[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.7 by root, Mon Nov 12 08:16:02 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.36 by root, Sat Nov 24 07:14:26 2007 UTC

…		…
39	F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without	39	F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without
40	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial	40	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial
41	argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>)	41	argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>)
42	will not have this argument.	42	will not have this argument.
43		43
44	=head1 TIME AND OTHER GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	44	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION
45		45
46	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	46	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
47	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	47	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
48	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	48	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
49	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	49	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
50	to the double type in C.	50	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
		51	it, you should treat it as such.
		52
		53
		54	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
		55
		56	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
		57	library in any way.
51		58
52	=over 4	59	=over 4
53		60
54	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	61	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
55		62
56	Returns the current time as libev would use it.	63	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
		64	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
		65	you actually want to know.
57		66
58	=item int ev_version_major ()	67	=item int ev_version_major ()
59		68
60	=item int ev_version_minor ()	69	=item int ev_version_minor ()
61		70
…		…
63	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	72	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
64	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	73	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
65	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	74	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
66	version of the library your program was compiled against.	75	version of the library your program was compiled against.
67		76
68	Usually, its a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	77	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
69	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	78	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
70	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	79	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
71	not a problem.	80	not a problem.
		81
		82	Example: make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
		83	version:
		84
		85	assert (("libev version mismatch",
		86	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
		87	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
		88
		89	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
		90
		91	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
		92	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
		93	availability on the system you are running on). See C<ev_default_loop> for
		94	a description of the set values.
		95
		96	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
		97	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
		98
		99	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
		100	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
		101
		102	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
		103
		104	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
		105	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
		106	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
		107	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it
		108	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
		109	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
		110
		111	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
		112
		113	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
		114	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends
		115	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at
		116	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
		117	recommended ones.
		118
		119	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
72		120
73	=item ev_set_allocator (void (cb)(void *ptr, long size))	121	=item ev_set_allocator (void (cb)(void *ptr, long size))
74		122
75	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the	123	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the
76	realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate	124	realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate
…		…
79	destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.	127	destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.
80		128
81	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	129	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
82	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	130	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
83	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	131	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
		132
		133	Example: replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
		134	retries: better than mine).
		135
		136	static void *
		137	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, long size)
		138	{
		139	for (;;)
		140	{
		141	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
		142
		143	if (newptr)
		144	return newptr;
		145
		146	sleep (60);
		147	}
		148	}
		149
		150	...
		151	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
84		152
85	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (cb)(const char msg));	153	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (cb)(const char msg));
86		154
87	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	155	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such
88	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	156	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
…		…
90	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	158	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
91	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	159	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
92	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	160	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
93	(such as abort).	161	(such as abort).
94		162
		163	Example: do the same thing as libev does internally:
		164
		165	static void
		166	fatal_error (const char *msg)
		167	{
		168	perror (msg);
		169	abort ();
		170	}
		171
		172	...
		173	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		174
95	=back	175	=back
96		176
97	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	177	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
98		178
99	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	179	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
100	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	180	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
101	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	181	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
102		182
103	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	183	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
104	in your main thread (or in a separate thrad) and for each thread you	184	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
105	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	185	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
106	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different	186	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
107	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if	187	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
108	done correctly, because its hideous and inefficient).	188	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
109		189
110	=over 4	190	=over 4
111		191
112	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	192	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
113		193
114	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	194	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised
115	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	195	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns
116	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	196	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the
117	flags).	197	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
118		198
119	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	199	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
120	function.	200	function.
121		201
122	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	202	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
123	backends to use, and is usually specified as 0 (or EVFLAG_AUTO)	203	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
124		204
125	It supports the following flags:	205	The following flags are supported:
126		206
127	=over 4	207	=over 4
128		208
129	=item EVFLAG_AUTO	209	=item C<EVFLAG_AUTO>
130		210
131	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (its the right	211	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
132	thing, believe me).	212	thing, believe me).
