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Revision 1.61 by root, Thu Nov 29 12:21:05 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.173 by root, Thu Aug 7 19:24:56 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_<type>
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		18
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	21	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	23	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	24	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	31	}
24		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	34	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	36	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	37	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	40	}
31		41
32	int	42	int
33	main (void)	43	main (void)
34	{	44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		47
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		57
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	58	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	62	return 0;
49	}	63	}
50		64
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		66
		67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
		68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
		70
53	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
54	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
55	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
56		74
57	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	75	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
58	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	76	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
59	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	77	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
61	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
62	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
63	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
64	watcher.	82	watcher.
65		83
66	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
67		85
68	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
69	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
70	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
71	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
…		…
78		96
79	It also is quite fast (see this	97	It also is quite fast (see this
80	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
81	for example).	99	for example).
82		100
83	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
84		102
85	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
86	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
87	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
88	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
89	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
90	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		109	this argument.
91		110
92	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
93		112
94	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
95	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
96	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
97	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
98	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
99	it, you should treat it as such.	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
		119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
100		142
101	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
102		144
103	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
104	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
109		151
110	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
111	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
112	you actually want to know.	154	you actually want to know.
113		155
		156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		157
		158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
		161
114	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
115		163
116	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
117		165
118	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	166	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
119	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	167	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
120	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	168	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
121	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	169	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
122	version of the library your program was compiled against.	170	version of the library your program was compiled against.
123		171
		172	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		173	release version.
		174
124	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	175	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
125	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	176	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
126	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	177	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
127	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
128		179
129	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
130	version.	181	version.
131		182
132	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
133	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
134	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
135		186
136	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
137		188
138	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
139	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
141	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
142		193
143	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
144	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
145		196
146	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
147	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
148		199
149	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
150		201
151	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
152	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
153	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
154	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
155	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
156	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
157		208
158	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
159		210
…		…
166	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
167		218
168	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
169		220
170	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
171	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
172	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
173	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
174	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
175	function.	226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
176		230
177	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
178	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
179	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
180		234
181	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
182	retries).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
183		237
184	static void *	238	static void *
185	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
186	{	240	{
187	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
…		…
198	...	252	...
199	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
200		254
201	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
202		256
203	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
204	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
205	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
206	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
207	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
208	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
209	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
210		264
211	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
225	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
226		280
227	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
228	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
229	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
230
231	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
232	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
233	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
234	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
235	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
236	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
237		284
238	=over 4	285	=over 4
239		286
240	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
241		288
…		…
245	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	292	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
246		293
247	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
248	function.	295	function.
249		296
		297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		300
		301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		305	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		306	C<ev_default_init>.
		307
250	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	308	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
251	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	309	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
252		310
253	The following flags are supported:	311	The following flags are supported:
254		312
…		…
259	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	317	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
260	thing, believe me).	318	thing, believe me).
261		319
262	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	320	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
263		321
264	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	322	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
265	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	323	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
266	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	324	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
267	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	325	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
268	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
269	around bugs.	327	around bugs.
270		328
		329	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		330
		331	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		332	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		333	enabling this flag.
		334
		335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		339	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
		340	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		341
		342	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		343	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		344	flag.
		345
		346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		347	environment variable.
		348
271	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
272		350
273	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
274	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	352	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
275	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
276	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	354	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
277	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	355	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		356
		357	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		358	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
278		363
279	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	364	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
280		365
281	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	366	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
282	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	367	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
283	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	368	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
284	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	369	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		370	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		371	performance tips.
285		372
286	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	373	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
287		374
288	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	375	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
289	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	376	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
290	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	377	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
291	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	378	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		379	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		380	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
		381	support for dup.
292		382
293	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	383	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
294	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	384	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
295	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	385	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
296	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	386	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
297	well if you register events for both fds.	387	very well if you register events for both fds.
298		388
299	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	389	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
300	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	390	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
301	(or space) is available.	391	(or space) is available.
302		392
		393	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		394	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.
		395	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.
		396
		397	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		398	all kernel versions tested so far.
		399
303	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	400	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
304		401
305	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	402	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
306	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	403	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
307	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	404	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
308	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	405	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"
309	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	406	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
310	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	407	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		408	system like NetBSD.
		409
		410	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		411	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		412	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
311		413
312	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	414	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
313	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	415	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
314	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	416	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
315	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	417	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
316	incident, so its best to avoid that.	418	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
		419	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		420
		421	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		422
		423	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		424	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		425	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		426	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		427	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for
		428	sockets.
317		429
318	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	430	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
319		431
320	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	432	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		433	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		434	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		435	immensely.
321		436
322	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	437	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
323		438
324	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	439	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
325	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	440	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
326		441
327	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	442	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
328	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	443	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
329	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	444	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		445
		446	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		447	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		448	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		449	might perform better.
		450
		451	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this
		452	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully
		453	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.
330		454
331	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	455	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
332		456
333	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	457	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
334	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	458	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
335	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	459	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
336		460
		461	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		462
337	=back	463	=back
338		464
339	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	465	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
340	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	466	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
341	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	467	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
342	order of their flag values :)
343		468
344	The most typical usage is like this:	469	The most typical usage is like this:
345		470
346	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	471	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
347	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	472	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
348		473
349	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	474	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
350	environment settings to be taken into account:	475	environment settings to be taken into account:
351		476
352	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	477	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
353		478
354	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	479	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
355	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	480	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
356	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	481	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
357		482
358	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	483	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
359		484
360	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	485	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
361		486
362	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	487	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
363	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	488	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
364	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	489	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
365	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	490	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
366		491
		492	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		493	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		494	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		495
367	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	496	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
368		497
369	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	498	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
370	if (!epoller)	499	if (!epoller)
371	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	500	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
372		501
373	=item ev_default_destroy ()	502	=item ev_default_destroy ()
374		503
375	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	504	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
376	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	505	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
377	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	506	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
378	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	507	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
379	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	508	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
380	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	509	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
381	for example).	510	for example).
		511
		512	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		513	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		514	would need to be stopped manually.
		515
		516	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		517	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		518	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		519	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
382		520
383	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	521	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
384		522
385	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	523	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
386	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	524	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
387		525
388	=item ev_default_fork ()	526	=item ev_default_fork ()
389		527
		528	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
390	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	529	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
391	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	530	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
392	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	531	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
393	again makes little sense).	532	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		533	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
394		534
395	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	535	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
396	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	536	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
397	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	537	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
398		538
399	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	539	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
400	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	540	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
401	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	541	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
402		542
403	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	543	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
404		544
405	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
406	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
407	do not need to care.
408
409	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	545	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
410		546
411	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	547	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
412	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	548	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
413	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	549	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
		550
		551	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		552
		553	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.
		554
		555	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		556
		557	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		558	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		559	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		560
		561	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		562	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		563	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
414		564
415	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	565	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
416		566
417	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	567	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
418	use.	568	use.
