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Revision 1.94 by root, Fri Dec 21 04:38:45 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.179 by root, Sat Sep 13 19:14:21 2008 UTC

…		…
2		2
3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C	3	libev - a high performance full-featured event loop written in C
4		4
5	=head1 SYNOPSIS	5	=head1 SYNOPSIS
6		6
7	#include <ev.h>	7	#include <ev.h>
8		8
9	=head1 EXAMPLE PROGRAM	9	=head2 EXAMPLE PROGRAM
10		10
		11	// a single header file is required
11	#include <ev.h>	12	#include <ev.h>
12		13
		14	// every watcher type has its own typedef'd struct
		15	// with the name ev_<type>
13	ev_io stdin_watcher;	16	ev_io stdin_watcher;
14	ev_timer timeout_watcher;	17	ev_timer timeout_watcher;
15		18
16	/* called when data readable on stdin */	19	// all watcher callbacks have a similar signature
		20	// this callback is called when data is readable on stdin
17	static void	21	static void
18	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)	22	stdin_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_io *w, int revents)
19	{	23	{
20	/* puts ("stdin ready"); */	24	puts ("stdin ready");
21	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w); /* just a syntax example */	25	// for one-shot events, one must manually stop the watcher
22	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL); /* leave all loop calls */	26	// with its corresponding stop function.
		27	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ w);
		28
		29	// this causes all nested ev_loop's to stop iterating
		30	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ALL);
23	}	31	}
24		32
		33	// another callback, this time for a time-out
25	static void	34	static void
26	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	35	timeout_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
27	{	36	{
28	/* puts ("timeout"); */	37	puts ("timeout");
29	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE); /* leave one loop call */	38	// this causes the innermost ev_loop to stop iterating
		39	ev_unloop (EV_A_ EVUNLOOP_ONE);
30	}	40	}
31		41
32	int	42	int
33	main (void)	43	main (void)
34	{	44	{
		45	// use the default event loop unless you have special needs
35	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	46	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
36		47
37	/* initialise an io watcher, then start it */	48	// initialise an io watcher, then start it
		49	// this one will watch for stdin to become readable
38	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);	50	ev_io_init (&stdin_watcher, stdin_cb, /*STDIN_FILENO*/ 0, EV_READ);
39	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	51	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
40		52
		53	// initialise a timer watcher, then start it
41	/* simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout */	54	// simple non-repeating 5.5 second timeout
42	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);	55	ev_timer_init (&timeout_watcher, timeout_cb, 5.5, 0.);
43	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);	56	ev_timer_start (loop, &timeout_watcher);
44		57
45	/* loop till timeout or data ready */	58	// now wait for events to arrive
46	ev_loop (loop, 0);	59	ev_loop (loop, 0);
47		60
		61	// unloop was called, so exit
48	return 0;	62	return 0;
49	}	63	}
50		64
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	65	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		66
53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted	67	The newest version of this document is also available as an html-formatted
54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first	68	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.	69	time: L<http://pod.tst.eu/http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.pod>.
56		70
57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	71	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage	72	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
59	these event sources and provide your program with events.	73	these event sources and provide your program with events.
60		74
…		…
65	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event	79	You register interest in certain events by registering so-called I<event
66	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the	80	watchers>, which are relatively small C structures you initialise with the
67	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the	81	details of the event, and then hand it over to libev by I<starting> the
68	watcher.	82	watcher.
69		83
70	=head1 FEATURES	84	=head2 FEATURES
71		85
72	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the	86	Libev supports C<select>, C<poll>, the Linux-specific C<epoll>, the
73	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms	87	BSD-specific C<kqueue> and the Solaris-specific event port mechanisms
74	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface	88	for file descriptor events (C<ev_io>), the Linux C<inotify> interface
75	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers	89	(for C<ev_stat>), relative timers (C<ev_timer>), absolute timers
…		…
82		96
83	It also is quite fast (see this	97	It also is quite fast (see this
84	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent	98	L<benchmark|http://libev.schmorp.de/bench.html> comparing it to libevent
85	for example).	99	for example).
86		100
87	=head1 CONVENTIONS	101	=head2 CONVENTIONS
88		102
89	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default configuration will	103	Libev is very configurable. In this manual the default (and most common)
90	be described, which supports multiple event loops. For more info about	104	configuration will be described, which supports multiple event loops. For
91	various configuration options please have a look at B<EMBED> section in	105	more info about various configuration options please have a look at
92	this manual. If libev was configured without support for multiple event	106	B<EMBED> section in this manual. If libev was configured without support
93	loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of name C<loop>	107	for multiple event loops, then all functions taking an initial argument of
94	(which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have this argument.	108	name C<loop> (which is always of type C<struct ev_loop *>) will not have
		109	this argument.
95		110
96	=head1 TIME REPRESENTATION	111	=head2 TIME REPRESENTATION
97		112
98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	113	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	114	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	115	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	116	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	117	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
103	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name	118	it, you should treat it as some floating point value. Unlike the name
104	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences	119	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
105	throughout libev.	120	throughout libev.
		121
		122	=head1 ERROR HANDLING
		123
		124	Libev knows three classes of errors: operating system errors, usage errors
		125	and internal errors (bugs).
		126
		127	When libev catches an operating system error it cannot handle (for example
		128	a system call indicating a condition libev cannot fix), it calls the callback
		129	set via C<ev_set_syserr_cb>, which is supposed to fix the problem or
		130	abort. The default is to print a diagnostic message and to call C<abort
		131	()>.
		132
		133	When libev detects a usage error such as a negative timer interval, then
		134	it will print a diagnostic message and abort (via the C<assert> mechanism,
		135	so C<NDEBUG> will disable this checking): these are programming errors in
		136	the libev caller and need to be fixed there.
		137
		138	Libev also has a few internal error-checking C<assert>ions, and also has
		139	extensive consistency checking code. These do not trigger under normal
		140	circumstances, as they indicate either a bug in libev or worse.
		141
106		142
107	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	143	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
108		144
109	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	145	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
110	library in any way.	146	library in any way.
…		…
114	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()	150	=item ev_tstamp ev_time ()
115		151
116	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the	152	Returns the current time as libev would use it. Please note that the
117	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp	153	C<ev_now> function is usually faster and also often returns the timestamp
118	you actually want to know.	154	you actually want to know.
		155
		156	=item ev_sleep (ev_tstamp interval)
		157
		158	Sleep for the given interval: The current thread will be blocked until
		159	either it is interrupted or the given time interval has passed. Basically
		160	this is a sub-second-resolution C<sleep ()>.
119		161
120	=item int ev_version_major ()	162	=item int ev_version_major ()
121		163
122	=item int ev_version_minor ()	164	=item int ev_version_minor ()
123		165
…		…
136	not a problem.	178	not a problem.
137		179
138	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	180	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
139	version.	181	version.
140		182
141	assert (("libev version mismatch",	183	assert (("libev version mismatch",
142	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR	184	ev_version_major () == EV_VERSION_MAJOR
143	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));	185	&& ev_version_minor () >= EV_VERSION_MINOR));
144		186
145	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()	187	=item unsigned int ev_supported_backends ()
146		188
147	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>	189	Return the set of all backends (i.e. their corresponding C<EV_BACKEND_*>
148	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their	190	value) compiled into this binary of libev (independent of their
…		…
150	a description of the set values.	192	a description of the set values.
151		193
152	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and	194	Example: make sure we have the epoll method, because yeah this is cool and
153	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11	195	a must have and can we have a torrent of it please!!!11
154		196
155	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",	197	assert (("sorry, no epoll, no sex",
156	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));	198	ev_supported_backends () & EVBACKEND_EPOLL));
157		199
158	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()	200	=item unsigned int ev_recommended_backends ()
159		201
160	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also	202	Return the set of all backends compiled into this binary of libev and also
161	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one	203	recommended for this platform. This set is often smaller than the one
162	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on	204	returned by C<ev_supported_backends>, as for example kqueue is broken on
163	most BSDs and will not be autodetected unless you explicitly request it	205	most BSDs and will not be auto-detected unless you explicitly request it
164	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that	206	(assuming you know what you are doing). This is the set of backends that
165	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.	207	libev will probe for if you specify no backends explicitly.
166		208
167	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()	209	=item unsigned int ev_embeddable_backends ()
168		210
…		…
175	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.	217	See the description of C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
176		218
177	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))	219	=item ev_set_allocator (void *(*cb)(void *ptr, long size))
178		220
179	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the	221	Sets the allocation function to use (the prototype is similar - the
180	semantics is identical - to the realloc C function). It is used to	222	semantics are identical to the C<realloc> C89/SuS/POSIX function). It is
181	allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero when	223	used to allocate and free memory (no surprises here). If it returns zero
182	memory needs to be allocated, the library might abort or take some	224	when memory needs to be allocated (C<size != 0>), the library might abort
183	potentially destructive action. The default is your system realloc	225	or take some potentially destructive action.
184	function.	226
		227	Since some systems (at least OpenBSD and Darwin) fail to implement
		228	correct C<realloc> semantics, libev will use a wrapper around the system
		229	C<realloc> and C<free> functions by default.
185		230
186	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,	231	You could override this function in high-availability programs to, say,
187	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,	232	free some memory if it cannot allocate memory, to use a special allocator,
188	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.	233	or even to sleep a while and retry until some memory is available.
189		234
190	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then	235	Example: Replace the libev allocator with one that waits a bit and then
191	retries).	236	retries (example requires a standards-compliant C<realloc>).
192		237
193	static void *	238	static void *
194	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)	239	persistent_realloc (void *ptr, size_t size)
195	{	240	{
196	for (;;)	241	for (;;)
…		…
207	...	252	...
208	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);	253	ev_set_allocator (persistent_realloc);
209		254
210	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));	255	=item ev_set_syserr_cb (void (*cb)(const char *msg));
211		256
212	Set the callback function to call on a retryable syscall error (such	257	Set the callback function to call on a retryable system call error (such
213	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string	258	as failed select, poll, epoll_wait). The message is a printable string
214	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this	259	indicating the system call or subsystem causing the problem. If this
215	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the sitution, no	260	callback is set, then libev will expect it to remedy the situation, no
216	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the	261	matter what, when it returns. That is, libev will generally retry the
217	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff	262	requested operation, or, if the condition doesn't go away, do bad stuff
218	(such as abort).	263	(such as abort).
219		264
220	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.	265	Example: This is basically the same thing that libev does internally, too.
…		…
234	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP	279	=head1 FUNCTIONS CONTROLLING THE EVENT LOOP
235		280
236	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two	281	An event loop is described by a C<struct ev_loop *>. The library knows two
237	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child	282	types of such loops, the I<default> loop, which supports signals and child
238	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.	283	events, and dynamically created loops which do not.
239
240	If you use threads, a common model is to run the default event loop
241	in your main thread (or in a separate thread) and for each thread you
242	create, you also create another event loop. Libev itself does no locking
243	whatsoever, so if you mix calls to the same event loop in different
244	threads, make sure you lock (this is usually a bad idea, though, even if
245	done correctly, because it's hideous and inefficient).
246		284
247	=over 4	285	=over 4
248		286
249	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)	287	=item struct ev_loop *ev_default_loop (unsigned int flags)
250		288
…		…
254	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).	292	flags. If that is troubling you, check C<ev_backend ()> afterwards).
