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		1	=encoding utf-8
		2
1	=head1 NAME	3	=head1 NAME
2		4
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	5	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		6
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	7	=head1 SYNOPSIS
…		…
58	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	60	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
59		61
60	// now wait for events to arrive	62	// now wait for events to arrive
61	ev_run (loop, 0);	63	ev_run (loop, 0);
62		64
63	// unloop was called, so exit	65	// break was called, so exit
64	return 0;	66	return 0;
65	}	67	}
66		68
67	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT	69	=head1 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT
68		70
…		…
82		84
83	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY	85	=head1 WHAT TO READ WHEN IN A HURRY
84		86
85	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes	87	This manual tries to be very detailed, but unfortunately, this also makes
86	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest	88	it very long. If you just want to know the basics of libev, I suggest
87	reading L<ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L<EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and	89	reading L</ANATOMY OF A WATCHER>, then the L</EXAMPLE PROGRAM> above and
88	look up the missing functions in L<GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and	90	look up the missing functions in L</GLOBAL FUNCTIONS> and the C<ev_io> and
89	C<ev_timer> sections in L<WATCHER TYPES>.	91	C<ev_timer> sections in L</WATCHER TYPES>.
90		92
91	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV	93	=head1 ABOUT LIBEV
92		94
93	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	95	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
94	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	96	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
…		…
103	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	105	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
104	watcher.	106	watcher.
105		107
106	=head2 FEATURES	108	=head2 FEATURES
107		109
108	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	110	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific aio and C<epoll>
109	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	111	interfaces, the BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port
110	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	112	mechanisms for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify>
111	(for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner	113	interface (for C<ev_stat>), Linux eventfd/signalfd (for faster and cleaner
112	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative	114	inter-thread wakeup (C<ev_async>)/signal handling (C<ev_signal>)) relative
113	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling	115	timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers with customised rescheduling
114	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status	116	(C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals (C<ev_signal>), process status
115	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event	117	change events (C<ev_child>), and event watchers dealing with the event
116	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and	118	loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>, C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and
…		…
157	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then	159	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
158	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,	160	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
159	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in	161	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
160	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.	162	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
161		163
		164	Via the C<EV_FREQUENT> macro you can compile in and/or enable extensive
		165	consistency checking code inside libev that can be used to check for
		166	internal inconsistencies, suually caused by application bugs.
		167
162	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has	168	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions. These do not
163	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
164	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.	169	trigger under normal circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev
		170	or worse.
165		171
166		172
167	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	173	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
168		174
169	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	175	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
…		…
174	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	180	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
175		181
176	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	182	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
177	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	183	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
178	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of	184	you actually want to know. Also interesting is the combination of
179	C<ev_update_now> and C<ev_now>.	185	C<ev_now_update> and C<ev_now>.
180		186
181	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)	187	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
182		188
183	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until	189	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked
184	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically	190	until either it is interrupted or the given time interval has
		191	passed (approximately - it might return a bit earlier even if not
		192	interrupted). Returns immediately if C<< interval <= 0 >>.
		193
185	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.	194	Basically this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		195
		196	The range of the C<interval> is limited - libev only guarantees to work
		197	with sleep times of up to one day (C<< interval <= 86400 >>).
186		198
187	=item int ev_version_major ()	199	=item int ev_version_major ()
188		200
189	=item int ev_version_minor ()	201	=item int ev_version_minor ()
190		202
…		…
241	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()	253	the current system, you would need to look at C<ev_embeddable_backends ()
242	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.	254	& ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for recommended ones.
243		255
244	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	256	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
245		257
246	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	258	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size) throw ())
247		259
248	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	260	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
249	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is	261	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
250	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero	262	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
251	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort	263	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
…		…
257		269
258	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	270	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
259	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	271	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
260	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	272	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
261		273
		274	Example: The following is the C<realloc> function that libev itself uses
		275	which should work with C<realloc> and C<free> functions of all kinds and
		276	is probably a good basis for your own implementation.
		277
		278	static void *
		279	ev_realloc_emul (void *ptr, long size) EV_NOEXCEPT
		280	{
		281	if (size)
		282	return realloc (ptr, size);
		283
		284	free (ptr);
		285	return 0;
		286	}
		287
262	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	288	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
263	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).	289	retries.
264		290
265	static void *	291	static void *
266	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	292	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
267	{	293	{
		294	if (!size)
		295	{
		296	free (ptr);
		297	return 0;
		298	}
		299
268	for (;;)	300	for (;;)
269	{	301	{
270	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);	302	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
271		303
272	if (newptr)	304	if (newptr)
…		…
277	}	309	}
278		310
279	...	311	...
280	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	312	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
281		313
282	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg))	314	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg) throw ())
283		315
284	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such	316	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
285	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	317	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
286	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	318	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
287	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no	319	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
…		…
390		422
391	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	423	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
392	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	424	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
393	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	425	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
394	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	426	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
395	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	427	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, to work
396	around bugs.	428	around bugs, or to make libev threadsafe (accessing environment variables
		429	cannot be done in a threadsafe way, but usually it works if no other
		430	thread modifies them).
397		431
398	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>	432	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
399		433
400	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also	434	Instead of calling C<ev_loop_fork> manually after a fork, you can also
401	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.	435	make libev check for a fork in each iteration by enabling this flag.
402		436
403	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	437	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
404	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	438	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
405	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	439	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
406	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	440	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn
407	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has	441	sequence without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux
408	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	442	system also has C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster). (Update: glibc
		443	versions 2.25 apparently removed the C<getpid> optimisation again).
409		444
410	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	445	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
411	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	446	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking, although you still
412	flag.	447	have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>) when you use this flag.
413		448
414	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	449	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
415	environment variable.	450	environment variable.
416		451
417	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>	452	=item C<EVFLAG_NOINOTIFY>
…		…
435	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.	470	example) that can't properly initialise their signal masks.
436		471
437	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>	472	=item C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>
438		473
439	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal	474	When this flag is specified, then libev will avoid to modify the signal
440	mask. Specifically, this means you ahve to make sure signals are unblocked	475	mask. Specifically, this means you have to make sure signals are unblocked
441	when you want to receive them.	476	when you want to receive them.
442		477
443	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or	478	This behaviour is useful when you want to do your own signal handling, or
444	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev	479	want to handle signals only in specific threads and want to avoid libev
445	unblocking the signals.	480	unblocking the signals.
446		481
447	This flag's behaviour will become the default in future versions of libev.	482	It's also required by POSIX in a threaded program, as libev calls
		483	C<sigprocmask>, whose behaviour is officially unspecified.
		484
		485	=item C<EVFLAG_NOTIMERFD>
		486
		487	When this flag is specified, the libev will avoid using a C<timerfd> to
		488	detect time jumps. It will still be able to detect time jumps, but takes
		489	longer and has a lower accuracy in doing so, but saves a file descriptor
		490	per loop.
		491
		492	The current implementation only tries to use a C<timerfd> when the first
		493	C<ev_periodic> watcher is started and falls back on other methods if it
		494	cannot be created, but this behaviour might change in the future.
448		495
449	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	496	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
450		497
451	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	498	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
452	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	499	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
…		…
477	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and	524	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
478	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.	525	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
479		526
480	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	527	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
481		528
482	Use the linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9	529	Use the Linux-specific epoll(7) interface (for both pre- and post-2.6.9
483	kernels).	530	kernels).
484		531
485	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	532	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select, but
486	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	533	it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
487	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	534	O(total_fds) where total_fds is the total number of fds (or the highest
488	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).	535	fd), epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds).
489		536
490	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned	537	The epoll mechanism deserves honorable mention as the most misdesigned
491	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently	538	of the more advanced event mechanisms: mere annoyances include silently
492	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file	539	dropping file descriptors, requiring a system call per change per file
493	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,	540	descriptor (and unnecessary guessing of parameters), problems with dup,
…		…
496	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program	543	0.1ms) and so on. The biggest issue is fork races, however - if a program
497	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll	544	forks then I<both> parent and child process have to recreate the epoll
498	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)	545	set, which can take considerable time (one syscall per file descriptor)
499	and is of course hard to detect.	546	and is of course hard to detect.
500		547
501	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work, but	548	Epoll is also notoriously buggy - embedding epoll fds I<should> work,
502	of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for totally	549	but of course I<doesn't>, and epoll just loves to report events for
503	I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so one cannot	550	totally I<different> file descriptors (even already closed ones, so
504	even remove them from the set) than registered in the set (especially	551	one cannot even remove them from the set) than registered in the set
505	on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious notifications by	552	(especially on SMP systems). Libev tries to counter these spurious
506	employing an additional generation counter and comparing that against the	553	notifications by employing an additional generation counter and comparing
507	events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set when required. Last	554	that against the events to filter out spurious ones, recreating the set
		555	when required. Epoll also erroneously rounds down timeouts, but gives you
		556	no way to know when and by how much, so sometimes you have to busy-wait
		557	because epoll returns immediately despite a nonzero timeout. And last
508	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work	558	not least, it also refuses to work with some file descriptors which work
509	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).	559	perfectly fine with C<select> (files, many character devices...).
510		560
511	Epoll is truly the train wreck analog among event poll mechanisms.	561	Epoll is truly the train wreck among event poll mechanisms, a frankenpoll,
		562	cobbled together in a hurry, no thought to design or interaction with
		563	others. Oh, the pain, will it ever stop...
512		564
513	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	565	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
514	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such	566	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such
515	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different	567	incident (because the same I<file descriptor> could point to a different
516	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed	568	I<file description> now), so its best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed
…		…
528	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or	580	All this means that, in practice, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> can be as fast or
529	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on	581	faster than epoll for maybe up to a hundred file descriptors, depending on
530	the usage. So sad.	582	the usage. So sad.
531		583
532	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in	584	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
533	all kernel versions tested so far.	585	a lot of kernel revisions, but probably(!) works in current versions.
534		586
535	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	587	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
536	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	588	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
537		589
		590	=item C<EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO> (value 64, Linux)
		591
		592	Use the Linux-specific Linux AIO (I<not> C<< aio(7) >> but C<<
		593	io_submit(2) >>) event interface available in post-4.18 kernels (but libev
		594	only tries to use it in 4.19+).
		595
		596	This is another Linux train wreck of an event interface.
		597
		598	If this backend works for you (as of this writing, it was very
		599	experimental), it is the best event interface available on Linux and might
		600	be well worth enabling it - if it isn't available in your kernel this will
		601	be detected and this backend will be skipped.
		602
		603	This backend can batch oneshot requests and supports a user-space ring
		604	buffer to receive events. It also doesn't suffer from most of the design
		605	problems of epoll (such as not being able to remove event sources from
		606	the epoll set), and generally sounds too good to be true. Because, this
		607	being the Linux kernel, of course it suffers from a whole new set of
		608	limitations, forcing you to fall back to epoll, inheriting all its design
		609	issues.
		610
		611	For one, it is not easily embeddable (but probably could be done using
		612	an event fd at some extra overhead). It also is subject to a system wide
		613	limit that can be configured in F</proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr>. If no AIO
		614	requests are left, this backend will be skipped during initialisation, and
		615	will switch to epoll when the loop is active.
		616
		617	Most problematic in practice, however, is that not all file descriptors
		618	work with it. For example, in Linux 5.1, TCP sockets, pipes, event fds,
		619	files, F</dev/null> and many others are supported, but ttys do not work
		620	properly (a known bug that the kernel developers don't care about, see
		621	L<https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1047453/>), so this is not
		622	(yet?) a generic event polling interface.
		623
		624	Overall, it seems the Linux developers just don't want it to have a
		625	generic event handling mechanism other than C<select> or C<poll>.
		626
		627	To work around all these problem, the current version of libev uses its
		628	epoll backend as a fallback for file descriptor types that do not work. Or
		629	falls back completely to epoll if the kernel acts up.
