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…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
		9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
		10
		11	#include <ev.h>
		12
		13	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		15
		16	/* called when data readable on stdin */
		17	static void
		18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		19	{
		20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */
		21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
		22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
		23	}
		24
		25	static void
		26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		27	{
		28	/* puts ("timeout"); */
		29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
		30	}
		31
		32	int
		33	main (void)
		34	{
		35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		36
		37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
		38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
		39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		40
		41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
		42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
		44
		45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */
		46	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		47
		48	return 0;
		49	}
		50
9	=head1 DESCRIPTION	51	=head1 DESCRIPTION
		52
		53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted
		54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.
10		56
11	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
12	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
13	these event sources and provide your program with events.	59	these event sources and provide your program with events.
14		60
…		…
21	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	67	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
22	watcher.	68	watcher.
23		69
24	=head1 FEATURES	70	=head1 FEATURES
25		71
26	Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific	72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
27	kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute	73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
28	timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change	74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
29	events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event	75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
30	loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers). It also is quite	76	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals
		77	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event
		78	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,
		79	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as
		80	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events
		81	(C<ev_fork>).
		82
		83	It also is quite fast (see this
31	fast (see this L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing	84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
32	it to libevent for example).	85	for example).
33		86
34	=head1 CONVENTIONS	87	=head1 CONVENTIONS
35		88
36	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration	89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
37	will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info	90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
38	about various configuration options please have a look at the file	91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in
39	F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without	92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
40	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial	93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>
41	argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>)	94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.
42	will not have this argument.
43		95
44	=head1 TIME AND OTHER GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	96	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION
45		97
46	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
47	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
48	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
49	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
50	to the double type in C.	102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
		103	it, you should treat it as such.
		104
		105	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
		106
		107	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
		108	library in any way.
51		109
52	=over 4	110	=over 4
53		111
54	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	112	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
55		113
56	Returns the current time as libev would use it.	114	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
		115	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
		116	you actually want to know.
57		117
58	=item int ev_version_major ()	118	=item int ev_version_major ()
59		119
60	=item int ev_version_minor ()	120	=item int ev_version_minor ()
61		121
…		…
63	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	123	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
64	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	124	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
65	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	125	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
66	version of the library your program was compiled against.	126	version of the library your program was compiled against.
67		127
68	Usually, its a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	128	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
69	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	129	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
70	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	130	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
71	not a problem.	131	not a problem.
72		132
		133	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
		134	version.
		135
		136	assert (("libev version mismatch",
		137	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
		138	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
		139
		140	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
		141
		142	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
		143	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
		144	availability on the system you are running on). See C<ev_default_loop> for
		145	a description of the set values.
		146
		147	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
		148	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
		149
		150	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
		151	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
		152
		153	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
		154
		155	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
		156	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
		157	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
		158	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it
		159	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
		160	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
		161
		162	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
		163
		164	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
		165	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends
		166	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at
		167	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
		168	recommended ones.
		169
		170	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
		171
73	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	172	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
74		173
75	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the	174	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
76	realloc C function, the semantics are identical). It is used to allocate	175	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to
77	and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when memory	176	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when
78	needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some potentially	177	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some
79	destructive action. The default is your system realloc function.	178	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc
		179	function.
80		180
81	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	181	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
82	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	182	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
83	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	183	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
		184
		185	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
		186	retries).
		187
		188	static void *
		189	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
		190	{
		191	for (;;)
		192	{
		193	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
		194
		195	if (newptr)
		196	return newptr;
		197
		198	sleep (60);
		199	}
		200	}
		201
		202	...
		203	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
84		204
85	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	205	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
86		206
87	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	207	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such
88	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	208	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
…		…
90	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	210	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
91	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	211	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
92	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	212	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
93	(such as abort).	213	(such as abort).
94		214
		215	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
		216
		217	static void
		218	fatal_error (const char *msg)
		219	{
		220	perror (msg);
		221	abort ();
		222	}
		223
		224	...
		225	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
		226
95	=back	227	=back
96		228
97	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	229	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
98		230
99	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	231	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
100	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	232	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
101	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	233	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
102		234
103	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	235	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
104	in your main thread (or in a separate thrad) and for each thread you	236	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
105	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking	237	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
106	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different	238	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
107	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if	239	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
108	done correctly, because its hideous and inefficient).	240	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
109		241
110	=over 4	242	=over 4
111		243
112	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	244	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
113		245
114	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	246	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised
115	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	247	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns
116	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	248	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the
117	flags).	249	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
118		250
119	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	251	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
120	function.	252	function.
121		253
122	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	254	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
123	backends to use, and is usually specified as 0 (or EVFLAG_AUTO).	255	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
124		256
125	It supports the following flags:	257	The following flags are supported:
126		258
127	=over 4	259	=over 4
128		260
129	=item EVFLAG_AUTO	261	=item C<EVFLAG_AUTO>
130		262
131	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (its the right	263	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
132	thing, believe me).	264	thing, believe me).
133		265
134	=item EVFLAG_NOENV	266	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
135		267
136	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	268	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
137	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	269	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
138	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	270	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
139	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	271	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
140	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	272	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
141	around bugs.	273	around bugs.
142		274
		275	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		276
		277	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		278	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		279	enabling this flag.
		280
		281	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		282	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		283	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		284	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		285	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has
		286	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		287
		288	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		289	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		290	flag.
		291
		292	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		293	environment variable.
		294
143	=item EVMETHOD_SELECT portable select backend	295	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
144		296
145	=item EVMETHOD_POLL poll backend (everywhere except windows)	297	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
		298	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
		299	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
		300	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually
		301	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.
