095
914	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1096	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
915	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1097	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
916	each call to a libev function.	1098	each call to a libev function.
917		1099
918	However, C<ev_loop> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible to	1100	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
919	wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the loop via	1101	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
920	C<ev_unloop> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these I<release>	1102	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
921	and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1103	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
922		1104
923	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1105	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
924	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1106	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
925	afterwards.	1107	afterwards.
926		1108
…		…
929		1111
930	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of	1112	While event loop modifications are allowed between invocations of
931	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no	1113	C<release> and C<acquire> (that's their only purpose after all), no
932	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will	1114	modifications done will affect the event loop, i.e. adding watchers will
933	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time	1115	have no effect on the set of file descriptors being watched, or the time
934	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_loop> when you want it	1116	waited. Use an C<ev_async> watcher to wake up C<ev_run> when you want it
935	to take note of any changes you made.	1117	to take note of any changes you made.
936		1118
937	In theory, threads executing C<ev_loop> will be async-cancel safe between	1119	In theory, threads executing C<ev_run> will be async-cancel safe between
938	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.	1120	invocations of C<release> and C<acquire>.
939		1121
940	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this	1122	See also the locking example in the C<THREADS> section later in this
941	document.	1123	document.
942		1124
943	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)	1125	=item ev_set_userdata (loop, void *data)
944		1126
945	=item ev_userdata (loop)	1127	=item void *ev_userdata (loop)
946		1128
947	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When	1129	Set and retrieve a single C<void *> associated with a loop. When
948	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns	1130	C<ev_set_userdata> has never been called, then C<ev_userdata> returns
949	C<0.>	1131	C<0>.
950		1132
951	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,	1133	These two functions can be used to associate arbitrary data with a loop,
952	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and	1134	and are intended solely for the C<invoke_pending_cb>, C<release> and
953	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for	1135	C<acquire> callbacks described above, but of course can be (ab-)used for
954	any other purpose as well.	1136	any other purpose as well.
955		1137
956	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)	1138	=item ev_verify (loop)
957		1139
958	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been	1140	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
959	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go	1141	compiled in, which is the default for non-minimal builds. It tries to go
960	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything	1142	through all internal structures and checks them for validity. If anything
961	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard	1143	is found to be inconsistent, it will print an error message to standard
…		…
972		1154
973	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the	1155	In the following description, uppercase C<TYPE> in names stands for the
974	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer	1156	watcher type, e.g. C<ev_TYPE_start> can mean C<ev_timer_start> for timer
975	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.	1157	watchers and C<ev_io_start> for I/O watchers.
976		1158
977	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	1159	A watcher is an opaque structure that you allocate and register to record
978	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	1160	your interest in some event. To make a concrete example, imagine you want
979	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	1161	to wait for STDIN to become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher
		1162	for that:
980		1163
981	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1164	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
982	{	1165	{
983	ev_io_stop (w);	1166	ev_io_stop (w);
984	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1167	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
985	}	1168	}
986		1169
987	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	1170	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
988		1171
989	ev_io stdin_watcher;	1172	ev_io stdin_watcher;
990		1173
991	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	1174	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
992	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1175	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
993	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	1176	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
994		1177
995	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1178	ev_run (loop, 0);
996		1179
997	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	1180	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
998	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the	1181	watcher structures (and it is I<usually> a bad idea to do this on the
999	stack).	1182	stack).
1000		1183
1001	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>	1184	Each watcher has an associated watcher structure (called C<struct ev_TYPE>
1002	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).	1185	or simply C<ev_TYPE>, as typedefs are provided for all watcher structs).
1003		1186
1004	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	1187	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init (watcher
1005	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	1188	*, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This callback is
1006	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O	1189	invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O watchers, each
1007	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	1190	time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given is readable
1008	is readable and/or writable).	1191	and/or writable).
1009		1192
1010	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>	1193	Each watcher type further has its own C<< ev_TYPE_set (watcher *, ...) >>
1011	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There	1194	macro to configure it, with arguments specific to the watcher type. There
1012	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<	1195	is also a macro to combine initialisation and setting in one call: C<<
1013	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.	1196	ev_TYPE_init (watcher *, callback, ...) >>.
…		…
1064		1247
1065	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1248	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1066		1249
1067	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1250	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1068		1251
1069	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	1252	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1070	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1253	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1071	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1254	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1255	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1256	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1257	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1258	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1259
1072	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1260	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1073	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1261	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1074	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1262	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1075	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	1263	blocking).
1076		1264
1077	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1265	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1078		1266
1079	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1267	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1080		1268
1081	=item C<EV_FORK>	1269	=item C<EV_FORK>
1082		1270
1083	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	1271	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
1084	C<ev_fork>).	1272	C<ev_fork>).
		1273
		1274	=item C<EV_CLEANUP>
		1275
		1276	The event loop is about to be destroyed (see C<ev_cleanup>).
1085		1277
1086	=item C<EV_ASYNC>	1278	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
1087		1279
1088	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).	1280	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
1089		1281
…		…
1199		1391
1200	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1392	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1201		1393
1202	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1394	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1203		1395
1204	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1396	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1205		1397
1206	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1398	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1207	(modulo threads).	1399	(modulo threads).
1208		1400
1209	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)	1401	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
…		…
1227	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1419	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1228		1420
1229	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1421	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1230	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1422	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1231		1423
1232	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of	1424	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1233	priorities.	1425	priorities.
1234		1426
1235	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1427	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1236		1428
1237	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1429	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
…		…
1262	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1454	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1263	functions that do not need a watcher.	1455	functions that do not need a watcher.
1264		1456
1265	=back	1457	=back
1266		1458
		1459	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
		1460	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1267		1461
1268	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1462	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1269		1463
1270	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	1464	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1271	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used	1465	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1272	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1466	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1273	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1467	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1274	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1275	data:
1276		1468
1277	struct my_io	1469	=over 4
1278	{
1279	ev_io io;
1280	int otherfd;
1281	void *somedata;
1282	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1283	};
1284		1470
1285	...	1471	=item initialised
1286	struct my_io w;
1287	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1288		1472
1289	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1473	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1290	can cast it back to your own type:	1474	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
		1475	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1291		1476
1292	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)	1477	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1293	{	1478	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
1294	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1479	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
1295	...	1480	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1296	}
1297		1481
1298	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1482	=item started/running/active
1299	instead have been omitted.
1300		1483
1301	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple	1484	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1302	embedded watchers:	1485	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
		1486	this state it cannot be accessed (except in a few documented ways), moved,
		1487	freed or anything else - the only legal thing is to keep a pointer to it,
		1488	and call libev functions on it that are documented to work on active watchers.
1303		1489
1304	struct my_biggy	1490	=item pending
1305	{
1306	int some_data;
1307	ev_timer t1;
1308	ev_timer t2;
1309	}
1310		1491
1311	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more	1492	If a watcher is active and libev determines that an event it is interested
1312	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct	1493	in has occurred (such as a timer expiring), it will become pending. It will
1313	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use	1494	stay in this pending state until either it is stopped or its callback is
1314	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real	1495	about to be invoked, so it is not normally pending inside the watcher
1315	programmers):	1496	callback.
1316		1497
1317	#include <stddef.h>	1498	The watcher might or might not be active while it is pending (for example,
		1499	an expired non-repeating timer can be pending but no longer active). If it
		1500	is stopped, it can be freely accessed (e.g. by calling C<ev_TYPE_set>),
		1501	but it is still property of the event loop at this time, so cannot be
		1502	moved, freed or reused. And if it is active the rules described in the
		1503	previous item still apply.
1318		1504
1319	static void	1505	It is also possible to feed an event on a watcher that is not active (e.g.
1320	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1506	via C<ev_feed_event>), in which case it becomes pending without being
1321	{	1507	active.
1322	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1323	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1324	}
1325		1508
1326	static void	1509	=item stopped
1327	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1510
1328	{	1511	A watcher can be stopped implicitly by libev (in which case it might still
1329	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)	1512	be pending), or explicitly by calling its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function. The
1330	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1513	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1331	}	1514	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
		1515	freeing it is often a good idea.
		1516
		1517	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
		1518	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
		1519	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1520	it again).