		630
		631	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		632	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		633
538	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	634	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
539		635
540	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	636	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time this backend was
541	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably	637	implemented, it was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't
542	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course	638	work reliably with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin,
543	it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose brokenness	639	where of course it's completely useless). Unlike epoll, however, whose
544	is by design, these kqueue bugs can (and eventually will) be fixed	640	brokenness is by design, these kqueue bugs can be (and mostly have been)
545	without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not being	641	fixed without API changes to existing programs. For this reason it's not
546	"auto-detected" unless you explicitly specify it in the flags (i.e. using	642	being "auto-detected" on all platforms unless you explicitly specify it
547	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	643	in the flags (i.e. using C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a
548	system like NetBSD.	644	known-to-be-good (-enough) system like NetBSD.
549		645
550	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it	646	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
551	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on	647	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
552	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	648	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
553		649
554	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	650	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
555	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	651	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
556	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never	652	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
557	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to	653	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
558	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (but	654	two event changes per incident. Support for C<fork ()> is very bad (you
559	sane, unlike epoll) and it drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect	655	might have to leak fds on fork, but it's more sane than epoll) and it
560	cases	656	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
561		657
562	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.	658	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
563		659
564	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work	660	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
565	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken	661	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
…		…
594	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed	690	among the OS-specific backends (I vastly prefer correctness over speed
595	hacks).	691	hacks).
596		692
597	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that	693	On the negative side, the interface is I<bizarre> - so bizarre that
598	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling	694	even sun itself gets it wrong in their code examples: The event polling
599	function sometimes returning events to the caller even though an error	695	function sometimes returns events to the caller even though an error
600	occured, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's	696	occurred, but with no indication whether it has done so or not (yes, it's
601	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where	697	even documented that way) - deadly for edge-triggered interfaces where you
602	you absolutely have to know whether an event occured or not because you	698	absolutely have to know whether an event occurred or not because you have
603	have to re-arm the watcher.	699	to re-arm the watcher.
604		700
605	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.	701	Fortunately libev seems to be able to work around these idiocies.
606		702
607	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as	703	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
608	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	704	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
…		…
638		734
639	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is	735	Example: Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is
640	used if available.	736	used if available.
641		737
642	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	738	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
		739
		740	Example: Similarly, on linux, you mgiht want to take advantage of the
		741	linux aio backend if possible, but fall back to something else if that
		742	isn't available.
		743
		744	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_loop_new (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_LINUXAIO);
643		745
644	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	746	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
645		747
646	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state	748	Destroys an event loop object (frees all memory and kernel state
647	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	749	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
…		…
664	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>	766	If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use C<ev_loop_new>
665	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.	767	and C<ev_loop_destroy>.
666		768
667	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	769	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
668		770
669	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations to	771	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_run> iterations
670	reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the	772	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite
671	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in	773	the name, you can call it anytime you are allowed to start or stop
672	the child process. You I<must> call it (or use C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the	774	watchers (except inside an C<ev_prepare> callback), but it makes most
		775	sense after forking, in the child process. You I<must> call it (or use
673	child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.	776	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>) in the child before resuming or calling C<ev_run>.
674		777
		778	In addition, if you want to reuse a loop (via this function or
		779	C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>), you I<also> have to ignore C<SIGPIPE>.
		780
675	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after	781	Again, you I<have> to call it on I<any> loop that you want to re-use after
676	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is	782	a fork, I<even if you do not plan to use the loop in the parent>. This is
677	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things	783	because some kernel interfaces *cough* I<kqueue> *cough* do funny things
678	during fork.	784	during fork.
679		785
680	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child	786	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
…		…
750		856
751	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a	857	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
752	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of	858	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
753	the current time is a good idea.	859	the current time is a good idea.
754		860
755	See also L<The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.	861	See also L</The special problem of time updates> in the C<ev_timer> section.
756		862
757	=item ev_suspend (loop)	863	=item ev_suspend (loop)
758		864
759	=item ev_resume (loop)	865	=item ev_resume (loop)
760		866
…		…
778	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.	884	without a previous call to C<ev_suspend>.
779		885
780	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the	886	Calling C<ev_suspend>/C<ev_resume> has the side effect of updating the
781	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).	887	event loop time (see C<ev_now_update>).
782		888
783	=item ev_run (loop, int flags)	889	=item bool ev_run (loop, int flags)
784		890
785	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	891	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
786	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start	892	after you have initialised all your watchers and you want to start
787	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call	893	handling events. It will ask the operating system for any new events, call
788	the watcher callbacks, an then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This	894	the watcher callbacks, and then repeat the whole process indefinitely: This
789	is why event loops are called I<loops>.	895	is why event loops are called I<loops>.
790		896
791	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events	897	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will keep handling events
792	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was	898	until either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_break> was
793	called.	899	called.
		900
		901	The return value is false if there are no more active watchers (which
		902	usually means "all jobs done" or "deadlock"), and true in all other cases
		903	(which usually means " you should call C<ev_run> again").
794		904
795	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than	905	Please note that an explicit C<ev_break> is usually better than
796	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has	906	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
797	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program	907	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program
798	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue	908	that automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue
799	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of	909	of relying on its watchers stopping correctly, that is truly a thing of
800	beauty.	910	beauty.
801		911
802	This function is also I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of	912	This function is I<mostly> exception-safe - you can break out of a
803	a C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++	913	C<ev_run> call by calling C<longjmp> in a callback, throwing a C++
804	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor	914	exception and so on. This does not decrement the C<ev_depth> value, nor
805	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.	915	will it clear any outstanding C<EVBREAK_ONE> breaks.
806		916
807	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle	917	A flags value of C<EVRUN_NOWAIT> will look for new events, will handle
808	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and	918	those events and any already outstanding ones, but will not wait and
…		…
820	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction	930	This is useful if you are waiting for some external event in conjunction
821	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your	931	with something not expressible using other libev watchers (i.e. "roll your
822	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	932	own C<ev_run>"). However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
823	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	933	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
824		934
825	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does:	935	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_run> does (this is for your
		936	understanding, not a guarantee that things will work exactly like this in
		937	future versions):
826		938
827	- Increment loop depth.	939	- Increment loop depth.
828	- Reset the ev_break status.	940	- Reset the ev_break status.
829	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	941	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
830	LOOP:	942	LOOP:
…		…
863	anymore.	975	anymore.
864		976
865	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	977	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
866	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	978	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
867	ev_run (my_loop, 0);	979	ev_run (my_loop, 0);
868	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!	980	... jobs done or somebody called break. yeah!
869		981
870	=item ev_break (loop, how)	982	=item ev_break (loop, how)
871		983
872	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it	984	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_run> return early (but only after it
873	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	985	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
…		…
936	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.	1048	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
937		1049
938	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more	1050	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
939	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,	1051	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
940	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and	1052	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
941	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will	1053	C<ev_timer>) will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
942	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The	1054	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations. The
943	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then	1055	sleep time ensures that libev will not poll for I/O events more often then
944	once per this interval, on average.	1056	once per this interval, on average (as long as the host time resolution is
		1057	good enough).
945		1058
946	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev	1059	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
947	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased	1060	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
948	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called	1061	latency/jitter/inexactness (the watcher callback will be called
949	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null	1062	later). C<ev_io> watchers will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null
…		…
995	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).	1108	invoke the actual watchers inside another context (another thread etc.).
996		1109
997	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new	1110	If you want to reset the callback, use C<ev_invoke_pending> as new
998	callback.	1111	callback.
999		1112
1000	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P), void (*acquire)(EV_P))	1113	=item ev_set_loop_release_cb (loop, void (*release)(EV_P) throw (), void (*acquire)(EV_P) throw ())
1001		1114
1002	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This	1115	Sometimes you want to share the same loop between multiple threads. This
1003	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around	1116	can be done relatively simply by putting mutex_lock/unlock calls around
1004	each call to a libev function.	1117	each call to a libev function.
1005		1118
1006	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible	1119	However, C<ev_run> can run an indefinite time, so it is not feasible
1007	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event	1120	to wait for it to return. One way around this is to wake up the event
1008	loop via C<ev_break> and C<av_async_send>, another way is to set these	1121	loop via C<ev_break> and C<ev_async_send>, another way is to set these
1009	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.	1122	I<release> and I<acquire> callbacks on the loop.
1010		1123
1011	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is	1124	When set, then C<release> will be called just before the thread is
1012	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just	1125	suspended waiting for new events, and C<acquire> is called just
1013	afterwards.	1126	afterwards.
…		…
1153		1266
1154	=item C<EV_PREPARE>	1267	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
1155		1268
1156	=item C<EV_CHECK>	1269	=item C<EV_CHECK>
1157		1270
1158	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts	1271	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_run> starts to
1159	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after	1272	gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are queued (not invoked)
1160	C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	1273	just after C<ev_run> has gathered them, but before it queues any callbacks
		1274	for any received events. That means C<ev_prepare> watchers are the last
		1275	watchers invoked before the event loop sleeps or polls for new events, and
		1276	C<ev_check> watchers will be invoked before any other watchers of the same
		1277	or lower priority within an event loop iteration.
		1278
1161	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	1279	Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as many watchers as
1162	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	1280	they want, and all of them will be taken into account (for example, a
1163	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	1281	C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep C<ev_run> from
1164	C<ev_run> from blocking).	1282	blocking).
1165		1283
1166	=item C<EV_EMBED>	1284	=item C<EV_EMBED>
1167		1285
1168	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.	1286	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
1169		1287
…		…
1292		1410
1293	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	1411	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
1294		1412
1295	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	1413	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
1296		1414
1297	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	1415	=item ev_set_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
1298		1416
1299	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	1417	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
1300	(modulo threads).	1418	(modulo threads).
1301		1419
1302	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)	1420	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, int priority)
…		…
1320	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.	1438	or might not have been clamped to the valid range.
1321		1439
1322	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is	1440	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
1323	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).	1441	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
1324		1442
1325	See L<WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of	1443	See L</WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS>, below, for a more thorough treatment of
1326	priorities.	1444	priorities.
1327		1445
1328	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)	1446	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
1329		1447
1330	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither	1448	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
…		…
1355	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related	1473	See also C<ev_feed_fd_event> and C<ev_feed_signal_event> for related
1356	functions that do not need a watcher.	1474	functions that do not need a watcher.
1357		1475
1358	=back	1476	=back
1359		1477
1360	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	1478	See also the L</ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER> and L</BUILDING YOUR
1361		1479	OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS> idioms.
1362	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
1363	and read at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
1364	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
1365	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
1366	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
1367	data:
1368
1369	struct my_io
1370	{
1371	ev_io io;
1372	int otherfd;
1373	void *somedata;
1374	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
1375	};
1376
1377	...
1378	struct my_io w;
1379	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
1380
1381	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
1382	can cast it back to your own type:
1383
1384	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
1385	{
1386	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
1387	...
1388	}
1389
1390	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
1391	instead have been omitted.
1392
1393	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
1394	embedded watchers:
1395
1396	struct my_biggy
1397	{
1398	int some_data;
1399	ev_timer t1;
1400	ev_timer t2;
1401	}
1402
1403	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
1404	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
1405	in the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies), or you need to use
1406	some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for real
1407	programmers):
1408
1409	#include <stddef.h>
1410
1411	static void
1412	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1413	{
1414	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1415	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
1416	}
1417
1418	static void
1419	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1420	{
1421	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
1422	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
1423	}
1424		1480
1425	=head2 WATCHER STATES	1481	=head2 WATCHER STATES
1426		1482
1427	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -	1483	There are various watcher states mentioned throughout this manual -
1428	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to	1484	active, pending and so on. In this section these states and the rules to
1429	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these	1485	transition between them will be described in more detail - and while these
1430	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".	1486	rules might look complicated, they usually do "the right thing".