146		302
147	=item EVMETHOD_EPOLL linux only	303	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
148		304
149	=item EVMETHOD_KQUEUE some bsds only	305	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than
		306	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the
		307	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a
		308	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).
150		309
151	=item EVMETHOD_DEVPOLL solaris 8 only	310	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
152		311
153	=item EVMETHOD_PORT solaris 10 only	312	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
		313	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
		314	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales
		315	either O(1) or O(active_fds).
		316
		317	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will
		318	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident
		319	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
		320	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very
		321	well if you register events for both fds.
		322
		323	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
		324	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
		325	(or space) is available.
		326
		327	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
		328
		329	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
		330	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with
		331	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its
		332	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"
		333	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
		334	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).
		335
		336	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
		337	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
		338	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an
		339	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per
		340	incident, so its best to avoid that.
		341
		342	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
		343
		344	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).
		345
		346	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
		347
		348	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
		349	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
		350
		351	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious
		352	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
		353	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		354
		355	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
		356
		357	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
		358	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
		359	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
		360
		361	=back
154		362
155	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	363	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these
156	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If one are	364	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are
157	specified, any backend will do.	365	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse
		366	order of their flag values :)
158		367
159	=back	368	The most typical usage is like this:
		369
		370	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		371	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		372
		373	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		374	environment settings to be taken into account:
		375
		376	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		377
		378	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
		379	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
		380	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
		381
		382	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
160		383
161	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	384	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
162		385
163	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	386	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
164	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	387	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
165	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	388	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
166	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	389	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
167		390
		391	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
		392
		393	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		394	if (!epoller)
		395	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
		396
168	=item ev_default_destroy ()	397	=item ev_default_destroy ()
169		398
170	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	399	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
171	etc.). This stops all registered event watchers (by not touching them in	400	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
172	any way whatsoever, although you cnanot rely on this :).	401	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
		402	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>
		403	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
		404	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
		405	for example).
173		406
174	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	407	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
175		408
176	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	409	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
177	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	410	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
181	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	414	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have
182	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	415	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense
183	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	416	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that
184	again makes little sense).	417	again makes little sense).
185		418
186	You I<must> call this function after forking if and only if you want to	419	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and
187	use the event library in both processes. If you just fork+exec, you don't	420	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just
188	have to call it.	421	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.
189		422
190	The function itself is quite fast and its usually not a problem to call	423	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
191	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	424	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
192	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	425	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
193		426
194	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	427	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
		428
		429	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
		430	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
		431	do not need to care.
195		432
196	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	433	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
197		434
198	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	435	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
199	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	436	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
200	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	437	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
201		438
		439	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		440
		441	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		442	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		443	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		444
		445	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		446	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		447	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
		448
202	=item unsigned int ev_method (loop)	449	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
203		450
204	Returns one of the C<EVMETHOD_*> flags indicating the event backend in	451	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
205	use.	452	use.
206		453
207	=item ev_tstamp = ev_now (loop)	454	=item ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)
208		455
209	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	456	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
210	got events and started processing them. This timestamp does not change	457	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
211	as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base time	458	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
212	used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the event	459	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
213	occuring (or more correctly, the mainloop finding out about it).	460	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
214		461
215	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	462	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
216		463
217	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	464	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
218	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	465	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
219	events.	466	events.
220		467
221	If the flags argument is specified as 0, it will not return until either	468	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
222	no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	469	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
		470
		471	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
		472	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
		473	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that
		474	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of
		475	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.
223		476
224	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	477	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
225	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	478	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
226	case there are no events.	479	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
227		480
228	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	481	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
229	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	482	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
230	your process until at least one new event arrives.	483	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
		484	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
		485	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
		486	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
		487	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
231		488
232	This flags value could be used to implement alternative looping	489	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
233	constructs, but the C<prepare> and C<check> watchers provide a better and	490
234	more generic mechanism.	491	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		492	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
		493	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
		494	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
		495	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
		496	- Update the "event loop time".
		497	- Calculate for how long to block.
		498	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
		499	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
		500	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.
		501	- Queue all outstanding timers.
		502	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
		503	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
		504	- Queue all check watchers.
		505	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
		506	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
		507	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
		508	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
		509	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
		510
		511	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
		512	anymore.
		513
		514	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
		515	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
		516	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
		517	... jobs done. yeah!
235		518
236	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	519	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
237		520
238	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early. The C<how> argument	521	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
		522	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
239	must be either C<EVUNLOOP_ONCE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop>	523	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
240	call return, or C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop>	524	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
241	calls return.
242		525
243	=item ev_ref (loop)	526	=item ev_ref (loop)
244		527
245	=item ev_unref (loop)	528	=item ev_unref (loop)
246		529
247	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a refcount on the event loop: Every	530	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
248	watcher keeps one reference. If you have a long-runing watcher you never	531	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
249	unregister that should not keep ev_loop from running, ev_unref() after	532	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have
250	starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. Libev itself uses this for	533	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from
251	example for its internal signal pipe: It is not visible to you as a user	534	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
252	and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if the work is done. It is	535	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
253	also an excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from	536	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
254	within third-party libraries. Just remember to unref after start and ref	537	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
255	before stop.	538	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
		539	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.
		540
		541	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
		542	running when nothing else is active.
		543
		544	struct ev_signal exitsig;
		545	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
		546	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
		547	evf_unref (loop);
		548
		549	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
		550
		551	ev_ref (loop);
		552	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
256		553
257	=back	554	=back
		555
258		556
259	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	557	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
260		558
261	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	559	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
262	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	560	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
263	become readable, you would create an ev_io watcher for that:	561	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
264		562
265	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	563	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
266	{	564	{
267	ev_io_stop (w);	565	ev_io_stop (w);
268	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	566	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
…		…
295	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	593	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
296	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	594	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
297		595
298	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	596	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
299	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	597	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
300	reinitialise it or call its set method.	598	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.