255		293
256	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this	294	If you don't know what event loop to use, use the one returned from this
257	function.	295	function.
258		296
		297	Note that this function is I<not> thread-safe, so if you want to use it
		298	from multiple threads, you have to lock (note also that this is unlikely,
		299	as loops cannot bes hared easily between threads anyway).
		300
		301	The default loop is the only loop that can handle C<ev_signal> and
		302	C<ev_child> watchers, and to do this, it always registers a handler
		303	for C<SIGCHLD>. If this is a problem for your application you can either
		304	create a dynamic loop with C<ev_loop_new> that doesn't do that, or you
		305	can simply overwrite the C<SIGCHLD> signal handler I<after> calling
		306	C<ev_default_init>.
		307
259	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific	308	The flags argument can be used to specify special behaviour or specific
260	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).	309	backends to use, and is usually specified as C<0> (or C<EVFLAG_AUTO>).
261		310
262	The following flags are supported:	311	The following flags are supported:
263		312
…		…
268	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right	317	The default flags value. Use this if you have no clue (it's the right
269	thing, believe me).	318	thing, believe me).
270		319
271	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>	320	=item C<EVFLAG_NOENV>
272		321
273	If this flag bit is ored into the flag value (or the program runs setuid	322	If this flag bit is or'ed into the flag value (or the program runs setuid
274	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable	323	or setgid) then libev will I<not> look at the environment variable
275	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	324	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
276	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	325	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
277	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	326	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
278	around bugs.	327	around bugs.
…		…
284	enabling this flag.	333	enabling this flag.
285		334
286	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,	335	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
287	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop	336	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
288	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my	337	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
289	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence	338	GNU/Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
290	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has	339	without a system call and thus I<very> fast, but my GNU/Linux system also has
291	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).	340	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
292		341
293	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and	342	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
294	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this	343	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
295	flag.	344	flag.
296		345
297	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>	346	This flag setting cannot be overridden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
298	environment variable.	347	environment variable.
299		348
300	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	349	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
301		350
302	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	351	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
303	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	352	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
304	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	353	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
305	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its usually	354	using this backend. It doesn't scale too well (O(highest_fd)), but its
306	the fastest backend for a low number of fds.	355	usually the fastest backend for a low number of (low-numbered :) fds.
		356
		357	To get good performance out of this backend you need a high amount of
		358	parallelism (most of the file descriptors should be busy). If you are
		359	writing a server, you should C<accept ()> in a loop to accept as many
		360	connections as possible during one iteration. You might also want to have
		361	a look at C<ev_set_io_collect_interval ()> to increase the amount of
		362	readiness notifications you get per iteration.
		363
		364	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to the C<readfds> set and C<EV_WRITE> to the
		365	C<writefds> set (and to work around Microsoft Windows bugs, also onto the
		366	C<exceptfds> set on that platform).
307		367
308	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)	368	=item C<EVBACKEND_POLL> (value 2, poll backend, available everywhere except on windows)
309		369
310	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated than	370	And this is your standard poll(2) backend. It's more complicated
311	select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial limit on the	371	than select, but handles sparse fds better and has no artificial
312	number of fds you can use (except it will slow down considerably with a	372	limit on the number of fds you can use (except it will slow down
313	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	373	considerably with a lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select,
		374	i.e. O(total_fds). See the entry for C<EVBACKEND_SELECT>, above, for
		375	performance tips.
		376
		377	This backend maps C<EV_READ> to C<POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP>, and
		378	C<EV_WRITE> to C<POLLOUT | POLLERR | POLLHUP>.
314		379
315	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	380	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
316		381
317	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	382	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
318	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale	383	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
319	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),	384	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
320	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number	385	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
321	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect	386	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
322	cases and rewuiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad	387	cases and requiring a system call per fd change, no fork support and bad
323	support for dup:	388	support for dup.
324		389
325	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration	390	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
326	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	391	will result in some caching, there is still a system call per such incident
327	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	392	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
328	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work	393	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
329	very well if you register events for both fds.	394	very well if you register events for both fds.
330		395
331	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	396	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
332	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	397	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
333	(or space) is available.	398	(or space) is available.
334		399
		400	Best performance from this backend is achieved by not unregistering all
		401	watchers for a file descriptor until it has been closed, if possible, i.e.
		402	keep at least one watcher active per fd at all times.
		403
		404	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this feature is broken in
		405	all kernel versions tested so far.
		406
		407	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		408	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		409
335	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	410	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
336		411
337	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	412	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
338	was broken on I<all> BSDs (usually it doesn't work with anything but	413	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work reliably
339	sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's completely	414	with anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course
340	useless. On NetBSD, it seems to work for all the FD types I tested, so it
341	is used by default there). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"	415	it's completely useless). For this reason it's not being "auto-detected"
342	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	416	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
343	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)	417	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
344	system like NetBSD.	418	system like NetBSD.
345		419
		420	You still can embed kqueue into a normal poll or select backend and use it
		421	only for sockets (after having made sure that sockets work with kqueue on
		422	the target platform). See C<ev_embed> watchers for more info.
		423
346	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	424	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
347	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed,	425	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of
348	of course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does	426	course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does never
349	never cause an extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to two event	427	cause an extra system call as with C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL>, it still adds up to
350	changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it drops fds	428	two event changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it
351	silently in similarly hard-to-detetc cases.	429	drops fds silently in similarly hard-to-detect cases.
		430
		431	This backend usually performs well under most conditions.
		432
		433	While nominally embeddable in other event loops, this doesn't work
		434	everywhere, so you might need to test for this. And since it is broken
		435	almost everywhere, you should only use it when you have a lot of sockets
		436	(for which it usually works), by embedding it into another event loop
		437	(e.g. C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>) and using it only for
		438	sockets.
		439
		440	This backend maps C<EV_READ> into an C<EVFILT_READ> kevent with
		441	C<NOTE_EOF>, and C<EV_WRITE> into an C<EVFILT_WRITE> kevent with
		442	C<NOTE_EOF>.
352		443
353	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	444	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
354		445
355	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	446	This is not implemented yet (and might never be, unless you send me an
		447	implementation). According to reports, C</dev/poll> only supports sockets
		448	and is not embeddable, which would limit the usefulness of this backend
		449	immensely.
356		450
357	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	451	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
358		452
359	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	453	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
360	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	454	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
361		455
362	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious	456	Please note that Solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
363	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	457	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
364	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	458	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
		459
		460	While this backend scales well, it requires one system call per active
		461	file descriptor per loop iteration. For small and medium numbers of file
		462	descriptors a "slow" C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL> backend
		463	might perform better.
		464
		465	On the positive side, ignoring the spurious readiness notifications, this
		466	backend actually performed to specification in all tests and is fully
		467	embeddable, which is a rare feat among the OS-specific backends.
		468
		469	This backend maps C<EV_READ> and C<EV_WRITE> in the same way as
		470	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
365		471
366	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	472	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
367		473
368	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried	474	Try all backends (even potentially broken ones that wouldn't be tried
369	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as	475	with C<EVFLAG_AUTO>). Since this is a mask, you can do stuff such as
370	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.	476	C<EVBACKEND_ALL & ~EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>.
371		477
		478	It is definitely not recommended to use this flag.
		479
372	=back	480	=back
373		481
374	If one or more of these are ored into the flags value, then only these	482	If one or more of these are or'ed into the flags value, then only these
375	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as given here). If none are	483	backends will be tried (in the reverse order as listed here). If none are
376	specified, most compiled-in backend will be tried, usually in reverse	484	specified, all backends in C<ev_recommended_backends ()> will be tried.
377	order of their flag values :)
378		485
379	The most typical usage is like this:	486	The most typical usage is like this:
380		487
381	if (!ev_default_loop (0))	488	if (!ev_default_loop (0))
382	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");	489	fatal ("could not initialise libev, bad $LIBEV_FLAGS in environment?");
383		490
384	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow	491	Restrict libev to the select and poll backends, and do not allow
385	environment settings to be taken into account:	492	environment settings to be taken into account:
386		493
387	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);	494	ev_default_loop (EVBACKEND_POLL | EVBACKEND_SELECT | EVFLAG_NOENV);
388		495
389	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if	496	Use whatever libev has to offer, but make sure that kqueue is used if
390	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private	497	available (warning, breaks stuff, best use only with your own private
391	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):	498	event loop and only if you know the OS supports your types of fds):
392		499
393	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);	500	ev_default_loop (ev_recommended_backends () | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE);
394		501
395	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)	502	=item struct ev_loop *ev_loop_new (unsigned int flags)
396		503
397	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is	504	Similar to C<ev_default_loop>, but always creates a new event loop that is
398	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot	505	always distinct from the default loop. Unlike the default loop, it cannot
399	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by	506	handle signal and child watchers, and attempts to do so will be greeted by
400	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).	507	undefined behaviour (or a failed assertion if assertions are enabled).
401		508
		509	Note that this function I<is> thread-safe, and the recommended way to use
		510	libev with threads is indeed to create one loop per thread, and using the
		511	default loop in the "main" or "initial" thread.
		512
402	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.	513	Example: Try to create a event loop that uses epoll and nothing else.
403		514
404	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);	515	struct ev_loop *epoller = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_EPOLL | EVFLAG_NOENV);
405	if (!epoller)	516	if (!epoller)
406	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");	517	fatal ("no epoll found here, maybe it hides under your chair");
407		518
408	=item ev_default_destroy ()	519	=item ev_default_destroy ()
409		520
410	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	521	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
411	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	522	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
412	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	523	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
413	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	524	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yourself I<before>
414	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	525	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
415	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	526	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
416	for example).	527	for example).
417		528
418	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by	529	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
…		…
429	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	540	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
430	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	541	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
431		542
432	=item ev_default_fork ()	543	=item ev_default_fork ()
433		544
		545	This function sets a flag that causes subsequent C<ev_loop> iterations
434	This function reinitialises the kernel state for backends that have	546	to reinitialise the kernel state for backends that have one. Despite the
435	one. Despite the name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense	547	name, you can call it anytime, but it makes most sense after forking, in
436	after forking, in either the parent or child process (or both, but that	548	the child process (or both child and parent, but that again makes little
437	again makes little sense).	549	sense). You I<must> call it in the child before using any of the libev
		550	functions, and it will only take effect at the next C<ev_loop> iteration.
438		551
439	You I<must> call this function in the child process after forking if and	552	On the other hand, you only need to call this function in the child
440	only if you want to use the event library in both processes. If you just	553	process if and only if you want to use the event library in the child. If
441	fork+exec, you don't have to call it.	554	you just fork+exec, you don't have to call it at all.
442		555
443	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call	556	The function itself is quite fast and it's usually not a problem to call
444	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in	557	it just in case after a fork. To make this easy, the function will fit in
445	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:	558	quite nicely into a call to C<pthread_atfork>:
446		559
447	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);	560	pthread_atfork (0, 0, ev_default_fork);
448		561
449	At the moment, C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and C<EVBACKEND_POLL> are safe to use
450	without calling this function, so if you force one of those backends you
451	do not need to care.