133		213
134	=item EVFLAG_NOENV	214	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
135		215
136	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value then libev will I<not> look	216	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
137	at the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this	217	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
138	environment variable will override the flags completely. This is useful	218	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
		219	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
139	to try out specific backends to tets their performance, or to work around	220	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
140	bugs.	221	around bugs.
141		222
142	=item EVMETHOD_SELECT portable select backend	223	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
143		224
144	=item EVMETHOD_POLL poll backend (everywhere except windows)	225	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
		226	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
		227	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
		228	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually
		229	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.
145		230
146	=item EVMETHOD_EPOLL linux only	231	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
147		232
148	=item EVMETHOD_KQUEUE some bsds only	233	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than
		234	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the
		235	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a
		236	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).
149		237
150	=item EVMETHOD_DEVPOLL solaris 8 only	238	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
151		239
152	=item EVMETHOD_PORT solaris 10 only	240	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
		241	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
		242	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales
		243	either O(1) or O(active_fds).
		244
		245	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will
		246	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident
		247	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
		248	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very
		249	well if you register events for both fds.
		250
		251	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
		252	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
		253	(or space) is available.
		254
		255	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
		256
		257	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
		258	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with
		259	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its
		260	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"
		261	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
		262	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).
		263
		264	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
		265	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
		266	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an
		267	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per
		268	incident, so its best to avoid that.
		269
		270	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
		271
		272	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).
		273
		274	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
		275
		276	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
		277	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
		278
		279	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious
		280	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
		281	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		282
		283	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
		284
		285	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
		286	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
		287	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
		288
		289	=back
153		290
154	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	291	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these
155	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If one are	292	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are
156	specified, any backend will do.	293	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse
		294	order of their flag values :)
157		295
158	=back	296	The most typical usage is like this:
		297
		298	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		299	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		300
		301	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		302	environment settings to be taken into account:
		303
		304	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL \| EVBACKEND_SELECT \| EVFLAG_NOENV);
		305
		306	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
		307	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
		308	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
		309
		310	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () \| EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
159		311
160	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	312	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
161		313
162	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	314	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
163	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	315	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
164	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	316	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
165	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	317	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
166		318
		319	Example: try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
		320
		321	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL \| EVFLAG_NOENV);
		322	if (!epoller)
		323	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
		324
167	=item ev_default_destroy ()	325	=item ev_default_destroy ()
168		326
169	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	327	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
170	etc.). This stops all registered event watchers (by not touching them in	328	etc.). This stops all registered event watchers (by not touching them in
171	any way whatsoever, although you cnanot rely on this :).	329	any way whatsoever, although you cannot rely on this :).
172		330
173	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	331	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
174		332
175	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	333	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
176	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	334	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
180	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	338	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have
181	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	339	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense
182	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	340	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that
183	again makes little sense).	341	again makes little sense).
184		342
185	You I<must> call this function after forking if and only if you want to	343	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and
186	use the event library in both processes. If you just fork+exec, you don't	344	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just
187	have to call it.	345	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.
188		346
189	The function itself is quite fast and its usually not a problem to call	347	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
190	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	348	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
191	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	349	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
192		350
193	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	351	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
		352
		353	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
		354	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
		355	do not need to care.
194		356
195	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	357	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
196		358
197	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	359	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
198	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	360	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
199	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	361	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
200		362
201	=item unsigned int ev_method (loop)	363	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
202		364
203	Returns one of the C<EVMETHOD_*> flags indicating the event backend in	365	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
204	use.	366	use.
205		367
206	=item ev_tstamp = ev_now (loop)	368	=item ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)
207		369
208	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	370	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
209	got events and started processing them. This timestamp does not change	371	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
210	as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base time	372	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
211	used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the event	373	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
212	occuring (or more correctly, the mainloop finding out about it).	374	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
213		375
214	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	376	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
215		377
216	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	378	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
217	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	379	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
218	events.	380	events.
219		381
220	If the flags argument is specified as 0, it will not return until either	382	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
221	no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	383	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
		384
		385	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
		386	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
		387	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that
		388	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of
		389	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.