301
302	You cna check whether an event is active by calling the C<ev_is_active
303	(watcher *)> macro. To see whether an event is outstanding (but the
304	callback for it has not been called yet) you cna use the C<ev_is_pending
305	(watcher *)> macro.
306		599
307	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	600	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
308	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	601	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
309	third argument.	602	third argument.
310		603
311	The rceeived events usually include a single bit per event type received	604	The received events usually include a single bit per event type received
312	(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks	605	(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks
313	are:	606	are:
314		607
315	=over 4	608	=over 4
316		609
317	=item EV_READ	610	=item C<EV_READ>
318		611
319	=item EV_WRITE	612	=item C<EV_WRITE>
320		613
321	The file descriptor in the ev_io watcher has become readable and/or	614	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
322	writable.	615	writable.
323		616
324	=item EV_TIMEOUT	617	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>
325		618
326	The ev_timer watcher has timed out.	619	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
327		620
328	=item EV_PERIODIC	621	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
329		622
330	The ev_periodic watcher has timed out.	623	The C<ev_periodic> watcher has timed out.
331		624
332	=item EV_SIGNAL	625	=item C<EV_SIGNAL>
333		626
334	The signal specified in the ev_signal watcher has been received by a thread.	627	The signal specified in the C<ev_signal> watcher has been received by a thread.
335		628
336	=item EV_CHILD	629	=item C<EV_CHILD>
337		630
338	The pid specified in the ev_child watcher has received a status change.	631	The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change.
339		632
		633	=item C<EV_STAT>
		634
		635	The path specified in the C<ev_stat> watcher changed its attributes somehow.
		636
340	=item EV_IDLE	637	=item C<EV_IDLE>
341		638
342	The ev_idle watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.	639	The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
343		640
344	=item EV_PREPARE	641	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
345		642
346	=item EV_CHECK	643	=item C<EV_CHECK>
347		644
348	All ev_prepare watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	645	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts
349	to gather new events, and all ev_check watchers are invoked just after	646	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after
350	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	647	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
351	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	648	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
352	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	649	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
353	(for example, a ev_prepare watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	650	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
354	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	651	C<ev_loop> from blocking).
355		652
		653	=item C<EV_EMBED>
		654
		655	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
		656
		657	=item C<EV_FORK>
		658
		659	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
		660	C<ev_fork>).
		661
356	=item EV_ERROR	662	=item C<EV_ERROR>
357		663
358	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	664	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
359	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	665	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
360	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	666	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
361	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	667	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
…		…
367	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	673	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded
368	programs, though, so beware.	674	programs, though, so beware.
369		675
370	=back	676	=back
371		677
		678	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
		679
		680	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
		681	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
		682
		683	=over 4
		684
		685	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		686
		687	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
		688	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
		689	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
		690	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
		691	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
		692	which rolls both calls into one.
		693
		694	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
		695	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
		696
		697	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
		698	int revents)>.
		699
		700	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
		701
		702	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
		703	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
		704	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
		705	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
		706	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
		707
		708	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
		709	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
		710
		711	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
		712
		713	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
		714	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise
		715	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		716
		717	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		718
		719	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
		720	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
		721
		722	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		723
		724	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending
		725	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,
		726	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but
		727	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If
		728	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a
		729	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
		730
		731	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		732
		733	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
		734	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
		735	it.
		736
		737	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		738
		739	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
		740	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
		741	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
		742	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
		743	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		744	it).
		745
		746	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		747
		748	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
		749
		750	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		751
		752	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
		753	(modulo threads).
		754
		755	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		756
		757	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		758
		759	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		760	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		761	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		762	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		763	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		764
		765	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		766	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		767	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		768	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		769
		770	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		771	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		772
		773	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		774	pending.
		775
		776	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		777	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		778
		779	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		780	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		781	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		782
		783	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		784
		785	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		786	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		787	can deal with that fact.
		788
		789	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		790
		791	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		792	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		793	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
		794
		795	=back
		796
		797
372	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	798	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
373		799
374	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	800	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
375	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This cna be used	801	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
376	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	802	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
377	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	803	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
378	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	804	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
379	data:	805	data:
380		806
…		…
393	{	819	{
394	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	820	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
395	...	821	...
396	}	822	}
397		823
398	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type	824	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
399	have been omitted....	825	instead have been omitted.
		826
		827	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
		828	watchers:
		829
		830	struct my_biggy
		831	{
		832	int some_data;
		833	ev_timer t1;
		834	ev_timer t2;
		835	}
		836
		837	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
		838	you need to use C<offsetof>:
		839
		840	#include <stddef.h>
		841
		842	static void
		843	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		844	{
		845	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		846	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		847	}
		848
		849	static void
		850	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		851	{
		852	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		853	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		854	}
400		855
401		856
402	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	857	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
403		858
404	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	859	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
405	information given in the last section.	860	information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
		861	functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
406		862
		863	Members are additionally marked with either I<[read-only]>, meaning that,
		864	while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some
		865	sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the
		866	watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or I<[read-write]>, which
		867	means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
		868	is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
		869	sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
		870	not crash or malfunction in any way.
		871
		872
407	=head2 struct ev_io - is my file descriptor readable or writable	873	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?
408		874
409	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable	875	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
410	in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called	876	in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading
411	level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the	877	would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write
412	condition persists. Remember you cna stop the watcher if you don't want to	878	some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep
413	act on the event and neither want to receive future events).	879	receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop
		880	the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to
		881	receive future events.
414		882
415	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers oer	883	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
416	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	884	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
417	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	885	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
418	required if you know what you are doing).	886	required if you know what you are doing).