1431		1487
1432	=over 4	1488	=over 4
1433		1489
1434	=item initialiased	1490	=item initialised
1435		1491
1436	Before a watcher can be registered with the event looop it has to be	1492	Before a watcher can be registered with the event loop it has to be
1437	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to	1493	initialised. This can be done with a call to C<ev_TYPE_init>, or calls to
1438	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.	1494	C<ev_init> followed by the watcher-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> function.
1439		1495
1440	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for use	1496	In this state it is simply some block of memory that is suitable for
1441	in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at will.	1497	use in an event loop. It can be moved around, freed, reused etc. at
		1498	will - as long as you either keep the memory contents intact, or call
		1499	C<ev_TYPE_init> again.
1442		1500
1443	=item started/running/active	1501	=item started/running/active
1444		1502
1445	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes	1503	Once a watcher has been started with a call to C<ev_TYPE_start> it becomes
1446	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in	1504	property of the event loop, and is actively waiting for events. While in
…		…
1474	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless	1532	latter will clear any pending state the watcher might be in, regardless
1475	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before	1533	of whether it was active or not, so stopping a watcher explicitly before
1476	freeing it is often a good idea.	1534	freeing it is often a good idea.
1477		1535
1478	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the	1536	While stopped (and not pending) the watcher is essentially in the
1479	initialised state, that is it can be reused, moved, modified in any way	1537	initialised state, that is, it can be reused, moved, modified in any way
1480	you wish.	1538	you wish (but when you trash the memory block, you need to C<ev_TYPE_init>
		1539	it again).
1481		1540
1482	=back	1541	=back
1483		1542
1484	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS	1543	=head2 WATCHER PRIORITY MODELS
1485		1544
1486	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small	1545	Many event loops support I<watcher priorities>, which are usually small
1487	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation	1546	integers that influence the ordering of event callback invocation
1488	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.	1547	between watchers in some way, all else being equal.
1489		1548
1490	In libev, Watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its	1549	In libev, watcher priorities can be set using C<ev_set_priority>. See its
1491	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority	1550	description for the more technical details such as the actual priority
1492	range.	1551	range.
1493		1552
1494	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted	1553	There are two common ways how these these priorities are being interpreted
1495	by event loops:	1554	by event loops:
…		…
1589		1648
1590	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1649	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
1591	information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,	1650	information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
1592	functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.	1651	functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
1593		1652
1594	Members are additionally marked with either I<[read-only]>, meaning that,	1653	Most members are additionally marked with either I<[read-only]>, meaning
1595	while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some	1654	that, while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect
1596	sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the	1655	some sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while
1597	watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or I<[read-write]>, which	1656	the watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or I<[read-write]>, which
1598	means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher	1657	means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
1599	is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something	1658	is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
1600	sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will	1659	sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
1601	not crash or malfunction in any way.	1660	not crash or malfunction in any way.
1602		1661
		1662	In any case, the documentation for each member will explain what the
		1663	effects are, and if there are any additional access restrictions.
1603		1664
1604	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?	1665	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?
1605		1666
1606	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable	1667	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
1607	in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading	1668	in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading
…		…
1614	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1675	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
1615	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1676	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
1616	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1677	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
1617	required if you know what you are doing).	1678	required if you know what you are doing).
1618		1679
1619	If you cannot use non-blocking mode, then force the use of a
1620	known-to-be-good backend (at the time of this writing, this includes only
1621	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL>). The same applies to file
1622	descriptors for which non-blocking operation makes no sense (such as
1623	files) - libev doesn't guarantee any specific behaviour in that case.
1624
1625	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1680	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
1626	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might	1681	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is, your callback might
1627	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1682	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
1628	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1683	because there is no data. It is very easy to get into this situation even
1629	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1684	with a relatively standard program structure. Thus it is best to always
1630	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1685	use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning C<EAGAIN> is far
1631	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
1632	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1686	preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
1633		1687
1634	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should	1688	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should
1635	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately	1689	not play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately
1636	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good	1690	re-test whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good
1637	interface such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already	1691	interface such as poll (fortunately in the case of Xlib, it already does
1638	does this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally	1692	this on its own, so its quite safe to use). Some people additionally
1639	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block	1693	use C<SIGALRM> and an interval timer, just to be sure you won't block
1640	indefinitely.	1694	indefinitely.
1641		1695
1642	But really, best use non-blocking mode.	1696	But really, best use non-blocking mode.
1643		1697
1644	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1698	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
1645		1699
1646	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file	1700	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll, linuxaio) need to be told about closing
1647	descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other means,	1701	a file descriptor (either due to calling C<close> explicitly or any other
1648	such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some file	1702	means, such as C<dup2>). The reason is that you register interest in some
1649	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop	1703	file descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently
1650	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is	1704	drop this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then
1651	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in	1705	is registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is,
1652	fact, a different file descriptor.	1706	in fact, a different file descriptor.
1653		1707
1654	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows	1708	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
1655	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev	1709	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
1656	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise	1710	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
1657	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that	1711	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
…		…
1671		1725
1672	There is no workaround possible except not registering events	1726	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
1673	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to	1727	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
1674	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1728	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1675		1729
		1730	=head3 The special problem of files
		1731
		1732	Many people try to use C<select> (or libev) on file descriptors
		1733	representing files, and expect it to become ready when their program
		1734	doesn't block on disk accesses (which can take a long time on their own).
		1735
		1736	However, this cannot ever work in the "expected" way - you get a readiness
		1737	notification as soon as the kernel knows whether and how much data is
		1738	there, and in the case of open files, that's always the case, so you
		1739	always get a readiness notification instantly, and your read (or possibly
		1740	write) will still block on the disk I/O.
		1741
		1742	Another way to view it is that in the case of sockets, pipes, character
		1743	devices and so on, there is another party (the sender) that delivers data
		1744	on its own, but in the case of files, there is no such thing: the disk
		1745	will not send data on its own, simply because it doesn't know what you
		1746	wish to read - you would first have to request some data.
		1747
		1748	Since files are typically not-so-well supported by advanced notification
		1749	mechanism, libev tries hard to emulate POSIX behaviour with respect
		1750	to files, even though you should not use it. The reason for this is
		1751	convenience: sometimes you want to watch STDIN or STDOUT, which is
		1752	usually a tty, often a pipe, but also sometimes files or special devices
		1753	(for example, C<epoll> on Linux works with F</dev/random> but not with
		1754	F</dev/urandom>), and even though the file might better be served with
		1755	asynchronous I/O instead of with non-blocking I/O, it is still useful when
		1756	it "just works" instead of freezing.
		1757
		1758	So avoid file descriptors pointing to files when you know it (e.g. use
		1759	libeio), but use them when it is convenient, e.g. for STDIN/STDOUT, or
		1760	when you rarely read from a file instead of from a socket, and want to
		1761	reuse the same code path.
		1762
1676	=head3 The special problem of fork	1763	=head3 The special problem of fork
1677		1764
1678	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1765	Some backends (epoll, kqueue, linuxaio, iouring) do not support C<fork ()>
1679	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about	1766	at all or exhibit useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs
1680	it in the child.	1767	to be told about it in the child if you want to continue to use it in the
		1768	child.
1681		1769
1682	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1770	To support fork in your child processes, you have to call C<ev_loop_fork
1683	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1771	()> after a fork in the child, enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to
1684	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1772	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1685	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
1686		1773
1687	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE	1774	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
1688		1775
1689	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:	1776	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about C<SIGPIPE>:
1690	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets	1777	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
…		…
1744		1831
1745	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1832	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
1746	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1833	receive events for and C<events> is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
1747	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.	1834	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE>, to express the desire to receive the given events.
1748		1835
1749	=item int fd [read-only]	1836	=item ev_io_modify (ev_io *, int events)
1750		1837
1751	The file descriptor being watched.	1838	Similar to C<ev_io_set>, but only changes the event mask. Using this might
		1839	be faster with some backends, as libev can assume that the C<fd> still
		1840	refers to the same underlying file description, something it cannot do
		1841	when using C<ev_io_set>.
1752		1842
		1843	=item int fd [no-modify]
		1844
		1845	The file descriptor being watched. While it can be read at any time, you
		1846	must not modify this member even when the watcher is stopped - always use
		1847	C<ev_io_set> for that.
		1848
1753	=item int events [read-only]	1849	=item int events [no-modify]
1754		1850
1755	The events being watched.	1851	The set of events being watched, among other flags. This field is a
		1852	bit set - to test for C<EV_READ>, use C<< w->events & EV_READ >>, and
		1853	similarly for C<EV_WRITE>.
		1854
		1855	As with C<fd>, you must not modify this member even when the watcher is
		1856	stopped, always use C<ev_io_set> or C<ev_io_modify> for that.
1756		1857
1757	=back	1858	=back
1758		1859
1759	=head3 Examples	1860	=head3 Examples
1760		1861
…		…
1788	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1889	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1789	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1890	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
1790		1891
1791	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has	1892	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only I<after> its timeout has
1792	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this	1893	passed (not I<at>, so on systems with very low-resolution clocks this
1793	might introduce a small delay). If multiple timers become ready during the	1894	might introduce a small delay, see "the special problem of being too
		1895	early", below). If multiple timers become ready during the same loop
1794	same loop iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked	1896	iteration then the ones with earlier time-out values are invoked before
1795	before ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is	1897	ones of the same priority with later time-out values (but this is no
1796	no longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).	1898	longer true when a callback calls C<ev_run> recursively).
1797		1899
1798	=head3 Be smart about timeouts	1900	=head3 Be smart about timeouts
1799		1901
1800	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error	1902	Many real-world problems involve some kind of timeout, usually for error
1801	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,	1903	recovery. A typical example is an HTTP request - if the other side hangs,
…		…
1876		1978
1877	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,	1979	In this case, it would be more efficient to leave the C<ev_timer> alone,
1878	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only	1980	but remember the time of last activity, and check for a real timeout only
1879	within the callback:	1981	within the callback:
1880		1982
		1983	ev_tstamp timeout = 60.;
1881	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity	1984	ev_tstamp last_activity; // time of last activity
		1985	ev_timer timer;
1882		1986
1883	static void	1987	static void
1884	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	1988	callback (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1885	{	1989	{
1886	ev_tstamp now = ev_now (EV_A);	1990	// calculate when the timeout would happen
1887	ev_tstamp timeout = last_activity + 60.;	1991	ev_tstamp after = last_activity - ev_now (EV_A) + timeout;
1888		1992
1889	// if last_activity + 60. is older than now, we did time out	1993	// if negative, it means we the timeout already occurred
1890	if (timeout < now)	1994	if (after < 0.)
1891	{	1995	{
1892	// timeout occurred, take action	1996	// timeout occurred, take action
1893	}	1997	}
1894	else	1998	else
1895	{	1999	{
1896	// callback was invoked, but there was some activity, re-arm	2000	// callback was invoked, but there was some recent
1897	// the watcher to fire in last_activity + 60, which is	2001	// activity. simply restart the timer to time out
1898	// guaranteed to be in the future, so "again" is positive:	2002	// after "after" seconds, which is the earliest time
1899	w->repeat = timeout - now;	2003	// the timeout can occur.
		2004	ev_timer_set (w, after, 0.);
1900	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ w);	2005	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ w);
1901	}	2006	}
1902	}	2007	}
1903		2008
1904	To summarise the callback: first calculate the real timeout (defined	2009	To summarise the callback: first calculate in how many seconds the
1905	as "60 seconds after the last activity"), then check if that time has	2010	timeout will occur (by calculating the absolute time when it would occur,
1906	been reached, which means something I<did>, in fact, time out. Otherwise	2011	C<last_activity + timeout>, and subtracting the current time, C<ev_now
1907	the callback was invoked too early (C<timeout> is in the future), so	2012	(EV_A)> from that).
1908	re-schedule the timer to fire at that future time, to see if maybe we have
1909	a timeout then.