222		390
223	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	391	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
224	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	392	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
225	case there are no events.	393	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
226		394
227	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	395	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
228	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	396	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
229	your process until at least one new event arrives.	397	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
		398	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
		399	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
		400	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
		401	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
230		402
231	This flags value could be used to implement alternative looping	403	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
232	constructs, but the C<prepare> and C<check> watchers provide a better and	404
233	more generic mechanism.	405	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
		406	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
		407	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
		408	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
		409	- Update the "event loop time".
		410	- Calculate for how long to block.
		411	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
		412	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
		413	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.
		414	- Queue all outstanding timers.
		415	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
		416	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
		417	- Queue all check watchers.
		418	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
		419	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
		420	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
		421	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
		422	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
		423
		424	Example: queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
		425	anymore.
		426
		427	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
		428	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
		429	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
		430	... jobs done. yeah!
234		431
235	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	432	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
236		433
237	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early. The C<how> argument	434	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
		435	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
238	must be either C<EVUNLOOP_ONCE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop>	436	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
239	call return, or C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop>	437	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
240	calls return.
241		438
242	=item ev_ref (loop)	439	=item ev_ref (loop)
243		440
244	=item ev_unref (loop)	441	=item ev_unref (loop)
245		442
246	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a refcount on the event loop: Every	443	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
247	watcher keeps one reference. If you have a long-runing watcher you never	444	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
248	unregister that should not keep ev_loop from running, ev_unref() after	445	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have
249	starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. Libev itself uses this for	446	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from
250	example for its internal signal pipe: It is not visible to you as a user	447	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
251	and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if the work is done. It is	448	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
252	also an excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from	449	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
253	within third-party libraries. Just remember to unref after start and ref	450	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
254	before stop.	451	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
		452	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.
		453
		454	Example: create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
		455	running when nothing else is active.
		456
		457	struct dv_signal exitsig;
		458	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
		459	ev_signal_start (myloop, &exitsig);
		460	evf_unref (myloop);
		461
		462	Example: for some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
		463
		464	ev_ref (myloop);
		465	ev_signal_stop (myloop, &exitsig);
255		466
256	=back	467	=back
257		468
258	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	469	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
259		470
260	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	471	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
261	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	472	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
262	become readable, you would create an ev_io watcher for that:	473	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
263		474
264	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)	475	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)
265	{	476	{
266	ev_io_stop (w);	477	ev_io_stop (w);
267	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	478	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
…		…
294	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	505	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
295	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	506	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
296		507
297	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	508	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
298	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	509	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
299	reinitialise it or call its set method.	510	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.
300
301	You cna check whether an event is active by calling the C<ev_is_active
302	(watcher *)> macro. To see whether an event is outstanding (but the
303	callback for it has not been called yet) you cna use the C<ev_is_pending
304	(watcher *)> macro.
305		511
306	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	512	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
307	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	513	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
308	third argument.	514	third argument.
309		515
310	The rceeived events usually include a single bit per event type received	516	The received events usually include a single bit per event type received
311	(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks	517	(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks
312	are:	518	are:
313		519
314	=over 4	520	=over 4
315		521
316	=item EV_READ	522	=item C<EV_READ>
317		523
318	=item EV_WRITE	524	=item C<EV_WRITE>
319		525
320	The file descriptor in the ev_io watcher has become readable and/or	526	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
321	writable.	527	writable.
322		528
323	=item EV_TIMEOUT	529	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>
324		530
325	The ev_timer watcher has timed out.	531	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
326		532
327	=item EV_PERIODIC	533	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
328		534
329	The ev_periodic watcher has timed out.	535	The C<ev_periodic> watcher has timed out.
330		536
331	=item EV_SIGNAL	537	=item C<EV_SIGNAL>
332		538
333	The signal specified in the ev_signal watcher has been received by a thread.	539	The signal specified in the C<ev_signal> watcher has been received by a thread.
334		540
335	=item EV_CHILD	541	=item C<EV_CHILD>
336		542
337	The pid specified in the ev_child watcher has received a status change.	543	The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change.