419		887
420	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends	888	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
421	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file	889	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
422	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing	890	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
423	to the same file/socket etc. description.	891	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
		892	the same underlying "file open").
424		893
425	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	894	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
426	(at the time of this writing, this includes only EVMETHOD_SELECT and	895	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
427	EVMETHOD_POLL).	896	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
		897
		898	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
		899	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might
		900	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
		901	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
		902	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
		903	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
		904	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
		905	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
		906
		907	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
		908	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
		909	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
		910	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
		911	its own, so its quite safe to use).
428		912
429	=over 4	913	=over 4
430		914
431	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	915	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
432		916
433	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	917	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
434		918
435	Configures an ev_io watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive	919	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
436	events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_READ |	920	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
437	EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	921	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
		922
		923	=item int fd [read-only]
		924
		925	The file descriptor being watched.
		926
		927	=item int events [read-only]
		928
		929	The events being watched.
438		930
439	=back	931	=back
440		932
		933	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
		934	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
		935	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
		936
		937	static void
		938	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		939	{
		940	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
		941	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
		942	}
		943
		944	...
		945	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		946	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
		947	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		948	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
		949	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		950
		951
441	=head2 struct ev_timer - relative and optionally recurring timeouts	952	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
442		953
443	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	954	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
444	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	955	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
445		956
446	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	957	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
447	times out after an hour and youreset your system clock to last years	958	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years
448	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	959	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
449	detecting time jumps is hard, and soem inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	960	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
450	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	961	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		962
		963	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
		964	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
		965	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
		966	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout
		967	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
		968
		969	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
		970
		971	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,
		972	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
		973	order of execution is undefined.
451		974
452	=over 4	975	=over 4
453		976
454	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	977	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
455		978
…		…
461	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	984	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
462		985
463	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	986	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you
464	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	987	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at
465	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	988	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with
466	the timer (ecause it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	989	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the
467	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	990	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
468		991
469	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	992	=item ev_timer_again (loop)
470		993
471	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	994	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
472	repeating. The exact semantics are:	995	repeating. The exact semantics are:
473		996
		997	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		998
474	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	999	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
475		1000
476	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1001	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
477	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1002	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
478		1003
479	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1004	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
480	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1005	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
481	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1006	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
482	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1007	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
483	configure an ev_timer with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each	1008	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
484	time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle	1009	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
485	state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop	1010	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
486	the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.	1011	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
		1012	automatically restart it if need be.
		1013
		1014	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
		1015	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
		1016
		1017	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
		1018	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1019	...
		1020	timer->again = 17.;
		1021	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1022	...
		1023	timer->again = 10.;
		1024	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1025
		1026	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1027	you want to modify its timeout value.
		1028
		1029	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
		1030
		1031	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
		1032	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
		1033	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
487		1034
488	=back	1035	=back
489		1036
		1037	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
		1038
		1039	static void
		1040	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1041	{
		1042	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
		1043	}
		1044
		1045	struct ev_timer mytimer;
		1046	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
		1047	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
		1048
		1049	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
		1050	inactivity.
		1051
		1052	static void
		1053	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1054	{
		1055	.. ten seconds without any activity
		1056	}
		1057
		1058	struct ev_timer mytimer;
		1059	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
		1060	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
		1061	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		1062
		1063	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
		1064	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
		1065	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
		1066
		1067
490	=head2 ev_periodic - to cron or not to cron it	1068	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
491		1069
492	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1070	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
493	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1071	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
494		1072
495	Unlike ev_timer's, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1073	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
496	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1074	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
497	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1075	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
498	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c<ev_now ()	1076	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()
499	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1077	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
500	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an ev_timer, which would trigger	1078	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger
501	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1079	roughly 10 seconds later).
502	again).
503		1080
504	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1081	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
505	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1082	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,
		1083	rules.
		1084
		1085	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
		1086	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
		1087	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
506		1088
507	=over 4	1089	=over 4
508		1090
509	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1091	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
510		1092
511	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1093	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
512		1094
513	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1095	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
514	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1096	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
515		1097
516
517	=over 4	1098	=over 4
518		1099
519	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1100	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
520		1101
521	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1102	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
522	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1103	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
523	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1104	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
524	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1105	system time reaches or surpasses this time.
525		1106
526	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1107	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
527		1108
528	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1109	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
529	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1110	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
530	of any time jumps.	1111	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
531		1112
532	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1113	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
533	time:	1114	time:
534		1115
535	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1116	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
536		1117
537	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1118	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
538	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1119	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a
539	full hour (UTC), or more correct, when the system time is evenly divisible	1120	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
540	by 3600.	1121	by 3600.
541		1122
542	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1123	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
543	ev_periodic will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1124	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
544	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1125	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
545		1126
		1127	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1128	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1129	this value.
		1130
546	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1131	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
547		1132
548	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1133	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
549	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1134	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
550	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1135	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
551	current time as second argument.	1136	current time as second argument.
552		1137
553	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy the periodic or any other	1138	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
554	periodic watcher, ever, or make any event loop modificstions>. If you need	1139	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,
555	to stop it, return 1e30 (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards.	1140	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
		1141	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
556		1142
557	Its prototype is c<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1143	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,
558	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1144	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
559		1145
560	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1146	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
561	{	1147	{
562	return now + 60.;	1148	return now + 60.;
…		…
565	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1151	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
566	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1152	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
567	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1153	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
568	might be called at other times, too.	1154	might be called at other times, too.
569		1155
		1156	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the
		1157	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.
		1158
570	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1159	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
571	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1160	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the
572	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How you do this	1161	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
573	is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial).	1162	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
		1163	reason I omitted it as an example).