452
453	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)	562	=item ev_loop_fork (loop)
454		563
455	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	564	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
456	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	565	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
457	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	566	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
		567
		568	=item int ev_is_default_loop (loop)
		569
		570	Returns true when the given loop actually is the default loop, false otherwise.
458		571
459	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)	572	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
460		573
461	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to	574	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
462	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and	575	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
…		…
477	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	590	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
478	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	591	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
479	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	592	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
480	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	593	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
481		594
		595	=item ev_now_update (loop)
		596
		597	Establishes the current time by querying the kernel, updating the time
		598	returned by C<ev_now ()> in the progress. This is a costly operation and
		599	is usually done automatically within C<ev_loop ()>.
		600
		601	This function is rarely useful, but when some event callback runs for a
		602	very long time without entering the event loop, updating libev's idea of
		603	the current time is a good idea.
		604
		605	See also "The special problem of time updates" in the C<ev_timer> section.
		606
482	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	607	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
483		608
484	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	609	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
485	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	610	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
486	events.	611	events.
…		…
497	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle	622	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_NONBLOCK> will look for new events, will handle
498	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in	623	those events and any outstanding ones, but will not block your process in
499	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.	624	case there are no events and will return after one iteration of the loop.
500		625
501	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if	626	A flags value of C<EVLOOP_ONESHOT> will look for new events (waiting if
502	neccessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block	627	necessary) and will handle those and any outstanding ones. It will block
503	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after	628	your process until at least one new event arrives, and will return after
504	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some	629	one iteration of the loop. This is useful if you are waiting for some
505	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other	630	external event in conjunction with something not expressible using other
506	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	631	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
507	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	632	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
508		633
509	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	634	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
510		635
511	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.	636	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
512	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	637	* If EVFLAG_FORKCHECK was used, check for a fork.
513	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	638	- If a fork was detected (by any means), queue and call all fork watchers.
		639	- Queue and call all prepare watchers.
514	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	640	- If we have been forked, detach and recreate the kernel state
		641	as to not disturb the other process.
515	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	642	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
516	- Update the "event loop time".	643	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()).
517	- Calculate for how long to block.	644	- Calculate for how long to sleep or block, if at all
		645	(active idle watchers, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK or not having
		646	any active watchers at all will result in not sleeping).
		647	- Sleep if the I/O and timer collect interval say so.
518	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	648	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
519	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.	649	- Queue all outstanding I/O (fd) events.
520	- Update the "event loop time" and do time jump handling.	650	- Update the "event loop time" (ev_now ()), and do time jump adjustments.
521	- Queue all outstanding timers.	651	- Queue all outstanding timers.
522	- Queue all outstanding periodics.	652	- Queue all outstanding periodics.
523	- If no events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.	653	- Unless any events are pending now, queue all idle watchers.
524	- Queue all check watchers.	654	- Queue all check watchers.
525	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).	655	- Call all queued watchers in reverse order (i.e. check watchers first).
526	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will	656	Signals and child watchers are implemented as I/O watchers, and will
527	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.	657	be handled here by queueing them when their watcher gets executed.
528	- If ev_unloop has been called or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK	658	- If ev_unloop has been called, or EVLOOP_ONESHOT or EVLOOP_NONBLOCK
529	were used, return, otherwise continue with step *.	659	were used, or there are no active watchers, return, otherwise
		660	continue with step *.
530		661
531	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outsanding	662	Example: Queue some jobs and then loop until no events are outstanding
532	anymore.	663	anymore.
533		664
534	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long	665	... queue jobs here, make sure they register event watchers as long
535	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)	666	... as they still have work to do (even an idle watcher will do..)
536	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);	667	ev_loop (my_loop, 0);
537	... jobs done. yeah!	668	... jobs done or somebody called unloop. yeah!
538		669
539	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)	670	=item ev_unloop (loop, how)
540		671
541	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it	672	Can be used to make a call to C<ev_loop> return early (but only after it
542	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either	673	has processed all outstanding events). The C<how> argument must be either
543	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or	674	C<EVUNLOOP_ONE>, which will make the innermost C<ev_loop> call return, or
544	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.	675	C<EVUNLOOP_ALL>, which will make all nested C<ev_loop> calls return.
		676
		677	This "unloop state" will be cleared when entering C<ev_loop> again.
545		678
546	=item ev_ref (loop)	679	=item ev_ref (loop)
547		680
548	=item ev_unref (loop)	681	=item ev_unref (loop)
549		682
…		…
554	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For	687	returning, ev_unref() after starting, and ev_ref() before stopping it. For
555	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not	688	example, libev itself uses this for its internal signal pipe: It is not
556	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if	689	visible to the libev user and should not keep C<ev_loop> from exiting if
557	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent	690	no event watchers registered by it are active. It is also an excellent
558	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party	691	way to do this for generic recurring timers or from within third-party
559	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>.	692	libraries. Just remember to I<unref after start> and I<ref before stop>
		693	(but only if the watcher wasn't active before, or was active before,
		694	respectively).
560		695
561	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>	696	Example: Create a signal watcher, but keep it from keeping C<ev_loop>
562	running when nothing else is active.	697	running when nothing else is active.
563		698
564	struct ev_signal exitsig;	699	struct ev_signal exitsig;
565	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);	700	ev_signal_init (&exitsig, sig_cb, SIGINT);
566	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);	701	ev_signal_start (loop, &exitsig);
567	evf_unref (loop);	702	evf_unref (loop);
568		703
569	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.	704	Example: For some weird reason, unregister the above signal handler again.
570		705
571	ev_ref (loop);	706	ev_ref (loop);
572	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);	707	ev_signal_stop (loop, &exitsig);
		708
		709	=item ev_set_io_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		710
		711	=item ev_set_timeout_collect_interval (loop, ev_tstamp interval)
		712
		713	These advanced functions influence the time that libev will spend waiting
		714	for events. Both time intervals are by default C<0>, meaning that libev
		715	will try to invoke timer/periodic callbacks and I/O callbacks with minimum
		716	latency.
		717
		718	Setting these to a higher value (the C<interval> I<must> be >= C<0>)
		719	allows libev to delay invocation of I/O and timer/periodic callbacks
		720	to increase efficiency of loop iterations (or to increase power-saving
		721	opportunities).
		722
		723	The background is that sometimes your program runs just fast enough to
		724	handle one (or very few) event(s) per loop iteration. While this makes
		725	the program responsive, it also wastes a lot of CPU time to poll for new
		726	events, especially with backends like C<select ()> which have a high
		727	overhead for the actual polling but can deliver many events at once.
		728
		729	By setting a higher I<io collect interval> you allow libev to spend more
		730	time collecting I/O events, so you can handle more events per iteration,
		731	at the cost of increasing latency. Timeouts (both C<ev_periodic> and
		732	C<ev_timer>) will be not affected. Setting this to a non-null value will
		733	introduce an additional C<ev_sleep ()> call into most loop iterations.
		734
		735	Likewise, by setting a higher I<timeout collect interval> you allow libev
		736	to spend more time collecting timeouts, at the expense of increased
		737	latency (the watcher callback will be called later). C<ev_io> watchers
		738	will not be affected. Setting this to a non-null value will not introduce
		739	any overhead in libev.
		740
		741	Many (busy) programs can usually benefit by setting the I/O collect
		742	interval to a value near C<0.1> or so, which is often enough for
		743	interactive servers (of course not for games), likewise for timeouts. It
		744	usually doesn't make much sense to set it to a lower value than C<0.01>,
		745	as this approaches the timing granularity of most systems.
		746
		747	Setting the I<timeout collect interval> can improve the opportunity for
		748	saving power, as the program will "bundle" timer callback invocations that
		749	are "near" in time together, by delaying some, thus reducing the number of
		750	times the process sleeps and wakes up again. Another useful technique to
		751	reduce iterations/wake-ups is to use C<ev_periodic> watchers and make sure
		752	they fire on, say, one-second boundaries only.
		753
		754	=item ev_loop_verify (loop)
		755
		756	This function only does something when C<EV_VERIFY> support has been
		757	compiled in. It tries to go through all internal structures and checks
		758	them for validity. If anything is found to be inconsistent, it will print
		759	an error message to standard error and call C<abort ()>.
		760
		761	This can be used to catch bugs inside libev itself: under normal
		762	circumstances, this function will never abort as of course libev keeps its
		763	data structures consistent.
573		764
574	=back	765	=back
575		766
576		767
577	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER	768	=head1 ANATOMY OF A WATCHER
578		769
579	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your	770	A watcher is a structure that you create and register to record your
580	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to	771	interest in some event. For instance, if you want to wait for STDIN to
581	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:	772	become readable, you would create an C<ev_io> watcher for that:
582		773
583	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	774	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
584	{	775	{
585	ev_io_stop (w);	776	ev_io_stop (w);
586	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	777	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
587	}	778	}
588		779
589	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);	780	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_loop (0);
590	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;	781	struct ev_io stdin_watcher;
591	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);	782	ev_init (&stdin_watcher, my_cb);
592	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	783	ev_io_set (&stdin_watcher, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
593	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);	784	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_watcher);
594	ev_loop (loop, 0);	785	ev_loop (loop, 0);
595		786
596	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your	787	As you can see, you are responsible for allocating the memory for your
597	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,	788	watcher structures (and it is usually a bad idea to do this on the stack,
598	although this can sometimes be quite valid).	789	although this can sometimes be quite valid).
599		790
600	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init	791	Each watcher structure must be initialised by a call to C<ev_init
601	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This	792	(watcher *, callback)>, which expects a callback to be provided. This
602	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of io	793	callback gets invoked each time the event occurs (or, in the case of I/O
603	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given	794	watchers, each time the event loop detects that the file descriptor given
604	is readable and/or writable).	795	is readable and/or writable).
605		796
606	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro	797	Each watcher type has its own C<< ev_<type>_set (watcher *, ...) >> macro
607	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro	798	with arguments specific to this watcher type. There is also a macro
…		…
677	=item C<EV_FORK>	868	=item C<EV_FORK>
678		869
679	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see	870	The event loop has been resumed in the child process after fork (see
680	C<ev_fork>).	871	C<ev_fork>).
681		872
		873	=item C<EV_ASYNC>
		874
		875	The given async watcher has been asynchronously notified (see C<ev_async>).
		876
682	=item C<EV_ERROR>	877	=item C<EV_ERROR>
683		878
684	An unspecified error has occured, the watcher has been stopped. This might	879	An unspecified error has occurred, the watcher has been stopped. This might
685	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev	880	happen because the watcher could not be properly started because libev
686	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other	881	ran out of memory, a file descriptor was found to be closed or any other
687	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping	882	problem. You best act on it by reporting the problem and somehow coping
688	with the watcher being stopped.	883	with the watcher being stopped.
689		884
690	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,	885	Libev will usually signal a few "dummy" events together with an error,
691	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if	886	for example it might indicate that a fd is readable or writable, and if
692	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope	887	your callbacks is well-written it can just attempt the operation and cope
693	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multithreaded	888	with the error from read() or write(). This will not work in multi-threaded
694	programs, though, so beware.	889	programs, though, so beware.
695		890
696	=back	891	=back
697		892
698	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS	893	=head2 GENERIC WATCHER FUNCTIONS
…		…
728	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments	923	Although some watcher types do not have type-specific arguments
729	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.	924	(e.g. C<ev_prepare>) you still need to call its C<set> macro.