…		…
421		571
422	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	572	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
423	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	573	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
424	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	574	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
425	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	575	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
426	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	576	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
427		577
428	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	578	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
429		579
430	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	580	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
431	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	581	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
443	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	593	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
444	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	594	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
445	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	595	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
446		596
447	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	597	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
448	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	598	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
449	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	599	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
450	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	600	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
451	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	601	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
452	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	602	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
453	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	603	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
454		604
455	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	605	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
456		606
457	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	607	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
458	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	608	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
		609	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
		610	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
459	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	611	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		612	as to not disturb the other process.
460	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	613	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
461	- Update the "event loop time".	614	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
462	- Calculate for how long to block.	615	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		616	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		617	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		618	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
463	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	619	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
464	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	620	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
465	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	621	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
466	- Queue all outstanding timers.	622	- Queue all outstanding timers.
467	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	623	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
468	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	624	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
469	- Queue all check watchers.	625	- Queue all check watchers.
470	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	626	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
471	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	627	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
472	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	628	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
473	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	629	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
474	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	630	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		631	continue with step *.
475		632
476	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	633	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
477	anymore.	634	anymore.
478		635
479	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	636	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
480	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	637	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
481	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	638	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
482	... jobs done. yeah!	639	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
483		640
484	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	641	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
485		642
486	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	643	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
487	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	644	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
488	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	645	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
489	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	646	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
		647
		648	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
490		649
491	=item ev_ref (loop)	650	=item ev_ref (loop)
492		651
493	=item ev_unref (loop)	652	=item ev_unref (loop)
494		653
…		…
499	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	658	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
500	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	659	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
501	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	660	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
502	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	661	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
503	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	662	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
504	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	663	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		664	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		665	respectively).
505		666
506	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	667	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
507	running when nothing else is active.	668	running when nothing else is active.
508		669
509	struct ev_signal exitsig;	670	struct ev_signal exitsig;
510	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	671	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
511	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	672	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
512	evf_unref (loop);	673	evf_unref (loop);
513		674
514	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	675	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
515		676
516	ev_ref (loop);	677	ev_ref (loop);
517	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	678	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		679
		680	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		681
		682	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		683
		684	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		685	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
		686	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		687	latency.
		688
		689	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		690	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
		691	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		692	opportunities).
		693
		694	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to
		695	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes
		696	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		697	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		698	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		699
		700	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		701	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		702	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		703	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		704	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		705
		706	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		707	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		708	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers
		709	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce
		710	any overhead in libev.
		711
		712	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		713	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		714	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		715	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		716	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		717
		718	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		719	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		720	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		721	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		722	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		723	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		724
		725	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		726
		727	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		728	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks
		729	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print
		730	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.
		731
		732	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		733	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		734	data structures consistent.
518		735
519	=back	736	=back
520		737
521		738
522	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	739	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
523		740
524	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	741	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
525	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	742	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
526	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	743	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
527		744
528	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	745	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
529	{	746	{
530	ev_io_stop (w);	747	ev_io_stop (w);
531	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	748	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
532	}	749	}
533		750
534	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	751	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
535	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	752	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
536	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	753	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
537	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	754	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
538	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	755	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
539	ev_loop (loop, 0);	756	ev_loop (loop, 0);
540		757
541	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	758	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
542	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	759	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,
543	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	760	although this can sometimes be quite valid).
544		761
545	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	762	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
546	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	763	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
547	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	764	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
548	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	765	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
549	is readable and/or writable).	766	is readable and/or writable).
550		767
551	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	768	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro
552	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	769	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
…		…
622	=item C<EV_FORK>	839	=item C<EV_FORK>
623		840
624	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	841	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
625	C<ev_fork>).	842	C<ev_fork>).
626		843
		844	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		845
		846	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		847
627	=item C<EV_ERROR>	848	=item C<EV_ERROR>
628		849
629	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	850	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
630	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	851	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
631	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	852	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
632	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	853	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
633	with the watcher being stopped.	854	with the watcher being stopped.
634		855
635	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	856	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,
636	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	857	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if
637	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	858	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope
638	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	859	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
639	programs, though, so beware.	860	programs, though, so beware.
640		861
641	=back	862	=back
642		863
643	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	864	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
673	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	894	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
674	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	895	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
675		896
676	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	897	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
677		898
678	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	899	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
679	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	900	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
680	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	901	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
681		902
682	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	903	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
683		904
684	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	905	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
…		…
702	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	923	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
703		924
704	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	925	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
705	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	926	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
706	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	927	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
707	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	928	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
708	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	929	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		930	it).
709		931
710	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	932	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
711		933
712	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	934	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
713		935
714	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	936	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
715		937
716	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	938	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
717	(modulo threads).	939	(modulo threads).
		940
		941	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		942
		943	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		944
		945	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		946	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		947	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		948	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		949	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		950
		951	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		952	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		953	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		954	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		955
		956	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		957	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		958
		959	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		960	pending.
		961
		962	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		963	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		964
		965	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		966	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		967	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		968
		969	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		970
		971	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		972	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		973	can deal with that fact.
		974
		975	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		976
		977	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		978	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		979	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
718		980
719	=back	981	=back
720		982
721		983
722	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	984	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
726	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	988	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
727	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	989	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
728	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	990	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
729	data:	991	data:
730		992
731	struct my_io	993	struct my_io
732	{	994	{
733	struct ev_io io;	995	struct ev_io io;
734	int otherfd;	996	int otherfd;
735	void *somedata;	997	void *somedata;
736	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	998	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
737	}	999	}
738		1000
739	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1001	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
740	can cast it back to your own type:	1002	can cast it back to your own type:
741		1003
742	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1004	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
743	{	1005	{
744	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1006	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
745	...	1007	...
746	}	1008	}
747		1009
748	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1010	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
749	instead have been omitted.	1011	instead have been omitted.
750		1012
751	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1013	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
752	watchers:	1014	watchers:
753		1015
754	struct my_biggy	1016	struct my_biggy
755	{	1017	{
756	int some_data;	1018	int some_data;
757	ev_timer t1;	1019	ev_timer t1;
758	ev_timer t2;	1020	ev_timer t2;
759	}	1021	}
760		1022
761	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1023	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
762	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1024	you need to use C<offsetof>:
763		1025
764	#include <stddef.h>	1026	#include <stddef.h>
765		1027
766	static void	1028	static void
767	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1029	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
768	{	1030	{
769	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1031	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
770	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1032	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
771	}	1033	}
772		1034
773	static void	1035	static void
774	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1036	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
775	{	1037	{
776	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1038	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
777	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1039	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
778	}	1040	}
779		1041
780		1042
781	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1043	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
782		1044
783	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1045	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
807	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1069	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
808	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1070	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
809	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1071	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
810	required if you know what you are doing).	1072	required if you know what you are doing).
811		1073
812	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
813	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
814	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
815	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
816	the same underlying "file open").
817
818	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1074	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
819	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1075	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
820	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1076	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
821		1077
822	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1078	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
823	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1079	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
824	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1080	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
825	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1081	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
826	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1082	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
827	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1083	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
828	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1084	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
829	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1085	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
830		1086
831	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1087	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
832	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1088	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test
833	wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1089	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
834	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1090	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
835	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1091	its own, so its quite safe to use).