574		1164
575	=back	1165	=back
576		1166
577	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	1167	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
578		1168
579	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1169	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
580	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1170	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
581	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1171	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
582	program when the crontabs have changed).	1172	program when the crontabs have changed).
583		1173
		1174	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1175
		1176	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1177	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1178
		1179	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1180	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1181
		1182	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
		1183
		1184	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
		1185	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
		1186	called.
		1187
		1188	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
		1189
		1190	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
		1191	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
		1192	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1193
584	=back	1194	=back
585		1195
		1196	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
		1197	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
		1198	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
		1199
		1200	static void
		1201	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		1202	{
		1203	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
		1204	}
		1205
		1206	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
		1207	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
		1208	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
		1209
		1210	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
		1211
		1212	#include <math.h>
		1213
		1214	static ev_tstamp
		1215	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		1216	{
		1217	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
		1218	}
		1219
		1220	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
		1221
		1222	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
		1223
		1224	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
		1225	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
		1226	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
		1227	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
		1228
		1229
586	=head2 ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled	1230	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
587		1231
588	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1232	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
589	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1233	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
590	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1234	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
591	normal event processing, like any other event.	1235	normal event processing, like any other event.
592		1236
593	You cna configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1237	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
594	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1238	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher
595	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1239	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
596	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1240	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
597	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1241	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
598	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1242	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
…		…
604	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1248	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
605		1249
606	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one	1250	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
607	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).	1251	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).
608		1252
		1253	=item int signum [read-only]
		1254
		1255	The signal the watcher watches out for.
		1256
609	=back	1257	=back
610		1258
		1259
611	=head2 ev_child - wait for pid status changes	1260	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
612		1261
613	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1262	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
614	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1263	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).
615		1264
616	=over 4	1265	=over 4
…		…
620	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1269	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)
621		1270
622	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1271	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
623	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1272	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
624	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1273	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
625	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h>). The C<rpid> member	1274	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
626	contains the pid of the process causing the status change.	1275	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
		1276	process causing the status change.
		1277
		1278	=item int pid [read-only]
		1279
		1280	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
		1281
		1282	=item int rpid [read-write]
		1283
		1284	The process id that detected a status change.
		1285
		1286	=item int rstatus [read-write]
		1287
		1288	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
		1289	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
627		1290
628	=back	1291	=back
629		1292
		1293	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1294
		1295	static void
		1296	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1297	{
		1298	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1299	}
		1300
		1301	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1302	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1303	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1304
		1305
		1306	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
		1307
		1308	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
		1309	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
		1310	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
		1311
		1312	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
		1313	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
		1314	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
		1315	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
		1316	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
		1317
		1318	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
		1319	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
		1320
		1321	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
		1322	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
		1323	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
		1324	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,
		1325	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around
		1326	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
		1327	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats
		1328	usually overkill.
		1329
		1330	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
		1331	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
		1332	resource-intensive.
		1333
		1334	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
		1335	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1336	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
		1337	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
		1338	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
		1339	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
		1340	polling.
		1341
		1342	=over 4
		1343
		1344	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
		1345
		1346	=item ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
		1347
		1348	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
		1349	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
		1350	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
		1351	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
		1352	path for as long as the watcher is active.
		1353
		1354	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,
		1355	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
		1356	last change was detected).
		1357
		1358	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)
		1359
		1360	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
		1361	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
		1362	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
		1363	useful simply to find out the new values.
		1364
		1365	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
		1366
		1367	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
		1368	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
		1369	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there
		1370	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.
		1371
		1372	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
		1373
		1374	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
		1375	C<prev> != C<attr>.
		1376
		1377	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
		1378
		1379	The specified interval.
		1380
		1381	=item const char *path [read-only]
		1382
		1383	The filesystem path that is being watched.
		1384
		1385	=back
		1386
		1387	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
		1388
		1389	static void
		1390	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1391	{
		1392	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
		1393	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
		1394	{
		1395	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
		1396	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1397	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1398	}
		1399	else
		1400	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
		1401	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
		1402	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
		1403	}
		1404
		1405	...
		1406	ev_stat passwd;
		1407
		1408	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");
		1409	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1410
		1411
630	=head2 ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do	1412	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
631		1413
632	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other I/O or timer (or	1414	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
633	periodic) events pending. That is, as long as your process is busy	1415	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
634	handling sockets or timeouts it will not be called. But when your process	1416	count).
635	is idle all idle watchers are being called again and again - until	1417
		1418	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		1419	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1420	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1421	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
636	stopped, that is, or your process receives more events.	1422	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
		1423	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
637		1424
638	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1425	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
639	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1426	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
640		1427
641	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1428	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
…		…
651	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1438	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
652	believe me.	1439	believe me.
653		1440
654	=back	1441	=back
655		1442
656	=head2 prepare and check - your hooks into the event loop	1443	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
		1444	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
657		1445
		1446	static void
		1447	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1448	{
		1449	free (w);
		1450	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
		1451	// no longer asnything immediate to do.
		1452	}
		1453
		1454	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
		1455	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
		1456	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
		1457
		1458
		1459	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
		1460
658	Prepare and check watchers usually (but not always) are used in	1461	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
659	tandom. Prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check	1462	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
660	watchers afterwards.	1463	afterwards.
661		1464
		1465	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
		1466	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
		1467	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
		1468	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
		1469	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
		1470	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
		1471	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
		1472
662	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev. This	1473	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
663	could be used, for example, to track variable changes, implement your own	1474	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
664	watchers, integrate net-snmp or a coroutine library and lots more.	1475	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
		1476	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
		1477	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
		1478	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
		1479	watcher).