730		925
731	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])	926	=item C<ev_TYPE_init> (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback, [args])
732		927
733	This convinience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro	928	This convenience macro rolls both C<ev_init> and C<ev_TYPE_set> macro
734	calls into a single call. This is the most convinient method to initialise	929	calls into a single call. This is the most convenient method to initialise
735	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.	930	a watcher. The same limitations apply, of course.
736		931
737	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)	932	=item C<ev_TYPE_start> (loop *, ev_TYPE *watcher)
738		933
739	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive	934	Starts (activates) the given watcher. Only active watchers will receive
…		…
822	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and	1017	to associate arbitrary data with your watcher. If you need more data and
823	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data	1018	don't want to allocate memory and store a pointer to it in that data
824	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own	1019	member, you can also "subclass" the watcher type and provide your own
825	data:	1020	data:
826		1021
827	struct my_io	1022	struct my_io
828	{	1023	{
829	struct ev_io io;	1024	struct ev_io io;
830	int otherfd;	1025	int otherfd;
831	void *somedata;	1026	void *somedata;
832	struct whatever *mostinteresting;	1027	struct whatever *mostinteresting;
833	}	1028	};
		1029
		1030	...
		1031	struct my_io w;
		1032	ev_io_init (&w.io, my_cb, fd, EV_READ);
834		1033
835	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you	1034	And since your callback will be called with a pointer to the watcher, you
836	can cast it back to your own type:	1035	can cast it back to your own type:
837		1036
838	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)	1037	static void my_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w_, int revents)
839	{	1038	{
840	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;	1039	struct my_io *w = (struct my_io *)w_;
841	...	1040	...
842	}	1041	}
843		1042
844	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type	1043	More interesting and less C-conformant ways of casting your callback type
845	instead have been omitted.	1044	instead have been omitted.
846		1045
847	Another common scenario is having some data structure with multiple	1046	Another common scenario is to use some data structure with multiple
848	watchers:	1047	embedded watchers:
849		1048
850	struct my_biggy	1049	struct my_biggy
851	{	1050	{
852	int some_data;	1051	int some_data;
853	ev_timer t1;	1052	ev_timer t1;
854	ev_timer t2;	1053	ev_timer t2;
855	}	1054	}
856		1055
857	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more complicated,	1056	In this case getting the pointer to C<my_biggy> is a bit more
858	you need to use C<offsetof>:	1057	complicated: Either you store the address of your C<my_biggy> struct
		1058	in the C<data> member of the watcher, or you need to use some pointer
		1059	arithmetic using C<offsetof> inside your watchers:
859		1060
860	#include <stddef.h>	1061	#include <stddef.h>
861		1062
862	static void	1063	static void
863	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1064	t1_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
864	{	1065	{
865	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1066	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
866	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));	1067	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t1));
867	}	1068	}
868		1069
869	static void	1070	static void
870	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1071	t2_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
871	{	1072	{
872	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *	1073	struct my_biggy big = (struct my_biggy *
873	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));	1074	(((char *)w) - offsetof (struct my_biggy, t2));
874	}	1075	}
875		1076
876		1077
877	=head1 WATCHER TYPES	1078	=head1 WATCHER TYPES
878		1079
879	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat	1080	This section describes each watcher in detail, but will not repeat
…		…
903	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per	1104	In general you can register as many read and/or write event watchers per
904	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file	1105	fd as you want (as long as you don't confuse yourself). Setting all file
905	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not	1106	descriptors to non-blocking mode is also usually a good idea (but not
906	required if you know what you are doing).	1107	required if you know what you are doing).
907		1108
908	You have to be careful with dup'ed file descriptors, though. Some backends
909	(the linux epoll backend is a notable example) cannot handle dup'ed file
910	descriptors correctly if you register interest in two or more fds pointing
911	to the same underlying file/socket/etc. description (that is, they share
912	the same underlying "file open").
913
914	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend	1109	If you must do this, then force the use of a known-to-be-good backend
915	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and	1110	(at the time of this writing, this includes only C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> and
916	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).	1111	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>).
917		1112
918	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to	1113	Another thing you have to watch out for is that it is quite easy to
919	receive "spurious" readyness notifications, that is your callback might	1114	receive "spurious" readiness notifications, that is your callback might
920	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block	1115	be called with C<EV_READ> but a subsequent C<read>(2) will actually block
921	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a	1116	because there is no data. Not only are some backends known to create a
922	lot of those (for example solaris ports), it is very easy to get into	1117	lot of those (for example Solaris ports), it is very easy to get into
923	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus	1118	this situation even with a relatively standard program structure. Thus
924	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	1119	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
925	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	1120	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
926		1121
927	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	1122	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
928	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	1123	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to separately re-test
929	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	1124	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
930	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	1125	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
931	its own, so its quite safe to use).	1126	its own, so its quite safe to use).
932		1127
933	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors	1128	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
…		…
949		1144
950	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that	1145	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
951	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave	1146	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
952	optimisations to libev.	1147	optimisations to libev.
953		1148
954	=head3 Ths special problem of dup'ed file descriptors	1149	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
955		1150
956	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,	1151	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
957	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That menas when you	1152	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That means when you
958	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors and register events for them, only one	1153	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or weirder constellations, and register
959	file descriptor might actually receive events.	1154	events for them, only one file descriptor might actually receive events.
960		1155
961	There is no workaorund possible except not registering events	1156	There is no workaround possible except not registering events
962	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or to resort to	1157	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors, or to resort to
963	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1158	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
964		1159
965	=head3 The special problem of fork	1160	=head3 The special problem of fork
966		1161
967	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit	1162	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
…		…
971	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call	1166	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
972	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,	1167	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
973	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or	1168	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
974	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.	1169	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
975		1170
		1171	=head3 The special problem of SIGPIPE
		1172
		1173	While not really specific to libev, it is easy to forget about SIGPIPE:
		1174	when writing to a pipe whose other end has been closed, your program gets
		1175	send a SIGPIPE, which, by default, aborts your program. For most programs
		1176	this is sensible behaviour, for daemons, this is usually undesirable.
		1177
		1178	So when you encounter spurious, unexplained daemon exits, make sure you
		1179	ignore SIGPIPE (and maybe make sure you log the exit status of your daemon
		1180	somewhere, as that would have given you a big clue).
		1181
976		1182
977	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions	1183	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
978		1184
979	=over 4	1185	=over 4
980		1186
981	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	1187	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
982		1188
983	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)	1189	=item ev_io_set (ev_io *, int fd, int events)
984		1190
985	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to	1191	Configures an C<ev_io> watcher. The C<fd> is the file descriptor to
986	rceeive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or	1192	receive events for and events is either C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or
987	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.	1193	C<EV_READ | EV_WRITE> to receive the given events.
988		1194
989	=item int fd [read-only]	1195	=item int fd [read-only]
990		1196
991	The file descriptor being watched.	1197	The file descriptor being watched.
…		…
993	=item int events [read-only]	1199	=item int events [read-only]
994		1200
995	The events being watched.	1201	The events being watched.
996		1202
997	=back	1203	=back
		1204
		1205	=head3 Examples
998		1206
999	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well	1207	Example: Call C<stdin_readable_cb> when STDIN_FILENO has become, well
1000	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could	1208	readable, but only once. Since it is likely line-buffered, you could
1001	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.	1209	attempt to read a whole line in the callback.
1002		1210
1003	static void	1211	static void
1004	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1212	stdin_readable_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1005	{	1213	{
1006	ev_io_stop (loop, w);	1214	ev_io_stop (loop, w);
1007	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors	1215	.. read from stdin here (or from w->fd) and haqndle any I/O errors
1008	}	1216	}
1009		1217
1010	...	1218	...
1011	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);	1219	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
1012	struct ev_io stdin_readable;	1220	struct ev_io stdin_readable;
1013	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);	1221	ev_io_init (&stdin_readable, stdin_readable_cb, STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ);
1014	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);	1222	ev_io_start (loop, &stdin_readable);
1015	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1223	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1016		1224
1017		1225
1018	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts	1226	=head2 C<ev_timer> - relative and optionally repeating timeouts
1019		1227
1020	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a	1228	Timer watchers are simple relative timers that generate an event after a
1021	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.	1229	given time, and optionally repeating in regular intervals after that.
1022		1230
1023	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that	1231	The timers are based on real time, that is, if you register an event that
1024	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to last years	1232	times out after an hour and you reset your system clock to January last
1025	time, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because	1233	year, it will still time out after (roughly) and hour. "Roughly" because
1026	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the	1234	detecting time jumps is hard, and some inaccuracies are unavoidable (the
1027	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).	1235	monotonic clock option helps a lot here).
		1236
		1237	The callback is guaranteed to be invoked only after its timeout has passed,
		1238	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
		1239	order of execution is undefined.
		1240
		1241	=head3 The special problem of time updates
		1242
		1243	Establishing the current time is a costly operation (it usually takes at
		1244	least two system calls): EV therefore updates its idea of the current
		1245	time only before and after C<ev_loop> polls for new events, which causes
		1246	a growing difference between C<ev_now ()> and C<ev_time ()> when handling
		1247	lots of events.
1028		1248
1029	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>	1249	The relative timeouts are calculated relative to the C<ev_now ()>
1030	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time	1250	time. This is usually the right thing as this timestamp refers to the time
1031	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If	1251	of the event triggering whatever timeout you are modifying/starting. If
1032	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the timeout	1252	you suspect event processing to be delayed and you I<need> to base the
1033	on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:	1253	timeout on the current time, use something like this to adjust for this:
1034		1254
1035	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);	1255	ev_timer_set (&timer, after + ev_now () - ev_time (), 0.);
1036		1256
1037	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1257	If the event loop is suspended for a long time, you can also force an
1038	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1258	update of the time returned by C<ev_now ()> by calling C<ev_now_update
1039	order of execution is undefined.	1259	()>.
1040		1260
1041	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1261	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1042		1262
1043	=over 4	1263	=over 4
1044		1264
1045	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1265	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1046		1266
1047	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1267	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
1048		1268
1049	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat> is	1269	Configure the timer to trigger after C<after> seconds. If C<repeat>
1050	C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped. If it is positive, then the	1270	is C<0.>, then it will automatically be stopped once the timeout is
1051	timer will automatically be configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds	1271	reached. If it is positive, then the timer will automatically be
1052	later, again, and again, until stopped manually.	1272	configured to trigger again C<repeat> seconds later, again, and again,
		1273	until stopped manually.
1053		1274
1054	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if you	1275	The timer itself will do a best-effort at avoiding drift, that is, if
1055	configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will trigger at	1276	you configure a timer to trigger every 10 seconds, then it will normally
1056	exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot keep up with	1277	trigger at exactly 10 second intervals. If, however, your program cannot
1057	the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to do stuff) the	1278	keep up with the timer (because it takes longer than those 10 seconds to
1058	timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.	1279	do stuff) the timer will not fire more than once per event loop iteration.
