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…		…
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
		9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
		10
		11	#include <ev.h>
		12
		13	ev_io stdin_watcher;
		14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
		15
		16	/* called when data readable on stdin */
		17	static void
		18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		19	{
		20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */
		21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */
		22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */
		23	}
		24
		25	static void
		26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		27	{
		28	/* puts ("timeout"); */
		29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */
		30	}
		31
		32	int
		33	main (void)
		34	{
		35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
		36
		37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */
		38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
		39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
		40
		41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */
		42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
		43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
		44
		45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */
		46	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		47
		48	return 0;
		49	}
		50
9	=head1 DESCRIPTION	51	=head1 DESCRIPTION
		52
		53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted
		54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.
10		56
11	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
12	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage
13	these event sources and provide your program events.	59	these event sources and provide your program with events.
14		60
15	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	61	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
16	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	62	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
17	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	63	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
18		64
…		…
21	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	67	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
22	watcher.	68	watcher.
23		69
24	=head1 FEATURES	70	=head1 FEATURES
25		71
26	Libev supports select, poll, the linux-specific epoll and the bsd-specific	72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
27	kqueue mechanisms for file descriptor events, relative timers, absolute	73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
28	timers with customised rescheduling, signal events, process status change	74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
29	events (related to SIGCHLD), and event watchers dealing with the event	75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
30	loop mechanism itself (idle, prepare and check watchers).	76	with customised rescheduling (C<ev_periodic>), synchronous signals
		77	(C<ev_signal>), process status change events (C<ev_child>), and event
		78	watchers dealing with the event loop mechanism itself (C<ev_idle>,
		79	C<ev_embed>, C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> watchers) as well as
		80	file watchers (C<ev_stat>) and even limited support for fork events
		81	(C<ev_fork>).
		82
		83	It also is quite fast (see this
		84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
		85	for example).
31		86
32	=head1 CONVENTIONS	87	=head1 CONVENTIONS
33		88
34	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration	89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will
35	will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info	90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about
36	about various configuraiton options please have a look at the file	91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in
37	F<README.embed> in the libev distribution. If libev was configured without	92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event
38	support for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial	93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>
39	argument of name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>)	94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.
40	will not have this argument.
41		95
42	=head1 TIME AND OTHER GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	96	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION
43		97
44	Libev represents time as a single floating point number. This type is	98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
		99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
		100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
45	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
46	to the double type in C.	102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
		103	it, you should treat it as such.
		104
		105	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
		106
		107	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
		108	library in any way.
47		109
48	=over 4	110	=over 4
49		111
50	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	112	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
51		113
52	Returns the current time as libev would use it.	114	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
		115	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
		116	you actually want to know.
53		117
54	=item int ev_version_major ()	118	=item int ev_version_major ()
55		119
56	=item int ev_version_minor ()	120	=item int ev_version_minor ()
57		121
58	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	122	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
59	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	123	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
60	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	124	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
61	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	125	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
62	version of the library your program was compiled against.	126	version of the library your program was compiled against.
63		127
		128	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		129	release version.
		130
64	Usually, its a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	131	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
65	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	132	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
66	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	133	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
67	not a problem.	134	not a problem.
68		135
		136	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
		137	version.
		138
		139	assert (("libev version mismatch",
		140	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
		141	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
		142
		143	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
		144
		145	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
		146	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
		147	availability on the system you are running on). See C<ev_default_loop> for
		148	a description of the set values.
		149
		150	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
		151	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
		152
		153	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
		154	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
		155
		156	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
		157
		158	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
		159	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
		160	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
		161	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it
		162	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
		163	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
		164
		165	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
		166
		167	Returns the set of backends that are embeddable in other event loops. This
		168	is the theoretical, all-platform, value. To find which backends
		169	might be supported on the current system, you would need to look at
		170	C<ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_supported_backends ()>, likewise for
		171	recommended ones.
		172
		173	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
		174
69	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	175	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
70		176
71	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar to the	177	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
72	realloc function). It is used to allocate and free memory (no surprises	178	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to
73	here). If it returns zero when memory needs to be allocated, the library	179	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when
74	might abort or take some potentially destructive action. The default is	180	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some
75	your system realloc function.	181	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc
		182	function.
76		183
77	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	184	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
78	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	185	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
79	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	186	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
		187
		188	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
		189	retries).
		190
		191	static void *
		192	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
		193	{
		194	for (;;)
		195	{
		196	void *newptr = realloc (ptr, size);
		197
		198	if (newptr)
		199	return newptr;
		200
		201	sleep (60);
		202	}
		203	}
		204
		205	...
		206	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
80		207
81	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	208	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
82		209
83	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	210	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such
84	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	211	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
85	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	212	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
86	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	213	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no
87	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will geenrally retry the	214	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
88	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	215	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
89	(such as abort).	216	(such as abort).
		217
		218	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
		219
		220	static void
		221	fatal_error (const char *msg)
		222	{
		223	perror (msg);
		224	abort ();
		225	}
		226
		227	...
		228	ev_set_syserr_cb (fatal_error);
90		229
91	=back	230	=back
92		231
93	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	232	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
94		233
95	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	234	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
96	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	235	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
97	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	236	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
98		237
99	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop	238	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
100	in your main thread (or in a separate thrad) and for each thread you	239	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
101	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no lockign	240	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
102	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to different event loops, make sure you	241	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
103	lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if done right).	242	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
		243	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
104		244
105	=over 4	245	=over 4
106		246
107	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	247	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
108		248
109	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised	249	This will initialise the default event loop if it hasn't been initialised
110	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns	250	yet and return it. If the default loop could not be initialised, returns
111	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the	251	false. If it already was initialised it simply returns it (and ignores the
112	flags).	252	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
113		253
114	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	254	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
115	function.	255	function.
116		256
117	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	257	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
118	backends to use, and is usually specified as 0 (or EVFLAG_AUTO)	258	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
119		259
120	It supports the following flags:	260	The following flags are supported:
121		261
122	=over 4	262	=over 4
123		263
124	=item EVFLAG_AUTO	264	=item C<EVFLAG_AUTO>
125		265
126	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (its the right	266	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
127	thing, believe me).	267	thing, believe me).
128		268
129	=item EVFLAG_NOENV	269	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
130		270
131	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value then libev will I<not> look	271	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
132	at the environment variable C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this	272	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
133	environment variable will override the flags completely. This is useful	273	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
		274	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
134	to try out specific backends to tets their performance, or to work around	275	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
135	bugs.	276	around bugs.
136		277
		278	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		279
		280	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		281	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		282	enabling this flag.
		283
		284	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		285	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		286	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		287	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		288	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has
		289	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		290
		291	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		292	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		293	flag.
		294
		295	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		296	environment variable.
		297
137	=item EVMETHOD_SELECT portable select backend	298	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
138		299
139	=item EVMETHOD_POLL poll backend (everywhere except windows)	300	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
		301	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
		302	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
		303	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually
		304	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.
140		305
141	=item EVMETHOD_EPOLL linux only	306	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
142		307
143	=item EVMETHOD_KQUEUE some bsds only	308	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than
		309	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the
		310	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a
		311	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).