		1521
		1522	=back
1332		1523
1333	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1524	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1334		1525
1335	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small	1526	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
1336	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation	1527	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
…		…
1379		1570
1380	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,	1571	For example, to emulate how many other event libraries handle priorities,
1381	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in	1572	you can associate an C<ev_idle> watcher to each such watcher, and in
1382	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real	1573	the normal watcher callback, you just start the idle watcher. The real
1383	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to	1574	processing is done in the idle watcher callback. This causes libev to
1384	continously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when	1575	continuously poll and process kernel event data for the watcher, but when
1385	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is	1576	the lock-out case is known to be rare (which in turn is rare :), this is
1386	workable.	1577	workable.
1387		1578
1388	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform	1579	Usually, however, the lock-out model implemented that way will perform
1389	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,	1580	miserably under the type of load it was designed to handle. In that case,
…		…
1403	{	1594	{
1404	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but	1595	// stop the I/O watcher, we received the event, but
1405	// are not yet ready to handle it.	1596	// are not yet ready to handle it.
1406	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);	1597	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
1407		1598
1408	// start the idle watcher to ahndle the actual event.	1599	// start the idle watcher to handle the actual event.
1409	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers	1600	// it will not be executed as long as other watchers
1410	// with the default priority are receiving events.	1601	// with the default priority are receiving events.
1411	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);	1602	ev_idle_start (EV_A_ &idle);
1412	}	1603	}
1413		1604
…		…
1463	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1654	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1464	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1655	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1465	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1656	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1466	required if you know what you are doing).	1657	required if you know what you are doing).
1467		1658
1468	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1469	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1470	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1471	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1472	files) - libev doesn't guarentee any specific behaviour in that case.
1473
1474	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1659	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1475	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1660	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1476	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1661	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1477	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1662	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1478	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1663	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1479	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1664	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1480	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1481	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1665	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1482		1666
1483	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1667	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1484	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1668	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1485	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1669	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1486	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1670	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1487	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1671	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1488	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1672	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1489	indefinitely.	1673	indefinitely.
1490		1674
1491	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1675	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1492		1676
1493	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1677	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1494		1678
1495	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1679	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing
1496	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,	1680	a file descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other
1497	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1681	means, such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some
1498	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1682	file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently
1499	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1683	drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then
1500	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1684	is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is,
1501	fact, a different file descriptor.	1685	in fact, a different file descriptor.
1502		1686
1503	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows	1687	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
1504	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev	1688	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
1505	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise	1689	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
1506	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that	1690	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
…		…
1520		1704
1521	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1705	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1522	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1706	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1523	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1707	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1524		1708
		1709	=head3 The special problem of files
		1710
		1711	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1712	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1713	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1714
		1715	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1716	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1717	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1718	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1719	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1720
		1721	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1722	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1723	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1724	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1725	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1726
		1727	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1728	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1729	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1730	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1731	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1732	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1733	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1734	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1735	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1736
		1737	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1738	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1739	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1740	reuse the same code path.
		1741
1525	=head3 The special problem of fork	1742	=head3 The special problem of fork
1526		1743
1527	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1744	Some backends (epoll, kqueue, probably linuxaio) do not support C<fork ()>
1528	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1745	at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs
1529	it in the child.	1746	to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the
		1747	child.
1530		1748
1531	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1749	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1532	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1750	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1533	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1751	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1534	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1535		1752
1536	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1753	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1537		1754
1538	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1755	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1539	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1756	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1621	...	1838	...
1622	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1839	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1623	ev_io stdin_readable;	1840	ev_io stdin_readable;
1624	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1841	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1625	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1842	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1626	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1843	ev_run (loop, 0);
1627		1844
1628		1845
1629	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1846	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1630		1847
1631	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1848	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
…		…
1637	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1854	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1638	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1855	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1639		1856
1640	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1857	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1641	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1858	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1642	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1859	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1860	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1643	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1861	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1644	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1862	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1645	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).	1863	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1646		1864
1647	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1865	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1648		1866
1649	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1867	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1650	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1868	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1725		1943
1726	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1944	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1727	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1945	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1728	within the callback:	1946	within the callback:
1729		1947
		1948	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1730	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1949	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1950	ev_timer timer;
1731		1951
1732	static void	1952	static void
1733	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1953	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1734	{	1954	{
1735	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1955	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1736	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1956	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1737		1957
1738	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1958	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1739	if (timeout < now)	1959	if (after < 0.)
1740	{	1960	{
1741	// timeout occured, take action	1961	// timeout occurred, take action
1742	}	1962	}
1743	else	1963	else
1744	{	1964	{
1745	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	1965	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1746	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	1966	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1747	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	1967	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1748	w->repeat = timeout - now;	1968	// the timeout can occur.
		1969	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1749	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	1970	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1750	}	1971	}
1751	}	1972	}
1752		1973
1753	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	1974	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1754	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	1975	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1755	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	1976	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1756	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	1977	(EV_A)> from that).
1757	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1758	a timeout then.
1759		1978
1760	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	1979	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1761	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	1980	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		1981
		1982	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		1983	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		1984
		1985	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		1986	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		1987	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1762		1988
1763	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	1989	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1764	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	1990	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1765	libev to change the timeout.	1991	libev to change the timeout.
1766		1992
1767	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	1993	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1768	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	1994	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1769	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	1995	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		1996	the timer:
1770		1997
		1998	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1771	ev_init (timer, callback);	1999	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1772	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	2000	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1773	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1774		2001
1775	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	2002	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1776	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	2003	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1777		2004
		2005	if (activity detected)
1778	last_actiivty = ev_now (loop);	2006	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		2007
		2008	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		2009	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		2010	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		2011
		2012	timeout = new_value;
		2013	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		2014	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1779		2015
1780	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	2016	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1781	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	2017	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1782
1783	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1784	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1785	fix things for you.
1786		2018
1787	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	2019	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1788		2020
1789	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	2021	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1790	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	2022	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1817	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	2049	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1818	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	2050	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1819	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	2051	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1820	overkill :)	2052	overkill :)
1821		2053
		2054	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		2055
		2056	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		2057	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		2058	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		2059	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		2060	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		2061
		2062	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		2063	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		2064
		2065	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		2066	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		2067	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		2068	expect.
		2069
		2070	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		2071	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		2072	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		2073	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2074	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2075
		2076	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2077	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2078	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2079	intentions.
		2080
		2081	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2082	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2083	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2084	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2085
		2086	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2087	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2088	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2089	late" side of things.
		2090
1822	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2091	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1823		2092
1824	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2093	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1825	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2094	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1826	time only before and after C<ev_loop> collects new events, which causes a	2095	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1827	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2096	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1828	lots of events in one iteration.	2097	lots of events in one iteration.
1829		2098
1830	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2099	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1831	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	2100	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1832	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	2101	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1833	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the	2102	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1834	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	2103	timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust
		2104	for it:
1835		2105
1836	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2106	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () - ev_now ()), 0.);
1837		2107
1838	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2108	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1839	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2109	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1840	()>.	2110	()>, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events
		2111	further into the future.
		2112
		2113	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2114
		2115	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2116	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2117	jumps).
		2118
		2119	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2120	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2121	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2122	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2123	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2124
		2125	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2126	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2127	a second or so.
		2128
		2129	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2130	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2131	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2132	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2133
		2134	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2135	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2136	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2137
		2138	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2139	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2140	exactly the right behaviour.
		2141
		2142	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2143	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2144	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1841		2145
1842	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2146	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1843		2147
1844	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2148	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1845	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2149	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
1875		2179
1876	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2180	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1877		2181
1878	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2182	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1879		2183
1880	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>	2184	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds (fractional and
1881	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is	2185	negative values are supported). If C<repeat> is C<0.>, then it will
1882	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be	2186	automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If it is positive,
1883	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,	2187	then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat>
1884	until stopped manually.	2188	seconds later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
1885		2189
1886	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if	2190	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1887	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally	2191	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1888	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot	2192	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1889	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2193	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1890	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2194	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1891		2195
1892	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2196	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1893		2197
1894	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2198	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
1895	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2199	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2200	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
1896		2201
		2202	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2203	applied to the watcher:
		2204
		2205	=over 4
		2206
1897	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2207	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
1898		2208
1899	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2209	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2210	out, without invoking it).
1900		2211
1901	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2212	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
1902	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2213	and start the timer, if necessary.