338		544
339	=item EV_IDLE	545	=item C<EV_IDLE>
340		546
341	The ev_idle watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.	547	The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
342		548
343	=item EV_PREPARE	549	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
344		550
345	=item EV_CHECK	551	=item C<EV_CHECK>
346		552
347	All ev_prepare watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	553	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts
348	to gather new events, and all ev_check watchers are invoked just after	554	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after
349	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	555	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
350	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	556	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
351	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	557	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
352	(for example, a ev_prepare watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	558	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
353	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	559	C<ev_loop> from blocking).
354		560
355	=item EV_ERROR	561	=item C<EV_ERROR>
356		562
357	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	563	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
358	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	564	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
359	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	565	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
360	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	566	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
…		…
366	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	572	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded
367	programs, though, so beware.	573	programs, though, so beware.
368		574
369	=back	575	=back
370		576
		577	=head2 SUMMARY OF GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
		578
		579	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
		580	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
		581
		582	=over 4
		583
		584	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		585
		586	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
		587	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
		588	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
		589	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
		590	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
		591	which rolls both calls into one.
		592
		593	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
		594	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
		595
		596	The callbakc is always of type C<void ()(ev_loop loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
		597	int revents)>.
		598
		599	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
		600
		601	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
		602	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
		603	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
		604	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
		605	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
		606
		607	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
		608	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
		609
		610	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
		611
		612	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
		613	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise
		614	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		615
		616	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop , ev_TYPE watcher)
		617
		618	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
		619	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
		620
		621	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop , ev_TYPE watcher)
		622
		623	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending
		624	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,
		625	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but
		626	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If
		627	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a
		628	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
		629
		630	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		631
		632	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
		633	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
		634	it.
		635
		636	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		637
		638	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
		639	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
		640	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
		641	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to
		642	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).
		643
		644	=item callback = ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		645
		646	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
		647
		648	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		649
		650	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
		651	(modulo threads).
		652
		653	=back
		654
		655
371	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	656	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
372		657
373	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	658	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
374	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This cna be used	659	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
375	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	660	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
376	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	661	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
377	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	662	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
378	data:	663	data:
379		664
…		…
401	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	686	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
402		687
403	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	688	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
404	information given in the last section.	689	information given in the last section.
405		690
		691
406	=head2 struct ev_io - is my file descriptor readable or writable	692	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable
407		693
408	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable	694	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
409	in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called	695	in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called
410	level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the	696	level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the
411	condition persists. Remember you cna stop the watcher if you don't want to	697	condition persists. Remember you can stop the watcher if you don't want to
412	act on the event and neither want to receive future events).	698	act on the event and neither want to receive future events).
413		699
		700	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
		701	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
		702	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
		703	required if you know what you are doing).
		704
		705	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
		706	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
		707	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
		708	to the same underlying file/socket etc. description (that is, they share
		709	the same underlying "file open").
		710
		711	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
		712	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
		713	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
		714
414	=over 4	715	=over 4
415		716
416	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	717	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
417		718
418	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	719	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
419		720
420	Configures an ev_io watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive	721	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive
421	events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_READ \|	722	events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_READ \|
422	EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	723	EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
423		724
424	=back	725	Please note that most of the more scalable backend mechanisms (for example
		726	epoll and solaris ports) can result in spurious readyness notifications
		727	for file descriptors, so you practically need to use non-blocking I/O (and
		728	treat callback invocation as hint only), or retest separately with a safe
		729	interface before doing I/O (XLib can do this), or force the use of either
		730	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>, which don't suffer from this
		731	problem. Also note that it is quite easy to have your callback invoked
		732	when the readyness condition is no longer valid even when employing
		733	typical ways of handling events, so its a good idea to use non-blocking
		734	I/O unconditionally.
425		735
		736	=back
		737
		738	Example: call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
		739	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
		740	attempt to read a whole line in the callback:
		741
		742	static void
		743	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)
		744	{
		745	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
		746	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
		747	}
		748
		749	...