144		312
145	=item EVMETHOD_DEVPOLL solaris 8 only	313	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
146		314
147	=item EVMETHOD_PORT solaris 10 only	315	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
		316	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like
		317	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales
		318	either O(1) or O(active_fds).
		319
		320	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will
		321	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident
		322	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
		323	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very
		324	well if you register events for both fds.
		325
		326	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
		327	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
		328	(or space) is available.
		329
		330	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
		331
		332	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
		333	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with
		334	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its
		335	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"
		336	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
		337	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).
		338
		339	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
		340	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
		341	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an
		342	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per
		343	incident, so its best to avoid that.
		344
		345	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
		346
		347	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).
		348
		349	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
		350
		351	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
		352	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
		353
		354	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious
		355	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
		356	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		357
		358	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
		359
		360	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
		361	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
		362	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
		363
		364	=back
148		365
149	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	366	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these
150	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If one are	367	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are
151	specified, any backend will do.	368	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse
		369	order of their flag values :)
152		370
153	=back	371	The most typical usage is like this:
		372
		373	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
		374	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
		375
		376	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
		377	environment settings to be taken into account:
		378
		379	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		380
		381	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
		382	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
		383	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
		384
		385	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
154		386
155	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	387	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
156		388
157	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	389	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
158	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	390	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
159	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	391	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
160	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	392	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
161		393
		394	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
		395
		396	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
		397	if (!epoller)
		398	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
		399
162	=item ev_default_destroy ()	400	=item ev_default_destroy ()
163		401
164	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	402	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
165	etc.). This stops all registered event watchers (by not touching them in	403	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
166	any way whatsoever, although you cnanot rely on this :).	404	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
		405	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>
		406	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
		407	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
		408	for example).
167		409
168	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	410	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
169		411
170	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	412	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
171	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	413	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
175	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	417	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have
176	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	418	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense
177	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	419	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that
178	again makes little sense).	420	again makes little sense).
179		421
180	You I<must> call this function after forking if and only if you want to	422	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and
181	use the event library in both processes. If you just fork+exec, you don't	423	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just
182	have to call it.	424	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.
183		425
184	The function itself is quite fast and its usually not a problem to call	426	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
185	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	427	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
186	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	428	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
187		429
188	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	430	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
		431
		432	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
		433	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
		434	do not need to care.
189		435
190	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	436	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
191		437
192	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	438	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
193	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	439	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
194	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	440	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
195		441
		442	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		443
		444	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		445	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		446	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		447
		448	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		449	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		450	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
		451
196	=item unsigned int ev_method (loop)	452	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
197		453
198	Returns one of the C<EVMETHOD_*> flags indicating the event backend in	454	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
199	use.	455	use.
200		456
201	=item ev_tstamp = ev_now (loop)	457	=item ev_tstamp ev_now (loop)
202		458
203	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	459	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
204	got events and started processing them. This timestamp does not change	460	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
205	as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base time	461	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
206	used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the event	462	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
207	occuring (or more correctly, the mainloop finding out about it).	463	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
208		464
209	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	465	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
210		466
211	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	467	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
212	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	468	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
213	events.	469	events.
214		470
215	If the flags argument is specified as 0, it will not return until either	471	If the flags argument is specified as C<0>, it will not return until
216	no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.	472	either no event watchers are active anymore or C<ev_unloop> was called.
		473
		474	Please note that an explicit C<ev_unloop> is usually better than
		475	relying on all watchers to be stopped when deciding when a program has
		476	finished (especially in interactive programs), but having a program that
		477	automatically loops as long as it has to and no longer by virtue of
		478	relying on its watchers stopping correctly is a thing of beauty.
217		479
218	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	480	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
219	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	481	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
220	case there are no events.	482	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
221		483
222	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	484	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
223	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	485	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
224	your process until at least one new event arrives.	486	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
		487	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
		488	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
		489	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
		490	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
225		491
226	This flags value could be used to implement alternative looping	492	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
227	constructs, but the C<prepare> and C<check> watchers provide a better and	493
228	more generic mechanism.	494	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
		495	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
		496	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
		497	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
		498	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
		499	- Update the "event loop time".
		500	- Calculate for how long to block.
		501	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
		502	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
		503	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.
		504	- Queue all outstanding timers.
		505	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
		506	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
		507	- Queue all check watchers.
		508	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
		509	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
		510	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
		511	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
		512	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.
		513
		514	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding
		515	anymore.
		516
		517	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
		518	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
		519	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
		520	... jobs done. yeah!
229		521
230	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	522	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
231		523
232	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early. The C<how> argument	524	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
		525	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
233	must be either C<EVUNLOOP_ONCE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop>	526	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
234	call return, or C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop>	527	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
235	calls return.
236		528
237	=item ev_ref (loop)	529	=item ev_ref (loop)
238		530
239	=item ev_unref (loop)	531	=item ev_unref (loop)
240		532
241	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a refcount on the event loop: Every	533	Ref/unref can be used to add or remove a reference count on the event
242	watcher keeps one reference. If you have a long-runing watcher you never	534	loop: Every watcher keeps one reference, and as long as the reference
243	unregister that should not keep ev_loop from running, ev_unref() after	535	count is nonzero, C<ev_loop> will not return on its own. If you have
244	starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. Libev itself uses this for	536	a watcher you never unregister that should not keep C<ev_loop> from
245	example for its internal signal pipe: It is not visible to you as a user	537	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
246	and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if the work is done. It is	538	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
247	also an excellent way to do this for generic recurring timers or from	539	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
248	within third-party libraries. Just remember to unref after start and ref	540	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
249	before stop.	541	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
		542	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.
		543
		544	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
		545	running when nothing else is active.
		546
		547	struct ev_signal exitsig;
		548	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
		549	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
		550	evf_unref (loop);
		551
		552	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
		553
		554	ev_ref (loop);
		555	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
250		556
251	=back	557	=back
		558
252		559
253	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	560	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
254		561
255	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	562	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
256	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	563	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
257	become readable, you would create an ev_io watcher for that:	564	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
258		565
259	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	566	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
260	{	567	{
261	ev_io_stop (w);	568	ev_io_stop (w);
262	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	569	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
…		…
289	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the	596	*) >>), and you can stop watching for events at any time by calling the
290	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.	597	corresponding stop function (C<< ev_<type>_stop (loop, watcher *) >>.
291		598
292	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you	599	As long as your watcher is active (has been started but not stopped) you
293	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never	600	must not touch the values stored in it. Most specifically you must never
294	reinitialise it or call its set method.	601	reinitialise it or call its C<set> macro.
295
296	You cna check wether an event is active by calling the C<ev_is_active
297	(watcher *)> macro. To see wether an event is outstanding (but the
298	callback for it has not been called yet) you cna use the C<ev_is_pending
299	(watcher *)> macro.
300		602
301	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the	603	Each and every callback receives the event loop pointer as first, the
302	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as	604	registered watcher structure as second, and a bitset of received events as
303	third argument.	605	third argument.
