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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.46 by root, Mon Nov 26 10:20:43 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.53 by root, Tue Nov 27 20:15:02 2007 UTC

2 2
3libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C 3libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4 4
5=head1 SYNOPSIS 5=head1 SYNOPSIS
6 6
7 /* this is the only header you need */
7 #include <ev.h> 8 #include <ev.h>
9
10 /* what follows is a fully working example program */
11 ev_io stdin_watcher;
12 ev_timer timeout_watcher;
13
14 /* called when data readable on stdin */
15 static void
16 stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
17 {
18 /* puts ("stdin ready"); */
19 ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
20 ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
21 }
22
23 static void
24 timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
25 {
26 /* puts ("timeout"); */
27 ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
28 }
29
30 int
31 main (void)
32 {
33 struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
34
35 /* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
36 ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
37 ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
38
39 /* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
40 ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
41 ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
42
43 /* loop till timeout or data ready */
44 ev_loop (loop, 0);
45
46 return 0;
47 }
8 48
9=head1 DESCRIPTION 49=head1 DESCRIPTION
10 50
11Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a 51Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
12file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage 52file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
48the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is 88the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
49called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases 89called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
50to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on 90to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
51it, you should treat it as such. 91it, you should treat it as such.
52 92
53
54=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS 93=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
55 94
56These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the 95These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
57library in any way. 96library in any way.
58 97
116C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for 155C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
117recommended ones. 156recommended ones.
118 157
119See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info. 158See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
120 159
121=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size)) 160=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, size_t size))
122 161
123Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the 162Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype and semantics are
124realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate 163identical to the realloc C function). It is used to allocate and free
125and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory 164memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory needs to be
126needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially 165allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially destructive
127destructive action. The default is your system realloc function. 166action. The default is your system realloc function.
128 167
129You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say, 168You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
130free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator, 169free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
131or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available. 170or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
132 171
133Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then 172Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
134retries: better than mine). 173retries: better than mine).
135 174
136 static void * 175 static void *
137 persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size) 176 persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
138 { 177 {
139 for (;;) 178 for (;;)
140 { 179 {
141 void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size); 180 void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
142 181
545 584
546=item C<EV_CHILD> 585=item C<EV_CHILD>
547 586
548The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change. 587The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change.
549 588
589=item C<EV_STAT>
590
591The path specified in the C<ev_stat> watcher changed its attributes somehow.
592
550=item C<EV_IDLE> 593=item C<EV_IDLE>
551 594
552The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do. 595The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
553 596
554=item C<EV_PREPARE> 597=item C<EV_PREPARE>
561received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as 604received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
562many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account 605many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
563(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep 606(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
564C<ev_loop> from blocking). 607C<ev_loop> from blocking).
565 608
609=item C<EV_EMBED>
610
611The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
612
613=item C<EV_FORK>
614
615The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
616C<ev_fork>).
617
566=item C<EV_ERROR> 618=item C<EV_ERROR>
567 619
568An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might 620An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
569happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev 621happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
570ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other 622ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
689 741
690 742
691=head1 WATCHER TYPES 743=head1 WATCHER TYPES
692 744
693This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat 745This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
694information given in the last section. 746information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
747functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
748
749Members are additionally marked with either I<[read-only]>, meaning that,
750while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some
751sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the
752watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or I<[read-write]>, which
753means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
754is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
755sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
756not crash or malfunction in any way.
695 757
696 758
697=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable? 759=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?
698 760
699I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable 761I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
742 804
743Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to 805Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
744rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or 806rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
745C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events. 807C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
746 808
809=item int fd [read-only]
810
811The file descriptor being watched.
812
813=item int events [read-only]
814
815The events being watched.
816
747=back 817=back
748 818
749Example: call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well 819Example: call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
750readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could 820readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
751attempt to read a whole line in the callback: 821attempt to read a whole line in the callback:
814 884
815If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat 885If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat
816value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value. 886value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.
817 887
818This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical 888This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
819example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle 889example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called
820timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60 890idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been,
821seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to 891say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do
822configure an C<ev_timer> with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each 892this is to configure an C<ev_timer> with C<after>=C<repeat>=C<60> and calling
823time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle 893C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
824state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop 894you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
825the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be. 895socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if
896need be.
897
898You can also ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> altogether
899and only ever use the C<repeat> value:
900
901 ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
902 ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
903 ...
904 timer->again = 17.;
905 ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
906 ...
907 timer->again = 10.;
908 ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
909
910This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want
911to modify its timeout value.
912
913=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
914
915The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
916or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
917which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
826 918
827=back 919=back
828 920
829Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds. 921Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
830 922
957Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful 1049Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
958when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return 1050when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
959a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like 1051a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
960program when the crontabs have changed). 1052program when the crontabs have changed).
961 1053
1054=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1055
1056The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1057take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1058called.
1059
1060=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1061
1062The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1063switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1064the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1065
962=back 1066=back
963 1067
964Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the 1068Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
965system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have 1069system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
966potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability. 1070potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
1016=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum) 1120=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
1017 1121
1018Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one 1122Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
1019of the C<SIGxxx> constants). 1123of the C<SIGxxx> constants).