		750	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		751	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
		752	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		753	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
		754	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		755
		756
426	=head2 struct ev_timer - relative and optionally recurring timeouts	757	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally recurring timeouts
427		758
428	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	759	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
429	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	760	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
430		761
431	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	762	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
432	times out after an hour and youreset your system clock to last years	763	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years
433	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	764	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
434	detecting time jumps is hard, and soem inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	765	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
435	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	766	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		767
		768	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
		769	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
		770	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
		771	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout
		772	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
		773
		774	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
		775
		776	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,
		777	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
		778	order of execution is undefined.
436		779
437	=over 4	780	=over 4
438		781
439	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	782	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
440		783
…		…
446	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	789	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
447		790
448	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	791	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you
449	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	792	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at
450	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	793	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with
451	the timer (ecause it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	794	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the
452	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	795	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
453		796
454	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	797	=item ev_timer_again (loop)
455		798
456	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	799	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
…		…
463		806
464	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	807	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
465	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	808	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
466	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	809	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
467	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	810	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
468	configure an ev_timer with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each	811	configure an C<ev_timer> with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each
469	time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle	812	time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle
470	state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop	813	state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop
471	the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.	814	the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.
472		815
473	=back	816	=back
474		817
		818	Example: create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
		819
		820	static void
		821	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)
		822	{
		823	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
		824	}
		825
		826	struct ev_timer mytimer;
		827	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
		828	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
		829
		830	Example: create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
		831	inactivity.
		832
		833	static void
		834	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_timer w, int revents)
		835	{
		836	.. ten seconds without any activity
		837	}
		838
		839	struct ev_timer mytimer;
		840	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
		841	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
		842	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		843
		844	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
		845	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
		846	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
		847
		848
475	=head2 ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron it	849	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron
476		850
477	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	851	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
478	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	852	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
479		853
480	Unlike ev_timer's, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	854	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
481	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	855	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
482	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	856	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
483	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c<ev_now ()	857	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c<ev_now ()
484	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	858	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
485	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an ev_timer, which would trigger	859	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger
486	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	860	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time
487	again).	861	again).
488		862
489	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	863	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
490	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	864	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.
491		865
		866	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
		867	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
		868	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
		869
492	=over 4	870	=over 4
493		871
494	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	872	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
495		873
496	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	874	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
497		875
498	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	876	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
499	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	877	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
500
501		878
502	=over 4	879	=over 4
503		880
504	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	881	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
505		882
…		…
519		896
520	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	897	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
521		898
522	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	899	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
523	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	900	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a
524	full hour (UTC), or more correct, when the system time is evenly divisible	901	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
525	by 3600.	902	by 3600.
526		903
527	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	904	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
528	ev_periodic will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	905	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
529	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	906	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
530		907
531	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	908	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)
532		909
533	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	910	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
534	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	911	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
535	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	912	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
536	current time as second argument.	913	current time as second argument.
537		914
538	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy the periodic or any other	915	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
539	periodic watcher, ever, or make any event loop modificstions>. If you need	916	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,
540	to stop it, return 1e30 (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards.	917	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
		918	starting a prepare watcher).
541		919
542	Its prototype is c<ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w,	920	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w,
543	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	921	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
544		922
545	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	923	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
546	{	924	{
547	return now + 60.;	925	return now + 60.;
…		…
550	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	928	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
551	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	929	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
552	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	930	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
553	might be called at other times, too.	931	might be called at other times, too.
554		932
		933	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the
		934	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.
		935
555	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	936	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
556	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	937	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the
557	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How you do this	938	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
558	is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial).	939	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
		940	reason I omitted it as an example).
559		941
560	=back	942	=back
561		943
562	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	944	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
563		945
…		…
566	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	948	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
567	program when the crontabs have changed).	949	program when the crontabs have changed).
568		950
569	=back	951	=back
570		952
		953	Example: call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
		954	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
		955	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
		956
		957	static void
		958	clock_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_io w, int revents)
		959	{
		960	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
		961	}
		962
		963	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
		964	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
		965	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
		966
		967	Example: the same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
		968
		969	#include <math.h>
		970
		971	static ev_tstamp
		972	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		973	{
		974	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
		975	}
		976
		977	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
		978
		979	Example: call a callback every hour, starting now:
		980
		981	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
		982	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
		983	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
		984	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
		985
		986
571	=head2 ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled	987	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled
572		988
573	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	989	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
574	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	990	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
575	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	991	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
576	normal event processing, like any other event.	992	normal event processing, like any other event.