1903		2214
		2215	=back
		2216
1904	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2217	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
1905	usage example.	2218	usage example.
1906		2219
1907	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2220	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
1908		2221
1909	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2222	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
1948	}	2261	}
1949		2262
1950	ev_timer mytimer;	2263	ev_timer mytimer;
1951	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	2264	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1952	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	2265	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1953	ev_loop (loop, 0);	2266	ev_run (loop, 0);
1954		2267
1955	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	2268	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1956	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	2269	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1957	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	2270	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1958		2271
…		…
1962	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2275	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1963	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2276	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1964		2277
1965	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or	2278	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
1966	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time	2279	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
1967	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The	2280	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The
1968	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real	2281	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
1969	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your	2282	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
1970	wrist-watch).	2283	wrist-watch).
1971		2284
1972	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point	2285	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
…		…
1977	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting	2290	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
1978	it, as it uses a relative timeout).	2291	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
1979		2292
1980	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex	2293	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
1981	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or	2294	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
1982	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as	2295	other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with C<ev_timer>
1983	those cannot react to time jumps.	2296	watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps.
1984		2297
1985	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2298	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1986	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple	2299	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
1987	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with	2300	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
1988	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values	2301	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
1989	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_loop> recursively).	2302	(but this is no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1990		2303
1991	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2304	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1992		2305
1993	=over 4	2306	=over 4
1994		2307
…		…
2029		2342
2030	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2343	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2031	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2344	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2032	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2345	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2033		2346
2034	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2347	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2035	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2348	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2036	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2349	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2350	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2351	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2352	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2037		2353
2038	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2354	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2039	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2355	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2040	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2356	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2041	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2357	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2071		2387
2072	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or	2388	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
2073	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.	2389	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
2074		2390
2075	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2391	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
2076	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the	2392	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate
2077	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2393	the next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for
2078	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2394	this. Here is a (completely untested, no error checking) example on how to
2079	reason I omitted it as an example).	2395	do this:
		2396
		2397	#include <time.h>
		2398
		2399	static ev_tstamp
		2400	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		2401	{
		2402	time_t tnow = (time_t)now;
		2403	struct tm tm;
		2404	localtime_r (&tnow, &tm);
		2405
		2406	tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day
		2407	++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day
		2408
		2409	return mktime (&tm);
		2410	}
		2411
		2412	Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two
		2413	midnights (beginning and end).
2080		2414
2081	=back	2415	=back
2082		2416
2083	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	2417	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
2084		2418
…		…
2122	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	2456	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
2123	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	2457	system time is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
2124	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.	2458	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
2125		2459
2126	static void	2460	static void
2127	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2461	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_periodic *w, int revents)
2128	{	2462	{
2129	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	2463	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
2130	}	2464	}
2131		2465
2132	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2466	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
…		…
2149		2483
2150	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2484	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
2151	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2485	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
2152	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2486	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
2153	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2487	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
2154		2488
2155		2489
2156	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2490	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2157		2491
2158	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2492	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2159	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2493	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
2160	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	2494	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
2161	normal event processing, like any other event.	2495	normal event processing, like any other event.
2162		2496
2163	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use	2497	If you want signals to be delivered truly asynchronously, just use
2164	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing	2498	C<sigaction> as you would do without libev and forget about sharing
2165	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to	2499	the signal. You can even use C<ev_async> from a signal handler to
…		…
2169	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your	2503	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
2170	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for	2504	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
2171	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At	2505	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
2172	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.	2506	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
2173		2507
2174	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something	2508	Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually
2175	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2509	register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal
2176	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).	2510	handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal.
2177		2511
2178	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2512	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
2179	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should	2513	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
2180	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting	2514	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
2181	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher	2515	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
…		…
2184	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2518	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2185		2519
2186	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2520	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2187	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2521	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2188	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2522	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2189	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2523	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2524	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2190		2525
2191	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2526	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2192	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2527	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2193	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2528	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2194	certain signals to be blocked.	2529	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2208		2543
2209	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when	2544	So I can't stress this enough: I<If you do not reset your signal mask when
2210	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This	2545	you expect it to be empty, you have a race condition in your code>. This
2211	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.	2546	is not a libev-specific thing, this is true for most event libraries.
2212		2547
		2548	=head3 The special problem of threads signal handling
		2549
		2550	POSIX threads has problematic signal handling semantics, specifically,
		2551	a lot of functionality (sigfd, sigwait etc.) only really works if all
		2552	threads in a process block signals, which is hard to achieve.
		2553
		2554	When you want to use sigwait (or mix libev signal handling with your own
		2555	for the same signals), you can tackle this problem by globally blocking
		2556	all signals before creating any threads (or creating them with a fully set
		2557	sigprocmask) and also specifying the C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK> when creating
		2558	loops. Then designate one thread as "signal receiver thread" which handles
		2559	these signals. You can pass on any signals that libev might be interested
		2560	in by calling C<ev_feed_signal>.
		2561
2213	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2562	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2214		2563
2215	=over 4	2564	=over 4
2216		2565
2217	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	2566	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
…		…
2232	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.	2581	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT.
2233		2582
2234	static void	2583	static void
2235	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)	2584	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents)
2236	{	2585	{
2237	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	2586	ev_break (loop, EVBREAK_ALL);
2238	}	2587	}
2239		2588
2240	ev_signal signal_watcher;	2589	ev_signal signal_watcher;
2241	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	2590	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
2242	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);	2591	ev_signal_start (loop, &signal_watcher);
…		…
2351		2700
2352	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2701	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
2353		2702
2354	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2703	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
2355	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2704	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
2356	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2705	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
2357	it did.	2706	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2707	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
2358		2708
2359	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2709	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
2360	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2710	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
2361	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2711	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
2362	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2712	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2592	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2942	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2593	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2943	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2594	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2944	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2595	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2945	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2596		2946
		2947	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2948
		2949	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2950	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2951	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2952	lowest priority will do.
		2953
		2954	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2955	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2956	between different connections.
		2957
		2958	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2959	example.
		2960
2597	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2961	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2598		2962
2599	=over 4	2963	=over 4
2600		2964
2601	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	2965	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2612	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	2976	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2613		2977
2614	static void	2978	static void
2615	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	2979	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2616	{	2980	{
		2981	// stop the watcher
		2982	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		2983
		2984	// now we can free it
2617	free (w);	2985	free (w);
		2986
2618	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	2987	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2619	// no longer anything immediate to do.	2988	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2620	}	2989	}
2621		2990
2622	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	2991	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2624	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	2993	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2625		2994
2626		2995
2627	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	2996	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2628		2997
2629	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	2998	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2630	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	2999	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2631	afterwards.	3000	afterwards.
2632		3001
2633	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter	3002	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> (or similar functions that enter the
2634	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	3003	current event loop) or C<ev_loop_fork> from either C<ev_prepare> or
2635	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	3004	C<ev_check> watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine,
2636	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	3005	however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check
2637	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	3006	for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be
2638	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	3007	C<ev_prepare>, blocking, C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each
2639	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	3008	kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
2640		3009
2641	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	3010	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
2642	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track	3011	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
2643	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	3012	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
2644	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	3013	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
…		…
2662	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	3031	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2663	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	3032	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2664	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	3033	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2665	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	3034	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2666		3035
2667	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	3036	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2668	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	3037	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2669	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	3038	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		3039	watchers).
2670		3040
2671	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	3041	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2672	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	3042	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2673	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	3043	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2674	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	3044	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2675	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	3045	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2676	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	3046	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2677	others).	3047	others).
		3048
		3049	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		3050
		3051	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		3052	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		3053	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		3054	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		3055	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		3056	connections have a chance of making progress.