836		1092
		1093	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		1094
		1095	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		1096	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		1097	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		1098	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		1099	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		1100	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		1101	fact, a different file descriptor.
		1102
		1103	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		1104	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		1105	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		1106	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		1107	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		1108	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		1109
		1110	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		1111	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		1112	optimisations to libev.
		1113
		1114	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		1115
		1116	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		1117	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
		1118	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
		1119	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
		1120
		1121	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
		1122	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
		1123	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1124
		1125	=head3 The special problem of fork
		1126
		1127	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		1128	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		1129	it in the child.
		1130
		1131	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		1132	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		1133	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		1134	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		1135
		1136	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1137
		1138	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:
		1139	when reading from a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program
		1140	gets send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most
		1141	programs this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually
		1142	undesirable.
		1143
		1144	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1145	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1146	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1147
		1148
		1149	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
		1150
837	=over 4	1151	=over 4
838		1152
839	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1153	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
840		1154
841	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1155	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
842		1156
843	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1157	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
844	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1158	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
845	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1159	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
846		1160
847	=item int fd [read-only]	1161	=item int fd [read-only]
848		1162
849	The file descriptor being watched.	1163	The file descriptor being watched.
…		…
851	=item int events [read-only]	1165	=item int events [read-only]
852		1166
853	The events being watched.	1167	The events being watched.
854		1168
855	=back	1169	=back
		1170
		1171	=head3 Examples
856		1172
857	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1173	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
858	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1174	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
859	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1175	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
860		1176
861	static void	1177	static void
862	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1178	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
863	{	1179	{
864	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1180	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
865	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1181	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
866	}	1182	}
867		1183
868	...	1184	...
869	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1185	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
870	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1186	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
871	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1187	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
872	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1188	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
873	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1189	ev_loop (loop, 0);
874		1190
875		1191
876	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1192	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
877		1193
878	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1194	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
879	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1195	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
880		1196
881	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1197	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
882	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1198	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
883	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1199	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
884	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1200	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
885	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1201	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
886		1202
887	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1203	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
888	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1204	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
…		…
890	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1206	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout
891	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1207	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
892		1208
893	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1209	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
894		1210
895	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1211	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,
896	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1212	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
897	order of execution is undefined.	1213	order of execution is undefined.
898		1214
		1215	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1216
899	=over 4	1217	=over 4
900		1218
901	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1219	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
902		1220
903	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1221	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
904		1222
905	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1223	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
906	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1224	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
907	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1225	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
908	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1226	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1227	until stopped manually.
909		1228
910	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1229	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
911	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1230	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
912	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1231	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
913	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1232	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
914	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1233	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
915		1234
916	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1235	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
917		1236
918	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1237	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
919	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1238	repeating. The exact semantics are:
920		1239
921	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1240	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
922		1241
923	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1242	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
924		1243
925	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1244	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
926	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1245	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
927		1246
928	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1247	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
929	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1248	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle
930	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1249	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
931	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1250	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
932	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call	1251	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
933	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If	1252	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
934	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the	1253	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
…		…
956	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1275	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
957	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1276	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
958		1277
959	=back	1278	=back
960		1279
		1280	=head3 Examples
		1281
961	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1282	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
962		1283
963	static void	1284	static void
964	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1285	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
965	{	1286	{
966	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1287	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
967	}	1288	}
968		1289
969	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1290	struct ev_timer mytimer;
970	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1291	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
971	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1292	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
972		1293
973	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1294	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
974	inactivity.	1295	inactivity.
975		1296
976	static void	1297	static void
977	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1298	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
978	{	1299	{
979	.. ten seconds without any activity	1300	.. ten seconds without any activity
980	}	1301	}
981		1302
982	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1303	struct ev_timer mytimer;
983	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1304	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
984	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1305	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
985	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1306	ev_loop (loop, 0);
986		1307
987	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1308	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
988	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1309	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
989	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1310	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
990		1311
991		1312
992	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1313	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
993		1314
994	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1315	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
995	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1316	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
996		1317
997	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1318	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
998	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1319	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
999	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1320	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
1000	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1321	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
1001	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1322	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1323	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
1002	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1324	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1003	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1325	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1004	again).
1005		1326
1006	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1327	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1007	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1328	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
		1329	complicated, rules.
1008		1330
1009	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1331	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1010	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1332	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1011	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1333	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
		1334
		1335	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1012		1336
1013	=over 4	1337	=over 4
1014		1338
1015	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1339	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1016		1340
…		…
1019	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1343	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1020	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1344	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
1021		1345
1022	=over 4	1346	=over 4
1023		1347
1024	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1348	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1025		1349
1026	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1350	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1027	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1351	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time
1028	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1352	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1029	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1353	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1030		1354
1031	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1355	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1032		1356
1033	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1357	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1034	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1358	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1035	of any time jumps.	1359	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1036		1360
1037	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1361	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1038	time:	1362	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on
		1363	the hour:
1039		1364
1040	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1365	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1041		1366
1042	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1367	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1043	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1368	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1044	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1369	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1045	by 3600.	1370	by 3600.
1046		1371
1047	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1372	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1048	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1373	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1049	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1374	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1050		1375
		1376	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1377	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1378	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1379
		1380	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1381	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1382	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1383	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
		1384
1051	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1385	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1052		1386
1053	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1387	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1054	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1388	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1055	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1389	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1056	current time as second argument.	1390	current time as second argument.
1057		1391
1058	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1392	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1059	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1393	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1060	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1061	starting a prepare watcher).
1062		1394
		1395	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1396	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1397	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1398
1063	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1399	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic
1064	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1400	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1065		1401
1066	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1402	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1067	{	1403	{
1068	return now + 60.;	1404	return now + 60.;
1069	}	1405	}
…		…
1071	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1407	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1072	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1408	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1073	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1409	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1074	might be called at other times, too.	1410	might be called at other times, too.
1075		1411
1076	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1412	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1077	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1413	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1078		1414
1079	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1415	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1080	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1416	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1081	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1417	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1082	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1418	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1083	reason I omitted it as an example).	1419	reason I omitted it as an example).
1084		1420
1085	=back	1421	=back
…		…
1089	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1425	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1090	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1426	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1091	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1427	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1092	program when the crontabs have changed).	1428	program when the crontabs have changed).
1093		1429
		1430	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1431
		1432	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1433	trigger next.
		1434
		1435	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1436
		1437	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1438	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1439
		1440	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1441	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1442
1094	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1443	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1095		1444
1096	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1445	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1097	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1446	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1098	called.	1447	called.