1020 1124
1125=item int signum [read-only]
1126
1127The signal the watcher watches out for.
1128
1021=back 1129=back
1022 1130
1023 1131
1024=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes 1132=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1025 1133
1037at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see 1145at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1038the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems 1146the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1039C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the 1147C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1040process causing the status change. 1148process causing the status change.
1041 1149
1150=item int pid [read-only]
1151
1152The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1153
1154=item int rpid [read-write]
1155
1156The process id that detected a status change.
1157
1158=item int rstatus [read-write]
1159
1160The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1161C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1162
1042=back 1163=back
1043 1164
1044Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM. 1165Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
1045 1166
1046 static void 1167 static void
1050 } 1171 }
1051 1172
1052 struct ev_signal signal_watcher; 1173 struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
1053 ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT); 1174 ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
1054 ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb); 1175 ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
1176
1177
1178=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1179
1180This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1181C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1182compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1183
1184The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1185not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
1186not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
1187otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
1188the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
1189
1190Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
1191calls C<stat (2)> regulalry on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
1192can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
1193a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,
1194unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around
1195five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
1196impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats
1197usually overkill.
1198
1199This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
1200as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1201resource-intensive.
1202
1203At the time of this writing, no specific OS backends are implemented, but
1204if demand increases, at least a kqueue and inotify backend will be added.
1205
1206=over 4
1207
1208=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1209
1210=item ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1211
1212Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
1213C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1214be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1215a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1216path for as long as the watcher is active.
1217
1218The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,
1219relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
1220last change was detected).
1221
1222=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)
1223
1224Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1225watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
1226detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
1227useful simply to find out the new values.
1228
1229=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1230
1231The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
1232C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1233suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there
1234was some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1235
1236=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1237
1238The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1239C<prev> != C<attr>.
1240
1241=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1242
1243The specified interval.
1244
1245=item const char *path [read-only]
1246
1247The filesystem path that is being watched.
1248
1249=back
1250
1251Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1252
1253 static void
1254 passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1255 {
1256 /* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1257 if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1258 {
1259 printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1260 printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1261 printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1262 }
1263 else
1264 /* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1265 puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1266 "if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1267 }
1268
1269 ...
1270 ev_stat passwd;
1271
1272 ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");
1273 ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1055 1274
1056 1275
1057=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do... 1276=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1058 1277
1059Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending 1278Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending
1292 1511
1293Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works 1512Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1294similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most 1513similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1295apropriate way for embedded loops. 1514apropriate way for embedded loops.
1296 1515
1516=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]
1517
1518The embedded event loop.
1519
1520=back
1521
1522
1523=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1524
1525Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
1526whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
1527C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the
1528event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1529and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1530C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1531handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1532
1533=over 4
1534
1535=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1536
1537Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
1538kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1539believe me.
1540
1297=back 1541=back
1298 1542
1299 1543
1300=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS 1544=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
1301 1545
1463 1707
1464=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only 1708=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only
1465 1709
1466Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>. 1710Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1467 1711
1712=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only
1713
1714Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1715
1468=back 1716=back
1469 1717
1470=back 1718=back
1471 1719
1472Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in 1720Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1484 : io (this, &myclass::io_cb), 1732 : io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1485 idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb) 1733 idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1486 { 1734 {
1487 io.start (fd, ev::READ); 1735 io.start (fd, ev::READ);
1488 } 1736 }
1737
1738
1739=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1740
1741Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
1742C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and
1743callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1744
1745To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1746following macros are defined:
1747
1748=over 4
1749
1750=item C<EV_A>, C<EV_A_>
1751
1752This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1753loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1754C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1755
1756 ev_unref (EV_A);
1757 ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1758 ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1759
1760It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
1761which is often provided by the following macro.
1762
1763=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
1764
1765This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1766loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1767C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1768
1769 // this is how ev_unref is being declared
1770 static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1771
1772 // this is how you can declare your typical callback
1773 static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1774
1775It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
1776suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
1777
1778=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1779
1780Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1781loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1782
1783=back
1784
1785Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of
1786wether multiple loops are supported or not.
1787
1788 static void
1789 check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1790 {
1791 ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1792 }
1793
1794 ev_check check;
1795 ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1796 ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1797 ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1798
1489 1799
1490=head1 EMBEDDING 1800=head1 EMBEDDING
1491 1801
1492Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host 1802Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1493applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra 1803applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1700will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create 2010will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
1701additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support 2011additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
1702for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer 2012for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
1703argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop. 2013argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
1704 2014
1705=item EV_PERIODICS 2015=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
1706 2016
1707If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported, 2017If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
1708otherwise not. This saves a few kb of code. 2018defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2019code.
2020
2021=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2022
2023If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2024defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2025
2026=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
2027
2028If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
2029defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2030
2031=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2032
2033If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2034defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2035
2036=item EV_MINIMAL
2037
2038If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2039speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override
2040some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.
2041
2042=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2043
2044C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2045pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2046than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2047increase this value.
1709 2048
1710=item EV_COMMON 2049=item EV_COMMON
1711 2050
1712By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining 2051By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
1713this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of 2052this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of

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