		3057
		3058	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		3059	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		3060	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		3061
		3062	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		3063	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		3064	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		3065	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		3066	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2678		3067
2679	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3068	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2680		3069
2681	=over 4	3070	=over 4
2682		3071
…		…
2806		3195
2807	if (timeout >= 0)	3196	if (timeout >= 0)
2808	// create/start timer	3197	// create/start timer
2809		3198
2810	// poll	3199	// poll
2811	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	3200	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
2812		3201
2813	// stop timer again	3202	// stop timer again
2814	if (timeout >= 0)	3203	if (timeout >= 0)
2815	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	3204	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
2816		3205
…		…
2883		3272
2884	=over 4	3273	=over 4
2885		3274
2886	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3275	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2887		3276
2888	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3277	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
2889		3278
2890	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3279	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
2891	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3280	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
2892	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3281	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
2893	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3282	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
2894	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	3283	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
2895		3284
2896	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	3285	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
2897		3286
2898	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	3287	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
2899	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	3288	similarly to C<ev_run (embedded_loop, EVRUN_NOWAIT)>, but in the most
2900	appropriate way for embedded loops.	3289	appropriate way for embedded loops.
2901		3290
2902	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	3291	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
2903		3292
2904	The embedded event loop.	3293	The embedded event loop.
…		…
2914	used).	3303	used).
2915		3304
2916	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3305	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
2917	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3306	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
2918	ev_embed embed;	3307	ev_embed embed;
2919		3308
2920	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3309	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
2921	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3310	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
2922	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3311	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
2923	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3312	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
2924	: 0;	3313	: 0;
…		…
2938	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3327	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
2939		3328
2940	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3329	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
2941	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3330	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
2942	ev_embed embed;	3331	ev_embed embed;
2943		3332
2944	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3333	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
2945	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3334	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
2946	{	3335	{
2947	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3336	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
2948	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	3337	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
…		…
2956		3345
2957	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3346	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
2958		3347
2959	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3348	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
2960	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3349	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
2961	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3350	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
2962	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3351	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
2963	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3352	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
2964	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3353	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
2965	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3354	of course.
2966		3355
2967	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?	3356	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
2968		3357
2969	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to ste	3358	Most uses of C<fork ()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
2970	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This	3359	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
2971	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.	3360	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
2972		3361
2973	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling	3362	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
2974	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the	3363	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
…		…
2990	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support	3379	disadvantage of having to use multiple event loops (which do not support
2991	signal watchers).	3380	signal watchers).
2992		3381
2993	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for	3382	When this is not possible, or you want to use the default loop for
2994	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call	3383	other reasons, then in the process that wants to start "fresh", call
2995	C<ev_default_destroy ()> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>. Destroying	3384	C<ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT)> followed by C<ev_default_loop (...)>.
2996	the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered watchers, so you	3385	Destroying the default loop will "orphan" (not stop) all registered
2997	have to be careful not to execute code that modifies those watchers. Note	3386	watchers, so you have to be careful not to execute code that modifies
2998	also that in that case, you have to re-register any signal watchers.	3387	those watchers. Note also that in that case, you have to re-register any
		3388	signal watchers.
2999		3389
3000	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3390	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
3001		3391
3002	=over 4	3392	=over 4
3003		3393
3004	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	3394	=item ev_fork_init (ev_fork *, callback)
3005		3395
3006	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	3396	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
3007	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	3397	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
3008	believe me.	3398	really.
3009		3399
3010	=back	3400	=back
3011		3401
3012		3402
		3403	=head2 C<ev_cleanup> - even the best things end
		3404
		3405	Cleanup watchers are called just before the event loop is being destroyed
		3406	by a call to C<ev_loop_destroy>.
		3407
		3408	While there is no guarantee that the event loop gets destroyed, cleanup
		3409	watchers provide a convenient method to install cleanup hooks for your
		3410	program, worker threads and so on - you just to make sure to destroy the
		3411	loop when you want them to be invoked.
		3412
		3413	Cleanup watchers are invoked in the same way as any other watcher. Unlike
		3414	all other watchers, they do not keep a reference to the event loop (which
		3415	makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Like all other watchers, you
		3416	can call libev functions in the callback, except C<ev_cleanup_start>.
		3417
		3418	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		3419
		3420	=over 4
		3421
		3422	=item ev_cleanup_init (ev_cleanup *, callback)
		3423
		3424	Initialises and configures the cleanup watcher - it has no parameters of
		3425	any kind. There is a C<ev_cleanup_set> macro, but using it is utterly
		3426	pointless, I assure you.
		3427
		3428	=back
		3429
		3430	Example: Register an atexit handler to destroy the default loop, so any
		3431	cleanup functions are called.
		3432
		3433	static void
		3434	program_exits (void)
		3435	{
		3436	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		3437	}
		3438
		3439	...
		3440	atexit (program_exits);
		3441
		3442
3013	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop	3443	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3014		3444
3015	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other	3445	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3016	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3446	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3017	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3447	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3018		3448
3019	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not	3449	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3020	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what	3450	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
3021	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you	3451	watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you can signal
3022	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal	3452	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3023	safe.
3024		3453
3025	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3454	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3026	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3455	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3027	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3456	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3028	C<ev_async_sent> calls).	3457	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3029		3458	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3030	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not	3459	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3031	just the default loop.	3460	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3032		3461
3033	=head3 Queueing	3462	=head3 Queueing
3034		3463
3035	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3464	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3036	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3465	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3128	trust me.	3557	trust me.
3129		3558
3130	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3559	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3131		3560
3132	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3561	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3133	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3562	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3563	returns.
		3564
3134	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3565	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3135	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3566	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3136	section below on what exactly this means).	3567	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3137		3568
3138	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3569	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3139	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3570	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3140	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3571	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3141	reset when the event loop detects that).	3572	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3142		3573
3143	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3574	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3144	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3575	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3145	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3576	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3577	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3578	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3579	zero) under load.
3146		3580
3147	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3581	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3148		3582
3149	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3583	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3150	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3584	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3167		3601
3168	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	3602	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
3169		3603
3170	=over 4	3604	=over 4
3171		3605
3172	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3606	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)
3173		3607
3174	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3608	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
3175	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both	3609	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
3176	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3610	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
3177	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3611	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
…		…
3205	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3639	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3206		3640
3207	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3641	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3208		3642
3209	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3643	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3210	the given events it.	3644	the given events.
3211		3645
3212	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3646	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3213		3647
3214	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default	3648	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3215	loop!).	3649	which is async-safe.
3216		3650
3217	=back	3651	=back
		3652
		3653
		3654	=head1 COMMON OR USEFUL IDIOMS (OR BOTH)
		3655
		3656	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
		3657	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
		3658	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
		3659
		3660	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
		3661
		3662	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3663	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3664	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3665	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3666	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3667	data:
		3668
		3669	struct my_io
		3670	{
		3671	ev_io io;
		3672	int otherfd;
		3673	void *somedata;
		3674	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3675	};
		3676
		3677	...
		3678	struct my_io w;
		3679	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3680
		3681	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3682	can cast it back to your own type:
		3683
		3684	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3685	{
		3686	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3687	...
		3688	}
		3689
		3690	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3691	function type instead have been omitted.
		3692
		3693	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3694
		3695	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3696	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3697	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3698
		3699	struct my_biggy
		3700	{
		3701	int some_data;
		3702	ev_timer t1;
		3703	ev_timer t2;
		3704	}
		3705
		3706	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3707	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3708	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3709	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3710	real programmers):
		3711
		3712	#include <stddef.h>
		3713
		3714	static void
		3715	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3716	{
		3717	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3718	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3719	}
		3720
		3721	static void
		3722	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3723	{
		3724	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3725	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3726	}
		3727
		3728	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3729
		3730	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3731
		3732	callback ()
		3733	{
		3734	free (request);
		3735	}
		3736
		3737	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3738
		3739	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3740	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3741
		3742	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3743	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3744	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3745	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3746
		3747	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3748	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3749
		3750	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3751	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3752	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3753	already been invoked.
		3754
		3755	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3756	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3757	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3758	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3759	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3760	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3761
		3762	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3763	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3764
		3765	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3766	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3767
		3768	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
		3769
		3770	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
		3771	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
		3772	invoking C<ev_run>.
		3773
		3774	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
		3775	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
		3776	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
		3777	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
		3778	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
		3779
		3780	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
		3781	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
		3782	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
		3783
		3784	// main loop
		3785	int exit_main_loop = 0;
		3786
		3787	while (!exit_main_loop)
		3788	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3789
		3790	// in a modal watcher
		3791	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
		3792
		3793	while (!exit_nested_loop)
		3794	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
		3795
		3796	To exit from any of these loops, just set the corresponding exit variable:
		3797
		3798	// exit modal loop
		3799	exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3800
		3801	// exit main program, after modal loop is finished
		3802	exit_main_loop = 1;
		3803
		3804	// exit both
		3805	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
		3806
		3807	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3808
		3809	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3810	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3811	created/added/removed.