1059		1280
1060	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1281	=item ev_timer_again (loop, ev_timer *)
1061		1282
1062	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1283	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
1063	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1284	repeating. The exact semantics are:
1064		1285
1065	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.	1286	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
1066		1287
1067	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).	1288	If the timer is started but non-repeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
1068		1289
1069	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the	1290	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
1070	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.	1291	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
1071		1292
1072	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1293	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
1073	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle	1294	example: Imagine you have a TCP connection and you want a so-called idle
1074	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60	1295	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
1075	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to	1296	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
1076	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call	1297	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
1077	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If	1298	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
1078	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the	1299	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
…		…
1100	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1321	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
1101	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.	1322	which is also when any modifications are taken into account.
1102		1323
1103	=back	1324	=back
1104		1325
		1326	=head3 Examples
		1327
1105	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.	1328	Example: Create a timer that fires after 60 seconds.
1106		1329
1107	static void	1330	static void
1108	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1331	one_minute_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1109	{	1332	{
1110	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here	1333	.. one minute over, w is actually stopped right here
1111	}	1334	}
1112		1335
1113	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1336	struct ev_timer mytimer;
1114	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);	1337	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, one_minute_cb, 60., 0.);
1115	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);	1338	ev_timer_start (loop, &mytimer);
1116		1339
1117	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of	1340	Example: Create a timeout timer that times out after 10 seconds of
1118	inactivity.	1341	inactivity.
1119		1342
1120	static void	1343	static void
1121	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)	1344	timeout_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_timer *w, int revents)
1122	{	1345	{
1123	.. ten seconds without any activity	1346	.. ten seconds without any activity
1124	}	1347	}
1125		1348
1126	struct ev_timer mytimer;	1349	struct ev_timer mytimer;
1127	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */	1350	ev_timer_init (&mytimer, timeout_cb, 0., 10.); /* note, only repeat used */
1128	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */	1351	ev_timer_again (&mytimer); /* start timer */
1129	ev_loop (loop, 0);	1352	ev_loop (loop, 0);
1130		1353
1131	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":	1354	// and in some piece of code that gets executed on any "activity":
1132	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds	1355	// reset the timeout to start ticking again at 10 seconds
1133	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);	1356	ev_timer_again (&mytimer);
1134		1357
1135		1358
1136	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?	1359	=head2 C<ev_periodic> - to cron or not to cron?
1137		1360
1138	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile	1361	Periodic watchers are also timers of a kind, but they are very versatile
1139	(and unfortunately a bit complex).	1362	(and unfortunately a bit complex).
1140		1363
1141	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)	1364	Unlike C<ev_timer>'s, they are not based on real time (or relative time)
1142	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1365	but on wall clock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
1143	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1366	to trigger after some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
1144	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1367	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifying e.g. C<ev_now ()
1145	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1368	+ 10.>, that is, an absolute time not a delay) and then reset your system
		1369	clock to January of the previous year, then it will take more than year
1146	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1370	to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would still trigger
1147	roughly 10 seconds later).	1371	roughly 10 seconds later as it uses a relative timeout).
1148		1372
1149	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1373	C<ev_periodic>s can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers,
1150	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,	1374	such as triggering an event on each "midnight, local time", or other
1151	rules.	1375	complicated, rules.
1152		1376
1153	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1377	As with timers, the callback is guaranteed to be invoked only when the
1154	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1378	time (C<at>) has passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1155	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1379	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
1156		1380
1157	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1381	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1158		1382
1159	=over 4	1383	=over 4
…		…
1167		1391
1168	=over 4	1392	=over 4
1169		1393
1170	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1394	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1171		1395
1172	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1396	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event after the wall clock
1173	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1397	time C<at> has passed and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time
1174	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1398	jump occurs, that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will
1175	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1399	run when the system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1176		1400
1177	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1401	=item * repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1178		1402
1179	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1403	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1180	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)	1404	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1181	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.	1405	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1182		1406
1183	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1407	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1184	time:	1408	time, for example, here is a C<ev_periodic> that triggers each hour, on
		1409	the hour:
1185		1410
1186	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1411	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
1187		1412
1188	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,	1413	This doesn't mean there will always be 3600 seconds in between triggers,
1189	but only that the the callback will be called when the system time shows a	1414	but only that the callback will be called when the system time shows a
1190	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible	1415	full hour (UTC), or more correctly, when the system time is evenly divisible
1191	by 3600.	1416	by 3600.
1192		1417
1193	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1418	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1194	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1419	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1195	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1420	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1196		1421
1197	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near	1422	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
1198	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for	1423	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
1199	this value.	1424	this value, and in fact is often specified as zero.
		1425
		1426	Note also that there is an upper limit to how often a timer can fire (CPU
		1427	speed for example), so if C<interval> is very small then timing stability
		1428	will of course deteriorate. Libev itself tries to be exact to be about one
		1429	millisecond (if the OS supports it and the machine is fast enough).
1200		1430
1201	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)	1431	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1202		1432
1203	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1433	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1204	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1434	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1205	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1435	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1206	current time as second argument.	1436	current time as second argument.
1207		1437
1208	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1438	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1209	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1439	ever, or make ANY event loop modifications whatsoever>.
1210	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1211	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1212		1440
		1441	If you need to stop it, return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop
		1442	it afterwards (e.g. by starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is the
		1443	only event loop modification you are allowed to do).
		1444
1213	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic *w,	1445	The callback prototype is C<ev_tstamp (*reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic
1214	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1446	*w, ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1215		1447
1216	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1448	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1217	{	1449	{
1218	return now + 60.;	1450	return now + 60.;
1219	}	1451	}
…		…
1221	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value	1453	It must return the next time to trigger, based on the passed time value
1222	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It	1454	(that is, the lowest time value larger than to the second argument). It
1223	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but	1455	will usually be called just before the callback will be triggered, but
1224	might be called at other times, too.	1456	might be called at other times, too.
1225		1457
1226	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is later than the	1458	NOTE: I<< This callback must always return a time that is higher than or
1227	passed C<now> value >>. Not even C<now> itself will do, it I<must> be larger.	1459	equal to the passed C<now> value >>.
1228		1460
1229	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that	1461	This can be used to create very complex timers, such as a timer that
1230	triggers on each midnight, local time. To do this, you would calculate the	1462	triggers on "next midnight, local time". To do this, you would calculate the
1231	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How	1463	next midnight after C<now> and return the timestamp value for this. How
1232	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main	1464	you do this is, again, up to you (but it is not trivial, which is the main
1233	reason I omitted it as an example).	1465	reason I omitted it as an example).
1234		1466
1235	=back	1467	=back
…		…
1239	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1471	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1240	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1472	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1241	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1473	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1242	program when the crontabs have changed).	1474	program when the crontabs have changed).
1243		1475
		1476	=item ev_tstamp ev_periodic_at (ev_periodic *)
		1477
		1478	When active, returns the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1479	trigger next.
		1480
1244	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]	1481	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
1245		1482
1246	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the	1483	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
1247	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).	1484	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
1248		1485
…		…
1259		1496
1260	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1497	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1261	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1498	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1262	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1499	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
1263		1500
1264	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
1265
1266	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
1267	trigger next.
1268
1269	=back	1501	=back
		1502
		1503	=head3 Examples
1270		1504
1271	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1505	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1272	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1506	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
1273	potentially a lot of jittering, but good long-term stability.	1507	potentially a lot of jitter, but good long-term stability.
1274		1508
1275	static void	1509	static void
1276	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)	1510	clock_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_io *w, int revents)
1277	{	1511	{
1278	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)	1512	... its now a full hour (UTC, or TAI or whatever your clock follows)
1279	}	1513	}
1280		1514
1281	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1515	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1282	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);	1516	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 3600., 0);
1283	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1517	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1284		1518
1285	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:	1519	Example: The same as above, but use a reschedule callback to do it:
1286		1520
1287	#include <math.h>	1521	#include <math.h>
1288		1522
1289	static ev_tstamp	1523	static ev_tstamp
1290	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1524	my_scheduler_cb (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
1291	{	1525	{
1292	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;	1526	return fmod (now, 3600.) + 3600.;
1293	}	1527	}
1294		1528
1295	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);	1529	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb, 0., 0., my_scheduler_cb);
1296		1530
1297	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:	1531	Example: Call a callback every hour, starting now:
1298		1532
1299	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;	1533	struct ev_periodic hourly_tick;
1300	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,	1534	ev_periodic_init (&hourly_tick, clock_cb,
1301	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);	1535	fmod (ev_now (loop), 3600.), 3600., 0);
1302	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);	1536	ev_periodic_start (loop, &hourly_tick);
1303		1537
1304		1538
1305	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!	1539	=head2 C<ev_signal> - signal me when a signal gets signalled!
1306		1540
1307	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific	1541	Signal watchers will trigger an event when the process receives a specific
…		…
1314	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1548	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
1315	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1549	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1316	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1550	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1317	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1551	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1318		1552
		1553	If possible and supported, libev will install its handlers with
		1554	C<SA_RESTART> behaviour enabled, so system calls should not be unduly
		1555	interrupted. If you have a problem with system calls getting interrupted by
		1556	signals you can block all signals in an C<ev_check> watcher and unblock
		1557	them in an C<ev_prepare> watcher.
		1558
1319	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1559	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1320		1560
1321	=over 4	1561	=over 4
1322		1562
1323	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1563	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
…		…
1331		1571
1332	The signal the watcher watches out for.	1572	The signal the watcher watches out for.
1333		1573
1334	=back	1574	=back
1335		1575
		1576	=head3 Examples
		1577
		1578	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.
		1579
		1580	static void
		1581	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)
		1582	{
		1583	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);
		1584	}
		1585
		1586	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;
		1587	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);
		1588	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);
		1589
1336		1590
1337	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1591	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1338		1592
1339	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1593	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1340	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1594	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies). It
		1595	is permissible to install a child watcher I<after> the child has been
		1596	forked (which implies it might have already exited), as long as the event
		1597	loop isn't entered (or is continued from a watcher).
		1598
		1599	Only the default event loop is capable of handling signals, and therefore
		1600	you can only register child watchers in the default event loop.
		1601
		1602	=head3 Process Interaction
		1603
		1604	Libev grabs C<SIGCHLD> as soon as the default event loop is
		1605	initialised. This is necessary to guarantee proper behaviour even if
		1606	the first child watcher is started after the child exits. The occurrence
		1607	of C<SIGCHLD> is recorded asynchronously, but child reaping is done
		1608	synchronously as part of the event loop processing. Libev always reaps all
		1609	children, even ones not watched.
		1610
		1611	=head3 Overriding the Built-In Processing
		1612
		1613	Libev offers no special support for overriding the built-in child
		1614	processing, but if your application collides with libev's default child
		1615	handler, you can override it easily by installing your own handler for
		1616	C<SIGCHLD> after initialising the default loop, and making sure the
		1617	default loop never gets destroyed. You are encouraged, however, to use an
		1618	event-based approach to child reaping and thus use libev's support for
		1619	that, so other libev users can use C<ev_child> watchers freely.
		1620
		1621	=head3 Stopping the Child Watcher
		1622
		1623	Currently, the child watcher never gets stopped, even when the
		1624	child terminates, so normally one needs to stop the watcher in the
		1625	callback. Future versions of libev might stop the watcher automatically
		1626	when a child exit is detected.