…		…
1103	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1452	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1104	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1453	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1105		1454
1106	=back	1455	=back
1107		1456
		1457	=head3 Examples
		1458
1108	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1459	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1109	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1460	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1110	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1461	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1111		1462
1112	static void	1463	static void
1113	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1464	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1114	{	1465	{
1115	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1466	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1116	}	1467	}
1117		1468
1118	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1469	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1119	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1470	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1120	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1471	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1121		1472
1122	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1473	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1123		1474
1124	#include <math.h>	1475	#include <math.h>
1125		1476
1126	static ev_tstamp	1477	static ev_tstamp
1127	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1478	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1128	{	1479	{
1129	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1480	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
1130	}	1481	}
1131		1482
1132	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1483	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1133		1484
1134	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1485	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1135		1486
1136	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1487	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1137	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1488	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1138	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1489	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1139	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1490	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1140		1491
1141		1492
1142	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1493	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1143		1494
1144	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1495	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
…		…
1151	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1502	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
1152	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1503	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1153	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1504	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1154	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1505	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1155		1506
		1507	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1508	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1509	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1510	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1511	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1512
		1513	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1514
1156	=over 4	1515	=over 4
1157		1516
1158	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1517	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1159		1518
1160	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1519	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
…		…
1166		1525
1167	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1526	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1168		1527
1169	=back	1528	=back
1170		1529
		1530	=head3 Examples
		1531
		1532	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1533
		1534	static void
		1535	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1536	{
		1537	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1538	}
		1539
		1540	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1541	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1542	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1543
1171		1544
1172	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1545	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1173		1546
1174	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1547	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1175	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1548	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It
		1549	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been
		1550	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event
		1551	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).
		1552
		1553	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1554	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		1555
		1556	=head3 Process Interaction
		1557
		1558	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1559	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1560	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		1561	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1562	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1563	children, even ones not watched.
		1564
		1565	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1566
		1567	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1568	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1569	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1570	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1571	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1572	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1573	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1574
		1575	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		1576
		1577	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		1578	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		1579	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		1580	when a child exit is detected.
		1581
		1582	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1176		1583
1177	=over 4	1584	=over 4
1178		1585
1179	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1586	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1180		1587
1181	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1588	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1182		1589
1183	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1590	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1184	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1591	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1185	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1592	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1186	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1593	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1187	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1594	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1188	process causing the status change.	1595	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1596	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1597	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1189		1598
1190	=item int pid [read-only]	1599	=item int pid [read-only]
1191		1600
1192	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1601	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1193		1602
…		…
1200	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1609	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1201	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1610	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1202		1611
1203	=back	1612	=back
1204		1613
1205	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1614	=head3 Examples
1206		1615
		1616	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1617	its completion.
		1618
		1619	ev_child cw;
		1620
1207	static void	1621	static void
1208	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1622	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
1209	{	1623	{
1210	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1624	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1625	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1211	}	1626	}
1212		1627
1213	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1628	pid_t pid = fork ();
1214	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1629
1215	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1630	if (pid < 0)
		1631	// error
		1632	else if (pid == 0)
		1633	{
		1634	// the forked child executes here
		1635	exit (1);
		1636	}
		1637	else
		1638	{
		1639	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1640	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1641	}
1216		1642
1217		1643
1218	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1644	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1219		1645
1220	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1646	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1221	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1647	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1222	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1648	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1223		1649
1224	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1650	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1225	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1651	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
…		…
1243	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1669	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1244	resource-intensive.	1670	resource-intensive.
1245		1671
1246	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1672	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1247	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1673	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1674	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat
1248	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1675	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should
1249	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1676	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1250	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1677	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1251	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1678	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1252	polling.	1679	will be no polling.
		1680
		1681	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1682
		1683	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1684	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		1685	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1686	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1687	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1688	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1689	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1690	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.
		1691
		1692	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1693	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1694	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1695	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1696	default compilation environment.
		1697
		1698	=head3 Inotify
		1699
		1700	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only
		1701	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1702	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily
		1703	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1704
		1705	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1706	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1707	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		1708	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.
		1709
		1710	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1711	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1712	descriptor open on the object at all times).
		1713
		1714	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1715
		1716	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1717	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still
		1718	only support whole seconds.
		1719
		1720	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		1721	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		1722	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		1723	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat
		1724	data does not change.
		1725
		1726	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		1727	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		1728	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		1729	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		1730
		1731	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1732	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		1733	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		1734	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		1735	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		1736	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		1737	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		1738	the timer callback).
		1739
		1740	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1253		1741
1254	=over 4	1742	=over 4
1255		1743
1256	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)	1744	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
1257		1745
…		…
1261	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	1749	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1262	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	1750	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1263	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	1751	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1264	path for as long as the watcher is active.	1752	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1265		1753
1266	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1754	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative
1267	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1755	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change
1268	last change was detected).	1756	was detected).
1269		1757
1270	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	1758	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1271		1759
1272	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1760	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1273	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1761	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1274	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1762	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1275	useful simply to find out the new values.	1763	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		1764	new values.
1276		1765
1277	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	1766	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1278		1767
1279	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	1768	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1280	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	1769	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1281	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	1770	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		1771	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1282	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	1772	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1283		1773
1284	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	1774	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1285		1775
1286	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	1776	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1287	C<prev> != C<attr>.	1777	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		1778	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		1779	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1288		1780
1289	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	1781	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1290		1782
1291	The specified interval.	1783	The specified interval.
1292		1784
1293	=item const char *path [read-only]	1785	=item const char *path [read-only]
1294		1786
1295	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1787	The file system path that is being watched.
1296		1788
1297	=back	1789	=back
1298		1790
		1791	=head3 Examples
		1792
1299	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	1793	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1300		1794
1301	static void	1795	static void
1302	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	1796	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1303	{	1797	{
1304	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	1798	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1305	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	1799	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1306	{	1800	{
1307	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	1801	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1308	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1802	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1309	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1803	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1310	}	1804	}
1311	else	1805	else
1312	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	1806	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1313	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	1807	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1314	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	1808	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1315	}	1809	}
1316		1810
1317	...	1811	...
1318	ev_stat passwd;	1812	ev_stat passwd;
1319		1813
1320	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	1814	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1321	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1815	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1816
		1817	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		1818	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		1819	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		1820	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		1821
		1822	static ev_stat passwd;
		1823	static ev_timer timer;
		1824
		1825	static void
		1826	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1827	{
		1828	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1829
		1830	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		1831	}
		1832
		1833	static void
		1834	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1835	{
		1836	/* reset the one-second timer */
		1837	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		1838	}
		1839
		1840	...
		1841	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		1842	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1843	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1322		1844
1323		1845
1324	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1846	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1325		1847
1326	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	1848	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1327	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	1849	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
1328	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	1850	count).
1329	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	1851
1330	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	1852	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		1853	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1854	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1855	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1331	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	1856	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1332	busy.	1857	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
1333		1858
1334	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1859	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1335	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1860	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
1336		1861
1337	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1862	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1338	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1863	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1339	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1864	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1340	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1865	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
1341		1866
		1867	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1868
1342	=over 4	1869	=over 4
1343		1870
1344	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1871	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1345		1872
1346	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1873	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
1347	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1874	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1348	believe me.	1875	believe me.