		3812
		3813	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3814	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3815	languages).
		3816
		3817	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3818	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3819	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3820
		3821	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3822
		3823	typedef struct {
		3824	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3825	ev_async async_w;
		3826	thread_t tid;
		3827	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3828	} userdata;
		3829
		3830	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3831	{
		3832	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3833	static userdata u;
		3834
		3835	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3836	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3837
		3838	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3839	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3840
		3841	// now associate this with the loop
		3842	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3843	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3844	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3845
		3846	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3847	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3848	}
		3849
		3850	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3851	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3852	that might have been added:
		3853
		3854	static void
		3855	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3856	{
		3857	// just used for the side effects
		3858	}
		3859
		3860	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3861	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3862
		3863	static void
		3864	l_release (EV_P)
		3865	{
		3866	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3867	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3868	}
		3869
		3870	static void
		3871	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3872	{
		3873	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3874	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3875	}
		3876
		3877	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3878	into C<ev_run>:
		3879
		3880	void *
		3881	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3882	{
		3883	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3884
		3885	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3886	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3887	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3888	l_release (EV_A);
		3889
		3890	return 0;
		3891	}
		3892
		3893	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3894	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3895	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3896	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3897	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3898	watchers is very beneficial):
		3899
		3900	static void
		3901	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3902	{
		3903	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3904
		3905	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3906	{
		3907	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3908	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3909	}
		3910	}
		3911
		3912	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3913	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3914	thread to continue:
		3915
		3916	static void
		3917	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3918	{
		3919	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3920
		3921	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3922	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3923	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3924	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3925	}
		3926
		3927	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3928	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3929
		3930	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3931	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3932
		3933	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3934
		3935	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3936	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3937	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3938	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3939
		3940	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3941	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3942	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3943	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3944
		3945	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3946
		3947	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3948	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3949	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3950	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3951
		3952	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3953	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3954	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3955	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3956	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3957	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3958
		3959	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3960	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3961
		3962	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3963	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3964	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		3965
		3966	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		3967	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		3968	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		3969	called):
		3970
		3971	void
		3972	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		3973	{
		3974	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		3975	switch_to (libev_coro);
		3976	}
		3977
		3978	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		3979	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		3980	this or any other coroutine.
		3981
		3982	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		3983	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		3984	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		3985	any waiters.
		3986
		3987	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		3988	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		3989
		3990	// my_ev.h
		3991	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3992	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3993	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		3994
		3995	// my_ev.c
		3996	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		3997	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		3998
		3999	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		4000	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		4001	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3218		4002
3219		4003
3220	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	4004	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3221		4005
3222	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	4006	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
3223	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:	4007	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
3224		4008
3225	=over 4	4009	=over 4
		4010
		4011	=item * Only the libevent-1.4.1-beta API is being emulated.
		4012
		4013	This was the newest libevent version available when libev was implemented,
		4014	and is still mostly unchanged in 2010.
3226		4015
3227	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.	4016	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
3228		4017
3229	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,	4018	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
3230	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.	4019	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
…		…
3236	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	4025	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
3237	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	4026	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
3238	is an ev_pri field.	4027	is an ev_pri field.
3239		4028
3240	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the	4029	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
3241	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.	4030	base that registered the signal gets the signals.
3242		4031
3243	=item * Other members are not supported.	4032	=item * Other members are not supported.
3244		4033
3245	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	4034	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
3246	to use the libev header file and library.	4035	to use the libev header file and library.
3247		4036
3248	=back	4037	=back
3249		4038
3250	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	4039	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		4040
		4041	=head2 C API
		4042
		4043	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		4044	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		4045	will work fine.
		4046
		4047	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		4048	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other
		4049	callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic reschedule
		4050	callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<noexcept>
		4051	specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and
		4052	C++ you can use the C<EV_NOEXCEPT> macro for this:
		4053
		4054	static void
		4055	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT
		4056	{
		4057	perror (msg);
		4058	abort ();
		4059	}
		4060
		4061	...
		4062	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		4063
		4064	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		4065	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		4066	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		4067
		4068	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		4069	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		4070	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		4071
		4072	=head2 C++ API
3251		4073
3252	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	4074	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3253	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	4075	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3254	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	4076	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3255		4077
3256	To use it,	4078	To use it,
3257		4079
3258	#include <ev++.h>	4080	#include <ev++.h>
3259		4081
3260	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	4082	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
3261	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	4083	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
3262	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	4084	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
…		…
3265	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++	4087	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
3266	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer	4088	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
3267	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if	4089	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
3268	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).	4090	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
3269		4091
3270	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be	4092	Currently, functions, static and non-static member functions and classes
3271	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only	4093	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3272	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other	4094	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3273	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing	4095	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3274	it).	4096	(preferably after implementing it).
		4097
		4098	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4099	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4100	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
3275		4101
3276	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4102	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3277		4103
3278	=over 4	4104	=over 4
3279		4105
…		…
3289	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4115	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3290		4116
3291	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4117	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3292	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4118	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3293	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4119	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3294	defines by many implementations.	4120	defined by many implementations.
3295		4121
3296	All of those classes have these methods:	4122	All of those classes have these methods:
3297		4123
3298	=over 4	4124	=over 4
3299		4125
…		…
3340	myclass obj;	4166	myclass obj;
3341	ev::io iow;	4167	ev::io iow;
3342	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	4168	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
3343		4169
3344	=item w->set (object *)	4170	=item w->set (object *)
3345
3346	This is an B<experimental> feature that might go away in a future version.
3347		4171
3348	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call	4172	This is a variation of a method callback - leaving out the method to call
3349	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use	4173	will default the method to C<operator ()>, which makes it possible to use
3350	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all	4174	functor objects without having to manually specify the C<operator ()> all
3351	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument	4175	the time. Incidentally, you can then also leave out the template argument
…		…
3363	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)	4187	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
3364	{	4188	{
3365	...	4189	...
3366	}	4190	}
3367	}	4191	}
3368		4192
3369	myfunctor f;	4193	myfunctor f;
3370		4194
3371	ev::io w;	4195	ev::io w;
3372	w.set (&f);	4196	w.set (&f);
3373		4197
…		…
3391	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4215	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
3392	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4216	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
3393		4217
3394	=item w->set ([arguments])	4218	=item w->set ([arguments])
3395		4219
3396	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be	4220	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
		4221	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3397	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	4222	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3398	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	4223	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
3399	method.	4224	method.
		4225
		4226	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4227	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3400		4228
3401	=item w->start ()	4229	=item w->start ()
3402		4230
3403	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4231	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3404	constructor already stores the event loop.	4232	constructor already stores the event loop.
3405		4233
		4234	=item w->start ([arguments])
		4235
		4236	Instead of calling C<set> and C<start> methods separately, it is often
		4237	convenient to wrap them in one call. Uses the same type of arguments as
		4238	the configure C<set> method of the watcher.
		4239
3406	=item w->stop ()	4240	=item w->stop ()
3407		4241
3408	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	4242	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
3409		4243
3410	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)	4244	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
…		…
3422		4256
3423	=back	4257	=back
3424		4258
3425	=back	4259	=back
3426		4260
3427	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	4261	Example: Define a class with two I/O and idle watchers, start the I/O
3428	the constructor.	4262	watchers in the constructor.
3429		4263
3430	class myclass	4264	class myclass
3431	{	4265	{
3432	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4266	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		4267	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3433	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4268	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3434		4269
3435	myclass (int fd)	4270	myclass (int fd)
3436	{	4271	{
3437	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4272	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		4273	io2 .set <myclass, &myclass::io2_cb > (this);
3438	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	4274	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
3439		4275
3440	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	4276	io.set (fd, ev::WRITE); // configure the watcher
		4277	io.start (); // start it whenever convenient
		4278
		4279	io2.start (fd, ev::READ); // set + start in one call
3441	}	4280	}
3442	};	4281	};
3443		4282
3444		4283
3445	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS	4284	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
…		…
3484	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4323	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3485		4324
3486	=item D	4325	=item D
3487		4326
3488	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4327	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3489	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4328	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3490		4329
3491	=item Ocaml	4330	=item Ocaml
3492		4331
3493	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4332	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3494	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4333	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3497		4336
3498	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4337	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3499	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4338	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3500	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4339	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3501		4340
		4341	=item Javascript
		4342
		4343	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4344
		4345	=item Others
		4346
		4347	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4348
3502	=back	4349	=back
3503		4350
3504		4351
3505	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4352	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3506		4353
…		…
3519	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	4366	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
3520	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	4367	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
3521		4368
3522	ev_unref (EV_A);	4369	ev_unref (EV_A);
3523	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	4370	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
3524	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	4371	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
3525		4372
3526	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	4373	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
3527	which is often provided by the following macro.	4374	which is often provided by the following macro.