1341		1627
1342	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1628	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1343		1629
1344	=over 4	1630	=over 4
1345		1631
1346	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1632	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid, int trace)
1347		1633
1348	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid)	1634	=item ev_child_set (ev_child *, int pid, int trace)
1349		1635
1350	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or	1636	Configures the watcher to wait for status changes of process C<pid> (or
1351	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look	1637	I<any> process if C<pid> is specified as C<0>). The callback can look
1352	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see	1638	at the C<rstatus> member of the C<ev_child> watcher structure to see
1353	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems	1639	the status word (use the macros from C<sys/wait.h> and see your systems
1354	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the	1640	C<waitpid> documentation). The C<rpid> member contains the pid of the
1355	process causing the status change.	1641	process causing the status change. C<trace> must be either C<0> (only
		1642	activate the watcher when the process terminates) or C<1> (additionally
		1643	activate the watcher when the process is stopped or continued).
1356		1644
1357	=item int pid [read-only]	1645	=item int pid [read-only]
1358		1646
1359	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.	1647	The process id this watcher watches out for, or C<0>, meaning any process id.
1360		1648
…		…
1367	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems	1655	The process exit/trace status caused by C<rpid> (see your systems
1368	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).	1656	C<waitpid> and C<sys/wait.h> documentation for details).
1369		1657
1370	=back	1658	=back
1371		1659
1372	Example: Try to exit cleanly on SIGINT and SIGTERM.	1660	=head3 Examples
1373		1661
		1662	Example: C<fork()> a new process and install a child handler to wait for
		1663	its completion.
		1664
		1665	ev_child cw;
		1666
1374	static void	1667	static void
1375	sigint_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_signal *w, int revents)	1668	child_cb (EV_P_ struct ev_child *w, int revents)
1376	{	1669	{
1377	ev_unloop (loop, EVUNLOOP_ALL);	1670	ev_child_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1671	printf ("process %d exited with status %x\n", w->rpid, w->rstatus);
1378	}	1672	}
1379		1673
1380	struct ev_signal signal_watcher;	1674	pid_t pid = fork ();
1381	ev_signal_init (&signal_watcher, sigint_cb, SIGINT);	1675
1382	ev_signal_start (loop, &sigint_cb);	1676	if (pid < 0)
		1677	// error
		1678	else if (pid == 0)
		1679	{
		1680	// the forked child executes here
		1681	exit (1);
		1682	}
		1683	else
		1684	{
		1685	ev_child_init (&cw, child_cb, pid, 0);
		1686	ev_child_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &cw);
		1687	}
1383		1688
1384		1689
1385	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?	1690	=head2 C<ev_stat> - did the file attributes just change?
1386		1691
1387	This watches a filesystem path for attribute changes. That is, it calls	1692	This watches a file system path for attribute changes. That is, it calls
1388	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed	1693	C<stat> regularly (or when the OS says it changed) and sees if it changed
1389	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.	1694	compared to the last time, invoking the callback if it did.
1390		1695
1391	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1696	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1392	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1697	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
…		…
1410	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be	1715	as even with OS-supported change notifications, this can be
1411	resource-intensive.	1716	resource-intensive.
1412		1717
1413	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is	1718	At the time of this writing, only the Linux inotify interface is
1414	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the	1719	implemented (implementing kqueue support is left as an exercise for the
		1720	reader, note, however, that the author sees no way of implementing ev_stat
1415	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1721	semantics with kqueue). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should
1416	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1722	not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev
1417	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1723	sometimes needs to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify,
1418	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1724	but changes are usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there
1419	polling.	1725	will be no polling.
		1726
		1727	=head3 ABI Issues (Largefile Support)
		1728
		1729	Libev by default (unless the user overrides this) uses the default
		1730	compilation environment, which means that on systems with large file
		1731	support disabled by default, you get the 32 bit version of the stat
		1732	structure. When using the library from programs that change the ABI to
		1733	use 64 bit file offsets the programs will fail. In that case you have to
		1734	compile libev with the same flags to get binary compatibility. This is
		1735	obviously the case with any flags that change the ABI, but the problem is
		1736	most noticeably disabled with ev_stat and large file support.
		1737
		1738	The solution for this is to lobby your distribution maker to make large
		1739	file interfaces available by default (as e.g. FreeBSD does) and not
		1740	optional. Libev cannot simply switch on large file support because it has
		1741	to exchange stat structures with application programs compiled using the
		1742	default compilation environment.
		1743
		1744	=head3 Inotify
		1745
		1746	When C<inotify (7)> support has been compiled into libev (generally only
		1747	available on Linux) and present at runtime, it will be used to speed up
		1748	change detection where possible. The inotify descriptor will be created lazily
		1749	when the first C<ev_stat> watcher is being started.
		1750
		1751	Inotify presence does not change the semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers
		1752	except that changes might be detected earlier, and in some cases, to avoid
		1753	making regular C<stat> calls. Even in the presence of inotify support
		1754	there are many cases where libev has to resort to regular C<stat> polling.
		1755
		1756	(There is no support for kqueue, as apparently it cannot be used to
		1757	implement this functionality, due to the requirement of having a file
		1758	descriptor open on the object at all times).
		1759
		1760	=head3 The special problem of stat time resolution
		1761
		1762	The C<stat ()> system call only supports full-second resolution portably, and
		1763	even on systems where the resolution is higher, many file systems still
		1764	only support whole seconds.
		1765
		1766	That means that, if the time is the only thing that changes, you can
		1767	easily miss updates: on the first update, C<ev_stat> detects a change and
		1768	calls your callback, which does something. When there is another update
		1769	within the same second, C<ev_stat> will be unable to detect it as the stat
		1770	data does not change.
		1771
		1772	The solution to this is to delay acting on a change for slightly more
		1773	than a second (or till slightly after the next full second boundary), using
		1774	a roughly one-second-delay C<ev_timer> (e.g. C<ev_timer_set (w, 0., 1.02);
		1775	ev_timer_again (loop, w)>).
		1776
		1777	The C<.02> offset is added to work around small timing inconsistencies
		1778	of some operating systems (where the second counter of the current time
		1779	might be be delayed. One such system is the Linux kernel, where a call to
		1780	C<gettimeofday> might return a timestamp with a full second later than
		1781	a subsequent C<time> call - if the equivalent of C<time ()> is used to
		1782	update file times then there will be a small window where the kernel uses
		1783	the previous second to update file times but libev might already execute
		1784	the timer callback).
1420		1785
1421	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1786	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1422		1787
1423	=over 4	1788	=over 4
1424		1789
…		…
1430	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to	1795	C<path>. The C<interval> is a hint on how quickly a change is expected to
1431	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose	1796	be detected and should normally be specified as C<0> to let libev choose
1432	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same	1797	a suitable value. The memory pointed to by C<path> must point to the same
1433	path for as long as the watcher is active.	1798	path for as long as the watcher is active.
1434		1799
1435	The callback will be receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected,	1800	The callback will receive C<EV_STAT> when a change was detected, relative
1436	relative to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the	1801	to the attributes at the time the watcher was started (or the last change
1437	last change was detected).	1802	was detected).
1438		1803
1439	=item ev_stat_stat (ev_stat *)	1804	=item ev_stat_stat (loop, ev_stat *)
1440		1805
1441	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the	1806	Updates the stat buffer immediately with new values. If you change the
1442	watched path in your callback, you could call this fucntion to avoid	1807	watched path in your callback, you could call this function to avoid
1443	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition). Can also be	1808	detecting this change (while introducing a race condition if you are not
1444	useful simply to find out the new values.	1809	the only one changing the path). Can also be useful simply to find out the
		1810	new values.
1445		1811
1446	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]	1812	=item ev_statdata attr [read-only]
1447		1813
1448	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is of	1814	The most-recently detected attributes of the file. Although the type is
1449	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types	1815	C<ev_statdata>, this is usually the (or one of the) C<struct stat> types
1450	suitable for your system. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there	1816	suitable for your system, but you can only rely on the POSIX-standardised
		1817	members to be present. If the C<st_nlink> member is C<0>, then there was
1451	was some error while C<stat>ing the file.	1818	some error while C<stat>ing the file.
1452		1819
1453	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]	1820	=item ev_statdata prev [read-only]
1454		1821
1455	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever	1822	The previous attributes of the file. The callback gets invoked whenever
1456	C<prev> != C<attr>.	1823	C<prev> != C<attr>, or, more precisely, one or more of these members
		1824	differ: C<st_dev>, C<st_ino>, C<st_mode>, C<st_nlink>, C<st_uid>,
		1825	C<st_gid>, C<st_rdev>, C<st_size>, C<st_atime>, C<st_mtime>, C<st_ctime>.
1457		1826
1458	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]	1827	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-only]
1459		1828
1460	The specified interval.	1829	The specified interval.
1461		1830
1462	=item const char *path [read-only]	1831	=item const char *path [read-only]
1463		1832
1464	The filesystem path that is being watched.	1833	The file system path that is being watched.
1465		1834
1466	=back	1835	=back
1467		1836
		1837	=head3 Examples
		1838
1468	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.	1839	Example: Watch C</etc/passwd> for attribute changes.
1469		1840
1470	static void	1841	static void
1471	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)	1842	passwd_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, ev_stat *w, int revents)
1472	{	1843	{
1473	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */	1844	/* /etc/passwd changed in some way */
1474	if (w->attr.st_nlink)	1845	if (w->attr.st_nlink)
1475	{	1846	{
1476	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);	1847	printf ("passwd current size %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_size);
1477	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1848	printf ("passwd current atime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1478	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);	1849	printf ("passwd current mtime %ld\n", (long)w->attr.st_mtime);
1479	}	1850	}
1480	else	1851	else
1481	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */	1852	/* you shalt not abuse printf for puts */
1482	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "	1853	puts ("wow, /etc/passwd is not there, expect problems. "
1483	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");	1854	"if this is windows, they already arrived\n");
1484	}	1855	}
1485		1856
1486	...	1857	...
1487	ev_stat passwd;	1858	ev_stat passwd;
1488		1859
1489	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd");	1860	ev_stat_init (&passwd, passwd_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
1490	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1861	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1862
		1863	Example: Like above, but additionally use a one-second delay so we do not
		1864	miss updates (however, frequent updates will delay processing, too, so
		1865	one might do the work both on C<ev_stat> callback invocation I<and> on
		1866	C<ev_timer> callback invocation).
		1867
		1868	static ev_stat passwd;
		1869	static ev_timer timer;
		1870
		1871	static void
		1872	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1873	{
		1874	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ w);
		1875
		1876	/* now it's one second after the most recent passwd change */
		1877	}
		1878
		1879	static void
		1880	stat_cb (EV_P_ ev_stat *w, int revents)
		1881	{
		1882	/* reset the one-second timer */
		1883	ev_timer_again (EV_A_ &timer);
		1884	}
		1885
		1886	...
		1887	ev_stat_init (&passwd, stat_cb, "/etc/passwd", 0.);
		1888	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
		1889	ev_timer_init (&timer, timer_cb, 0., 1.02);
1491		1890
1492		1891
1493	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1892	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1494		1893
1495	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher	1894	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
…		…
1521	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,	1920	kind. There is a C<ev_idle_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
1522	believe me.	1921	believe me.
1523		1922
1524	=back	1923	=back
1525		1924
		1925	=head3 Examples
		1926
1526	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the	1927	Example: Dynamically allocate an C<ev_idle> watcher, start it, and in the
1527	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.	1928	callback, free it. Also, use no error checking, as usual.