304		606
305	The rceeived events usually include a single bit per event type received	607	The received events usually include a single bit per event type received
306	(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks	608	(you can receive multiple events at the same time). The possible bit masks
307	are:	609	are:
308		610
309	=over 4	611	=over 4
310		612
311	=item EV_READ	613	=item C<EV_READ>
312		614
313	=item EV_WRITE	615	=item C<EV_WRITE>
314		616
315	The file descriptor in the ev_io watcher has become readable and/or	617	The file descriptor in the C<ev_io> watcher has become readable and/or
316	writable.	618	writable.
317		619
318	=item EV_TIMEOUT	620	=item C<EV_TIMEOUT>
319		621
320	The ev_timer watcher has timed out.	622	The C<ev_timer> watcher has timed out.
321		623
322	=item EV_PERIODIC	624	=item C<EV_PERIODIC>
323		625
324	The ev_periodic watcher has timed out.	626	The C<ev_periodic> watcher has timed out.
325		627
326	=item EV_SIGNAL	628	=item C<EV_SIGNAL>
327		629
328	The signal specified in the ev_signal watcher has been received by a thread.	630	The signal specified in the C<ev_signal> watcher has been received by a thread.
329		631
330	=item EV_CHILD	632	=item C<EV_CHILD>
331		633
332	The pid specified in the ev_child watcher has received a status change.	634	The pid specified in the C<ev_child> watcher has received a status change.
333		635
		636	=item C<EV_STAT>
		637
		638	The path specified in the C<ev_stat> watcher changed its attributes somehow.
		639
334	=item EV_IDLE	640	=item C<EV_IDLE>
335		641
336	The ev_idle watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.	642	The C<ev_idle> watcher has determined that you have nothing better to do.
337		643
338	=item EV_PREPARE	644	=item C<EV_PREPARE>
339		645
340	=item EV_CHECK	646	=item C<EV_CHECK>
341		647
342	All ev_prepare watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts	648	All C<ev_prepare> watchers are invoked just I<before> C<ev_loop> starts
343	to gather new events, and all ev_check watchers are invoked just after	649	to gather new events, and all C<ev_check> watchers are invoked just after
344	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any	650	C<ev_loop> has gathered them, but before it invokes any callbacks for any
345	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as	651	received events. Callbacks of both watcher types can start and stop as
346	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account	652	many watchers as they want, and all of them will be taken into account
347	(for example, a ev_prepare watcher might start an idle watcher to keep	653	(for example, a C<ev_prepare> watcher might start an idle watcher to keep
348	C<ev_loop> from blocking).	654	C<ev_loop> from blocking).
349		655
		656	=item C<EV_EMBED>
		657
		658	The embedded event loop specified in the C<ev_embed> watcher needs attention.
		659
		660	=item C<EV_FORK>
		661
		662	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
		663	C<ev_fork>).
		664
350	=item EV_ERROR	665	=item C<EV_ERROR>
351		666
352	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	667	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might
353	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	668	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
354	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	669	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
355	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	670	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
…		…
361	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	676	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded
362	programs, though, so beware.	677	programs, though, so beware.
363		678
364	=back	679	=back
365		680
		681	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
		682
		683	In the following description, C<TYPE> stands for the watcher type,
		684	e.g. C<timer> for C<ev_timer> watchers and C<io> for C<ev_io> watchers.
		685
		686	=over 4
		687
		688	=item C<ev_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		689
		690	This macro initialises the generic portion of a watcher. The contents
		691	of the watcher object can be arbitrary (so C<malloc> will do). Only
		692	the generic parts of the watcher are initialised, you I<need> to call
		693	the type-specific C<ev_TYPE_set> macro afterwards to initialise the
		694	type-specific parts. For each type there is also a C<ev_TYPE_init> macro
		695	which rolls both calls into one.
		696
		697	You can reinitialise a watcher at any time as long as it has been stopped
		698	(or never started) and there are no pending events outstanding.
		699
		700	The callback is always of type C<void (*)(ev_loop *loop, ev_TYPE *watcher,
		701	int revents)>.
		702
		703	=item C<ev_TYPE_set> (ev_TYPE *, [args])
		704
		705	This macro initialises the type-specific parts of a watcher. You need to
		706	call C<ev_init> at least once before you call this macro, but you can
		707	call C<ev_TYPE_set> any number of times. You must not, however, call this
		708	macro on a watcher that is active (it can be pending, however, which is a
		709	difference to the C<ev_init> macro).
		710
		711	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
		712	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
		713
		714	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
		715
		716	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
		717	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise
		718	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
		719
		720	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		721
		722	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
		723	events. If the watcher is already active nothing will happen.
		724
		725	=item C<ev_TYPE_stop> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		726
		727	Stops the given watcher again (if active) and clears the pending
		728	status. It is possible that stopped watchers are pending (for example,
		729	non-repeating timers are being stopped when they become pending), but
		730	C<ev_TYPE_stop> ensures that the watcher is neither active nor pending. If
		731	you want to free or reuse the memory used by the watcher it is therefore a
		732	good idea to always call its C<ev_TYPE_stop> function.
		733
		734	=item bool ev_is_active (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		735
		736	Returns a true value iff the watcher is active (i.e. it has been started
		737	and not yet been stopped). As long as a watcher is active you must not modify
		738	it.
		739
		740	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		741
		742	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
		743	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
		744	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
		745	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
		746	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		747	it).
		748
		749	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		750
		751	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
		752
		753	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
		754
		755	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
		756	(modulo threads).
		757
		758	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		759
		760	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		761
		762	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		763	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		764	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		765	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		766	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		767
		768	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		769	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		770	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		771	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		772
		773	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		774	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		775
		776	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		777	pending.
		778
		779	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		780	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		781
		782	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		783	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		784	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		785
		786	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		787
		788	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		789	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		790	can deal with that fact.
		791
		792	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		793
		794	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		795	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		796	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
		797
		798	=back
		799
		800
366	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	801	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
367		802
368	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change	803	Each watcher has, by default, a member C<void *data> that you can change
369	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This cna be used	804	and read at any time, libev will completely ignore it. This can be used
370	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	805	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
371	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	806	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
372	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	807	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
373	data:	808	data:
374		809
…		…
387	{	822	{
388	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	823	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
389	...	824	...
390	}	825	}
391		826
392	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of catsing your callback type	827	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
393	have been omitted....	828	instead have been omitted.
		829
		830	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple
		831	watchers:
		832
		833	struct my_biggy
		834	{
		835	int some_data;
		836	ev_timer t1;
		837	ev_timer t2;
		838	}
		839
		840	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,
		841	you need to use C<offsetof>:
		842
		843	#include <stddef.h>
		844
		845	static void
		846	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		847	{
		848	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		849	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
		850	}
		851
		852	static void
		853	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		854	{
		855	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
		856	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
		857	}
394		858
395		859
396	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	860	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
397		861
398	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	862	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
399	information given in the last section.	863	information given in the last section. Any initialisation/set macros,
		864	functions and members specific to the watcher type are explained.