3528		4375
3529	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	4376	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
…		…
3542	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4389	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3543		4390
3544	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4391	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3545		4392
3546	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4393	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3547	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4394	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4395	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4396
		4397	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4398	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3548		4399
3549	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4400	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3550		4401
3551	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4402	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3552	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4403	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3569	}	4420	}
3570		4421
3571	ev_check check;	4422	ev_check check;
3572	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	4423	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
3573	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	4424	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
3574	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	4425	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
3575		4426
3576	=head1 EMBEDDING	4427	=head1 EMBEDDING
3577		4428
3578	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	4429	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
3579	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	4430	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
3619	ev_vars.h	4470	ev_vars.h
3620	ev_wrap.h	4471	ev_wrap.h
3621		4472
3622	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	4473	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
3623		4474
3624	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	4475	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled
3625	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4476	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled
3626	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4477	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled
		4478	ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled
3627	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4479	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled
3628	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4480	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled
3629		4481
3630	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	4482	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
3631	to compile this single file.	4483	to compile this single file.
3632		4484
3633	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	4485	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
…		…
3671	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible	4523	users of libev and the libev code itself must be compiled with compatible
3672	settings.	4524	settings.
3673		4525
3674	=over 4	4526	=over 4
3675		4527
		4528	=item EV_COMPAT3 (h)
		4529
		4530	Backwards compatibility is a major concern for libev. This is why this
		4531	release of libev comes with wrappers for the functions and symbols that
		4532	have been renamed between libev version 3 and 4.
		4533
		4534	You can disable these wrappers (to test compatibility with future
		4535	versions) by defining C<EV_COMPAT3> to C<0> when compiling your
		4536	sources. This has the additional advantage that you can drop the C<struct>
		4537	from C<struct ev_loop> declarations, as libev will provide an C<ev_loop>
		4538	typedef in that case.
		4539
		4540	In some future version, the default for C<EV_COMPAT3> will become C<0>,
		4541	and in some even more future version the compatibility code will be
		4542	removed completely.
		4543
3676	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)	4544	=item EV_STANDALONE (h)
3677		4545
3678	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which	4546	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
3679	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy	4547	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
3680	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not	4548	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
3681	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4549	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3682	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4550	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3683		4551
3684	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4552	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3685	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4553	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4554
		4555	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4556
		4557	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4558	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4559	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4560	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4561	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4562	this.
3686		4563
3687	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4564	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3688		4565
3689	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4566	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3690	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4567	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
3776	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4653	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
3777	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4654	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
3778	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4655	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
3779	the underlying OS handle.	4656	the underlying OS handle.
3780		4657
		4658	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4659
		4660	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4661	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4662	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4663	environments.
		4664
3781	=item EV_USE_POLL	4665	=item EV_USE_POLL
3782		4666
3783	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4667	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
3784	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4668	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
3785	takes precedence over select.	4669	takes precedence over select.
…		…
3789	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	4673	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
3790	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	4674	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
3791	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	4675	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
3792	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the	4676	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
3793	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4677	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		4678
		4679	=item EV_USE_LINUXAIO
		4680
		4681	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		4682	aio backend. Due to it's currenbt limitations it has to be requested
		4683	explicitly. If undefined, it will be enabled on linux, otherwise
		4684	disabled.
3794		4685
3795	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	4686	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
3796		4687
3797	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	4688	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
3798	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	4689	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
3820	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4711	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
3821	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4712	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
3822	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4713	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
3823	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4714	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
3824		4715
		4716	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4717
		4718	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4719	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4720	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4721	and makes libev faster.
		4722
		4723	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4724
		4725	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4726	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4727	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4728	libev faster.
		4729
3825	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4730	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
3826		4731
3827	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4732	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
3828	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4733	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
3829	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4734	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
3830	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4735	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
3831	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4736	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4737	watchers.
3832		4738
3833	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4739	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
3834	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4740	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
3835		4741
3836	=item EV_H (h)	4742	=item EV_H (h)
…		…
3863	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4769	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
3864	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4770	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
3865	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4771	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
3866	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4772	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
3867		4773
		4774	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4775	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4776	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4777
3868	=item EV_MINPRI	4778	=item EV_MINPRI
3869		4779
3870	=item EV_MAXPRI	4780	=item EV_MAXPRI
3871		4781
3872	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4782	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
3886	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,	4796	EV_PREPARE_ENABLE, EV_CHECK_ENABLE, EV_FORK_ENABLE, EV_SIGNAL_ENABLE,
3887	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.	4797	EV_ASYNC_ENABLE, EV_CHILD_ENABLE.
3888		4798
3889	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then	4799	If undefined or defined to be C<1> (and the platform supports it), then
3890	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it	4800	the respective watcher type is supported. If defined to be C<0>, then it
3891	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves codesize.	4801	is not. Disabling watcher types mainly saves code size.
3892		4802
3893	=item EV_FEATURES	4803	=item EV_FEATURES
3894		4804
3895	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	4805	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
3896	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request	4806	speed (but with the full API), you can define this symbol to request
…		…
3908	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4818	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
3909	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4819	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
3910	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4820	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
3911		4821
3912	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4822	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
3913	values:	4823	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
3914		4824
3915	=over 4	4825	=over 4
3916		4826
3917	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4827	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
3918		4828
3919	Use larger code to speed up some operations.	4829	Use larger code to speed up some operations.
3920		4830
3921	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the roughly	4831	Currently this is used to override some inlining decisions (enlarging the
3922	30% code size on amd64.	4832	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
3923		4833
3924	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4834	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
3925	gcc recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4835	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
3926	assertions.	4836	assertions.
3927		4837
		4838	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4839	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4840
3928	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4841	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
3929		4842
3930	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4843	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
3931	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase codesize	4844	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
3932	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4845	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
3933	runtime.	4846	runtime.
		4847
		4848	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4849	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
3934		4850
3935	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4851	=item C<4> - full API configuration
3936		4852
3937	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4853	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
3938	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4854	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
…		…
3970	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4886	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
3971	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4887	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
3972	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4888	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
3973	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4889	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
3974		4890
		4891	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4892
		4893	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4894	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4895	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4896	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4897	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4898
		4899	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4900	wants to use libev.
		4901
		4902	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4903	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
		4904
3975	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4905	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
3976		4906
3977	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4907	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
3978	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the codesize	4908	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
3979	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your	4909	somewhat, but if your program doesn't otherwise depend on stdio and your
3980	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite	4910	libc allows it, this avoids linking in the stdio library which is quite
3981	big.	4911	big.
3982		4912
3983	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is	4913	Note that error messages might become less precise when this option is
…		…
3987		4917
3988	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of	4918	The highest supported signal number, +1 (or, the number of
3989	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals	4919	signals): Normally, libev tries to deduce the maximum number of signals
3990	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be	4920	automatically, but sometimes this fails, in which case it can be
3991	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be	4921	specified. Also, using a lower number than detected (C<32> should be
3992	good for about any system in existance) can save some memory, as libev	4922	good for about any system in existence) can save some memory, as libev
3993	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.	4923	statically allocates some 12-24 bytes per signal number.
3994		4924
3995	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	4925	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
3996		4926
3997	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	4927	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
…		…
4029	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it	4959	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
4030	will be C<0>.	4960	will be C<0>.
4031		4961
4032	=item EV_VERIFY	4962	=item EV_VERIFY
4033		4963
4034	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will	4964	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_verify ()>) will
4035	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled	4965	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
4036	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not	4966	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
4037	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be	4967	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
4038	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	4968	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
4039	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	4969	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
…		…
4043	will be C<0>.	4973	will be C<0>.