665		1480
666	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1481	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
667	to be watched by the other library, registering ev_io watchers for them	1482	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
668	and starting an ev_timer watcher for any timeouts (many libraries provide	1483	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
669	just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for any	1484	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
670	events that occured (by making your callbacks set soem flags for example)	1485	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers
671	and call back into the library.	1486	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
		1487	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
		1488	because you never know, you know?).
672		1489
673	As another example, the perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1490	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
674	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	1491	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
675	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	1492	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
676	are ready to run.	1493	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
		1494	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
		1495	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
		1496	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
		1497	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
		1498
		1499	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1500	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1501	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1502	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1503	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers did
		1504	their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other event
		1505	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		1506	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		1507	others).
677		1508
678	=over 4	1509	=over 4
679		1510
680	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1511	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
681		1512
682	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1513	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
683		1514
684	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	1515	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
685	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1516	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
686	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly pointless.	1517	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
687		1518
688	=back	1519	=back
689		1520
		1521	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1522	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1523	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1524	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>
		1525	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV
		1526	into the Glib event loop).
		1527
		1528	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
		1529	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
		1530	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1531	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1532	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
		1533
		1534	static ev_io iow [nfd];
		1535	static ev_timer tw;
		1536
		1537	static void
		1538	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
		1539	{
		1540	}
		1541
		1542	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
		1543	static void
		1544	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
		1545	{
		1546	int timeout = 3600000;
		1547	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
		1548	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
		1549	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
		1550
		1551	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
		1552	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
		1553	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
		1554
		1555	// create one ev_io per pollfd
		1556	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1557	{
		1558	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
		1559	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
		1560	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
		1561
		1562	fds [i].revents = 0;
		1563	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
		1564	}
		1565	}
		1566
		1567	// stop all watchers after blocking
		1568	static void
		1569	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
		1570	{
		1571	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
		1572
		1573	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1574	{
		1575	// set the relevant poll flags
		1576	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1577	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1578	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1579	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1580	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		1581
		1582	// now stop the watcher
		1583	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		1584	}
		1585
		1586	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
		1587	}
		1588
		1589	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		1590	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		1591
		1592	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		1593	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		1594	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		1595
		1596	static void
		1597	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1598	{
		1599	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1600	update_now (EV_A);
		1601
		1602	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		1603	}
		1604
		1605	static void
		1606	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1607	{
		1608	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1609	update_now (EV_A);
		1610
		1611	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1612	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1613	}
		1614
		1615	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		1616
		1617	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		1618	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
		1619	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		1620	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		1621	this.
		1622
		1623	static gint
		1624	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		1625	{
		1626	int got_events = 0;
		1627
		1628	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1629	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		1630
		1631	if (timeout >= 0)
		1632	// create/start timer
		1633
		1634	// poll
		1635	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		1636
		1637	// stop timer again
		1638	if (timeout >= 0)
		1639	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		1640
		1641	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		1642	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1643	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		1644
		1645	return got_events;
		1646	}
		1647
		1648
		1649	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
		1650
		1651	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
		1652	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded
		1653	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
		1654	fashion and must not be used).
		1655
		1656	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and
		1657	prioritise I/O.
		1658
		1659	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
		1660	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
		1661	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
		1662	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it
		1663	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will
		1664	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but
		1665	at least you can use both at what they are best.
		1666
		1667	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have
		1668	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even
		1669	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case
		1670	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in
		1671	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
		1672
		1673	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
		1674	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
		1675	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke
		1676	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
		1677	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback
		1678	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the
		1679	embedded loop sweep.
		1680
		1681	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The
		1682	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can
		1683	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
		1684	interested in that.
		1685
		1686	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
		1687	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,
		1688	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers
		1689	yourself.
		1690
		1691	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by
		1692	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
		1693	portable one.
		1694
		1695	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
		1696	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
		1697	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
		1698	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:
		1699
		1700	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		1701	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		1702	struct ev_embed embed;
		1703
		1704	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		1705	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		1706	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		1707	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		1708	: 0;
		1709
		1710	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		1711	if (loop_lo)
		1712	{
		1713	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		1714	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		1715	}
		1716	else
		1717	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		1718
		1719	=over 4
		1720
		1721	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
		1722
		1723	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
		1724
		1725	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
		1726	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
		1727	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
		1728	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
		1729	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
		1730
		1731	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
		1732
		1733	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
		1734	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
		1735	apropriate way for embedded loops.
		1736
		1737	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]
		1738
		1739	The embedded event loop.
		1740
		1741	=back
		1742
		1743
		1744	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
		1745
		1746	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
		1747	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
		1748	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the
		1749	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
		1750	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
		1751	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
		1752	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
		1753
		1754	=over 4
		1755
		1756	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
		1757
		1758	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
		1759	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		1760	believe me.
		1761
		1762	=back
		1763
		1764
690	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	1765	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
691		1766
692	There are some other fucntions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	1767	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
693		1768
694	=over 4	1769	=over 4
695		1770
696	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	1771	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
697		1772
698	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	1773	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
699	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	1774	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both
700	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	1775	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
701	or timeout without havign to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	1776	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
702	more watchers yourself.	1777	more watchers yourself.
703		1778
704	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events is	1779	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
705	ignored. Otherwise, an ev_io watcher for the given C<fd> and C<events> set	1780	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
706	will be craeted and started.	1781	C<events> set will be craeted and started.
707		1782
708	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	1783	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
709	started. Otherwise an ev_timer watcher with after = C<timeout> (and repeat	1784	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
710	= 0) will be started.	1785	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
		1786	dubious value.