1910		2013
1911	Note how C<ev_timer_again> is used, taking advantage of the	2014	If this value is negative, then we are already past the timeout, i.e. we
1912	C<ev_timer_again> optimisation when the timer is already running.	2015	timed out, and need to do whatever is needed in this case.
		2016
		2017	Otherwise, we now the earliest time at which the timeout would trigger,
		2018	and simply start the timer with this timeout value.
		2019
		2020	In other words, each time the callback is invoked it will check whether
		2021	the timeout occurred. If not, it will simply reschedule itself to check
		2022	again at the earliest time it could time out. Rinse. Repeat.
1913		2023
1914	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds	2024	This scheme causes more callback invocations (about one every 60 seconds
1915	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to	2025	minus half the average time between activity), but virtually no calls to
1916	libev to change the timeout.	2026	libev to change the timeout.
1917		2027
1918	To start the timer, simply initialise the watcher and set C<last_activity>	2028	To start the machinery, simply initialise the watcher and set
1919	to the current time (meaning we just have some activity :), then call the	2029	C<last_activity> to the current time (meaning there was some activity just
1920	callback, which will "do the right thing" and start the timer:	2030	now), then call the callback, which will "do the right thing" and start
		2031	the timer:
1921		2032
		2033	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
1922	ev_init (timer, callback);	2034	ev_init (&timer, callback);
1923	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	2035	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1924	callback (loop, timer, EV_TIMER);
1925		2036
1926	And when there is some activity, simply store the current time in	2037	When there is some activity, simply store the current time in
1927	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:	2038	C<last_activity>, no libev calls at all:
1928		2039
		2040	if (activity detected)
1929	last_activity = ev_now (loop);	2041	last_activity = ev_now (EV_A);
		2042
		2043	When your timeout value changes, then the timeout can be changed by simply
		2044	providing a new value, stopping the timer and calling the callback, which
		2045	will again do the right thing (for example, time out immediately :).
		2046
		2047	timeout = new_value;
		2048	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &timer);
		2049	callback (EV_A_ &timer, 0);
1930		2050
1931	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the	2051	This technique is slightly more complex, but in most cases where the
1932	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.	2052	time-out is unlikely to be triggered, much more efficient.
1933
1934	Changing the timeout is trivial as well (if it isn't hard-coded in the
1935	callback :) - just change the timeout and invoke the callback, which will
1936	fix things for you.
1937		2053
1938	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.	2054	=item 4. Wee, just use a double-linked list for your timeouts.
1939		2055
1940	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all	2056	If there is not one request, but many thousands (millions...), all
1941	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can	2057	employing some kind of timeout with the same timeout value, then one can
…		…
1968	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is	2084	Method #1 is almost always a bad idea, and buys you nothing. Method #4 is
1969	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays	2085	rather complicated, but extremely efficient, something that really pays
1970	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually	2086	off after the first million or so of active timers, i.e. it's usually
1971	overkill :)	2087	overkill :)
1972		2088
		2089	=head3 The special problem of being too early
		2090
		2091	If you ask a timer to call your callback after three seconds, then
		2092	you expect it to be invoked after three seconds - but of course, this
		2093	cannot be guaranteed to infinite precision. Less obviously, it cannot be
		2094	guaranteed to any precision by libev - imagine somebody suspending the
		2095	process with a STOP signal for a few hours for example.
		2096
		2097	So, libev tries to invoke your callback as soon as possible I<after> the
		2098	delay has occurred, but cannot guarantee this.
		2099
		2100	A less obvious failure mode is calling your callback too early: many event
		2101	loops compare timestamps with a "elapsed delay >= requested delay", but
		2102	this can cause your callback to be invoked much earlier than you would
		2103	expect.
		2104
		2105	To see why, imagine a system with a clock that only offers full second
		2106	resolution (think windows if you can't come up with a broken enough OS
		2107	yourself). If you schedule a one-second timer at the time 500.9, then the
		2108	event loop will schedule your timeout to elapse at a system time of 500
		2109	(500.9 truncated to the resolution) + 1, or 501.
		2110
		2111	If an event library looks at the timeout 0.1s later, it will see "501 >=
		2112	501" and invoke the callback 0.1s after it was started, even though a
		2113	one-second delay was requested - this is being "too early", despite best
		2114	intentions.
		2115
		2116	This is the reason why libev will never invoke the callback if the elapsed
		2117	delay equals the requested delay, but only when the elapsed delay is
		2118	larger than the requested delay. In the example above, libev would only invoke
		2119	the callback at system time 502, or 1.1s after the timer was started.
		2120
		2121	So, while libev cannot guarantee that your callback will be invoked
		2122	exactly when requested, it I<can> and I<does> guarantee that the requested
		2123	delay has actually elapsed, or in other words, it always errs on the "too
		2124	late" side of things.
		2125
1973	=head3 The special problem of time updates	2126	=head3 The special problem of time updates
1974		2127
1975	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at	2128	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes
1976	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current	2129	at least one system call): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
1977	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a	2130	time only before and after C<ev_run> collects new events, which causes a
1978	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling	2131	growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
1979	lots of events in one iteration.	2132	lots of events in one iteration.
1980		2133
1981	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	2134	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1982	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	2135	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1983	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	2136	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1984	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the	2137	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1985	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	2138	timeout on the current time, use something like the following to adjust
		2139	for it:
1986		2140
1987	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	2141	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + (ev_time () - ev_now ()), 0.);
1988		2142
1989	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an	2143	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1990	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update	2144	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1991	()>.	2145	()>, although that will push the event time of all outstanding events
		2146	further into the future.
		2147
		2148	=head3 The special problem of unsynchronised clocks
		2149
		2150	Modern systems have a variety of clocks - libev itself uses the normal
		2151	"wall clock" clock and, if available, the monotonic clock (to avoid time
		2152	jumps).
		2153
		2154	Neither of these clocks is synchronised with each other or any other clock
		2155	on the system, so C<ev_time ()> might return a considerably different time
		2156	than C<gettimeofday ()> or C<time ()>. On a GNU/Linux system, for example,
		2157	a call to C<gettimeofday> might return a second count that is one higher
		2158	than a directly following call to C<time>.
		2159
		2160	The moral of this is to only compare libev-related timestamps with
		2161	C<ev_time ()> and C<ev_now ()>, at least if you want better precision than
		2162	a second or so.
		2163
		2164	One more problem arises due to this lack of synchronisation: if libev uses
		2165	the system monotonic clock and you compare timestamps from C<ev_time>
		2166	or C<ev_now> from when you started your timer and when your callback is
		2167	invoked, you will find that sometimes the callback is a bit "early".
		2168
		2169	This is because C<ev_timer>s work in real time, not wall clock time, so
		2170	libev makes sure your callback is not invoked before the delay happened,
		2171	I<measured according to the real time>, not the system clock.
		2172
		2173	If your timeouts are based on a physical timescale (e.g. "time out this
		2174	connection after 100 seconds") then this shouldn't bother you as it is
		2175	exactly the right behaviour.
		2176
		2177	If you want to compare wall clock/system timestamps to your timers, then
		2178	you need to use C<ev_periodic>s, as these are based on the wall clock
		2179	time, where your comparisons will always generate correct results.
1992		2180
1993	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation	2181	=head3 The special problems of suspended animation
1994		2182
1995	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that	2183	When you leave the server world it is quite customary to hit machines that
1996	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?	2184	can suspend/hibernate - what happens to the clocks during such a suspend?
…		…
2026		2214
2027	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2215	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
2028		2216
2029	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	2217	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
2030		2218
2031	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>	2219	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds (fractional and
2032	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is	2220	negative values are supported). If C<repeat> is C<0.>, then it will
2033	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be	2221	automatically be stopped once the timeout is reached. If it is positive,
2034	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,	2222	then the timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat>
2035	until stopped manually.	2223	seconds later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
2036		2224
2037	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if	2225	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
2038	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally	2226	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
2039	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot	2227	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
2040	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to	2228	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
2041	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	2229	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
2042		2230
2043	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)	2231	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
2044		2232
2045	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	2233	This will act as if the timer timed out, and restarts it again if it is
2046	repeating. The exact semantics are:	2234	repeating. It basically works like calling C<ev_timer_stop>, updating the
		2235	timeout to the C<repeat> value and calling C<ev_timer_start>.
2047		2236
		2237	The exact semantics are as in the following rules, all of which will be
		2238	applied to the watcher:
		2239
		2240	=over 4
		2241
2048	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	2242	=item If the timer is pending, the pending status is always cleared.
2049		2243
2050	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	2244	=item If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed
		2245	out, without invoking it).
2051		2246
2052	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	2247	=item If the timer is repeating, make the C<repeat> value the new timeout
2053	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	2248	and start the timer, if necessary.
2054		2249
		2250	=back
		2251
2055	This sounds a bit complicated, see L<Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a	2252	This sounds a bit complicated, see L</Be smart about timeouts>, above, for a
2056	usage example.	2253	usage example.
2057		2254
2058	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)	2255	=item ev_tstamp ev_timer_remaining (loop, ev_timer *)
2059		2256
2060	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,	2257	Returns the remaining time until a timer fires. If the timer is active,
…		…
2113	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	2310	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
2114	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	2311	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
2115		2312
2116	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or	2313	Unlike C<ev_timer>, periodic watchers are not based on real time (or
2117	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time	2314	relative time, the physical time that passes) but on wall clock time
2118	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calender or clock). The	2315	(absolute time, the thing you can read on your calendar or clock). The
2119	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real	2316	difference is that wall clock time can run faster or slower than real
2120	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your	2317	time, and time jumps are not uncommon (e.g. when you adjust your
2121	wrist-watch).	2318	wrist-watch).
2122		2319
2123	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point	2320	You can tell a periodic watcher to trigger after some specific point
…		…
2128	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting	2325	C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger roughly 10 seconds after starting
2129	it, as it uses a relative timeout).	2326	it, as it uses a relative timeout).
2130		2327
2131	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex	2328	C<ev_periodic> watchers can also be used to implement vastly more complex
2132	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or	2329	timers, such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or
2133	other complicated rules. This cannot be done with C<ev_timer> watchers, as	2330	other complicated rules. This cannot easily be done with C<ev_timer>
2134	those cannot react to time jumps.	2331	watchers, as those cannot react to time jumps.
2135		2332
2136	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the	2333	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
2137	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple	2334	point in time where it is supposed to trigger has passed. If multiple
2138	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with	2335	timers become ready during the same loop iteration then the ones with
2139	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values	2336	earlier time-out values are invoked before ones with later time-out values
…		…
2180		2377
2181	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	2378	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
2182	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	2379	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
2183	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	2380	time where C<time = offset (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
2184		2381
2185	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<offset> value is near	2382	The C<interval> I<MUST> be positive, and for numerical stability, the
2186	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	2383	interval value should be higher than C<1/8192> (which is around 100
2187	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.	2384	microseconds) and C<offset> should be higher than C<0> and should have
		2385	at most a similar magnitude as the current time (say, within a factor of
		2386	ten). Typical values for offset are, in fact, C<0> or something between
		2387	C<0> and C<interval>, which is also the recommended range.
2188		2388
2189	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU	2389	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
2190	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability	2390	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
2191	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one	2391	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
2192	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).	2392	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
…		…
2222		2422
2223	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or	2423	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
2224	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.	2424	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
2225		2425
2226	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	2426	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
2227	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the	2427	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate
2228	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	2428	the next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for
2229	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	2429	this. Here is a (completely untested, no error checking) example on how to
2230	reason I omitted it as an example).	2430	do this:
		2431
		2432	#include <time.h>
		2433
		2434	static ev_tstamp
		2435	my_rescheduler (ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		2436	{
		2437	time_t tnow = (time_t)now;
		2438	struct tm tm;
		2439	localtime_r (&tnow, &tm);
		2440
		2441	tm.tm_sec = tm.tm_min = tm.tm_hour = 0; // midnight current day
		2442	++tm.tm_mday; // midnight next day
		2443
		2444	return mktime (&tm);
		2445	}
		2446
		2447	Note: this code might run into trouble on days that have more then two
		2448	midnights (beginning and end).