4044		4974
4045	=item EV_COMMON	4975	=item EV_COMMON
4046		4976
4047	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	4977	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
4048	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	4978	this macro to something else you can include more and other types of
4049	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	4979	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
4050	though, and it must be identical each time.	4980	though, and it must be identical each time.
4051		4981
4052	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	4982	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
4053		4983
…		…
4122	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	5052	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4123		5053
4124	#include "ev_cpp.h"	5054	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4125	#include "ev.c"	5055	#include "ev.c"
4126		5056
4127	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	5057	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4128		5058
4129	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	5059	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4130		5060
4131	=head3 THREADS	5061	=head3 THREADS
4132		5062
…		…
4183	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5113	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4184	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5114	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4185		5115
4186	=back	5116	=back
4187		5117
4188	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5118	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4189
4190	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4191	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4192	created/added/removed.
4193
4194	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4195	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4196	languages).
4197
4198	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4199	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4200	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4201
4202	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4203
4204	typedef struct {
4205	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4206	ev_async async_w;
4207	thread_t tid;
4208	cond_t invoke_cv;
4209	} userdata;
4210
4211	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4212	{
4213	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4214	static userdata u;
4215
4216	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4217	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4218
4219	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4220	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4221
4222	// now associate this with the loop
4223	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4224	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4225	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4226
4227	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4228	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4229	}
4230
4231	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4232	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4233	that might have been added:
4234
4235	static void
4236	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4237	{
4238	// just used for the side effects
4239	}
4240
4241	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4242	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4243
4244	static void
4245	l_release (EV_P)
4246	{
4247	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4248	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4249	}
4250
4251	static void
4252	l_acquire (EV_P)
4253	{
4254	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4255	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4256	}
4257
4258	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4259	into C<ev_loop>:
4260
4261	void *
4262	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4263	{
4264	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4265
4266	l_acquire (EV_A);
4267	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4268	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
4269	l_release (EV_A);
4270
4271	return 0;
4272	}
4273
4274	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4275	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4276	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4277	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4278	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4279	watchers is very beneficial):
4280
4281	static void
4282	l_invoke (EV_P)
4283	{
4284	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4285
4286	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4287	{
4288	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4289	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4290	}
4291	}
4292
4293	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4294	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4295	thread to continue:
4296
4297	static void
4298	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4299	{
4300	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4301
4302	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4303	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4304	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4305	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4306	}
4307
4308	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4309	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4310
4311	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4312	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4313
4314	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4315
4316	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4317	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4318	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4319	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4320
4321	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4322	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4323	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4324	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4325		5119
4326	=head3 COROUTINES	5120	=head3 COROUTINES
4327		5121
4328	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5122	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4329	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5123	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
4330	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two	5124	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_run> on the same loop from two
4331	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running	5125	different coroutines, and switch freely between both coroutines running
4332	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is	5126	the loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is
4333	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.	5127	that you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
4334		5128
4335	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside	5129	Care has been taken to ensure that libev does not keep local state inside
4336	C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as	5130	C<ev_run>, and other calls do not usually allow for coroutine switches as
4337	they do not call any callbacks.	5131	they do not call any callbacks.
4338		5132
4339	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS	5133	=head2 COMPILER WARNINGS
4340		5134
4341	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a	5135	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
…		…
4352	maintainable.	5146	maintainable.
4353		5147
4354	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply	5148	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
4355	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message	5149	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
4356	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some	5150	seems to warn about). For example, certain older gcc versions had some
4357	warnings that resulted an extreme number of false positives. These have	5151	warnings that resulted in an extreme number of false positives. These have
4358	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with	5152	been fixed, but some people still insist on making code warn-free with
4359	such buggy versions.	5153	such buggy versions.
4360		5154
4361	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,	5155	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
4362	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev	5156	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
…		…
4398	I suggest using suppression lists.	5192	I suggest using suppression lists.
4399		5193
4400		5194
4401	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES	5195	=head1 PORTABILITY NOTES
4402		5196
		5197	=head2 GNU/LINUX 32 BIT LIMITATIONS
		5198
		5199	GNU/Linux is the only common platform that supports 64 bit file/large file
		5200	interfaces but I<disables> them by default.
		5201
		5202	That means that libev compiled in the default environment doesn't support
		5203	files larger than 2GiB or so, which mainly affects C<ev_stat> watchers.
		5204
		5205	Unfortunately, many programs try to work around this GNU/Linux issue
		5206	by enabling the large file API, which makes them incompatible with the
		5207	standard libev compiled for their system.
		5208
		5209	Likewise, libev cannot enable the large file API itself as this would
		5210	suddenly make it incompatible to the default compile time environment,
		5211	i.e. all programs not using special compile switches.
		5212
		5213	=head2 OS/X AND DARWIN BUGS
		5214
		5215	The whole thing is a bug if you ask me - basically any system interface
		5216	you touch is broken, whether it is locales, poll, kqueue or even the
		5217	OpenGL drivers.
		5218
		5219	=head3 C<kqueue> is buggy
		5220
		5221	The kqueue syscall is broken in all known versions - most versions support
		5222	only sockets, many support pipes.
		5223
		5224	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<kqueue> by default on this
		5225	rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating a
		5226	loop - embedding a socket-only kqueue loop into a select-based one is
		5227	probably going to work well.
		5228
		5229	=head3 C<poll> is buggy
		5230
		5231	Instead of fixing C<kqueue>, Apple replaced their (working) C<poll>
		5232	implementation by something calling C<kqueue> internally around the 10.5.6
		5233	release, so now C<kqueue> I<and> C<poll> are broken.
		5234
		5235	Libev tries to work around this by not using C<poll> by default on
		5236	this rotten platform, but of course you can still ask for it when creating
		5237	a loop.
		5238
		5239	=head3 C<select> is buggy
		5240
		5241	All that's left is C<select>, and of course Apple found a way to fuck this
		5242	one up as well: On OS/X, C<select> actively limits the number of file
		5243	descriptors you can pass in to 1024 - your program suddenly crashes when
		5244	you use more.
		5245
		5246	There is an undocumented "workaround" for this - defining
		5247	C<_DARWIN_UNLIMITED_SELECT>, which libev tries to use, so select I<should>
		5248	work on OS/X.
		5249
		5250	=head2 SOLARIS PROBLEMS AND WORKAROUNDS
		5251
		5252	=head3 C<errno> reentrancy
		5253
		5254	The default compile environment on Solaris is unfortunately so
		5255	thread-unsafe that you can't even use components/libraries compiled
		5256	without C<-D_REENTRANT> in a threaded program, which, of course, isn't
		5257	defined by default. A valid, if stupid, implementation choice.
		5258
		5259	If you want to use libev in threaded environments you have to make sure
		5260	it's compiled with C<_REENTRANT> defined.
		5261
		5262	=head3 Event port backend
		5263
		5264	The scalable event interface for Solaris is called "event
		5265	ports". Unfortunately, this mechanism is very buggy in all major
		5266	releases. If you run into high CPU usage, your program freezes or you get
		5267	a large number of spurious wakeups, make sure you have all the relevant
		5268	and latest kernel patches applied. No, I don't know which ones, but there
		5269	are multiple ones to apply, and afterwards, event ports actually work
		5270	great.
		5271
		5272	If you can't get it to work, you can try running the program by setting
		5273	the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS=3> to only allow C<poll> and
		5274	C<select> backends.
		5275
		5276	=head2 AIX POLL BUG
		5277
		5278	AIX unfortunately has a broken C<poll.h> header. Libev works around
		5279	this by trying to avoid the poll backend altogether (i.e. it's not even
		5280	compiled in), which normally isn't a big problem as C<select> works fine
		5281	with large bitsets on AIX, and AIX is dead anyway.
		5282
4403	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS	5283	=head2 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		5284
		5285	=head3 General issues
4404		5286
4405	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev	5287	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
4406	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5288	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4407	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5289	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4408	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5290	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4409	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5291	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4410	e.g. cygwin.	5292	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
		5293	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
		5294	environment.
4411		5295
4412	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5296	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4413	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of	5297	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4414	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable	5298	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
4415	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).	5299	also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
4416		5300
4417	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except	5301	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
4418	embedding it into other applications.	5302	embedding it into other applications.