400		865
		866	Members are additionally marked with either I<[read-only]>, meaning that,
		867	while the watcher is active, you can look at the member and expect some
		868	sensible content, but you must not modify it (you can modify it while the
		869	watcher is stopped to your hearts content), or I<[read-write]>, which
		870	means you can expect it to have some sensible content while the watcher
		871	is active, but you can also modify it. Modifying it may not do something
		872	sensible or take immediate effect (or do anything at all), but libev will
		873	not crash or malfunction in any way.
		874
		875
401	=head2 struct ev_io - is my file descriptor readable or writable	876	=head2 C<ev_io> - is this file descriptor readable or writable?
402		877
403	I/O watchers check wether a file descriptor is readable or writable	878	I/O watchers check whether a file descriptor is readable or writable
404	in each iteration of the event loop (This behaviour is called	879	in each iteration of the event loop, or, more precisely, when reading
405	level-triggering because you keep receiving events as long as the	880	would not block the process and writing would at least be able to write
406	condition persists. Remember you cna stop the watcher if you don't want to	881	some data. This behaviour is called level-triggering because you keep
407	act on the event and neither want to receive future events).	882	receiving events as long as the condition persists. Remember you can stop
		883	the watcher if you don't want to act on the event and neither want to
		884	receive future events.
		885
		886	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
		887	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
		888	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
		889	required if you know what you are doing).
		890
		891	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
		892	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
		893	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
		894	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
		895	the same underlying "file open").
		896
		897	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
		898	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
		899	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
		900
		901	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
		902	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might
		903	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
		904	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
		905	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
		906	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
		907	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
		908	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
		909
		910	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
		911	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
		912	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
		913	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
		914	its own, so its quite safe to use).
		915
		916	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		917
		918	Some backends (e.g kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		919	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		920	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		921	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		922	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		923	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		924	fact, a different file descriptor.
		925
		926	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		927	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		928	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		929	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		930	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		931	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		932
		933	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		934	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		935	optimisations to libev.
		936
		937
		938	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
408		939
409	=over 4	940	=over 4
410		941
411	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	942	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
412		943
413	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	944	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
414		945
415	Configures an ev_io watcher. The fd is the file descriptor to rceeive	946	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
416	events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_READ |	947	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
417	EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	948	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
		949
		950	=item int fd [read-only]
		951
		952	The file descriptor being watched.
		953
		954	=item int events [read-only]
		955
		956	The events being watched.
418		957
419	=back	958	=back
420		959
		960	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
		961	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
		962	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
		963
		964	static void
		965	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		966	{
		967	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
		968	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
		969	}
		970
		971	...
		972	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		973	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
		974	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
		975	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
		976	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		977
		978
421	=head2 struct ev_timer - relative and optionally recurring timeouts	979	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
422		980
423	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	981	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
424	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	982	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
425		983
426	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	984	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
427	times out after an hour and youreset your system clock to last years	985	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years
428	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	986	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
429	detecting time jumps is hard, and soem inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	987	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
430	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	988	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		989
		990	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
		991	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
		992	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
		993	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout
		994	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
		995
		996	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
		997
		998	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,
		999	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
		1000	order of execution is undefined.
		1001
		1002	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
431		1003
432	=over 4	1004	=over 4
433		1005
434	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1006	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
435		1007
…		…
441	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1013	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.
442		1014
443	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1015	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you
444	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1016	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at
445	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1017	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with
446	the timer (ecause it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1018	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the
447	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1019	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
448		1020
449	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1021	=item ev_timer_again (loop)
450		1022
451	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1023	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
452	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1024	repeating. The exact semantics are:
453		1025
		1026	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		1027
454	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	1028	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
455		1029
456	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1030	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
457	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1031	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
458		1032
459	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1033	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
460	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1034	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
461	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1035	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
462	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1036	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
463	configure an ev_timer with after=repeat=60 and calling ev_timer_again each	1037	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
464	time you successfully read or write some data. If you go into an idle	1038	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
465	state where you do not expect data to travel on the socket, you can stop	1039	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
466	the timer, and again will automatically restart it if need be.	1040	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
		1041	automatically restart it if need be.
		1042
		1043	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
		1044	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
		1045
		1046	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
		1047	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1048	...
		1049	timer->again = 17.;
		1050	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1051	...
		1052	timer->again = 10.;
		1053	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
		1054
		1055	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
		1056	you want to modify its timeout value.
		1057
		1058	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
		1059
		1060	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
		1061	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
		1062	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
467		1063
468	=back	1064	=back
469		1065
470	=head2 ev_periodic	1066	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
		1067
		1068	static void
		1069	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1070	{
		1071	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
		1072	}
		1073
		1074	struct ev_timer mytimer;
		1075	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
		1076	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
		1077
		1078	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
		1079	inactivity.
		1080
		1081	static void
		1082	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1083	{
		1084	.. ten seconds without any activity
		1085	}
		1086
		1087	struct ev_timer mytimer;
		1088	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
		1089	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
		1090	ev_loop (loop, 0);
		1091
		1092	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
		1093	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
		1094	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
		1095
		1096
		1097	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
471		1098
472	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1099	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
473	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1100	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
474		1101
475	Unlike ev_timer's, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1102	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
476	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1103	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
477	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1104	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
478	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. c<ev_now ()	1105	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()
479	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1106	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
480	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an ev_timer, which would trigger	1107	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger
481	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1108	roughly 10 seconds later).
482	again).
483		1109
484	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1110	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
485	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1111	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,
		1112	rules.
		1113
		1114	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
		1115	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
		1116	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
		1117
		1118	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
486		1119
487	=over 4	1120	=over 4
488		1121
489	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1122	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
490		1123
491	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1124	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
492		1125
493	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1126	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
494	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1127	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
495		1128
496
497	=over 4	1129	=over 4
498		1130
499	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1131	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
500		1132
501	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1133	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
502	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1134	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
503	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1135	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
504	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1136	system time reaches or surpasses this time.
505		1137
506	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1138	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
507		1139
508	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1140	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
509	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1141	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
510	of any time jumps.	1142	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
511		1143
512	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1144	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
513	time:	1145	time:
514		1146
515	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1147	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
516		1148
517	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1149	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
518	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1150	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a
519	full hour (UTC), or more correct, when the system time is evenly divisible	1151	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
520	by 3600.	1152	by 3600.
521		1153
522	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1154	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
523	ev_periodic will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1155	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
524	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1156	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
525		1157
		1158	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1159	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1160	this value.
		1161
526	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1162	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
527		1163
528	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1164	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
529	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1165	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
530	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1166	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
531	current time as second argument.	1167	current time as second argument.
532		1168
533	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy the periodic or any other	1169	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
534	periodic watcher, ever, or make any event loop modificstions>. If you need	1170	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,
535	to stop it, return 1e30 (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards.	1171	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
		1172	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
536		1173
537	Its prototype is c<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1174	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,
538	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1175	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
539		1176
540	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1177	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
541	{	1178	{
542	return now + 60.;	1179	return now + 60.;
…		…
545	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1182	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
546	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1183	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
547	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1184	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
548	might be called at other times, too.	1185	might be called at other times, too.
549		1186
		1187	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the
		1188	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.