2231		2449
2232	=back	2450	=back
2233		2451
2234	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	2452	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
2235		2453
…		…
2300		2518
2301	ev_periodic hourly_tick;	2519	ev_periodic hourly_tick;
2302	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	2520	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
2303	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	2521	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
2304	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	2522	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
2305		2523
2306		2524
2307	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	2525	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
2308		2526
2309	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	2527	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
2310	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	2528	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
…		…
2320	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your	2538	only within the same loop, i.e. you can watch for C<SIGINT> in your
2321	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for	2539	default loop and for C<SIGIO> in another loop, but you cannot watch for
2322	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At	2540	C<SIGINT> in both the default loop and another loop at the same time. At
2323	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.	2541	the moment, C<SIGCHLD> is permanently tied to the default loop.
2324		2542
2325	When the first watcher gets started will libev actually register something	2543	Only after the first watcher for a signal is started will libev actually
2326	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long as	2544	register something with the kernel. It thus coexists with your own signal
2327	you don't register any with libev for the same signal).	2545	handlers as long as you don't register any with libev for the same signal.
2328		2546
2329	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with	2547	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
2330	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should	2548	C<SA_RESTART> (or equivalent) behaviour enabled, so system calls should
2331	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting	2549	not be unduly interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting
2332	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher	2550	interrupted by signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher
…		…
2335	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create	2553	=head3 The special problem of inheritance over fork/execve/pthread_create
2336		2554
2337	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition	2555	Both the signal mask (C<sigprocmask>) and the signal disposition
2338	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after	2556	(C<sigaction>) are unspecified after starting a signal watcher (and after
2339	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,	2557	stopping it again), that is, libev might or might not block the signal,
2340	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler.	2558	and might or might not set or restore the installed signal handler (but
		2559	see C<EVFLAG_NOSIGMASK>).
2341		2560
2342	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never	2561	While this does not matter for the signal disposition (libev never
2343	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on	2562	sets signals to C<SIG_IGN>, so handlers will be reset to C<SIG_DFL> on
2344	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect	2563	C<execve>), this matters for the signal mask: many programs do not expect
2345	certain signals to be blocked.	2564	certain signals to be blocked.
…		…
2516		2735
2517	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	2736	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
2518		2737
2519	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	2738	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
2520	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)	2739	C<stat> on that path in regular intervals (or when the OS says it changed)
2521	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback if	2740	and sees if it changed compared to the last time, invoking the callback
2522	it did.	2741	if it did. Starting the watcher C<stat>'s the file, so only changes that
		2742	happen after the watcher has been started will be reported.
2523		2743
2524	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	2744	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
2525	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not	2745	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does not
2526	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the	2746	exist" (or more correctly "path cannot be stat'ed") is signified by the
2527	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at	2747	C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is otherwise always forced to be at
…		…
2757	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	2977	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
2758	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	2978	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
2759	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	2979	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
2760	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	2980	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
2761		2981
		2982	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_idle> watcher for its side-effect
		2983
		2984	As long as there is at least one active idle watcher, libev will never
		2985	sleep unnecessarily. Or in other words, it will loop as fast as possible.
		2986	For this to work, the idle watcher doesn't need to be invoked at all - the
		2987	lowest priority will do.
		2988
		2989	This mode of operation can be useful together with an C<ev_check> watcher,
		2990	to do something on each event loop iteration - for example to balance load
		2991	between different connections.
		2992
		2993	See L</Abusing an ev_check watcher for its side-effect> for a longer
		2994	example.
		2995
2762	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2996	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2763		2997
2764	=over 4	2998	=over 4
2765		2999
2766	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)	3000	=item ev_idle_init (ev_idle *, callback)
…		…
2777	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	3011	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
2778		3012
2779	static void	3013	static void
2780	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)	3014	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_idle *w, int revents)
2781	{	3015	{
		3016	// stop the watcher
		3017	ev_idle_stop (loop, w);
		3018
		3019	// now we can free it
2782	free (w);	3020	free (w);
		3021
2783	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	3022	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
2784	// no longer anything immediate to do.	3023	// no longer anything immediate to do.
2785	}	3024	}
2786		3025
2787	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));	3026	ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (ev_idle));
…		…
2789	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);	3028	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_watcher);
2790		3029
2791		3030
2792	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	3031	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
2793		3032
2794	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in pairs:	3033	Prepare and check watchers are often (but not always) used in pairs:
2795	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers	3034	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
2796	afterwards.	3035	afterwards.
2797		3036
2798	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> or similar functions that enter	3037	You I<must not> call C<ev_run> (or similar functions that enter the
2799	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>	3038	current event loop) or C<ev_loop_fork> from either C<ev_prepare> or
2800	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The	3039	C<ev_check> watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine,
2801	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in	3040	however. The rationale behind this is that you do not need to check
2802	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,	3041	for recursion in those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be
2803	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be	3042	C<ev_prepare>, blocking, C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each
2804	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.	3043	kind they will always be called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
2805		3044
2806	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and	3045	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
2807	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track	3046	their use is somewhat advanced. They could be used, for example, to track
2808	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a	3047	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
2809	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if	3048	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
…		…
2827	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	3066	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
2828	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	3067	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
2829	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	3068	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
2830	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	3069	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
2831		3070
2832	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	3071	When used for this purpose, it is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers
2833	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	3072	highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>) priority, to ensure that they are being run before
2834	after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare> watchers).	3073	any other watchers after the poll (this doesn't matter for C<ev_prepare>
		3074	watchers).
2835		3075
2836	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not	3076	Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers, too) should not
2837	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they	3077	activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully supports this, they
2838	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As	3078	might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers did their job. As
2839	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event	3079	C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other (non-libev) event
2840	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	3080	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
2841	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	3081	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
2842	others).	3082	others).
		3083
		3084	=head3 Abusing an C<ev_check> watcher for its side-effect
		3085
		3086	C<ev_check> (and less often also C<ev_prepare>) watchers can also be
		3087	useful because they are called once per event loop iteration. For
		3088	example, if you want to handle a large number of connections fairly, you
		3089	normally only do a bit of work for each active connection, and if there
		3090	is more work to do, you wait for the next event loop iteration, so other
		3091	connections have a chance of making progress.
		3092
		3093	Using an C<ev_check> watcher is almost enough: it will be called on the
		3094	next event loop iteration. However, that isn't as soon as possible -
		3095	without external events, your C<ev_check> watcher will not be invoked.
		3096
		3097	This is where C<ev_idle> watchers come in handy - all you need is a
		3098	single global idle watcher that is active as long as you have one active
		3099	C<ev_check> watcher. The C<ev_idle> watcher makes sure the event loop
		3100	will not sleep, and the C<ev_check> watcher makes sure a callback gets
		3101	invoked. Neither watcher alone can do that.
2843		3102
2844	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	3103	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
2845		3104
2846	=over 4	3105	=over 4
2847		3106
…		…
3048		3307
3049	=over 4	3308	=over 4
3050		3309
3051	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3310	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
3052		3311
3053	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	3312	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
3054		3313
3055	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	3314	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
3056	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	3315	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
3057	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	3316	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
3058	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	3317	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
…		…
3079	used).	3338	used).
3080		3339
3081	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	3340	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
3082	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;	3341	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
3083	ev_embed embed;	3342	ev_embed embed;
3084		3343
3085	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works	3344	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
3086	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)	3345	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
3087	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()	3346	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
3088	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())	3347	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
3089	: 0;	3348	: 0;
…		…
3103	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).	3362	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
3104		3363
3105	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	3364	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
3106	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;	3365	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
3107	ev_embed embed;	3366	ev_embed embed;
3108		3367
3109	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)	3368	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
3110	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))	3369	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
3111	{	3370	{
3112	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);	3371	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
3113	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);	3372	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
…		…
3121		3380
3122	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	3381	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
3123		3382
3124	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	3383	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
3125	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling	3384	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
3126	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the	3385	C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the event loop blocks next
3127	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	3386	and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called, and only in the child
3128	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	3387	after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling C<ev_default_fork> cheats
3129	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	3388	and calls it in the wrong process, the fork handlers will be invoked, too,
3130	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	3389	of course.
3131		3390
3132	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?	3391	=head3 The special problem of life after fork - how is it possible?
3133		3392
3134	Most uses of C<fork()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set	3393	Most uses of C<fork ()> consist of forking, then some simple calls to set
3135	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This	3394	up/change the process environment, followed by a call to C<exec()>. This
3136	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.	3395	sequence should be handled by libev without any problems.
3137		3396
3138	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling	3397	This changes when the application actually wants to do event handling
3139	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the	3398	in the child, or both parent in child, in effect "continuing" after the
…		…
3216	atexit (program_exits);	3475	atexit (program_exits);
3217		3476
3218		3477
3219	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop	3478	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up an event loop
3220		3479
3221	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_run> from multiple threads or other	3480	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
3222	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event	3481	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
3223	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).	3482	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
3224		3483
3225	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,	3484	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up an event loop you do not control,
3226	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>	3485	for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what C<ev_async>
…		…
3228	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.	3487	it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal safe.
3229		3488
3230	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,	3489	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
3231	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed	3490	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
3232	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of	3491	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
3233	C<ev_async_sent> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind	3492	C<ev_async_send> calls). In fact, you could use signal watchers as a kind
3234	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused	3493	of "global async watchers" by using a watcher on an otherwise unused
3235	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,	3494	signal, and C<ev_feed_signal> to signal this watcher from another thread,
3236	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.	3495	even without knowing which loop owns the signal.
3237
3238	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
3239	just the default loop.
3240		3496
3241	=head3 Queueing	3497	=head3 Queueing
3242		3498
3243	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason	3499	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
3244	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a	3500	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
…		…
3336	trust me.	3592	trust me.
3337		3593
3338	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)	3594	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
3339		3595
3340	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds	3596	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
3341	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike	3597	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop, and instantly
		3598	returns.
		3599
3342	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads, signal or	3600	Unlike C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do from other threads,
3343	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding	3601	signal or similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the
3344	section below on what exactly this means).	3602	embedding section below on what exactly this means).
3345		3603
3346	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get	3604	Note that, as with other watchers in libev, multiple events might get
3347	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at this	3605	compressed into a single callback invocation (another way to look at
3348	is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered, set on C<ev_async_send>,	3606	this is that C<ev_async> watchers are level-triggered: they are set on
3349	reset when the event loop detects that).	3607	C<ev_async_send>, reset when the event loop detects that).
3350		3608
3351	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per event loop	3609	This call incurs the overhead of at most one extra system call per event
3352	iteration, so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to	3610	loop iteration, if the event loop is blocked, and no syscall at all if
3353	repeated calls to C<ev_async_send> for the same event loop.	3611	the event loop (or your program) is processing events. That means that
		3612	repeated calls are basically free (there is no need to avoid calls for
		3613	performance reasons) and that the overhead becomes smaller (typically
		3614	zero) under load.
3354		3615
3355	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)	3616	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
3356		3617
3357	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the	3618	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
3358	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the	3619	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
…		…
3375		3636
3376	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	3637	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
3377		3638
3378	=over 4	3639	=over 4
3379		3640
3380	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	3641	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback, arg)
3381		3642
3382	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	3643	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
3383	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both	3644	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stops both
3384	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	3645	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
3385	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	3646	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
…		…
3413	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	3674	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
3414		3675
3415	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	3676	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)
3416		3677
3417	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	3678	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
3418	the given events it.	3679	the given events.
3419		3680
3420	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	3681	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)
3421		3682
3422	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,	3683	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred. See also C<ev_feed_signal>,
3423	which is async-safe.	3684	which is async-safe.