4419		5303
4420	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev	5304	Sensible signal handling is officially unsupported by Microsoft - libev
…		…
4448	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):	5332	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded source files!):
4449		5333
4450	#include "evwrap.h"	5334	#include "evwrap.h"
4451	#include "ev.c"	5335	#include "ev.c"
4452		5336
4453	=over 4
4454
4455	=item The winsocket select function	5337	=head3 The winsocket C<select> function
4456		5338
4457	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it	5339	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
4458	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is	5340	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
4459	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also	5341	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
4460	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft	5342	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
…		…
4469	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */	5351	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
4470		5352
4471	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a	5353	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
4472	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.	5354	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
4473		5355
4474	=item Limited number of file descriptors	5356	=head3 Limited number of file descriptors
4475		5357
4476	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.	5358	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
4477		5359
4478	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum	5360	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
4479	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels	5361	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
…		…
4494	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets	5376	runtime libraries. This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets
4495	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,	5377	(depending on windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more,
4496	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but	5378	you need to wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but
4497	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.	5379	the cost of calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
4498		5380
4499	=back
4500
4501	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS	5381	=head2 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
4502		5382
4503	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the	5383	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation and of course the
4504	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:	5384	backend-specific APIs, libev relies on a few additional extensions:
4505		5385
…		…
4511	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal	5391	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
4512	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5392	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4513	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5393	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4514	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5394	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4515	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5395	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		5396
		5397	=item null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes
		5398
		5399	Libev uses C<memset> to initialise structs and arrays to C<0> bytes, and
		5400	relies on this setting pointers and integers to null.
		5401
		5402	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
		5403
		5404	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
		5405	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
4516		5406
4517	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well	5407	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
4518		5408
4519	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as	5409	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
4520	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different	5410	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic with respect to accesses from different
…		…
4529	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5419	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
4530	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5420	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
4531	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5421	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
4532		5422
4533	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5423	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
4534	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5424	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
4535	well.	5425	thread as well.
4536		5426
4537	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5427	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
4538		5428
4539	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5429	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
4540	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5430	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
4543	watchers.	5433	watchers.
4544		5434
4545	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy	5435	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
4546		5436
4547	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5437	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4548	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good	5438	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4549	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by	5439	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
		5440	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4550	implementations implementing IEEE 754, which is basically all existing	5441	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5442
4551	ones. With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least	5443	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
4552	2200.	5444	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5445	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5446	something like that, just kidding).
4553		5447
4554	=back	5448	=back
4555		5449
4556	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5450	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4557		5451
…		…
4619	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5513	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4620		5514
4621	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5515	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
4622		5516
4623	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5517	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
4624	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5518	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5519	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
4625	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5520	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
4626		5521
4627	=back	5522	=back
4628		5523
4629		5524
4630	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5525	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
4631		5526
4632	The major version 4 introduced some minor incompatible changes to the API.	5527	The major version 4 introduced some incompatible changes to the API.
4633		5528
4634	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file tries to implement superficial	5529	At the moment, the C<ev.h> header file provides compatibility definitions
4635	compatibility, so most programs should still compile. Those might be	5530	for all changes, so most programs should still compile. The compatibility
4636	removed in later versions of libev, so better update early than late.	5531	layer might be removed in later versions of libev, so better update to the
		5532	new API early than late.
4637		5533
4638	=over 4	5534	=over 4
4639		5535
4640	=item C<ev_loop_count> renamed to C<ev_iteration>	5536	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
4641		5537
4642	=item C<ev_loop_depth> renamed to C<ev_depth>	5538	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
		5539	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"> in the L</EMBEDDING>
		5540	section.
4643		5541
4644	=item C<ev_loop_verify> renamed to C<ev_verify>	5542	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
		5543
		5544	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
		5545
		5546	ev_loop_destroy (EV_DEFAULT_UC);
		5547	ev_loop_fork (EV_DEFAULT);
		5548
		5549	=item function/symbol renames
		5550
		5551	A number of functions and symbols have been renamed:
		5552
		5553	ev_loop => ev_run
		5554	EVLOOP_NONBLOCK => EVRUN_NOWAIT
		5555	EVLOOP_ONESHOT => EVRUN_ONCE
		5556
		5557	ev_unloop => ev_break
		5558	EVUNLOOP_CANCEL => EVBREAK_CANCEL
		5559	EVUNLOOP_ONE => EVBREAK_ONE
		5560	EVUNLOOP_ALL => EVBREAK_ALL
		5561
		5562	EV_TIMEOUT => EV_TIMER
		5563
		5564	ev_loop_count => ev_iteration
		5565	ev_loop_depth => ev_depth
		5566	ev_loop_verify => ev_verify
4645		5567
4646	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an	5568	Most functions working on C<struct ev_loop> objects don't have an
4647	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is	5569	C<ev_loop_> prefix, so it was removed; C<ev_loop>, C<ev_unloop> and
		5570	associated constants have been renamed to not collide with the C<struct
		5571	ev_loop> anymore and C<EV_TIMER> now follows the same naming scheme
		5572	as all other watcher types. Note that C<ev_loop_fork> is still called
4648	still called C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the	5573	C<ev_loop_fork> because it would otherwise clash with the C<ev_fork>
4649	C<ev_fork> typedef.	5574	typedef.
4650
4651	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT> renamed to C<EV_TIMER> in C<revents>
4652
4653	This is a simple rename - all other watcher types use their name
4654	as revents flag, and now C<ev_timer> does, too.
4655
4656	Both C<EV_TIMER> and C<EV_TIMEOUT> symbols were present in 3.x versions
4657	and continue to be present for the forseeable future, so this is mostly a
4658	documentation change.
4659		5575
4660	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>	5576	=item C<EV_MINIMAL> mechanism replaced by C<EV_FEATURES>
4661		5577
4662	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different	5578	The preprocessor symbol C<EV_MINIMAL> has been replaced by a different
4663	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile	5579	mechanism, C<EV_FEATURES>. Programs using C<EV_MINIMAL> usually compile
…		…
4670		5586
4671	=over 4	5587	=over 4
4672		5588
4673	=item active	5589	=item active
4674		5590
4675	A watcher is active as long as it has been started (has been attached to	5591	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
4676	an event loop) but not yet stopped (disassociated from the event loop).	5592	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4677		5593
4678	=item application	5594	=item application
4679		5595
4680	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5596	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
		5597
		5598	=item backend
		5599
		5600	The part of the code dealing with the operating system interfaces.
4681		5601
4682	=item callback	5602	=item callback
4683		5603
4684	The address of a function that is called when some event has been	5604	The address of a function that is called when some event has been
4685	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that	5605	detected. Callbacks are being passed the event loop, the watcher that
4686	received the event, and the actual event bitset.	5606	received the event, and the actual event bitset.
4687		5607
4688	=item callback invocation	5608	=item callback/watcher invocation
4689		5609
4690	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.	5610	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
4691		5611
4692	=item event	5612	=item event
4693		5613
…		…
4712	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes	5632	The model used to describe how an event loop handles and processes
4713	watchers and events.	5633	watchers and events.
4714		5634
4715	=item pending	5635	=item pending
4716		5636
4717	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been detected,	5637	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
4718	and stops being pending as soon as the watcher will be invoked or its	5638	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
4719	pending status is explicitly cleared by the application.
4720
4721	A watcher can be pending, but not active. Stopping a watcher also clears
4722	its pending status.
4723		5639
4724	=item real time	5640	=item real time
4725		5641
4726	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5642	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
4727		5643
4728	=item wall-clock time	5644	=item wall-clock time
4729		5645
4730	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5646	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
4731	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5647	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
4732	clock.	5648	clock.
4733		5649
4734	=item watcher	5650	=item watcher
4735		5651
4736	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5652	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
4737	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.	5653	to be started (attached to an event loop) before they can receive events.
4738		5654
4739	=item watcher invocation
4740
4741	The act of calling the callback associated with a watcher.
4742
4743	=back	5655	=back
4744		5656
4745	=head1 AUTHOR	5657	=head1 AUTHOR
4746		5658
4747	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael Magnusson.	5659	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
		5660	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
4748		5661

Diff Legend

–	Removed lines
+	Added lines
<	Changed lines
>	Changed lines