711		1787
712	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and	1788	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
713	gets passed an events set (normally a combination of EV_ERROR, EV_READ,	1789	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
714	EV_WRITE or EV_TIMEOUT) and the C<arg> value passed to C<ev_once>:	1790	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
		1791	value passed to C<ev_once>:
715		1792
716	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	1793	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
717	{	1794	{
718	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	1795	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
719	/* doh, nothing entered */	1796	/* doh, nothing entered */;
720	else if (revents & EV_READ)	1797	else if (revents & EV_READ)
721	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */	1798	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
722	}	1799	}
723		1800
724	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READm 10., stdin_ready, 0);	1801	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
725		1802
726	=item ev_feed_event (loop, watcher, int events)	1803	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
727		1804
728	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	1805	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
729	has happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	1806	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
730	initialised but not necessarily active event watcher).	1807	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
731		1808
732	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	1809	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
733		1810
734	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected it.	1811	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
		1812	the given events it.
735		1813
736	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	1814	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
737		1815
738	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (loop must be the default loop!).	1816	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default
		1817	loop!).
739		1818
740	=back	1819	=back
741		1820
		1821
		1822	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
		1823
		1824	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
		1825	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
		1826
		1827	=over 4
		1828
		1829	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
		1830
		1831	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
		1832	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
		1833
		1834	=item * Avoid using ev_flags and the EVLIST_*-macros, while it is
		1835	maintained by libev, it does not work exactly the same way as in libevent (consider
		1836	it a private API).
		1837
		1838	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
		1839	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
		1840	is an ev_pri field.
		1841
		1842	=item * Other members are not supported.
		1843
		1844	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
		1845	to use the libev header file and library.
		1846
		1847	=back
		1848
		1849	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		1850
		1851	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
		1852	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
		1853	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
		1854
		1855	To use it,
		1856
		1857	#include <ev++.h>
		1858
		1859	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
		1860	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
		1861	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		1862	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
		1863
		1864	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
		1865	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		1866	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		1867	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		1868
		1869	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		1870	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		1871	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		1872	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		1873	it).
		1874
		1875	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
		1876
		1877	=over 4
		1878
		1879	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.
		1880
		1881	These are just enum values with the same values as the C<EV_READ> etc.
		1882	macros from F<ev.h>.
		1883
		1884	=item C<ev::tstamp>, C<ev::now>
		1885
		1886	Aliases to the same types/functions as with the C<ev_> prefix.
		1887
		1888	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
		1889
		1890	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
		1891	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
		1892	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
		1893	defines by many implementations.
		1894
		1895	All of those classes have these methods:
		1896
		1897	=over 4
		1898
		1899	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
		1900
		1901	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
		1902
		1903	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
		1904
		1905	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
		1906	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
		1907
		1908	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
		1909	C<set> method before starting it.
		1910
		1911	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		1912	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		1913
		1914	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		1915	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
		1916
		1917	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		1918
		1919	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		1920
		1921	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		1922	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		1923	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		1924	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		1925
		1926	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		1927	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		1928	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		1929	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		1930	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		1931
		1932	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		1933
		1934	struct myclass
		1935	{
		1936	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		1937	}
		1938
		1939	myclass obj;
		1940	ev::io iow;
		1941	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		1942
		1943	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		1944
		1945	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		1946	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		1947	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		1948
		1949	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		1950
		1951	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		1952
		1953	Example:
		1954
		1955	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		1956	iow.set <io_cb> ();
		1957
		1958	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
		1959
		1960	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
		1961	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
		1962
		1963	=item w->set ([args])
		1964
		1965	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be
		1966	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
		1967	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		1968	method.
		1969
		1970	=item w->start ()
		1971
		1972	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
		1973	constructor already stores the event loop.
		1974
		1975	=item w->stop ()
		1976
		1977	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
		1978
		1979	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only
		1980
		1981	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
		1982	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
		1983
		1984	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only
		1985
		1986	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
		1987
		1988	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only
		1989
		1990	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
		1991
		1992	=back
		1993
		1994	=back
		1995
		1996	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
		1997	the constructor.
		1998
		1999	class myclass
		2000	{
		2001	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		2002	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
		2003
		2004	myclass ();
		2005	}
		2006
		2007	myclass::myclass (int fd)
		2008	{
		2009	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2010	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		2011
		2012	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2013	}
		2014
		2015
		2016	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
		2017
		2018	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
		2019	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most) functions and
		2020	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
		2021
		2022	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
		2023	following macros are defined:
		2024
		2025	=over 4
		2026
		2027	=item C<EV_A>, C<EV_A_>
		2028
		2029	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2030	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
		2031	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
		2032
		2033	ev_unref (EV_A);
		2034	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
		2035	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2036
		2037	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
		2038	which is often provided by the following macro.
		2039
		2040	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
		2041
		2042	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2043	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
		2044	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
		2045
		2046	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
		2047	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
		2048
		2049	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
		2050	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2051
		2052	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
		2053	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
		2054
		2055	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
		2056
		2057	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
		2058	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2059
		2060	=back
		2061
		2062	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
		2063	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2064	or not.
		2065
		2066	static void
		2067	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2068	{
		2069	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2070	}
		2071
		2072	ev_check check;
		2073	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
		2074	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
		2075	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
		2076
		2077	=head1 EMBEDDING
		2078
		2079	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
		2080	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
		2081	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
		2082	and rxvt-unicode.
		2083
		2084	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your
		2085	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
		2086	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
		2087	libev somewhere in your source tree).
		2088
		2089	=head2 FILESETS
		2090
		2091	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
		2092	in your app.
		2093
		2094	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
		2095
		2096	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
		2097	configuration (no autoconf):
		2098
		2099	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2100	#include "ev.c"
		2101
		2102	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
		2103	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
		2104	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
		2105	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
		2106	where you can put other configuration options):
		2107
		2108	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2109	#include "ev.h"
		2110
		2111	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
		2112	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
		2113	as a bug).