…		…
3429		3690
3430	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately	3691	This section explains some common idioms that are not immediately
3431	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this	3692	obvious. Note that examples are sprinkled over the whole manual, and this
3432	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.	3693	section only contains stuff that wouldn't fit anywhere else.
3433		3694
3434	=over 4	3695	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
3435		3696
3436	=item Model/nested event loop invocations and exit conditions.	3697	Each watcher has, by default, a C<void *data> member that you can read
		3698	or modify at any time: libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
		3699	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
		3700	don't want to allocate memory separately and store a pointer to it in that
		3701	data member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
		3702	data:
		3703
		3704	struct my_io
		3705	{
		3706	ev_io io;
		3707	int otherfd;
		3708	void *somedata;
		3709	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
		3710	};
		3711
		3712	...
		3713	struct my_io w;
		3714	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
		3715
		3716	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
		3717	can cast it back to your own type:
		3718
		3719	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w_, int revents)
		3720	{
		3721	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
		3722	...
		3723	}
		3724
		3725	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback
		3726	function type instead have been omitted.
		3727
		3728	=head2 BUILDING YOUR OWN COMPOSITE WATCHERS
		3729
		3730	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
		3731	embedded watchers, in effect creating your own watcher that combines
		3732	multiple libev event sources into one "super-watcher":
		3733
		3734	struct my_biggy
		3735	{
		3736	int some_data;
		3737	ev_timer t1;
		3738	ev_timer t2;
		3739	}
		3740
		3741	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
		3742	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct in
		3743	the C<data> member of the watcher (for woozies or C++ coders), or you need
		3744	to use some pointer arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers (for
		3745	real programmers):
		3746
		3747	#include <stddef.h>
		3748
		3749	static void
		3750	t1_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3751	{
		3752	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3753	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		3754	}
		3755
		3756	static void
		3757	t2_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		3758	{
		3759	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *)
		3760	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		3761	}
		3762
		3763	=head2 AVOIDING FINISHING BEFORE RETURNING
		3764
		3765	Often you have structures like this in event-based programs:
		3766
		3767	callback ()
		3768	{
		3769	free (request);
		3770	}
		3771
		3772	request = start_new_request (..., callback);
		3773
		3774	The intent is to start some "lengthy" operation. The C<request> could be
		3775	used to cancel the operation, or do other things with it.
		3776
		3777	It's not uncommon to have code paths in C<start_new_request> that
		3778	immediately invoke the callback, for example, to report errors. Or you add
		3779	some caching layer that finds that it can skip the lengthy aspects of the
		3780	operation and simply invoke the callback with the result.
		3781
		3782	The problem here is that this will happen I<before> C<start_new_request>
		3783	has returned, so C<request> is not set.
		3784
		3785	Even if you pass the request by some safer means to the callback, you
		3786	might want to do something to the request after starting it, such as
		3787	canceling it, which probably isn't working so well when the callback has
		3788	already been invoked.
		3789
		3790	A common way around all these issues is to make sure that
		3791	C<start_new_request> I<always> returns before the callback is invoked. If
		3792	C<start_new_request> immediately knows the result, it can artificially
		3793	delay invoking the callback by using a C<prepare> or C<idle> watcher for
		3794	example, or more sneakily, by reusing an existing (stopped) watcher and
		3795	pushing it into the pending queue:
		3796
		3797	ev_set_cb (watcher, callback);
		3798	ev_feed_event (EV_A_ watcher, 0);
		3799
		3800	This way, C<start_new_request> can safely return before the callback is
		3801	invoked, while not delaying callback invocation too much.
		3802
		3803	=head2 MODEL/NESTED EVENT LOOP INVOCATIONS AND EXIT CONDITIONS
3437		3804
3438	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have	3805	Often (especially in GUI toolkits) there are places where you have
3439	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively	3806	I<modal> interaction, which is most easily implemented by recursively
3440	invoking C<ev_run>.	3807	invoking C<ev_run>.
3441		3808
3442	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the	3809	This brings the problem of exiting - a callback might want to finish the
3443	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but	3810	main C<ev_run> call, but not the nested one (e.g. user clicked "Quit", but
3444	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one	3811	a modal "Are you sure?" dialog is still waiting), or just the nested one
3445	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some	3812	and not the main one (e.g. user clocked "Ok" in a modal dialog), or some
3446	other combination: In these cases, C<ev_break> will not work alone.	3813	other combination: In these cases, a simple C<ev_break> will not work.
3447		3814
3448	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>	3815	The solution is to maintain "break this loop" variable for each C<ev_run>
3449	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is	3816	invocation, and use a loop around C<ev_run> until the condition is
3450	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:	3817	triggered, using C<EVRUN_ONCE>:
3451		3818
…		…
3453	int exit_main_loop = 0;	3820	int exit_main_loop = 0;
3454		3821
3455	while (!exit_main_loop)	3822	while (!exit_main_loop)
3456	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);	3823	ev_run (EV_DEFAULT_ EVRUN_ONCE);
3457		3824
3458	// in a model watcher	3825	// in a modal watcher
3459	int exit_nested_loop = 0;	3826	int exit_nested_loop = 0;
3460		3827
3461	while (!exit_nested_loop)	3828	while (!exit_nested_loop)
3462	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);	3829	ev_run (EV_A_ EVRUN_ONCE);
3463		3830
…		…
3470	exit_main_loop = 1;	3837	exit_main_loop = 1;
3471		3838
3472	// exit both	3839	// exit both
3473	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;	3840	exit_main_loop = exit_nested_loop = 1;
3474		3841
3475	=back	3842	=head2 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE
		3843
		3844	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
		3845	thread from where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
		3846	created/added/removed.
		3847
		3848	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
		3849	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
		3850	languages).
		3851
		3852	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
		3853	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
		3854	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
		3855
		3856	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
		3857
		3858	typedef struct {
		3859	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
		3860	ev_async async_w;
		3861	thread_t tid;
		3862	cond_t invoke_cv;
		3863	} userdata;
		3864
		3865	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
		3866	{
		3867	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
		3868	static userdata u;
		3869
		3870	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
		3871	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3872
		3873	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
		3874	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
		3875
		3876	// now associate this with the loop
		3877	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
		3878	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
		3879	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
		3880
		3881	// then create the thread running ev_run
		3882	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
		3883	}
		3884
		3885	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
		3886	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
		3887	that might have been added:
		3888
		3889	static void
		3890	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		3891	{
		3892	// just used for the side effects
		3893	}
		3894
		3895	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
		3896	protecting the loop data, respectively.
		3897
		3898	static void
		3899	l_release (EV_P)
		3900	{
		3901	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3902	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3903	}
		3904
		3905	static void
		3906	l_acquire (EV_P)
		3907	{
		3908	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3909	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3910	}
		3911
		3912	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
		3913	into C<ev_run>:
		3914
		3915	void *
		3916	l_run (void *thr_arg)
		3917	{
		3918	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
		3919
		3920	l_acquire (EV_A);
		3921	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
		3922	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
		3923	l_release (EV_A);
		3924
		3925	return 0;
		3926	}
		3927
		3928	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
		3929	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
		3930	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
		3931	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
		3932	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
		3933	watchers is very beneficial):
		3934
		3935	static void
		3936	l_invoke (EV_P)
		3937	{
		3938	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3939
		3940	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
		3941	{
		3942	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
		3943	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
		3944	}
		3945	}
		3946
		3947	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
		3948	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
		3949	thread to continue:
		3950
		3951	static void
		3952	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
		3953	{
		3954	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3955
		3956	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3957	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
		3958	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
		3959	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3960	}
		3961
		3962	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
		3963	event loop, you will now have to lock:
		3964
		3965	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		3966	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
		3967
		3968	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		3969
		3970	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
		3971	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
		3972	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
		3973	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
		3974
		3975	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
		3976	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
		3977	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
		3978	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
		3979
		3980	=head2 THREADS, COROUTINES, CONTINUATIONS, QUEUES... INSTEAD OF CALLBACKS
		3981
		3982	While the overhead of a callback that e.g. schedules a thread is small, it
		3983	is still an overhead. If you embed libev, and your main usage is with some
		3984	kind of threads or coroutines, you might want to customise libev so that
		3985	doesn't need callbacks anymore.
		3986
		3987	Imagine you have coroutines that you can switch to using a function
		3988	C<switch_to (coro)>, that libev runs in a coroutine called C<libev_coro>
		3989	and that due to some magic, the currently active coroutine is stored in a
		3990	global called C<current_coro>. Then you can build your own "wait for libev
		3991	event" primitive by changing C<EV_CB_DECLARE> and C<EV_CB_INVOKE> (note
		3992	the differing C<;> conventions):
		3993
		3994	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		3995	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		3996
		3997	That means instead of having a C callback function, you store the
		3998	coroutine to switch to in each watcher, and instead of having libev call
		3999	your callback, you instead have it switch to that coroutine.
		4000
		4001	A coroutine might now wait for an event with a function called
		4002	C<wait_for_event>. (the watcher needs to be started, as always, but it doesn't
		4003	matter when, or whether the watcher is active or not when this function is
		4004	called):
		4005
		4006	void
		4007	wait_for_event (ev_watcher *w)
		4008	{
		4009	ev_set_cb (w, current_coro);
		4010	switch_to (libev_coro);
		4011	}
		4012
		4013	That basically suspends the coroutine inside C<wait_for_event> and
		4014	continues the libev coroutine, which, when appropriate, switches back to
		4015	this or any other coroutine.
		4016
		4017	You can do similar tricks if you have, say, threads with an event queue -
		4018	instead of storing a coroutine, you store the queue object and instead of
		4019	switching to a coroutine, you push the watcher onto the queue and notify
		4020	any waiters.
		4021
		4022	To embed libev, see L</EMBEDDING>, but in short, it's easiest to create two
		4023	files, F<my_ev.h> and F<my_ev.c> that include the respective libev files:
		4024
		4025	// my_ev.h
		4026	#define EV_CB_DECLARE(type) struct my_coro *cb;
		4027	#define EV_CB_INVOKE(watcher) switch_to ((watcher)->cb)
		4028	#include "../libev/ev.h"
		4029
		4030	// my_ev.c
		4031	#define EV_H "my_ev.h"
		4032	#include "../libev/ev.c"
		4033
		4034	And then use F<my_ev.h> when you would normally use F<ev.h>, and compile
		4035	F<my_ev.c> into your project. When properly specifying include paths, you
		4036	can even use F<ev.h> as header file name directly.
3476		4037
3477		4038
3478	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION	4039	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
3479		4040
3480	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot	4041	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
…		…
3510		4071
3511	=back	4072	=back
3512		4073
3513	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	4074	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
3514		4075
		4076	=head2 C API
		4077
		4078	The normal C API should work fine when used from C++: both ev.h and the
		4079	libev sources can be compiled as C++. Therefore, code that uses the C API
		4080	will work fine.
		4081
		4082	Proper exception specifications might have to be added to callbacks passed
		4083	to libev: exceptions may be thrown only from watcher callbacks, all other
		4084	callbacks (allocator, syserr, loop acquire/release and periodic reschedule
		4085	callbacks) must not throw exceptions, and might need a C<noexcept>
		4086	specification. If you have code that needs to be compiled as both C and
		4087	C++ you can use the C<EV_NOEXCEPT> macro for this:
		4088
		4089	static void
		4090	fatal_error (const char *msg) EV_NOEXCEPT
		4091	{
		4092	perror (msg);
		4093	abort ();
		4094	}
		4095
		4096	...
		4097	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		4098
		4099	The only API functions that can currently throw exceptions are C<ev_run>,
		4100	C<ev_invoke>, C<ev_invoke_pending> and C<ev_loop_destroy> (the latter
		4101	because it runs cleanup watchers).
		4102
		4103	Throwing exceptions in watcher callbacks is only supported if libev itself
		4104	is compiled with a C++ compiler or your C and C++ environments allow
		4105	throwing exceptions through C libraries (most do).