1528		1929
1529	static void	1930	static void
1530	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)	1931	idle_cb (struct ev_loop *loop, struct ev_idle *w, int revents)
1531	{	1932	{
1532	free (w);	1933	free (w);
1533	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has	1934	// now do something you wanted to do when the program has
1534	// no longer asnything immediate to do.	1935	// no longer anything immediate to do.
1535	}	1936	}
1536		1937
1537	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));	1938	struct ev_idle *idle_watcher = malloc (sizeof (struct ev_idle));
1538	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);	1939	ev_idle_init (idle_watcher, idle_cb);
1539	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);	1940	ev_idle_start (loop, idle_cb);
1540		1941
1541		1942
1542	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!	1943	=head2 C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> - customise your event loop!
1543		1944
1544	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:	1945	Prepare and check watchers are usually (but not always) used in tandem:
…		…
1563		1964
1564	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need	1965	This is done by examining in each prepare call which file descriptors need
1565	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for	1966	to be watched by the other library, registering C<ev_io> watchers for
1566	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries	1967	them and starting an C<ev_timer> watcher for any timeouts (many libraries
1567	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for	1968	provide just this functionality). Then, in the check watcher you check for
1568	any events that occured (by checking the pending status of all watchers	1969	any events that occurred (by checking the pending status of all watchers
1569	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer	1970	and stopping them) and call back into the library. The I/O and timer
1570	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,	1971	callbacks will never actually be called (but must be valid nevertheless,
1571	because you never know, you know?).	1972	because you never know, you know?).
1572		1973
1573	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate	1974	As another example, the Perl Coro module uses these hooks to integrate
…		…
1581		1982
1582	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)	1983	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
1583	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers	1984	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
1584	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,	1985	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
1585	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully	1986	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
1586	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers did	1987	supports this, they might get executed before other C<ev_check> watchers
1587	their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other event	1988	did their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other
1588	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their	1989	(non-libev) event loops those other event loops might be in an unusable
1589	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with	1990	state until their C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to
1590	others).	1991	coexist peacefully with others).
1591		1992
1592	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	1993	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1593		1994
1594	=over 4	1995	=over 4
1595		1996
…		…
1601	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	2002	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1602	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	2003	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1603		2004
1604	=back	2005	=back
1605		2006
		2007	=head3 Examples
		2008
1606	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules	2009	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1607	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev	2010	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
1608	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could	2011	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
1609	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>	2012	use as a working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib> embeds a
1610	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV	2013	Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV into the
1611	into the Glib event loop).	2014	Glib event loop).
1612		2015
1613	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,	2016	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1614	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows	2017	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1615	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low	2018	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
1616	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as	2019	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
1617	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.	2020	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1618		2021
1619	static ev_io iow [nfd];	2022	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1620	static ev_timer tw;	2023	static ev_timer tw;
1621		2024
1622	static void	2025	static void
1623	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)	2026	io_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents)
1624	{	2027	{
1625	}	2028	}
1626		2029
1627	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	2030	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1628	static void	2031	static void
1629	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)	2032	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_prepare *w, int revents)
1630	{	2033	{
1631	int timeout = 3600000;	2034	int timeout = 3600000;
1632	struct pollfd fds [nfd];	2035	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1633	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	2036	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1634	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	2037	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1635		2038
1636	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	2039	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1637	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	2040	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1638	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	2041	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1639		2042
1640	// create one ev_io per pollfd	2043	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1641	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2044	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1642	{	2045	{
1643	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	2046	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1644	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	2047	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1645	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	2048	| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1646		2049
1647	fds [i].revents = 0;	2050	fds [i].revents = 0;
1648	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	2051	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1649	}	2052	}
1650	}	2053	}
1651		2054
1652	// stop all watchers after blocking	2055	// stop all watchers after blocking
1653	static void	2056	static void
1654	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)	2057	adns_check_cb (ev_loop *loop, ev_check *w, int revents)
1655	{	2058	{
1656	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	2059	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1657		2060
1658	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	2061	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1659	{	2062	{
1660	// set the relevant poll flags	2063	// set the relevant poll flags
1661	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here	2064	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1662	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;	2065	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
1663	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);	2066	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
1664	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;	2067	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLIN;
1665	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;	2068	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents |= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1666		2069
1667	// now stop the watcher	2070	// now stop the watcher
1668	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	2071	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
1669	}	2072	}
1670		2073
1671	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	2074	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
1672	}	2075	}
1673		2076
1674	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>	2077	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
1675	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.	2078	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
1676		2079
1677	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event	2080	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
1678	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher	2081	notification (libadns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
1679	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.	2082	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
1680		2083
1681	static void	2084	static void
1682	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2085	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1683	{	2086	{
1684	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2087	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1685	update_now (EV_A);	2088	update_now (EV_A);
1686		2089
1687	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);	2090	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
1688	}	2091	}
1689		2092
1690	static void	2093	static void
1691	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)	2094	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
1692	{	2095	{
1693	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;	2096	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
1694	update_now (EV_A);	2097	update_now (EV_A);
1695		2098
1696	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2099	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1697	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);	2100	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
1698	}	2101	}
1699		2102
1700	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll	2103	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
1701		2104
1702	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you	2105	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
1703	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override	2106	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, you can override
1704	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main	2107	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
1705	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does	2108	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
1706	this.	2109	this.
1707		2110
1708	static gint	2111	static gint
1709	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)	2112	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
1710	{	2113	{
1711	int got_events = 0;	2114	int got_events = 0;
1712		2115
1713	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2116	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1714	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events	2117	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
1715		2118
1716	if (timeout >= 0)	2119	if (timeout >= 0)
1717	// create/start timer	2120	// create/start timer
1718		2121
1719	// poll	2122	// poll
1720	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2123	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
1721		2124
1722	// stop timer again	2125	// stop timer again
1723	if (timeout >= 0)	2126	if (timeout >= 0)
1724	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);	2127	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
1725		2128
1726	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set	2129	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
1727	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)	2130	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
1728	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);	2131	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
1729		2132
1730	return got_events;	2133	return got_events;
1731	}	2134	}
1732		2135
1733		2136
1734	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	2137	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1735		2138
1736	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	2139	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
1737	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded	2140	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded
1738	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect	2141	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
1739	fashion and must not be used). (See portability notes, below).	2142	fashion and must not be used).
1740		2143
1741	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and	2144	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and
1742	prioritise I/O.	2145	prioritise I/O.
1743		2146
1744	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	2147	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
…		…
1778	portable one.	2181	portable one.
1779		2182
1780	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared	2183	So when you want to use this feature you will always have to be prepared
1781	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around	2184	that you cannot get an embeddable loop. The recommended way to get around
1782	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to	2185	this is to have a separate variables for your embeddable loop, try to
1783	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything:	2186	create it, and if that fails, use the normal loop for everything.
1784
1785	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
1786	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
1787	struct ev_embed embed;
1788
1789	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
1790	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
1791	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
1792	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
1793	: 0;
1794
1795	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
1796	if (loop_lo)
1797	{
1798	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
1799	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1800	}
1801	else
1802	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1803
1804	=head2 Portability notes
1805
1806	Kqueue is nominally embeddable, but this is broken on all BSDs that I
1807	tried, in various ways. Usually the embedded event loop will simply never
1808	receive events, sometimes it will only trigger a few times, sometimes in a
1809	loop. Epoll is also nominally embeddable, but many Linux kernel versions
1810	will always eport the epoll fd as ready, even when no events are pending.
1811
1812	While libev allows embedding these backends (they are contained in
1813	C<ev_embeddable_backends ()>), take extreme care that it will actually
1814	work.
1815
1816	When in doubt, create a dynamic event loop forced to use sockets (this
1817	usually works) and possibly another thread and a pipe or so to report to
1818	your main event loop.
1819		2187
1820	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members	2188	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1821		2189
1822	=over 4	2190	=over 4
1823		2191
…		…
1827		2195
1828	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be	2196	Configures the watcher to embed the given loop, which must be
1829	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be	2197	embeddable. If the callback is C<0>, then C<ev_embed_sweep> will be
1830	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback	2198	invoked automatically, otherwise it is the responsibility of the callback
1831	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,	2199	to invoke it (it will continue to be called until the sweep has been done,
1832	if you do not want thta, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).	2200	if you do not want that, you need to temporarily stop the embed watcher).
1833		2201
1834	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)	2202	=item ev_embed_sweep (loop, ev_embed *)
1835		2203
1836	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	2204	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1837	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	2205	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1838	apropriate way for embedded loops.	2206	appropriate way for embedded loops.
1839		2207
1840	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]	2208	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1841		2209
1842	The embedded event loop.	2210	The embedded event loop.
1843		2211
1844	=back	2212	=back
		2213
		2214	=head3 Examples
		2215
		2216	Example: Try to get an embeddable event loop and embed it into the default
		2217	event loop. If that is not possible, use the default loop. The default
		2218	loop is stored in C<loop_hi>, while the embeddable loop is stored in
		2219	C<loop_lo> (which is C<loop_hi> in the case no embeddable loop can be
		2220	used).
		2221
		2222	struct ev_loop *loop_hi = ev_default_init (0);
		2223	struct ev_loop *loop_lo = 0;
		2224	struct ev_embed embed;
		2225
		2226	// see if there is a chance of getting one that works
		2227	// (remember that a flags value of 0 means autodetection)
		2228	loop_lo = ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ()
		2229	? ev_loop_new (ev_embeddable_backends () & ev_recommended_backends ())
		2230	: 0;
		2231
		2232	// if we got one, then embed it, otherwise default to loop_hi
		2233	if (loop_lo)
		2234	{
		2235	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_lo);
		2236	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
		2237	}
		2238	else
		2239	loop_lo = loop_hi;
		2240
		2241	Example: Check if kqueue is available but not recommended and create
		2242	a kqueue backend for use with sockets (which usually work with any
		2243	kqueue implementation). Store the kqueue/socket-only event loop in
		2244	C<loop_socket>. (One might optionally use C<EVFLAG_NOENV>, too).
		2245
		2246	struct ev_loop *loop = ev_default_init (0);
		2247	struct ev_loop *loop_socket = 0;
		2248	struct ev_embed embed;
		2249
		2250	if (ev_supported_backends () & ~ev_recommended_backends () & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE)
		2251	if ((loop_socket = ev_loop_new (EVBACKEND_KQUEUE))
		2252	{
		2253	ev_embed_init (&embed, 0, loop_socket);
		2254	ev_embed_start (loop, &embed);
		2255	}
		2256
		2257	if (!loop_socket)
		2258	loop_socket = loop;
		2259
		2260	// now use loop_socket for all sockets, and loop for everything else
1845		2261
1846		2262
1847	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork	2263	=head2 C<ev_fork> - the audacity to resume the event loop after a fork
1848		2264
1849	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because	2265	Fork watchers are called when a C<fork ()> was detected (usually because
…		…
1865	believe me.	2281	believe me.
1866		2282
1867	=back	2283	=back
1868		2284
1869		2285
		2286	=head2 C<ev_async> - how to wake up another event loop
		2287
		2288	In general, you cannot use an C<ev_loop> from multiple threads or other
		2289	asynchronous sources such as signal handlers (as opposed to multiple event
		2290	loops - those are of course safe to use in different threads).