577		993
578	You cna configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	994	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
579	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	995	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher
580	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	996	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
581	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	997	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
582	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	998	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
583	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	999	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
…		…
591	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one	1007	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
592	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).	1008	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).
593		1009
594	=back	1010	=back
595		1011
		1012
596	=head2 ev_child - wait for pid status changes	1013	=head2 C<ev_child> - wait for pid status changes
597		1014
598	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1015	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
599	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1016	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).
600		1017
601	=over 4	1018	=over 4
…		…
605	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1022	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)
606		1023
607	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1024	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
608	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1025	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
609	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1026	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
610	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h>). The C<rpid> member	1027	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
611	contains the pid of the process causing the status change.	1028	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
		1029	process causing the status change.
612		1030
613	=back	1031	=back
614		1032
		1033	Example: try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1034
		1035	static void
		1036	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_signal w, int revents)
		1037	{
		1038	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1039	}
		1040
		1041	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1042	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1043	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1044
		1045
615	=head2 ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do	1046	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do
616		1047
617	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other I/O or timer (or	1048	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending
618	periodic) events pending. That is, as long as your process is busy	1049	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long
619	handling sockets or timeouts it will not be called. But when your process	1050	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,
620	is idle all idle watchers are being called again and again - until	1051	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle
		1052	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -
621	stopped, that is, or your process receives more events.	1053	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes
		1054	busy.
622		1055
623	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1056	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
624	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1057	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
625		1058
626	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1059	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
…		…
636	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1069	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
637	believe me.	1070	believe me.
638		1071
639	=back	1072	=back
640		1073
641	=head2 prepare and check - your hooks into the event loop	1074	Example: dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle>, start it, and in the
		1075	callback, free it. Alos, use no error checking, as usual.
642		1076
		1077	static void
		1078	idle_cb (struct ev_loop loop, struct ev_idle w, int revents)
		1079	{
		1080	free (w);
		1081	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
		1082	// no longer asnything immediate to do.
		1083	}
		1084
		1085	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
		1086	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
		1087	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
		1088
		1089
		1090	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop
		1091
643	Prepare and check watchers usually (but not always) are used in	1092	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
644	tandom. Prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check	1093	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
645	watchers afterwards.	1094	afterwards.
646		1095
647	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev. This	1096	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
648	could be used, for example, to track variable changes, implement your own	1097	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
649	watchers, integrate net-snmp or a coroutine library and lots more.	1098	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
		1099	coroutine library and lots more.
650		1100
651	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1101	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
652	to be watched by the other library, registering ev_io watchers for them	1102	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
653	and starting an ev_timer watcher for any timeouts (many libraries provide	1103	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
654	just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for any	1104	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
655	events that occured (by making your callbacks set soem flags for example)	1105	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers
656	and call back into the library.	1106	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
		1107	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
		1108	because you never know, you know?).
657		1109
658	As another example, the perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1110	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
659	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	1111	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
660	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	1112	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
661	are ready to run.	1113	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
		1114	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
		1115	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
		1116	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
		1117	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
662		1118
663	=over 4	1119	=over 4
664		1120
665	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1121	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
666		1122
667	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1123	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
668		1124
669	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	1125	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
670	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1126	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
671	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly pointless.	1127	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
672		1128
673	=back	1129	=back
		1130
		1131	Example: TODO.
		1132
		1133
		1134	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough
		1135
		1136	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
		1137	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded
		1138	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
		1139	fashion and must not be used).
		1140
		1141	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and
		1142	prioritise I/O.
		1143
		1144	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
		1145	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
		1146	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
		1147	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it
		1148	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will
		1149	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but
		1150	at least you can use both at what they are best.
		1151
		1152	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have
		1153	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even
		1154	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case
		1155	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in
		1156	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
		1157
		1158	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
		1159	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
		1160	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke
		1161	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
		1162	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback
		1163	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the
		1164	embedded loop sweep.