		2114
		2115	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
		2116	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
		2117
		2118	ev.h
		2119	ev.c
		2120	ev_vars.h
		2121	ev_wrap.h
		2122
		2123	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
		2124
		2125	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
		2126	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2127	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2128	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2129	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2130
		2131	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
		2132	to compile this single file.
		2133
		2134	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
		2135
		2136	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
		2137
		2138	#include "event.c"
		2139
		2140	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
		2141
		2142	#include "event.h"
		2143
		2144	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
		2145
		2146	You need the following additional files for this:
		2147
		2148	event.h
		2149	event.c
		2150
		2151	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
		2152
		2153	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in
		2154	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
		2155	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
		2156	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
		2157
		2158	For this of course you need the m4 file:
		2159
		2160	libev.m4
		2161
		2162	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
		2163
		2164	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define
		2165	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity
		2166	and only include the select backend.
		2167
		2168	=over 4
		2169
		2170	=item EV_STANDALONE
		2171
		2172	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
		2173	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
		2174	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
		2175	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
		2176	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
		2177
		2178	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
		2179
		2180	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2181	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
		2182	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
		2183	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
		2184	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have
		2185	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
		2186	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
		2187
		2188	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
		2189
		2190	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2191	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
		2192	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
		2193	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
		2194	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries
		2195	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2196
		2197	=item EV_USE_SELECT
		2198
		2199	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
		2200	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
		2201	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
		2202	will not be compiled in.
		2203
		2204	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
		2205
		2206	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
		2207	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
		2208	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on
		2209	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
		2210	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
		2211	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
		2212	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
		2213
		2214	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
		2215
		2216	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
		2217	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
		2218	wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to
		2219	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
		2220	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
		2221	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
		2222	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
		2223
		2224	=item EV_USE_POLL
		2225
		2226	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
		2227	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
		2228	takes precedence over select.
		2229
		2230	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
		2231
		2232	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		2233	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2234	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
		2235	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.
		2236
		2237	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
		2238
		2239	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
		2240	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
		2241	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2242	backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
		2243	supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that
		2244	supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but
		2245	not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find
		2246	out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded
		2247	kqueue loop.
		2248
		2249	=item EV_USE_PORT
		2250
		2251	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Solaris
		2252	10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2253	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2254	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
		2255
		2256	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
		2257
		2258	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
		2259
		2260	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
		2261
		2262	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
		2263	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
		2264	be detected at runtime.
		2265
		2266	=item EV_H
		2267
		2268	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
		2269	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This
		2270	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
		2271
		2272	=item EV_CONFIG_H
		2273
		2274	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
		2275	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
		2276	C<EV_H>, above.
		2277
		2278	=item EV_EVENT_H
		2279
		2280	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
		2281	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.
		2282
		2283	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
		2284
		2285	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
		2286	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
		2287	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
		2288	around libev functions.
		2289
		2290	=item EV_MULTIPLICITY
		2291
		2292	If undefined or defined to C<1>, then all event-loop-specific functions
		2293	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
		2294	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
		2295	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
		2296	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
		2297
		2298	=item EV_MINPRI
		2299
		2300	=item EV_MAXPRI
		2301
		2302	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		2303	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2304	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2305	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		2306
		2307	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2308	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2309	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2310	fine.
		2311
		2312	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2313	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.
		2314
		2315	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
		2316
		2317	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
		2318	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2319	code.
		2320
		2321	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		2322
		2323	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		2324	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2325	code.
		2326
		2327	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
		2328
		2329	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
		2330	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2331
		2332	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
		2333
		2334	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
		2335	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2336
		2337	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
		2338
		2339	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
		2340	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2341
		2342	=item EV_MINIMAL
		2343
		2344	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
		2345	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override
		2346	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.
		2347
		2348	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
		2349
		2350	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2351	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
		2352	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
		2353	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
		2354
		2355	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
		2356
		2357	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2358	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
		2359	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
		2360	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
		2361	two).
		2362
		2363	=item EV_COMMON
		2364
		2365	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
		2366	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
		2367	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
		2368	though, and it must be identical each time.
		2369
		2370	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
		2371
		2372	#define EV_COMMON \
		2373	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
		2374	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
		2375
		2376	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
		2377
		2378	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
		2379
		2380	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
		2381
		2382	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
		2383	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
		2384	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for
		2385	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
		2386	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
		2387	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		2388
		2389	=head2 EXAMPLES
		2390
		2391	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
		2392	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
		2393	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html>). It has the libev files in
		2394	the F<libev/> subdirectory and includes them in the F<EV/EVAPI.h> (public
		2395	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
		2396	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
		2397	file.
		2398
		2399	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
		2400	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
		2401
		2402	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
		2403	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
		2404	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
		2405	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		2406	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		2407	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
		2408	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		2409	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		2410	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
		2411
		2412	#include "ev++.h"
		2413
		2414	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
		2415
		2416	#include "ev_cpp.h"
		2417	#include "ev.c"
		2418
		2419
		2420	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
		2421
		2422	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		2423	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
		2424	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		2425
		2426	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		2427	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		2428	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		2429	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		2430	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		2431
		2432	=over 4
		2433
		2434	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		2435
		2436	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		2437	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		2438	have to skip those 100 watchers.
		2439
		2440	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		2441
		2442	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		2443	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		2444
		2445	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)
		2446
		2447	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		2448	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)
		2449
		2450	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		2451
		2452	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		2453	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		2454	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		2455
		2456	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)
		2457
		2458	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		2459
		2460	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		2461	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).
		2462
		2463	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)
		2464
		2465	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		2466
		2467	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		2468	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		2469	linearly search all the priorities.
		2470
		2471	=back
		2472
		2473
742	=head1 AUTHOR	2474	=head1 AUTHOR
743		2475
744	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	2476	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
745		2477

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