1349		1876
1350	=back	1877	=back
1351		1878
		1879	=head3 Examples
		1880
1352	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	1881	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1353	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	1882	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1354		1883
1355	static void	1884	static void
1356	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1885	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1357	{	1886	{
1358	free (w);	1887	free (w);
1359	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1888	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1360	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	1889	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1361	}	1890	}
1362		1891
1363	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1892	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1364	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1893	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1365	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1894	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1366		1895
1367		1896
1368	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	1897	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1369		1898
1370	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1899	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
…		…
1389		1918
1390	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1919	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1391	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	1920	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
1392	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1921	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1393	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1922	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1394	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	1923	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers
1395	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	1924	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
1396	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	1925	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
1397	because you never know, you know?).	1926	because you never know, you know?).
1398		1927
1399	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1928	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
…		…
1403	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1932	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1404	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1933	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1405	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1934	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1406	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	1935	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1407		1936
		1937	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1938	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1939	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1940	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1941	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers
		1942	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other
		1943	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable
		1944	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to
		1945	coexist peacefully with others).
		1946
		1947	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1948
1408	=over 4	1949	=over 4
1409		1950
1410	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1951	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1411		1952
1412	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1953	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
…		…
1415	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1956	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1416	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	1957	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1417		1958
1418	=back	1959	=back
1419		1960
1420	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	1961	=head3 Examples
1421	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	1962
		1963	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1964	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1965	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1966	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
		1967	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
		1968	Glib event loop).
		1969
		1970	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1422	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	1971	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1423	pseudo-code only of course:	1972	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1973	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1974	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1424		1975
1425	static ev_io iow [nfd];	1976	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1426	static ev_timer tw;	1977	static ev_timer tw;
1427		1978
1428	static void	1979	static void
1429	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	1980	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1430	{	1981	{
1431	// set the relevant poll flags
1432	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1433	struct pollfd *fd = (struct pollfd *)w->data;
1434	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1435	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1436	}	1982	}
1437		1983
1438	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	1984	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1439	static void	1985	static void
1440	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	1986	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1441	{	1987	{
1442	int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd];	1988	int timeout = 3600000;
		1989	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1443	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	1990	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1444	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	1991	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1445		1992
1446	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	1993	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1447	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	1994	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1448	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	1995	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1449		1996
1450	// create on ev_io per pollfd	1997	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1451	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1998	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1452	{	1999	{
1453	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2000	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1454	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2001	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1455	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2002	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1456		2003
1457	fds [i].revents = 0;	2004	fds [i].revents = 0;
1458	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1459	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2005	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1460	}	2006	}
1461	}	2007	}
1462		2008
1463	// stop all watchers after blocking	2009	// stop all watchers after blocking
1464	static void	2010	static void
1465	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2011	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1466	{	2012	{
1467	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2013	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1468		2014
1469	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2015	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		2016	{
		2017	// set the relevant poll flags
		2018	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		2019	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		2020	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		2021	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		2022	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		2023
		2024	// now stop the watcher
1470	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2025	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		2026	}
1471		2027
1472	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2028	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1473	}	2029	}
		2030
		2031	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		2032	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		2033
		2034	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		2035	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		2036	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		2037
		2038	static void
		2039	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2040	{
		2041	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2042	update_now (EV_A);
		2043
		2044	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		2045	}
		2046
		2047	static void
		2048	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		2049	{
		2050	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		2051	update_now (EV_A);
		2052
		2053	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2054	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		2055	}
		2056
		2057	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		2058
		2059	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		2060	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override
		2061	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		2062	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		2063	this.
		2064
		2065	static gint
		2066	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		2067	{
		2068	int got_events = 0;
		2069
		2070	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2071	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		2072
		2073	if (timeout >= 0)
		2074	// create/start timer
		2075
		2076	// poll
		2077	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2078
		2079	// stop timer again
		2080	if (timeout >= 0)
		2081	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		2082
		2083	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		2084	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		2085	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		2086
		2087	return got_events;
		2088	}
1474		2089
1475		2090
1476	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2091	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1477		2092
1478	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2093	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
…		…
1520	portable one.	2135	portable one.
1521		2136
1522	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2137	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1523	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2138	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1524	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2139	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1525	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2140	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1526		2141
1527	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);	2142	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1528	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1529	struct ev_embed embed;
1530
1531	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1532	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1533	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1534	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1535	: 0;
1536
1537	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
1538	if (loop_lo)
1539	{
1540	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
1541	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1542	}
1543	else
1544	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1545		2143
1546	=over 4	2144	=over 4
1547		2145
1548	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)	2146	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
1549		2147
…		…
1551		2149
1552	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2150	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1553	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2151	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1554	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2152	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1555	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2153	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1556	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2154	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1557		2155
1558	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2156	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1559		2157
1560	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2158	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1561	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2159	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1562	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2160	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1563		2161
1564	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	2162	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1565		2163
1566	The embedded event loop.	2164	The embedded event loop.
1567		2165
1568	=back	2166	=back
		2167
		2168	=head3 Examples
		2169
		2170	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2171	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2172	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		2173	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		2174	used).
		2175
		2176	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		2177	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		2178	struct ev_embed embed;
		2179
		2180	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		2181	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		2182	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		2183	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		2184	: 0;
		2185
		2186	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		2187	if (loop_lo)
		2188	{
		2189	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		2190	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		2191	}
		2192	else
		2193	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		2194
		2195	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2196	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2197	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2198	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		2199
		2200	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2201	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2202	struct ev_embed embed;
		2203
		2204	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2205	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2206	{
		2207	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2208	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2209	}
		2210
		2211	if (!loop_socket)
		2212	loop_socket = loop;
		2213
		2214	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1569		2215
1570		2216
1571	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2217	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1572		2218
1573	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2219	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1576	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	2222	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1577	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	2223	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1578	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	2224	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1579	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	2225	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1580		2226
		2227	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2228
1581	=over 4	2229	=over 4
1582		2230
1583	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	2231	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1584		2232
1585	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	2233	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
1586	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	2234	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1587	believe me.	2235	believe me.
		2236
		2237	=back
		2238
		2239
		2240	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2241
		2242	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2243	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2244	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2245
		2246	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2247	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2248	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2249	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2250	safe.
		2251
		2252	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2253	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2254	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2255	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2256
		2257	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2258	just the default loop.
		2259
		2260	=head3 Queueing
		2261
		2262	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2263	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2264	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2265	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2266
		2267	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2268	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your
		2269	queue:
		2270
		2271	=over 4
		2272
		2273	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2274
		2275	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2276	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for
		2277	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2278
		2279	static ev_async mysig;
		2280
		2281	static void
		2282	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2283	{
		2284	sometype data;
		2285
		2286	// no locking etc.
		2287	queue_put (data);
		2288	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2289	}
		2290
		2291	static void
		2292	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2293	{
		2294	sometype data;
		2295	sigset_t block, prev;
		2296
		2297	sigemptyset (&block);
		2298	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2299	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2300
		2301	while (queue_get (&data))
		2302	process (data);
		2303
		2304	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2305	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2306	}
		2307
		2308	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2309	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2310	either...).