		4106
		4107	=head2 C++ API
		4108
3515	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	4109	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
3516	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	4110	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
3517	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	4111	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
3518		4112
3519	To use it,	4113	To use it,
3520		4114
3521	#include <ev++.h>	4115	#include <ev++.h>
3522		4116
3523	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	4117	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
3524	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	4118	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
3525	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	4119	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
…		…
3534	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy	4128	with C<operator ()> can be used as callbacks. Other types should be easy
3535	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If	4129	to add as long as they only need one additional pointer for context. If
3536	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author	4130	you need support for other types of functors please contact the author
3537	(preferably after implementing it).	4131	(preferably after implementing it).
3538		4132
		4133	For all this to work, your C++ compiler either has to use the same calling
		4134	conventions as your C compiler (for static member functions), or you have
		4135	to embed libev and compile libev itself as C++.
		4136
3539	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	4137	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
3540		4138
3541	=over 4	4139	=over 4
3542		4140
3543	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.	4141	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.
…		…
3552	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.	4150	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
3553		4151
3554	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of	4152	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
3555	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>	4153	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
3556	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro	4154	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
3557	defines by many implementations.	4155	defined by many implementations.
3558		4156
3559	All of those classes have these methods:	4157	All of those classes have these methods:
3560		4158
3561	=over 4	4159	=over 4
3562		4160
…		…
3624	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)	4222	void operator() (ev::io &w, int revents)
3625	{	4223	{
3626	...	4224	...
3627	}	4225	}
3628	}	4226	}
3629		4227
3630	myfunctor f;	4228	myfunctor f;
3631		4229
3632	ev::io w;	4230	ev::io w;
3633	w.set (&f);	4231	w.set (&f);
3634		4232
…		…
3652	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	4250	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
3653	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	4251	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
3654		4252
3655	=item w->set ([arguments])	4253	=item w->set ([arguments])
3656		4254
3657	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Either this	4255	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set> (except for C<ev::embed> watchers>),
3658	method or a suitable start method must be called at least once. Unlike the	4256	with the same arguments. Either this method or a suitable start method
3659	C counterpart, an active watcher gets automatically stopped and restarted	4257	must be called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher
3660	when reconfiguring it with this method.	4258	gets automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		4259	method.
		4260
		4261	For C<ev::embed> watchers this method is called C<set_embed>, to avoid
		4262	clashing with the C<set (loop)> method.
3661		4263
3662	=item w->start ()	4264	=item w->start ()
3663		4265
3664	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the	4266	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
3665	constructor already stores the event loop.	4267	constructor already stores the event loop.
…		…
3695	watchers in the constructor.	4297	watchers in the constructor.
3696		4298
3697	class myclass	4299	class myclass
3698	{	4300	{
3699	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4301	ev::io io ; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3700	ev::io2 io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	4302	ev::io io2 ; void io2_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
3701	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	4303	ev::idle idle; void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
3702		4304
3703	myclass (int fd)	4305	myclass (int fd)
3704	{	4306	{
3705	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	4307	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
…		…
3756	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.	4358	L<http://hackage.haskell.org/cgi-bin/hackage-scripts/package/hlibev>.
3757		4359
3758	=item D	4360	=item D
3759		4361
3760	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to	4362	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
3761	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.	4363	be found at L<http://www.llucax.com.ar/proj/ev.d/index.html>.
3762		4364
3763	=item Ocaml	4365	=item Ocaml
3764		4366
3765	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at	4367	Erkki Seppala has written Ocaml bindings for libev, to be found at
3766	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.	4368	L<http://modeemi.cs.tut.fi/~flux/software/ocaml-ev/>.
…		…
3769		4371
3770	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the	4372	Brian Maher has written a partial interface to libev for lua (at the
3771	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at	4373	time of this writing, only C<ev_io> and C<ev_timer>), to be found at
3772	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.	4374	L<http://github.com/brimworks/lua-ev>.
3773		4375
		4376	=item Javascript
		4377
		4378	Node.js (L<http://nodejs.org>) uses libev as the underlying event library.
		4379
		4380	=item Others
		4381
		4382	There are others, and I stopped counting.
		4383
3774	=back	4384	=back
3775		4385
3776		4386
3777	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	4387	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
3778		4388
…		…
3814	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	4424	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
3815		4425
3816	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	4426	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
3817		4427
3818	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	4428	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
3819	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	4429	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default"). The default loop
		4430	will be initialised if it isn't already initialised.
		4431
		4432	For non-multiplicity builds, these macros do nothing, so you always have
		4433	to initialise the loop somewhere.
3820		4434
3821	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>	4435	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
3822		4436
3823	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the	4437	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
3824	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour	4438	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
…		…
3891	ev_vars.h	4505	ev_vars.h
3892	ev_wrap.h	4506	ev_wrap.h
3893		4507
3894	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	4508	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
3895		4509
3896	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	4510	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled
3897	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4511	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled
3898	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4512	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled
		4513	ev_linuxaio.c only when the linux aio backend is enabled
		4514	ev_iouring.c only when the linux io_uring backend is enabled
3899	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4515	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled
3900	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	4516	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled
3901		4517
3902	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	4518	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
3903	to compile this single file.	4519	to compile this single file.
3904		4520
3905	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	4521	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
…		…
3969	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in	4585	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
3970	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	4586	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
3971		4587
3972	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the	4588	In standalone mode, libev will still try to automatically deduce the
3973	configuration, but has to be more conservative.	4589	configuration, but has to be more conservative.
		4590
		4591	=item EV_USE_FLOOR
		4592
		4593	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use the C<floor ()> function for its
		4594	periodic reschedule calculations, otherwise libev will fall back on a
		4595	portable (slower) implementation. If you enable this, you usually have to
		4596	link against libm or something equivalent. Enabling this when the C<floor>
		4597	function is not available will fail, so the safe default is to not enable
		4598	this.
3974		4599
3975	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	4600	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
3976		4601
3977	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	4602	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
3978	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no	4603	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no
…		…
4015	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve	4640	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
4016	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.	4641	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
4017	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc	4642	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
4018	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4643	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
4019		4644
		4645	=item EV_USE_SIGNALFD
		4646
		4647	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<signalfd ()> is
		4648	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This enables
		4649	the use of EVFLAG_SIGNALFD for faster and simpler signal handling. If
		4650	undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		4651	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		4652
		4653	=item EV_USE_TIMERFD
		4654
		4655	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<timerfd ()> is
		4656	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This allows
		4657	libev to detect time jumps accurately. If undefined, it will be enabled
		4658	if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.8 or newer and define
		4659	C<TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET>, otherwise disabled.
		4660
		4661	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		4662
		4663	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		4664	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		4665	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		4666	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		4667	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		4668
4020	=item EV_USE_SELECT	4669	=item EV_USE_SELECT
4021		4670
4022	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	4671	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
4023	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no	4672	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
4024	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	4673	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
…		…
4064	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this	4713	If programs implement their own fd to handle mapping on win32, then this
4065	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister	4714	macro can be used to override the C<close> function, useful to unregister
4066	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close	4715	file descriptors again. Note that the replacement function has to close
4067	the underlying OS handle.	4716	the underlying OS handle.
4068		4717
		4718	=item EV_USE_WSASOCKET
		4719
		4720	If defined to be C<1>, libev will use C<WSASocket> to create its internal
		4721	communication socket, which works better in some environments. Otherwise,
		4722	the normal C<socket> function will be used, which works better in other
		4723	environments.
		4724
4069	=item EV_USE_POLL	4725	=item EV_USE_POLL
4070		4726
4071	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	4727	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
4072	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	4728	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
4073	takes precedence over select.	4729	takes precedence over select.
…		…
4077	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	4733	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
4078	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	4734	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
4079	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	4735	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
4080	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the	4736	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
4081	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4737	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		4738
		4739	=item EV_USE_LINUXAIO
		4740
		4741	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux aio
		4742	backend (C<EV_USE_EPOLL> must also be enabled). If undefined, it will be
		4743	enabled on linux, otherwise disabled.
		4744
		4745	=item EV_USE_IOURING
		4746
		4747	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		4748	io_uring backend (C<EV_USE_EPOLL> must also be enabled). Due to it's
		4749	current limitations it has to be requested explicitly. If undefined, it
		4750	will be enabled on linux, otherwise disabled.
4082		4751
4083	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	4752	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
4084		4753
4085	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	4754	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
4086	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	4755	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
4108	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	4777	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
4109	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	4778	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
4110	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers	4779	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
4111	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.	4780	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
4112		4781
		4782	=item EV_NO_SMP
		4783
		4784	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that memory is always coherent
		4785	between threads, that is, threads can be used, but threads never run on
		4786	different cpus (or different cpu cores). This reduces dependencies
		4787	and makes libev faster.
		4788
		4789	=item EV_NO_THREADS
		4790
		4791	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that it will never be called from
		4792	different threads (that includes signal handlers), which is a stronger
		4793	assumption than C<EV_NO_SMP>, above. This reduces dependencies and makes
		4794	libev faster.
		4795
4113	=item EV_ATOMIC_T	4796	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
4114		4797
4115	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose	4798	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
4116	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such	4799	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No
4117	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type	4800	such type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own
4118	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"	4801	type that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal
4119	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.	4802	handler "locking" as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async>
		4803	watchers.
4120		4804
4121	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>	4805	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
4122	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.	4806	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
4123		4807
4124	=item EV_H (h)	4808	=item EV_H (h)
…		…
4151	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	4835	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
4152	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	4836	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
4153	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	4837	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
4154	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	4838	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
4155		4839
		4840	Note that C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_> will no longer provide a
		4841	default loop when multiplicity is switched off - you always have to
		4842	initialise the loop manually in this case.
		4843
4156	=item EV_MINPRI	4844	=item EV_MINPRI
4157		4845
4158	=item EV_MAXPRI	4846	=item EV_MAXPRI
4159		4847
4160	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to	4848	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
…		…
4196	#define EV_USE_POLL 1	4884	#define EV_USE_POLL 1
4197	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1	4885	#define EV_CHILD_ENABLE 1
4198	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1	4886	#define EV_ASYNC_ENABLE 1
4199		4887
4200	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following	4888	The actual value is a bitset, it can be a combination of the following
4201	values:	4889	values (by default, all of these are enabled):
4202		4890
4203	=over 4	4891	=over 4
4204		4892
4205	=item C<1> - faster/larger code	4893	=item C<1> - faster/larger code
4206		4894
…		…
4210	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).	4898	code size by roughly 30% on amd64).
4211		4899
4212	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with	4900	When optimising for size, use of compiler flags such as C<-Os> with
4213	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of	4901	gcc is recommended, as well as C<-DNDEBUG>, as libev contains a number of
4214	assertions.	4902	assertions.
		4903
		4904	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4905	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
4215		4906
4216	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures	4907	=item C<2> - faster/larger data structures
4217		4908
4218	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger	4909	Replaces the small 2-heap for timer management by a faster 4-heap, larger
4219	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size	4910	hash table sizes and so on. This will usually further increase code size
4220	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at	4911	and can additionally have an effect on the size of data structures at
4221	runtime.	4912	runtime.
4222		4913
		4914	The default is off when C<__OPTIMIZE_SIZE__> is defined by your compiler
		4915	(e.g. gcc with C<-Os>).
		4916
4223	=item C<4> - full API configuration	4917	=item C<4> - full API configuration
4224		4918
4225	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and	4919	This enables priorities (sets C<EV_MAXPRI>=2 and C<EV_MINPRI>=-2), and
4226	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).	4920	enables multiplicity (C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>=1).
4227		4921
…		…
4257		4951
4258	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough	4952	With an intelligent-enough linker (gcc+binutils are intelligent enough
4259	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by	4953	when you use C<-Wl,--gc-sections -ffunction-sections>) functions unused by
4260	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an	4954	your program might be left out as well - a binary starting a timer and an
4261	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.	4955	I/O watcher then might come out at only 5Kb.