		1189
550	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1190	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
551	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1191	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the
552	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How you do this	1192	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
553	is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial).	1193	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
		1194	reason I omitted it as an example).
554		1195
555	=back	1196	=back
556		1197
557	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)	1198	=item ev_periodic_again (loop, ev_periodic *)
558		1199
559	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1200	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
560	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1201	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
561	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1202	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
562	program when the crontabs have changed).	1203	program when the crontabs have changed).
563		1204
		1205	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1206
		1207	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1208	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1209
		1210	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1211	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1212
		1213	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
		1214
		1215	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
		1216	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
		1217	called.
		1218
		1219	=item ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
		1220
		1221	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
		1222	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
		1223	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1224
564	=back	1225	=back
565		1226
		1227	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
		1228	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
		1229	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.
		1230
		1231	static void
		1232	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
		1233	{
		1234	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
		1235	}
		1236
		1237	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
		1238	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
		1239	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
		1240
		1241	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
		1242
		1243	#include <math.h>
		1244
		1245	static ev_tstamp
		1246	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
		1247	{
		1248	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
		1249	}
		1250
		1251	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
		1252
		1253	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
		1254
		1255	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
		1256	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
		1257	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
		1258	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
		1259
		1260
566	=head2 ev_signal - signal me when a signal gets signalled	1261	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
567		1262
568	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1263	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
569	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev	1264	signal one or more times. Even though signals are very asynchronous, libev
570	will try its best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the	1265	will try it's best to deliver signals synchronously, i.e. as part of the
571	normal event processing, like any other event.	1266	normal event processing, like any other event.
572		1267
573	You cna configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the	1268	You can configure as many watchers as you like per signal. Only when the
574	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher	1269	first watcher gets started will libev actually register a signal watcher
575	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1270	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
576	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1271	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
577	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1272	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
578	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1273	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
579		1274
		1275	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1276
580	=over 4	1277	=over 4
581		1278
582	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1279	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
583		1280
584	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1281	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
585		1282
586	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one	1283	Configures the watcher to trigger on the given signal number (usually one
587	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).	1284	of the C<SIGxxx> constants).
588		1285
		1286	=item int signum [read-only]
		1287
		1288	The signal the watcher watches out for.
		1289
589	=back	1290	=back
590		1291
		1292
591	=head2 ev_child - wait for pid status changes	1293	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
592		1294
593	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1295	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
594	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1296	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).
		1297
		1298	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
595		1299
596	=over 4	1300	=over 4
597		1301
598	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1302	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)
599		1303
600	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1304	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)
601		1305
602	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1306	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
603	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1307	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
604	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1308	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
605	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h>). The C<rpid> member	1309	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
606	contains the pid of the process causing the status change.	1310	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
		1311	process causing the status change.
		1312
		1313	=item int pid [read-only]
		1314
		1315	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
		1316
		1317	=item int rpid [read-write]
		1318
		1319	The process id that detected a status change.
		1320
		1321	=item int rstatus [read-write]
		1322
		1323	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
		1324	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
607		1325
608	=back	1326	=back
609		1327
		1328	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1329
		1330	static void
		1331	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1332	{
		1333	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1334	}
		1335
		1336	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1337	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1338	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1339
		1340
		1341	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
		1342
		1343	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
		1344	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
		1345	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
		1346
		1347	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
		1348	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
		1349	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
		1350	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
		1351	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
		1352
		1353	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
		1354	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
		1355
		1356	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
		1357	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
		1358	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
		1359	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,
		1360	unspecified default> value will be used (which you can expect to be around
		1361	five seconds, although this might change dynamically). Libev will also
		1362	impose a minimum interval which is currently around C<0.1>, but thats
		1363	usually overkill.
		1364
		1365	This watcher type is not meant for massive numbers of stat watchers,
		1366	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
		1367	resource-intensive.
		1368
		1369	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
		1370	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1371	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
		1372	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
		1373	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
		1374	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
		1375	polling.
		1376
		1377	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1378
		1379	=over 4
		1380
		1381	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat *, callback, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
		1382
		1383	=item ev_stat_set (ev_stat *, const char *path, ev_tstamp interval)
		1384
		1385	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of the given
		1386	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
		1387	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
		1388	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
		1389	path for as long as the watcher is active.
		1390
		1391	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,
		1392	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the
		1393	last change was detected).
		1394
		1395	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)
		1396
		1397	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
		1398	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid
		1399	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be
		1400	useful simply to find out the new values.
		1401
		1402	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
		1403
		1404	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of
		1405	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
		1406	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there
		1407	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.
		1408
		1409	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
		1410
		1411	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
		1412	C<prev> != C<attr>.
		1413
		1414	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
		1415
		1416	The specified interval.
		1417
		1418	=item const char *path [read-only]
		1419
		1420	The filesystem path that is being watched.
		1421
		1422	=back
		1423
		1424	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
		1425
		1426	static void
		1427	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1428	{
		1429	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
		1430	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
		1431	{
		1432	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
		1433	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1434	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
		1435	}
		1436	else
		1437	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
		1438	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
		1439	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
		1440	}
		1441
		1442	...
		1443	ev_stat passwd;
		1444
		1445	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");
		1446	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1447
		1448
610	=head2 ev_idle - when you've got nothing better to do	1449	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
611		1450
612	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other I/O or timer (or	1451	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
613	periodic) events pending. That is, as long as your process is busy	1452	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
614	handling sockets or timeouts it will not be called. But when your process	1453	count).
615	is idle all idle watchers are being called again and again - until	1454
		1455	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		1456	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1457	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1458	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
616	stopped, that is, or your process receives more events.	1459	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
		1460	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
617		1461
618	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1462	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
619	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1463	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
620		1464
621	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1465	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
622	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1466	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
623	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1467	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
624	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1468	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
625		1469
		1470	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1471
626	=over 4	1472	=over 4
627		1473
628	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1474	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
629		1475
630	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any	1476	Initialises and configures the idle watcher - it has no parameters of any
631	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1477	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
632	believe me.	1478	believe me.
633		1479
634	=back	1480	=back
635		1481
636	=head2 prepare and check - your hooks into the event loop	1482	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
		1483	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
637		1484
		1485	static void
		1486	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
		1487	{
		1488	free (w);
		1489	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
		1490	// no longer asnything immediate to do.
		1491	}
		1492
		1493	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
		1494	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
		1495	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
		1496
		1497
		1498	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
		1499
638	Prepare and check watchers usually (but not always) are used in	1500	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
639	tandom. Prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check	1501	prepare watchers get invoked before the process blocks and check watchers
640	watchers afterwards.	1502	afterwards.
641		1503
		1504	You I<must not> call C<ev_loop> or similar functions that enter
		1505	the current event loop from either C<ev_prepare> or C<ev_check>
		1506	watchers. Other loops than the current one are fine, however. The
		1507	rationale behind this is that you do not need to check for recursion in
		1508	those watchers, i.e. the sequence will always be C<ev_prepare>, blocking,
		1509	C<ev_check> so if you have one watcher of each kind they will always be
		1510	called in pairs bracketing the blocking call.