		2311
		2312	=item queueing from a thread context
		2313
		2314	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2315	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2316	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2317
		2318	static ev_async mysig;
		2319	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2320
		2321	static void
		2322	otherthread (void)
		2323	{
		2324	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2325	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2326	queue_put (data);
		2327	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2328
		2329	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2330	}
		2331
		2332	static void
		2333	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2334	{
		2335	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2336
		2337	while (queue_get (&data))
		2338	process (data);
		2339
		2340	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2341	}
		2342
		2343	=back
		2344
		2345
		2346	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2347
		2348	=over 4
		2349
		2350	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2351
		2352	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2353	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2354	believe me.
		2355
		2356	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2357
		2358	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2359	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2360	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or
		2361	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2362	section below on what exactly this means).
		2363
		2364	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
		2365	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2366	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2367
		2368	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2369
		2370	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2371	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2372	event loop.
		2373
		2374	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2375	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2376	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2377	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2378
		2379	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2380	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
1588		2381
1589	=back	2382	=back
1590		2383
1591		2384
1592	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2385	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
1603	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2396	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1604	more watchers yourself.	2397	more watchers yourself.
1605		2398
1606	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2399	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
1607	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2400	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
1608	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2401	C<events> set will be created and started.
1609		2402
1610	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2403	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1611	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2404	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1612	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2405	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
1613	dubious value.	2406	dubious value.
…		…
1615	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2408	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
1616	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2409	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1617	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2410	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
1618	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2411	value passed to C<ev_once>:
1619		2412
1620	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2413	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1621	{	2414	{
1622	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	2415	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1623	/* doh, nothing entered */;	2416	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1624	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2417	else if (revents & EV_READ)
1625	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2418	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
1626	}	2419	}
1627		2420
1628	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2421	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1629		2422
1630	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2423	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1631		2424
1632	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2425	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1633	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2426	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
…		…
1638	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2431	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1639	the given events it.	2432	the given events it.
1640		2433
1641	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2434	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
1642		2435
1643	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2436	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1644	loop!).	2437	loop!).
1645		2438
1646	=back	2439	=back
1647		2440
1648		2441
…		…
1664		2457
1665	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2458	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1666	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2459	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1667	is an ev_pri field.	2460	is an ev_pri field.
1668		2461
		2462	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2463	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2464
1669	=item * Other members are not supported.	2465	=item * Other members are not supported.
1670		2466
1671	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2467	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1672	to use the libev header file and library.	2468	to use the libev header file and library.
1673		2469
1674	=back	2470	=back
1675		2471
1676	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2472	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1677		2473
1678	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2474	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1679	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2475	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1680	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2476	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1681		2477
1682	To use it,	2478	To use it,
1683		2479
1684	#include <ev++.h>	2480	#include <ev++.h>
1685		2481
1686	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	2482	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1687	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	2483	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1688	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	2484	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		2485	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1689		2486
1690	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	2487	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1691	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2488	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		2489	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		2490	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		2491
		2492	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		2493	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		2494	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		2495	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		2496	it).
1692		2497
1693	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	2498	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1694		2499
1695	=over 4	2500	=over 4
1696		2501
…		…
1712		2517
1713	All of those classes have these methods:	2518	All of those classes have these methods:
1714		2519
1715	=over 4	2520	=over 4
1716		2521
1717	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *)	2522	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1718		2523
1719	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object *, object::method *, struct ev_loop *)	2524	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
1720		2525
1721	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	2526	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1722		2527
1723	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	2528	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1724	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	2529	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1725	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	2530
1726	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	2531	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1727	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	2532	C<set> method before starting it.
		2533
		2534	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		2535	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		2536
		2537	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		2538	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1728		2539
1729	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	2540	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		2541
		2542	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		2543
		2544	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		2545	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		2546	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		2547	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		2548
		2549	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		2550	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		2551	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		2552	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		2553	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		2554
		2555	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		2556
		2557	struct myclass
		2558	{
		2559	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2560	}
		2561
		2562	myclass obj;
		2563	ev::io iow;
		2564	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2565
		2566	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		2567
		2568	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		2569	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		2570	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2571
		2572	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2573
		2574	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2575
		2576	Example:
		2577
		2578	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2579	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1730		2580
1731	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2581	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1732		2582
1733	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2583	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1734	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2584	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1735		2585
1736	=item w->set ([args])	2586	=item w->set ([arguments])
1737		2587
1738	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2588	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
1739	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2589	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1740	automatically stopped and restarted.	2590	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2591	method.
1741		2592
1742	=item w->start ()	2593	=item w->start ()
1743		2594
1744	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	2595	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1745	constructor already takes the loop.	2596	constructor already stores the event loop.
1746		2597
1747	=item w->stop ()	2598	=item w->stop ()
1748		2599
1749	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2600	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1750		2601
1751	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2602	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1752		2603
1753	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2604	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1754	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2605	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1755		2606
1756	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2607	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1757		2608
1758	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2609	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1759		2610
1760	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2611	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1761		2612
1762	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2613	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1763		2614
1764	=back	2615	=back
1765		2616
1766	=back	2617	=back
1767		2618
1768	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2619	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
1769	the constructor.	2620	the constructor.
1770		2621
1771	class myclass	2622	class myclass
1772	{	2623	{
1773	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2624	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
1774	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2625	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
1775		2626
1776	myclass ();	2627	myclass (int fd)
1777	}	2628	{
		2629	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2630	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
1778		2631
1779	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1780	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1781	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1782	{
1783	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2632	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2633	}
1784	}	2634	};
		2635
		2636
		2637	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2638
		2639	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2640	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2641	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2642	me a note.
		2643
		2644	=over 4
		2645
		2646	=item Perl
		2647
		2648	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2649	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2650	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2651	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the
		2652	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).
		2653
		2654	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		2655	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2656
		2657	=item Python
		2658
		2659	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2660	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2661	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2662	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2663	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2664	libev).
		2665
		2666	=item Ruby
		2667
		2668	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2669	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2670	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2671	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2672
		2673	=item D
		2674
		2675	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2676	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		2677
		2678	=back
1785		2679
1786		2680
1787	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2681	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1788		2682
1789	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2683	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
1790	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and	2684	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1791	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2685	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1792		2686
1793	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2687	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1794	following macros are defined:	2688	following macros are defined:
1795		2689
1796	=over 4	2690	=over 4
…		…
1799		2693
1800	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2694	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1801	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2695	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
1802	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2696	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
1803		2697
1804	ev_unref (EV_A);	2698	ev_unref (EV_A);
1805	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2699	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
1806	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2700	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1807		2701
1808	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2702	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
1809	which is often provided by the following macro.	2703	which is often provided by the following macro.
1810		2704
1811	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2705	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
1812		2706
1813	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2707	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
1814	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2708	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
1815	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2709	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
1816		2710
1817	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	2711	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
1818	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	2712	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
1819		2713
1820	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	2714	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
1821	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2715	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1822		2716
1823	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	2717	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
1824	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	2718	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
1825		2719
1826	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2720	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
1827		2721
1828	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2722	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1829	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2723	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1830		2724
		2725	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2726
		2727	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2728	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2729	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2730	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2731
		2732	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2733	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
		2734
1831	=back	2735	=back
1832		2736
1833	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of	2737	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1834	wether multiple loops are supported or not.	2738	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2739	or not.