		4956
		4957	=item EV_API_STATIC
		4958
		4959	If this symbol is defined (by default it is not), then all identifiers
		4960	will have static linkage. This means that libev will not export any
		4961	identifiers, and you cannot link against libev anymore. This can be useful
		4962	when you embed libev, only want to use libev functions in a single file,
		4963	and do not want its identifiers to be visible.
		4964
		4965	To use this, define C<EV_API_STATIC> and include F<ev.c> in the file that
		4966	wants to use libev.
		4967
		4968	This option only works when libev is compiled with a C compiler, as C++
		4969	doesn't support the required declaration syntax.
4262		4970
4263	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO	4971	=item EV_AVOID_STDIO
4264		4972
4265	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio	4973	If this is set to C<1> at compiletime, then libev will avoid using stdio
4266	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size	4974	functions (printf, scanf, perror etc.). This will increase the code size
…		…
4324	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not	5032	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
4325	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be	5033	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
4326	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the	5034	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
4327	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down	5035	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
4328	libev considerably.	5036	libev considerably.
		5037
		5038	Verification errors are reported via C's C<assert> mechanism, so if you
		5039	disable that (e.g. by defining C<NDEBUG>) then no errors will be reported.
4329		5040
4330	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it	5041	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_FEATURES> overrides it, in which case it
4331	will be C<0>.	5042	will be C<0>.
4332		5043
4333	=item EV_COMMON	5044	=item EV_COMMON
…		…
4410	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	5121	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
4411		5122
4412	#include "ev_cpp.h"	5123	#include "ev_cpp.h"
4413	#include "ev.c"	5124	#include "ev.c"
4414		5125
4415	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS OR LIBRARIES	5126	=head1 INTERACTION WITH OTHER PROGRAMS, LIBRARIES OR THE ENVIRONMENT
4416		5127
4417	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES	5128	=head2 THREADS AND COROUTINES
4418		5129
4419	=head3 THREADS	5130	=head3 THREADS
4420		5131
…		…
4471	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop	5182	default loop and triggering an C<ev_async> watcher from the default loop
4472	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.	5183	watcher callback into the event loop interested in the signal.
4473		5184
4474	=back	5185	=back
4475		5186
4476	=head4 THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE	5187	See also L</THREAD LOCKING EXAMPLE>.
4477
4478	Here is a fictitious example of how to run an event loop in a different
4479	thread than where callbacks are being invoked and watchers are
4480	created/added/removed.
4481
4482	For a real-world example, see the C<EV::Loop::Async> perl module,
4483	which uses exactly this technique (which is suited for many high-level
4484	languages).
4485
4486	The example uses a pthread mutex to protect the loop data, a condition
4487	variable to wait for callback invocations, an async watcher to notify the
4488	event loop thread and an unspecified mechanism to wake up the main thread.
4489
4490	First, you need to associate some data with the event loop:
4491
4492	typedef struct {
4493	mutex_t lock; /* global loop lock */
4494	ev_async async_w;
4495	thread_t tid;
4496	cond_t invoke_cv;
4497	} userdata;
4498
4499	void prepare_loop (EV_P)
4500	{
4501	// for simplicity, we use a static userdata struct.
4502	static userdata u;
4503
4504	ev_async_init (&u->async_w, async_cb);
4505	ev_async_start (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4506
4507	pthread_mutex_init (&u->lock, 0);
4508	pthread_cond_init (&u->invoke_cv, 0);
4509
4510	// now associate this with the loop
4511	ev_set_userdata (EV_A_ u);
4512	ev_set_invoke_pending_cb (EV_A_ l_invoke);
4513	ev_set_loop_release_cb (EV_A_ l_release, l_acquire);
4514
4515	// then create the thread running ev_loop
4516	pthread_create (&u->tid, 0, l_run, EV_A);
4517	}
4518
4519	The callback for the C<ev_async> watcher does nothing: the watcher is used
4520	solely to wake up the event loop so it takes notice of any new watchers
4521	that might have been added:
4522
4523	static void
4524	async_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
4525	{
4526	// just used for the side effects
4527	}
4528
4529	The C<l_release> and C<l_acquire> callbacks simply unlock/lock the mutex
4530	protecting the loop data, respectively.
4531
4532	static void
4533	l_release (EV_P)
4534	{
4535	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4536	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4537	}
4538
4539	static void
4540	l_acquire (EV_P)
4541	{
4542	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4543	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4544	}
4545
4546	The event loop thread first acquires the mutex, and then jumps straight
4547	into C<ev_run>:
4548
4549	void *
4550	l_run (void *thr_arg)
4551	{
4552	struct ev_loop *loop = (struct ev_loop *)thr_arg;
4553
4554	l_acquire (EV_A);
4555	pthread_setcanceltype (PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS, 0);
4556	ev_run (EV_A_ 0);
4557	l_release (EV_A);
4558
4559	return 0;
4560	}
4561
4562	Instead of invoking all pending watchers, the C<l_invoke> callback will
4563	signal the main thread via some unspecified mechanism (signals? pipe
4564	writes? C<Async::Interrupt>?) and then waits until all pending watchers
4565	have been called (in a while loop because a) spurious wakeups are possible
4566	and b) skipping inter-thread-communication when there are no pending
4567	watchers is very beneficial):
4568
4569	static void
4570	l_invoke (EV_P)
4571	{
4572	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4573
4574	while (ev_pending_count (EV_A))
4575	{
4576	wake_up_other_thread_in_some_magic_or_not_so_magic_way ();
4577	pthread_cond_wait (&u->invoke_cv, &u->lock);
4578	}
4579	}
4580
4581	Now, whenever the main thread gets told to invoke pending watchers, it
4582	will grab the lock, call C<ev_invoke_pending> and then signal the loop
4583	thread to continue:
4584
4585	static void
4586	real_invoke_pending (EV_P)
4587	{
4588	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4589
4590	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4591	ev_invoke_pending (EV_A);
4592	pthread_cond_signal (&u->invoke_cv);
4593	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4594	}
4595
4596	Whenever you want to start/stop a watcher or do other modifications to an
4597	event loop, you will now have to lock:
4598
4599	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
4600	userdata *u = ev_userdata (EV_A);
4601
4602	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
4603
4604	pthread_mutex_lock (&u->lock);
4605	ev_timer_start (EV_A_ &timeout_watcher);
4606	ev_async_send (EV_A_ &u->async_w);
4607	pthread_mutex_unlock (&u->lock);
4608
4609	Note that sending the C<ev_async> watcher is required because otherwise
4610	an event loop currently blocking in the kernel will have no knowledge
4611	about the newly added timer. By waking up the loop it will pick up any new
4612	watchers in the next event loop iteration.
4613		5188
4614	=head3 COROUTINES	5189	=head3 COROUTINES
4615		5190
4616	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):	5191	Libev is very accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
4617	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different	5192	libev fully supports nesting calls to its functions from different
…		…
4782	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX	5357	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
4783	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in	5358	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
4784	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket	5359	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
4785	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using	5360	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
4786	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,	5361	e.g. cygwin. Actually, it only applies to the microsofts own compilers,
4787	as every compielr comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible	5362	as every compiler comes with a slightly differently broken/incompatible
4788	environment.	5363	environment.
4789		5364
4790	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full	5365	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
4791	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,	5366	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into this kind of thing,
4792	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note	5367	then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable way (note
…		…
4886	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also	5461	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
4887	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher	5462	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
4888	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev	5463	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
4889	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.	5464	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
4890		5465
		5466	=item null pointers and integer zero are represented by 0 bytes
		5467
		5468	Libev uses C<memset> to initialise structs and arrays to C<0> bytes, and
		5469	relies on this setting pointers and integers to null.
		5470
4891	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic	5471	=item pointer accesses must be thread-atomic
4892		5472
4893	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and	5473	Accessing a pointer value must be atomic, it must both be readable and
4894	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.	5474	writable in one piece - this is the case on all current architectures.
4895		5475
…		…
4908	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would	5488	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
4909	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and	5489	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
4910	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.	5490	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
4911		5491
4912	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads	5492	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
4913	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as	5493	except the initial one, and run the signal handling loop in the initial
4914	well.	5494	thread as well.
4915		5495
4916	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes	5496	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
4917		5497
4918	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally	5498	To improve portability and simplify its API, libev uses C<long> internally
4919	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX	5499	instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On non-POSIX
…		…
4925		5505
4926	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to	5506	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
4927	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is	5507	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is
4928	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy	5508	good enough for at least into the year 4000 with millisecond accuracy
4929	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by	5509	(the design goal for libev). This requirement is overfulfilled by
4930	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones. With	5510	implementations using IEEE 754, which is basically all existing ones.
		5511
4931	IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least 2200.	5512	With IEEE 754 doubles, you get microsecond accuracy until at least the
		5513	year 2255 (and millisecond accuracy till the year 287396 - by then, libev
		5514	is either obsolete or somebody patched it to use C<long double> or
		5515	something like that, just kidding).
4932		5516
4933	=back	5517	=back
4934		5518
4935	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.	5519	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
4936		5520
…		…
4998	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)	5582	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
4999		5583
5000	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)	5584	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
5001		5585
5002	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>	5586	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
5003	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events	5587	calls in the current loop iteration and the loop is currently
		5588	blocked. Checking for async and signal events involves iterating over all
5004	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.	5589	running async watchers or all signal numbers.
5005		5590
5006	=back	5591	=back
5007		5592
5008		5593
5009	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X	5594	=head1 PORTING FROM LIBEV 3.X TO 4.X
…		…
5018	=over 4	5603	=over 4
5019		5604
5020	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism	5605	=item C<EV_COMPAT3> backwards compatibility mechanism
5021		5606
5022	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by	5607	The backward compatibility mechanism can be controlled by
5023	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L<PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS> in the L<EMBEDDING>	5608	C<EV_COMPAT3>. See L</"PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS"> in the L</EMBEDDING>
5024	section.	5609	section.
5025		5610
5026	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed	5611	=item C<ev_default_destroy> and C<ev_default_fork> have been removed
5027		5612
5028	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:	5613	These calls can be replaced easily by their C<ev_loop_xxx> counterparts:
…		…
5071	=over 4	5656	=over 4
5072		5657
5073	=item active	5658	=item active
5074		5659
5075	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.	5660	A watcher is active as long as it has been started and not yet stopped.
5076	See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5661	See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
5077		5662
5078	=item application	5663	=item application
5079		5664
5080	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.	5665	In this document, an application is whatever is using libev.
5081		5666
…		…
5117	watchers and events.	5702	watchers and events.
5118		5703
5119	=item pending	5704	=item pending
5120		5705
5121	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been	5706	A watcher is pending as soon as the corresponding event has been
5122	detected. See L<WATCHER STATES> for details.	5707	detected. See L</WATCHER STATES> for details.
5123		5708
5124	=item real time	5709	=item real time
5125		5710
5126	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)	5711	The physical time that is observed. It is apparently strictly monotonic :)
5127		5712
5128	=item wall-clock time	5713	=item wall-clock time
5129		5714
5130	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually	5715	The time and date as shown on clocks. Unlike real time, it can actually
5131	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when the you adjust your	5716	be wrong and jump forwards and backwards, e.g. when you adjust your
5132	clock.	5717	clock.
5133		5718
5134	=item watcher	5719	=item watcher
5135		5720
5136	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need	5721	A data structure that describes interest in certain events. Watchers need
…		…
5139	=back	5724	=back
5140		5725
5141	=head1 AUTHOR	5726	=head1 AUTHOR
5142		5727
5143	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael	5728	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>, with repeated corrections by Mikael
5144	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta.	5729	Magnusson and Emanuele Giaquinta, and minor corrections by many others.
5145		5730

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