		1165
		1166	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The
		1167	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can
		1168	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
		1169	interested in that.
		1170
		1171	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
		1172	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,
		1173	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers
		1174	yourself.
		1175
		1176	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by
		1177	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
		1178	portable one.
		1179
		1180	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
		1181	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
		1182	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
		1183	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:
		1184
		1185	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		1186	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		1187	struct ev_embed embed;
		1188
		1189	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		1190	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		1191	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		1192	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		1193	: 0;
		1194
		1195	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		1196	if (loop_lo)
		1197	{
		1198	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		1199	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		1200	}
		1201	else
		1202	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		1203
		1204	=over 4
		1205
		1206	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed , callback, struct ev_loop embedded_loop)
		1207
		1208	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed , callback, struct ev_loop embedded_loop)
		1209
		1210	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
		1211	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
		1212	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
		1213	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
		1214	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
		1215
		1216	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
		1217
		1218	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
		1219	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
		1220	apropriate way for embedded loops.
		1221
		1222	=back
		1223
674		1224
675	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	1225	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
676		1226
677	There are some other fucntions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	1227	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
678		1228
679	=over 4	1229	=over 4
680		1230
681	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	1231	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
682		1232
683	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	1233	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
684	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	1234	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both
685	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	1235	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
686	or timeout without havign to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	1236	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
687	more watchers yourself.	1237	more watchers yourself.
688		1238
689	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events is	1239	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
690	ignored. Otherwise, an ev_io watcher for the given C<fd> and C<events> set	1240	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
691	will be craeted and started.	1241	C<events> set will be craeted and started.
692		1242
693	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	1243	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
694	started. Otherwise an ev_timer watcher with after = C<timeout> (and repeat	1244	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
695	= 0) will be started.	1245	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
		1246	dubious value.
696		1247
697	The callback has the type C<void (cb)(int revents, void arg)> and	1248	The callback has the type C<void (cb)(int revents, void arg)> and gets
698	gets passed an events set (normally a combination of EV_ERROR, EV_READ,	1249	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
699	EV_WRITE or EV_TIMEOUT) and the C<arg> value passed to C<ev_once>:	1250	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
		1251	value passed to C<ev_once>:
700		1252
701	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	1253	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
702	{	1254	{
703	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	1255	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
704	/* doh, nothing entered */	1256	/* doh, nothing entered */;
705	else if (revents & EV_READ)	1257	else if (revents & EV_READ)
706	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */	1258	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
707	}	1259	}
708		1260
709	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READm 10., stdin_ready, 0);	1261	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
710		1262
711	=item ev_feed_event (loop, watcher, int events)	1263	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop , watcher , int revents)
712		1264
713	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	1265	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
714	has happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	1266	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
715	initialised but not necessarily active event watcher).	1267	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
716		1268
717	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	1269	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
718		1270
719	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected it.	1271	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
		1272	the given events it.
720		1273
721	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	1274	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
722		1275
723	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (loop must be the default loop!).	1276	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default
		1277	loop!).
724		1278
725	=back	1279	=back
		1280
		1281
		1282	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
		1283
		1284	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
		1285	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
		1286
		1287	=over 4
		1288
		1289	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
		1290
		1291	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
		1292	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
		1293
		1294	=item * Avoid using ev_flags and the EVLIST_*-macros, while it is
		1295	maintained by libev, it does not work exactly the same way as in libevent (consider
		1296	it a private API).
		1297
		1298	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
		1299	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
		1300	is an ev_pri field.
		1301
		1302	=item * Other members are not supported.
		1303
		1304	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
		1305	to use the libev header file and library.
		1306
		1307	=back
		1308
		1309	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		1310
		1311	TBD.
726		1312
727	=head1 AUTHOR	1313	=head1 AUTHOR
728		1314
729	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	1315	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
730		1316

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.7 by root, Mon Nov 12 08:16:02 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.36 by root, Sat Nov 24 07:14:26 2007 UTC

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Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.7 by root, Mon Nov 12 08:16:02 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.36 by root, Sat Nov 24 07:14:26 2007 UTC