1835		2740
1836	static void	2741	static void
1837	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2742	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1838	{	2743	{
1839	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2744	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
1840	}	2745	}
1841		2746
1842	ev_check check;	2747	ev_check check;
1843	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2748	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1844	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2749	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1845	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2750	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1846
1847		2751
1848	=head1 EMBEDDING	2752	=head1 EMBEDDING
1849		2753
1850	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2754	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1851	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2755	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1852	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	2756	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1853	and rxvt-unicode.	2757	and rxvt-unicode.
1854		2758
1855	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	2759	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1856	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	2760	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1857	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	2761	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1858	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2762	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1859		2763
1860	=head2 FILESETS	2764	=head2 FILESETS
1861		2765
1862	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	2766	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
1863	in your app.	2767	in your application.
1864		2768
1865	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	2769	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
1866		2770
1867	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	2771	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
1868	configuration (no autoconf):	2772	configuration (no autoconf):
1869		2773
1870	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2774	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1871	#include "ev.c"	2775	#include "ev.c"
1872		2776
1873	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	2777	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
1874	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	2778	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
1875	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	2779	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
1876	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	2780	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
1877	where you can put other configuration options):	2781	where you can put other configuration options):
1878		2782
1879	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2783	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
1880	#include "ev.h"	2784	#include "ev.h"
1881		2785
1882	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	2786	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
1883	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	2787	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
1884	as a bug).	2788	as a bug).
1885		2789
1886	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	2790	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
1887	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	2791	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
1888		2792
1889	ev.h	2793	ev.h
1890	ev.c	2794	ev.c
1891	ev_vars.h	2795	ev_vars.h
1892	ev_wrap.h	2796	ev_wrap.h
1893		2797
1894	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	2798	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1895		2799
1896	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default)	2800	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
1897	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2801	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1898	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2802	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1899	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2803	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1900	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2804	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1901		2805
1902	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	2806	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
1903	to compile this single file.	2807	to compile this single file.
1904		2808
1905	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	2809	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
1906		2810
1907	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	2811	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
1908		2812
1909	#include "event.c"	2813	#include "event.c"
1910		2814
1911	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	2815	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
1912		2816
1913	#include "event.h"	2817	#include "event.h"
1914		2818
1915	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	2819	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
1916		2820
1917	You need the following additional files for this:	2821	You need the following additional files for this:
1918		2822
1919	event.h	2823	event.h
1920	event.c	2824	event.c
1921		2825
1922	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	2826	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
1923		2827
1924	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	2828	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
1925	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	2829	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
1926	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	2830	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
1927	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	2831	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
1928		2832
1929	For this of course you need the m4 file:	2833	For this of course you need the m4 file:
1930		2834
1931	libev.m4	2835	libev.m4
1932		2836
1933	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	2837	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
1934		2838
1935	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	2839	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
1936	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	2840	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
1937	and only include the select backend.	2841	autoconf is noted for every option.
1938		2842
1939	=over 4	2843	=over 4
1940		2844
1941	=item EV_STANDALONE	2845	=item EV_STANDALONE
1942		2846
…		…
1947	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	2851	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
1948		2852
1949	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	2853	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
1950		2854
1951	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2855	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1952	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2856	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
1953	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2857	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
1954	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2858	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
1955	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	2859	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
1956	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2860	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
1957	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2861	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
1958		2862
1959	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2863	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
1960		2864
1961	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2865	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1962	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2866	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
1963	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2867	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
1964	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2868	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
1965	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	2869	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
1966	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2870	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2871
		2872	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		2873
		2874	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		2875	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		2876
		2877	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		2878
		2879	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		2880	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		2881	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		2882	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		2883	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
1967		2884
1968	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2885	=item EV_USE_SELECT
1969		2886
1970	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2887	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
1971	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2888	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
1972	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	2889	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
1973	will not be compiled in.	2890	will not be compiled in.
1974		2891
1975	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	2892	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
1976		2893
1977	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	2894	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
1978	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	2895	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
1979	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	2896	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
1980	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	2897	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
1981	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	2898	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
1982	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	2899	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
1983	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	2900	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
1984		2901
…		…
1990	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	2907	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
1991	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	2908	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
1992	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	2909	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
1993	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	2910	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
1994		2911
		2912	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		2913
		2914	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		2915	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		2916	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		2917	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		2918	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		2919
1995	=item EV_USE_POLL	2920	=item EV_USE_POLL
1996		2921
1997	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	2922	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
1998	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	2923	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
1999	takes precedence over select.	2924	takes precedence over select.
2000		2925
2001	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	2926	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2002		2927
2003	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	2928	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2004	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	2929	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2005	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	2930	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2006	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	2931	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		2932	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2007		2933
2008	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	2934	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2009		2935
2010	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	2936	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2011	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	2937	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2024	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	2950	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2025	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	2951	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2026		2952
2027	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	2953	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2028		2954
2029	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	2955	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2030		2956
2031	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	2957	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2032		2958
2033	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	2959	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2034	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	2960	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2035	be detected at runtime.	2961	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		2962	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		2963
		2964	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		2965
		2966	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		2967	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		2968	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		2969	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		2970	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		2971
		2972	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		2973	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2036		2974
2037	=item EV_H	2975	=item EV_H
2038		2976
2039	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	2977	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2040	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	2978	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2041	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	2979	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2042		2980
2043	=item EV_CONFIG_H	2981	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2044		2982
2045	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	2983	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2046	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	2984	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2047	C<EV_H>, above.	2985	C<EV_H>, above.
2048		2986
2049	=item EV_EVENT_H	2987	=item EV_EVENT_H
2050		2988
2051	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	2989	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2052	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	2990	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2053		2991
2054	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	2992	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2055		2993
2056	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	2994	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2057	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	2995	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2064	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	3002	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
2065	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	3003	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
2066	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	3004	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
2067	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	3005	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
2068		3006
		3007	=item EV_MINPRI
		3008
		3009	=item EV_MAXPRI
		3010
		3011	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		3012	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		3013	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		3014	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		3015
		3016	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		3017	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		3018	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		3019	fine.
		3020
		3021	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		3022	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
		3023
2069	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3024	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2070		3025
2071	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3026	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2072	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3027	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2073	code.	3028	code.
2074		3029
		3030	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		3031
		3032	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		3033	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		3034	code.
		3035
2075	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	3036	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2076		3037
2077	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If	3038	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
2078	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3039	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2079		3040
…		…
2085	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3046	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2086		3047
2087	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3048	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2088	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3049	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2089		3050
		3051	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3052
		3053	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3054	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3055
2090	=item EV_MINIMAL	3056	=item EV_MINIMAL
2091		3057
2092	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3058	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2093	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3059	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2094	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3060	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3061	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2095		3062
2096	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3063	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2097		3064
2098	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3065	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2099	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3066	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2100	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3067	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2101	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	3068	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2102		3069
2103	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	3070	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2104		3071
2105	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3072	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2106	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3073	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2107	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3074	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2108	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3075	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2109	two).	3076	two).