		1511
642	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev. This	1512	Their main purpose is to integrate other event mechanisms into libev and
643	could be used, for example, to track variable changes, implement your own	1513	their use is somewhat advanced. This could be used, for example, to track
644	watchers, integrate net-snmp or a coroutine library and lots more.	1514	variable changes, implement your own watchers, integrate net-snmp or a
		1515	coroutine library and lots more. They are also occasionally useful if
		1516	you cache some data and want to flush it before blocking (for example,
		1517	in X programs you might want to do an C<XFlush ()> in an C<ev_prepare>
		1518	watcher).
645		1519
646	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1520	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
647	to be watched by the other library, registering ev_io watchers for them	1521	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
648	and starting an ev_timer watcher for any timeouts (many libraries provide	1522	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
649	just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for any	1523	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
650	events that occured (by making your callbacks set soem flags for example)	1524	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers
651	and call back into the library.	1525	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
		1526	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
		1527	because you never know, you know?).
652		1528
653	As another example, the perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1529	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
654	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines	1530	coroutines into libev programs, by yielding to other active coroutines
655	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines	1531	during each prepare and only letting the process block if no coroutines
656	are ready to run.	1532	are ready to run (it's actually more complicated: it only runs coroutines
		1533	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
		1534	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
		1535	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
		1536	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
		1537
		1538	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1539	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1540	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1541	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1542	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers did
		1543	their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other event
		1544	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		1545	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		1546	others).
		1547
		1548	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
657		1549
658	=over 4	1550	=over 4
659		1551
660	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1552	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
661		1553
662	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1554	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
663		1555
664	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no	1556	Initialises and configures the prepare or check watcher - they have no
665	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1557	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
666	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly pointless.	1558	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
667		1559
668	=back	1560	=back
669		1561
		1562	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
		1563	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1564	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1565	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>
		1566	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV
		1567	into the Glib event loop).
		1568
		1569	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
		1570	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
		1571	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1572	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1573	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
		1574
		1575	static ev_io iow [nfd];
		1576	static ev_timer tw;
		1577
		1578	static void
		1579	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
		1580	{
		1581	}
		1582
		1583	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
		1584	static void
		1585	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
		1586	{
		1587	int timeout = 3600000;
		1588	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
		1589	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
		1590	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
		1591
		1592	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
		1593	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
		1594	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
		1595
		1596	// create one ev_io per pollfd
		1597	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1598	{
		1599	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
		1600	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
		1601	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
		1602
		1603	fds [i].revents = 0;
		1604	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
		1605	}
		1606	}
		1607
		1608	// stop all watchers after blocking
		1609	static void
		1610	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
		1611	{
		1612	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
		1613
		1614	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1615	{
		1616	// set the relevant poll flags
		1617	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1618	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1619	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1620	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1621	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		1622
		1623	// now stop the watcher
		1624	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		1625	}
		1626
		1627	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
		1628	}
		1629
		1630	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		1631	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		1632
		1633	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		1634	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		1635	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		1636
		1637	static void
		1638	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1639	{
		1640	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1641	update_now (EV_A);
		1642
		1643	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		1644	}
		1645
		1646	static void
		1647	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1648	{
		1649	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1650	update_now (EV_A);
		1651
		1652	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1653	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1654	}
		1655
		1656	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		1657
		1658	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		1659	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
		1660	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		1661	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		1662	this.
		1663
		1664	static gint
		1665	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		1666	{
		1667	int got_events = 0;
		1668
		1669	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1670	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		1671
		1672	if (timeout >= 0)
		1673	// create/start timer
		1674
		1675	// poll
		1676	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		1677
		1678	// stop timer again
		1679	if (timeout >= 0)
		1680	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		1681
		1682	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		1683	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1684	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		1685
		1686	return got_events;
		1687	}
		1688
		1689
		1690	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
		1691
		1692	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
		1693	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded
		1694	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
		1695	fashion and must not be used).
		1696
		1697	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and
		1698	prioritise I/O.
		1699
		1700	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
		1701	sockets on some platform, so it is unusable as generic backend, but you
		1702	still want to make use of it because you have many sockets and it scales
		1703	so nicely. In this case, you would create a kqueue-based loop and embed it
		1704	into your default loop (which might use e.g. poll). Overall operation will
		1705	be a bit slower because first libev has to poll and then call kevent, but
		1706	at least you can use both at what they are best.
		1707
		1708	As for prioritising I/O: rarely you have the case where some fds have
		1709	to be watched and handled very quickly (with low latency), and even
		1710	priorities and idle watchers might have too much overhead. In this case
		1711	you would put all the high priority stuff in one loop and all the rest in
		1712	a second one, and embed the second one in the first.
		1713
		1714	As long as the watcher is active, the callback will be invoked every time
		1715	there might be events pending in the embedded loop. The callback must then
		1716	call C<ev_embed_sweep (mainloop, watcher)> to make a single sweep and invoke
		1717	their callbacks (you could also start an idle watcher to give the embedded
		1718	loop strictly lower priority for example). You can also set the callback
		1719	to C<0>, in which case the embed watcher will automatically execute the
		1720	embedded loop sweep.
		1721
		1722	As long as the watcher is started it will automatically handle events. The
		1723	callback will be invoked whenever some events have been handled. You can
		1724	set the callback to C<0> to avoid having to specify one if you are not
		1725	interested in that.
		1726
		1727	Also, there have not currently been made special provisions for forking:
		1728	when you fork, you not only have to call C<ev_loop_fork> on both loops,
		1729	but you will also have to stop and restart any C<ev_embed> watchers
		1730	yourself.
		1731
		1732	Unfortunately, not all backends are embeddable, only the ones returned by
		1733	C<ev_embeddable_backends> are, which, unfortunately, does not include any
		1734	portable one.
		1735
		1736	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
		1737	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
		1738	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
		1739	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:
		1740
		1741	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		1742	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		1743	struct ev_embed embed;
		1744
		1745	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		1746	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		1747	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		1748	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		1749	: 0;
		1750
		1751	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		1752	if (loop_lo)
		1753	{
		1754	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		1755	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		1756	}
		1757	else
		1758	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		1759
		1760	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1761
		1762	=over 4
		1763
		1764	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
		1765
		1766	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed *, callback, struct ev_loop *embedded_loop)
		1767
		1768	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
		1769	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
		1770	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
		1771	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
		1772	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
		1773
		1774	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
		1775
		1776	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
		1777	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
		1778	apropriate way for embedded loops.
		1779
		1780	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]
		1781
		1782	The embedded event loop.
		1783
		1784	=back
		1785
		1786
		1787	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
		1788
		1789	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
		1790	whoever is a good citizen cared to tell libev about it by calling
		1791	C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork>). The invocation is done before the
		1792	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
		1793	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
		1794	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
		1795	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
		1796
		1797	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1798
		1799	=over 4
		1800
		1801	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
		1802
		1803	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
		1804	kind. There is a C<ev_fork_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		1805	believe me.