2110		3077
		3078	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3079
		3080	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3081	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3082	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has
		3083	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3084
		3085	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3086	(disabled).
		3087
		3088	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3089
		3090	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3091	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3092	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3093	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3094	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3095	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3096
		3097	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3098	(disabled).
		3099
		3100	=item EV_VERIFY
		3101
		3102	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3103	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3104	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3105	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3106	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3107	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3108	libev considerably.
		3109
		3110	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3111	C<0.>
		3112
2111	=item EV_COMMON	3113	=item EV_COMMON
2112		3114
2113	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3115	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2114	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3116	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2115	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3117	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2116	though, and it must be identical each time.	3118	though, and it must be identical each time.
2117		3119
2118	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3120	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2119		3121
2120	#define EV_COMMON \	3122	#define EV_COMMON \
2121	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3123	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2122	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3124	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2123		3125
2124	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3126	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2125		3127
2126	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3128	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2127		3129
2128	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	3130	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2129		3131
2130	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	3132	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2131	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	3133	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2132	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	3134	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2133	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	3135	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2134	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3136	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2135	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3137	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		3138
		3139	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		3140
		3141	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
		3142	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		3143	all public symbols, one per line:
		3144
		3145	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		3146	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		3147
		3148	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		3149	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		3150	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
		3151
		3152	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		3153	include before including F<ev.h>:
		3154
		3155	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		3156
		3157	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		3158
		3159	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		3160	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		3161	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		3162	...
2136		3163
2137	=head2 EXAMPLES	3164	=head2 EXAMPLES
2138		3165
2139	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	3166	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2140	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	3167	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2143	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file	3170	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
2144	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header	3171	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
2145	file.	3172	file.
2146		3173
2147	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3174	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2148	that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices:	3175	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2149		3176
		3177	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2150	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3178	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2151	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3179	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2152	#define EV_PERIODICS 0	3180	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		3181	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		3182	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2153	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3183	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		3184	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		3185	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2154		3186
2155	#include "ev++.h"	3187	#include "ev++.h"
2156		3188
2157	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3189	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2158		3190
2159	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3191	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2160	#include "ev.c"	3192	#include "ev.c"
		3193
		3194
		3195	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3196
		3197	=head2 THREADS
		3198
		3199	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This
		3200	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as
		3201	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop
		3202	parameter.
		3203
		3204	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in
		3205	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be
		3206	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one
		3207	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex
		3208	per loop).
		3209
		3210	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3211	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3212	help you. I can give some generic advice however:
		3213
		3214	=over 4
		3215
		3216	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3217	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3218
		3219	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3220	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3221
		3222	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3223
		3224	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3225	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3226
		3227	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3228	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3229
		3230	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3231	better than you currently do :-)
		3232
		3233	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3234	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other
		3235	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).
		3236
		3237	=back
		3238
		3239	=head2 COROUTINES
		3240
		3241	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3242	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different
		3243	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3244	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3245	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3246	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3247
		3248	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local
		3249	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine
		3250	switches.
2161		3251
2162		3252
2163	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3253	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
2164		3254
2165	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3255	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2166	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	3256	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2167	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	3257	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2168		3258
		3259	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		3260	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		3261	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		3262	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		3263	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		3264
2169	=over 4	3265	=over 4
2170		3266
2171	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3267	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2172		3268
		3269	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		3270	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		3271	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
		3272
2173	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3273	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2174		3274
		3275	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		3276	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		3277
2175	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3278	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2176		3279
		3280	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		3281
2177	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3282	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2178		3283
2179	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3284	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2180		3285
		3286	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		3287	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		3288	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		3289
2181	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3290	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3291
		3292	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3293	fixed position in the storage array.
2182		3294
2183	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3295	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2184		3296
2185	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3297	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		3298	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3299	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
		3300
		3301	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
		3302
		3303	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		3304
		3305	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		3306	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		3307	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3308	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
		3309
		3310	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3311
		3312	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3313
		3314	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3315
		3316	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3317	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3318	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2186		3319
2187	=back	3320	=back
2188		3321
2189		3322
		3323	=head1 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		3324
		3325	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3326	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3327	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3328	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3329	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3330	e.g. cygwin.
		3331
		3332	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3333	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3334	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3335	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3336
		3337	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3338	embedding it into other applications.
		3339
		3340	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3341	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3342	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3343	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3344	megabyte seems safe, but thsi apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3345	available).
		3346
		3347	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		3348	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		3349	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		3350	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		3351	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		3352	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3353	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3354
		3355	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3356	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3357	of F<ev.h>:
		3358
		3359	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3360	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3361
		3362	#include "ev.h"
		3363
		3364	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3365	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded soruce files!):
		3366
		3367	#include "evwrap.h"
		3368	#include "ev.c"
		3369
		3370	=over 4
		3371
		3372	=item The winsocket select function
		3373
		3374	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		3375	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		3376	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		3377	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3378	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		3379	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3380	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		3381
		3382	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		3383	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3384
		3385	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3386	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3387
		3388	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3389	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3390
		3391	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3392
		3393	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		3394
		3395	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		3396	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		3397	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		3398	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3399	previous thread in each. Great).
		3400
		3401	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3402	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3403	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3404	select emulation on windows).
		3405
		3406	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		3407	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3408	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3409	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3410	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
		3411	libraries.
		3412
		3413	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3414	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3415	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3416	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3417
		3418	=back
		3419
		3420
		3421	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3422
		3423	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few
		3424	additional extensions:
		3425
		3426	=over 4
		3427
		3428	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3429	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3430
		3431	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3432	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3433	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3434	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3435	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3436
		3437	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3438
		3439	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3440	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different
		3441	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3442	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3443
		3444	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3445
		3446	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3447	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3448	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3449	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3450	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3451	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3452
		3453	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3454	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3455	well.
		3456
		3457	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3458
		3459	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>
		3460	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On
		3461	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but
		3462	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of
		3463	millions of watchers.
		3464
		3465	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3466
		3467	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3468	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3469	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3470	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3471
		3472	=back
		3473
		3474	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3475
		3476
		3477	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3478
		3479	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3480	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3481	scared by this.
		3482
		3483	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3484	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3485	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3486	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3487
		3488	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3489	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3490	maintainable.
		3491
		3492	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3493	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3494	seems to warn about).
		3495
		3496	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3497	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3498	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3499	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3500	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3501
		3502
		3503	=head1 VALGRIND
		3504
		3505	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3506	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3507
		3508	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3509	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3510
		3511	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3512	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3513	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3514
		3515	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,
		3516	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
		3517	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
		3518
		3519	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3520	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is
		3521	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is
		3522	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind
		3523	properly.
		3524
		3525	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3526	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3527
		3528
2190	=head1 AUTHOR	3529	=head1 AUTHOR
2191		3530
2192	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3531	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
2193		3532

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