		1806
		1807	=back
		1808
		1809
670	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	1810	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
671		1811
672	There are some other fucntions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	1812	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
673		1813
674	=over 4	1814	=over 4
675		1815
676	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)	1816	=item ev_once (loop, int fd, int events, ev_tstamp timeout, callback)
677		1817
678	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your	1818	This function combines a simple timer and an I/O watcher, calls your
679	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both	1819	callback on whichever event happens first and automatically stop both
680	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd	1820	watchers. This is useful if you want to wait for a single event on an fd
681	or timeout without havign to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	1821	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
682	more watchers yourself.	1822	more watchers yourself.
683		1823
684	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events is	1824	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
685	ignored. Otherwise, an ev_io watcher for the given C<fd> and C<events> set	1825	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
686	will be craeted and started.	1826	C<events> set will be craeted and started.
687		1827
688	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	1828	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
689	started. Otherwise an ev_timer watcher with after = C<timeout> (and repeat	1829	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
690	= 0) will be started.	1830	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
		1831	dubious value.
691		1832
692	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and	1833	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
693	gets passed an events set (normally a combination of EV_ERROR, EV_READ,	1834	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
694	EV_WRITE or EV_TIMEOUT) and the C<arg> value passed to C<ev_once>:	1835	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
		1836	value passed to C<ev_once>:
695		1837
696	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	1838	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
697	{	1839	{
698	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	1840	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
699	/* doh, nothing entered */	1841	/* doh, nothing entered */;
700	else if (revents & EV_READ)	1842	else if (revents & EV_READ)
701	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */	1843	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
702	}	1844	}
703		1845
704	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READm 10., stdin_ready, 0);	1846	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
705		1847
706	=item ev_feed_event (loop, watcher, int events)	1848	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
707		1849
708	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	1850	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
709	has happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	1851	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
710	initialised but not necessarily active event watcher).	1852	initialised but not necessarily started event watcher).
711		1853
712	=item ev_feed_fd_event (loop, int fd, int revents)	1854	=item ev_feed_fd_event (ev_loop *, int fd, int revents)
713		1855
714	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected it.	1856	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
		1857	the given events it.
715		1858
716	=item ev_feed_signal_event (loop, int signum)	1859	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
717		1860
718	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (loop must be the default loop!).	1861	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default
		1862	loop!).
719		1863
720	=back	1864	=back
721		1865
		1866
		1867	=head1 LIBEVENT EMULATION
		1868
		1869	Libev offers a compatibility emulation layer for libevent. It cannot
		1870	emulate the internals of libevent, so here are some usage hints:
		1871
		1872	=over 4
		1873
		1874	=item * Use it by including <event.h>, as usual.
		1875
		1876	=item * The following members are fully supported: ev_base, ev_callback,
		1877	ev_arg, ev_fd, ev_res, ev_events.
		1878
		1879	=item * Avoid using ev_flags and the EVLIST_*-macros, while it is
		1880	maintained by libev, it does not work exactly the same way as in libevent (consider
		1881	it a private API).
		1882
		1883	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
		1884	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
		1885	is an ev_pri field.
		1886
		1887	=item * Other members are not supported.
		1888
		1889	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
		1890	to use the libev header file and library.
		1891
		1892	=back
		1893
		1894	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
		1895
		1896	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
		1897	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
		1898	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
		1899
		1900	To use it,
		1901
		1902	#include <ev++.h>
		1903
		1904	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
		1905	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
		1906	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		1907	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
		1908
		1909	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
		1910	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		1911	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		1912	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		1913
		1914	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		1915	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		1916	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		1917	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		1918	it).
		1919
		1920	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
		1921
		1922	=over 4
		1923
		1924	=item C<ev::READ>, C<ev::WRITE> etc.
		1925
		1926	These are just enum values with the same values as the C<EV_READ> etc.
		1927	macros from F<ev.h>.
		1928
		1929	=item C<ev::tstamp>, C<ev::now>
		1930
		1931	Aliases to the same types/functions as with the C<ev_> prefix.
		1932
		1933	=item C<ev::io>, C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic>, C<ev::idle>, C<ev::sig> etc.
		1934
		1935	For each C<ev_TYPE> watcher in F<ev.h> there is a corresponding class of
		1936	the same name in the C<ev> namespace, with the exception of C<ev_signal>
		1937	which is called C<ev::sig> to avoid clashes with the C<signal> macro
		1938	defines by many implementations.
		1939
		1940	All of those classes have these methods:
		1941
		1942	=over 4
		1943
		1944	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
		1945
		1946	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
		1947
		1948	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
		1949
		1950	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
		1951	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
		1952
		1953	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
		1954	C<set> method before starting it.
		1955
		1956	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		1957	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		1958
		1959	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		1960	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
		1961
		1962	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		1963
		1964	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		1965
		1966	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		1967	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		1968	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		1969	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		1970
		1971	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		1972	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		1973	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		1974	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		1975	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		1976
		1977	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		1978
		1979	struct myclass
		1980	{
		1981	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		1982	}
		1983
		1984	myclass obj;
		1985	ev::io iow;
		1986	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		1987
		1988	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		1989
		1990	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		1991	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		1992	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		1993
		1994	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		1995
		1996	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		1997
		1998	Example:
		1999
		2000	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2001	iow.set <io_cb> ();
		2002
		2003	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
		2004
		2005	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
		2006	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
		2007
		2008	=item w->set ([args])
		2009
		2010	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be
		2011	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
		2012	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2013	method.
		2014
		2015	=item w->start ()
		2016
		2017	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
		2018	constructor already stores the event loop.
		2019
		2020	=item w->stop ()
		2021
		2022	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
		2023
		2024	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only
		2025
		2026	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
		2027	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
		2028
		2029	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only
		2030
		2031	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
		2032
		2033	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only
		2034
		2035	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
		2036
		2037	=back
		2038
		2039	=back
		2040
		2041	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
		2042	the constructor.
		2043
		2044	class myclass
		2045	{
		2046	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
		2047	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
		2048
		2049	myclass ();
		2050	}
		2051
		2052	myclass::myclass (int fd)
		2053	{
		2054	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2055	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		2056
		2057	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2058	}
		2059
		2060
		2061	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
		2062
		2063	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is
		2064	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most) functions and
		2065	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
		2066
		2067	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
		2068	following macros are defined:
		2069
		2070	=over 4
		2071
		2072	=item C<EV_A>, C<EV_A_>
		2073
		2074	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2075	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
		2076	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
		2077
		2078	ev_unref (EV_A);
		2079	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
		2080	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		2081
		2082	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
		2083	which is often provided by the following macro.
		2084
		2085	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
		2086
		2087	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
		2088	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
		2089	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
		2090
		2091	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
		2092	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
		2093
		2094	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
		2095	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2096
		2097	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
		2098	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
		2099
		2100	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
		2101
		2102	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
		2103	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2104
		2105	=back
		2106
		2107	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
		2108	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2109	or not.
		2110
		2111	static void
		2112	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		2113	{
		2114	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
		2115	}
		2116
		2117	ev_check check;
		2118	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
		2119	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
		2120	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
		2121
		2122	=head1 EMBEDDING
		2123
		2124	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
		2125	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
		2126	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
		2127	and rxvt-unicode.
		2128
		2129	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your
		2130	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
		2131	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
		2132	libev somewhere in your source tree).
		2133
		2134	=head2 FILESETS
		2135
		2136	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
		2137	in your app.
		2138
		2139	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
		2140
		2141	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
		2142	configuration (no autoconf):
		2143
		2144	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2145	#include "ev.c"
		2146
		2147	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
		2148	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
		2149	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
		2150	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
		2151	where you can put other configuration options):
		2152
		2153	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
		2154	#include "ev.h"
		2155
		2156	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
		2157	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
		2158	as a bug).
		2159
		2160	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
		2161	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
		2162
		2163	ev.h
		2164	ev.c
		2165	ev_vars.h
		2166	ev_wrap.h
		2167
		2168	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
		2169
		2170	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
		2171	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2172	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2173	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2174	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
		2175
		2176	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
		2177	to compile this single file.
		2178
		2179	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
		2180
		2181	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
		2182
		2183	#include "event.c"
		2184
		2185	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
		2186
		2187	#include "event.h"
		2188
		2189	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
		2190
		2191	You need the following additional files for this:
		2192
		2193	event.h
		2194	event.c
		2195
		2196	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
		2197
		2198	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in
		2199	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
		2200	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
		2201	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
		2202
		2203	For this of course you need the m4 file:
		2204
		2205	libev.m4
		2206
		2207	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
		2208
		2209	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define
		2210	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity
		2211	and only include the select backend.
		2212
		2213	=over 4
		2214
		2215	=item EV_STANDALONE
		2216
		2217	Must always be C<1> if you do not use autoconf configuration, which
		2218	keeps libev from including F<config.h>, and it also defines dummy
		2219	implementations for some libevent functions (such as logging, which is not
		2220	supported). It will also not define any of the structs usually found in
		2221	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
		2222
		2223	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
		2224
		2225	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2226	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
		2227	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
		2228	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
		2229	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have
		2230	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
		2231	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
		2232
		2233	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
		2234
		2235	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
		2236	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
		2237	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
		2238	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
		2239	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries
		2240	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
		2241
		2242	=item EV_USE_SELECT
		2243
		2244	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
		2245	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
		2246	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
		2247	will not be compiled in.
		2248
		2249	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
		2250
		2251	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
		2252	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
		2253	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on
		2254	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
		2255	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
		2256	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
		2257	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
		2258
		2259	=item EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET
		2260
		2261	When defined to C<1>, the select backend will assume that
		2262	select/socket/connect etc. don't understand file descriptors but
		2263	wants osf handles on win32 (this is the case when the select to
		2264	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
		2265	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
		2266	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
		2267	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
		2268
		2269	=item EV_USE_POLL
		2270
		2271	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
		2272	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
		2273	takes precedence over select.
		2274
		2275	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
		2276
		2277	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
		2278	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2279	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the
		2280	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.
		2281
		2282	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
		2283
		2284	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
		2285	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
		2286	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2287	backend for BSD and BSD-like systems, although on most BSDs kqueue only
		2288	supports some types of fds correctly (the only platform we found that
		2289	supports ptys for example was NetBSD), so kqueue might be compiled in, but
		2290	not be used unless explicitly requested. The best way to use it is to find
		2291	out whether kqueue supports your type of fd properly and use an embedded
		2292	kqueue loop.
		2293
		2294	=item EV_USE_PORT
		2295
		2296	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Solaris
		2297	10 port style backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
		2298	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
		2299	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
		2300
		2301	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
		2302
		2303	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
		2304
		2305	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
		2306
		2307	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
		2308	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
		2309	be detected at runtime.
		2310
		2311	=item EV_H
		2312
		2313	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
		2314	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This
		2315	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
		2316
		2317	=item EV_CONFIG_H
		2318
		2319	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
		2320	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
		2321	C<EV_H>, above.
		2322
		2323	=item EV_EVENT_H
		2324
		2325	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
		2326	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.
		2327
		2328	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
		2329
		2330	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
		2331	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
		2332	occasionally useful if you want to provide your own wrapper functions
		2333	around libev functions.
		2334
		2335	=item EV_MULTIPLICITY
		2336
		2337	If undefined or defined to C<1>, then all event-loop-specific functions
		2338	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
		2339	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
		2340	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
		2341	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
		2342
		2343	=item EV_MINPRI
		2344
		2345	=item EV_MAXPRI
		2346
		2347	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		2348	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2349	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2350	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		2351
		2352	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2353	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2354	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2355	fine.
		2356
		2357	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2358	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.
		2359
		2360	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
		2361
		2362	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
		2363	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2364	code.
		2365
		2366	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		2367
		2368	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
		2369	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2370	code.
		2371
		2372	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
		2373
		2374	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then embed watchers are supported. If
		2375	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2376
		2377	=item EV_STAT_ENABLE
		2378
		2379	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then stat watchers are supported. If
		2380	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2381
		2382	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
		2383
		2384	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
		2385	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		2386
		2387	=item EV_MINIMAL
		2388
		2389	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
		2390	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override
		2391	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.
		2392
		2393	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
		2394
		2395	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2396	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
		2397	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
		2398	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
		2399
		2400	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
		2401
		2402	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
		2403	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
		2404	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
		2405	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
		2406	two).
		2407
		2408	=item EV_COMMON
		2409
		2410	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
		2411	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
		2412	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
		2413	though, and it must be identical each time.
		2414
		2415	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
		2416
		2417	#define EV_COMMON \
		2418	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
		2419	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
		2420
		2421	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
		2422
		2423	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
		2424
		2425	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
		2426
		2427	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
		2428	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
		2429	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for
		2430	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
		2431	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
		2432	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		2433
		2434	=head2 EXAMPLES
		2435
		2436	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
		2437	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
		2438	(L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV.html>). It has the libev files in
		2439	the F<libev/> subdirectory and includes them in the F<EV/EVAPI.h> (public
		2440	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
		2441	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
		2442	file.
		2443
		2444	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
		2445	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
		2446
		2447	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
		2448	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
		2449	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
		2450	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		2451	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		2452	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
		2453	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		2454	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		2455	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
		2456
		2457	#include "ev++.h"
		2458
		2459	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
		2460
		2461	#include "ev_cpp.h"
		2462	#include "ev.c"
		2463
		2464
		2465	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
		2466
		2467	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
		2468	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
		2469	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
		2470
		2471	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		2472	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		2473	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		2474	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		2475	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		2476
		2477	=over 4
		2478
		2479	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
		2480
		2481	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		2482	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		2483	have to skip those 100 watchers.
		2484
		2485	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
		2486
		2487	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		2488	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		2489
		2490	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)
		2491
		2492	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		2493	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)
		2494
		2495	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
		2496
		2497	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		2498	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		2499	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		2500
		2501	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)
		2502
		2503	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
		2504
		2505	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		2506	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).
		2507
		2508	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)
		2509
		2510	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		2511
		2512	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		2513	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		2514	linearly search all the priorities.
		2515
		2516	=back
		2517
		2518
722	=head1 AUTHOR	2519	=head1 AUTHOR
723		2520
724	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	2521	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
725		2522

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