		2291
		2292	Sometimes, however, you need to wake up another event loop you do not
		2293	control, for example because it belongs to another thread. This is what
		2294	C<ev_async> watchers do: as long as the C<ev_async> watcher is active, you
		2295	can signal it by calling C<ev_async_send>, which is thread- and signal
		2296	safe.
		2297
		2298	This functionality is very similar to C<ev_signal> watchers, as signals,
		2299	too, are asynchronous in nature, and signals, too, will be compressed
		2300	(i.e. the number of callback invocations may be less than the number of
		2301	C<ev_async_sent> calls).
		2302
		2303	Unlike C<ev_signal> watchers, C<ev_async> works with any event loop, not
		2304	just the default loop.
		2305
		2306	=head3 Queueing
		2307
		2308	C<ev_async> does not support queueing of data in any way. The reason
		2309	is that the author does not know of a simple (or any) algorithm for a
		2310	multiple-writer-single-reader queue that works in all cases and doesn't
		2311	need elaborate support such as pthreads.
		2312
		2313	That means that if you want to queue data, you have to provide your own
		2314	queue. But at least I can tell you would implement locking around your
		2315	queue:
		2316
		2317	=over 4
		2318
		2319	=item queueing from a signal handler context
		2320
		2321	To implement race-free queueing, you simply add to the queue in the signal
		2322	handler but you block the signal handler in the watcher callback. Here is an example that does that for
		2323	some fictitious SIGUSR1 handler:
		2324
		2325	static ev_async mysig;
		2326
		2327	static void
		2328	sigusr1_handler (void)
		2329	{
		2330	sometype data;
		2331
		2332	// no locking etc.
		2333	queue_put (data);
		2334	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2335	}
		2336
		2337	static void
		2338	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2339	{
		2340	sometype data;
		2341	sigset_t block, prev;
		2342
		2343	sigemptyset (&block);
		2344	sigaddset (&block, SIGUSR1);
		2345	sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &block, &prev);
		2346
		2347	while (queue_get (&data))
		2348	process (data);
		2349
		2350	if (sigismember (&prev, SIGUSR1)
		2351	sigprocmask (SIG_UNBLOCK, &block, 0);
		2352	}
		2353
		2354	(Note: pthreads in theory requires you to use C<pthread_setmask>
		2355	instead of C<sigprocmask> when you use threads, but libev doesn't do it
		2356	either...).
		2357
		2358	=item queueing from a thread context
		2359
		2360	The strategy for threads is different, as you cannot (easily) block
		2361	threads but you can easily preempt them, so to queue safely you need to
		2362	employ a traditional mutex lock, such as in this pthread example:
		2363
		2364	static ev_async mysig;
		2365	static pthread_mutex_t mymutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
		2366
		2367	static void
		2368	otherthread (void)
		2369	{
		2370	// only need to lock the actual queueing operation
		2371	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2372	queue_put (data);
		2373	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2374
		2375	ev_async_send (EV_DEFAULT_ &mysig);
		2376	}
		2377
		2378	static void
		2379	mysig_cb (EV_P_ ev_async *w, int revents)
		2380	{
		2381	pthread_mutex_lock (&mymutex);
		2382
		2383	while (queue_get (&data))
		2384	process (data);
		2385
		2386	pthread_mutex_unlock (&mymutex);
		2387	}
		2388
		2389	=back
		2390
		2391
		2392	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		2393
		2394	=over 4
		2395
		2396	=item ev_async_init (ev_async *, callback)
		2397
		2398	Initialises and configures the async watcher - it has no parameters of any
		2399	kind. There is a C<ev_asynd_set> macro, but using it is utterly pointless,
		2400	believe me.
		2401
		2402	=item ev_async_send (loop, ev_async *)
		2403
		2404	Sends/signals/activates the given C<ev_async> watcher, that is, feeds
		2405	an C<EV_ASYNC> event on the watcher into the event loop. Unlike
		2406	C<ev_feed_event>, this call is safe to do in other threads, signal or
		2407	similar contexts (see the discussion of C<EV_ATOMIC_T> in the embedding
		2408	section below on what exactly this means).
		2409
		2410	This call incurs the overhead of a system call only once per loop iteration,
		2411	so while the overhead might be noticeable, it doesn't apply to repeated
		2412	calls to C<ev_async_send>.
		2413
		2414	=item bool = ev_async_pending (ev_async *)
		2415
		2416	Returns a non-zero value when C<ev_async_send> has been called on the
		2417	watcher but the event has not yet been processed (or even noted) by the
		2418	event loop.
		2419
		2420	C<ev_async_send> sets a flag in the watcher and wakes up the loop. When
		2421	the loop iterates next and checks for the watcher to have become active,
		2422	it will reset the flag again. C<ev_async_pending> can be used to very
		2423	quickly check whether invoking the loop might be a good idea.
		2424
		2425	Not that this does I<not> check whether the watcher itself is pending, only
		2426	whether it has been requested to make this watcher pending.
		2427
		2428	=back
		2429
		2430
1870	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS	2431	=head1 OTHER FUNCTIONS
1871		2432
1872	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.	2433	There are some other functions of possible interest. Described. Here. Now.
1873		2434
1874	=over 4	2435	=over 4
…		…
1881	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or	2442	or timeout without having to allocate/configure/start/stop/free one or
1882	more watchers yourself.	2443	more watchers yourself.
1883		2444
1884	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events	2445	If C<fd> is less than 0, then no I/O watcher will be started and events
1885	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and	2446	is being ignored. Otherwise, an C<ev_io> watcher for the given C<fd> and
1886	C<events> set will be craeted and started.	2447	C<events> set will be created and started.
1887		2448
1888	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be	2449	If C<timeout> is less than 0, then no timeout watcher will be
1889	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and	2450	started. Otherwise an C<ev_timer> watcher with after = C<timeout> (and
1890	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of	2451	repeat = 0) will be started. While C<0> is a valid timeout, it is of
1891	dubious value.	2452	dubious value.
…		…
1893	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets	2454	The callback has the type C<void (*cb)(int revents, void *arg)> and gets
1894	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of	2455	passed an C<revents> set like normal event callbacks (a combination of
1895	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>	2456	C<EV_ERROR>, C<EV_READ>, C<EV_WRITE> or C<EV_TIMEOUT>) and the C<arg>
1896	value passed to C<ev_once>:	2457	value passed to C<ev_once>:
1897		2458
1898	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)	2459	static void stdin_ready (int revents, void *arg)
1899	{	2460	{
1900	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)	2461	if (revents & EV_TIMEOUT)
1901	/* doh, nothing entered */;	2462	/* doh, nothing entered */;
1902	else if (revents & EV_READ)	2463	else if (revents & EV_READ)
1903	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;	2464	/* stdin might have data for us, joy! */;
1904	}	2465	}
1905		2466
1906	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);	2467	ev_once (STDIN_FILENO, EV_READ, 10., stdin_ready, 0);
1907		2468
1908	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)	2469	=item ev_feed_event (ev_loop *, watcher *, int revents)
1909		2470
1910	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event	2471	Feeds the given event set into the event loop, as if the specified event
1911	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an	2472	had happened for the specified watcher (which must be a pointer to an
…		…
1916	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected	2477	Feed an event on the given fd, as if a file descriptor backend detected
1917	the given events it.	2478	the given events it.
1918		2479
1919	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)	2480	=item ev_feed_signal_event (ev_loop *loop, int signum)
1920		2481
1921	Feed an event as if the given signal occured (C<loop> must be the default	2482	Feed an event as if the given signal occurred (C<loop> must be the default
1922	loop!).	2483	loop!).
1923		2484
1924	=back	2485	=back
1925		2486
1926		2487
…		…
1942		2503
1943	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities	2504	=item * Priorities are not currently supported. Initialising priorities
1944	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there	2505	will fail and all watchers will have the same priority, even though there
1945	is an ev_pri field.	2506	is an ev_pri field.
1946		2507
		2508	=item * In libevent, the last base created gets the signals, in libev, the
		2509	first base created (== the default loop) gets the signals.
		2510
1947	=item * Other members are not supported.	2511	=item * Other members are not supported.
1948		2512
1949	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need	2513	=item * The libev emulation is I<not> ABI compatible to libevent, you need
1950	to use the libev header file and library.	2514	to use the libev header file and library.
1951		2515
1952	=back	2516	=back
1953		2517
1954	=head1 C++ SUPPORT	2518	=head1 C++ SUPPORT
1955		2519
1956	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow	2520	Libev comes with some simplistic wrapper classes for C++ that mainly allow
1957	you to use some convinience methods to start/stop watchers and also change	2521	you to use some convenience methods to start/stop watchers and also change
1958	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.	2522	the callback model to a model using method callbacks on objects.
1959		2523
1960	To use it,	2524	To use it,
1961		2525
1962	#include <ev++.h>	2526	#include <ev++.h>
1963		2527
1964	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many	2528	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1965	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are	2529	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1966	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding	2530	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
1967	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	2531	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
…		…
2034	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the	2598	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
2035	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.	2599	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
2036		2600
2037	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation	2601	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
2038		2602
2039	struct myclass	2603	struct myclass
2040	{	2604	{
2041	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2605	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2042	}	2606	}
2043		2607
2044	myclass obj;	2608	myclass obj;
2045	ev::io iow;	2609	ev::io iow;
2046	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);	2610	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
2047		2611
2048	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)	2612	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
2049		2613
2050	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as	2614	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
2051	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's	2615	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
…		…
2055		2619
2056	See the method-C<set> above for more details.	2620	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
2057		2621
2058	Example:	2622	Example:
2059		2623
2060	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }	2624	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
2061	iow.set <io_cb> ();	2625	iow.set <io_cb> ();
2062		2626
2063	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2627	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
2064		2628
2065	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2629	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
2066	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2630	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
2067		2631
2068	=item w->set ([args])	2632	=item w->set ([arguments])
2069		2633
2070	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2634	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same arguments. Must be
2071	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2635	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
2072	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this	2636	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
2073	method.	2637	method.
2074		2638
2075	=item w->start ()	2639	=item w->start ()
…		…
2099	=back	2663	=back
2100		2664
2101	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in	2665	Example: Define a class with an IO and idle watcher, start one of them in
2102	the constructor.	2666	the constructor.
2103		2667
2104	class myclass	2668	class myclass
2105	{	2669	{
2106	ev_io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);	2670	ev::io io; void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents);
2107	ev_idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);	2671	ev:idle idle void idle_cb (ev::idle &w, int revents);
2108		2672
2109	myclass ();	2673	myclass (int fd)
2110	}	2674	{
2111
2112	myclass::myclass (int fd)
2113	{
2114	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);	2675	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
2115	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);	2676	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
2116		2677
2117	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2678	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
		2679	}
2118	}	2680	};
		2681
		2682
		2683	=head1 OTHER LANGUAGE BINDINGS
		2684
		2685	Libev does not offer other language bindings itself, but bindings for a
		2686	number of languages exist in the form of third-party packages. If you know
		2687	any interesting language binding in addition to the ones listed here, drop
		2688	me a note.
		2689
		2690	=over 4
		2691
		2692	=item Perl
		2693
		2694	The EV module implements the full libev API and is actually used to test
		2695	libev. EV is developed together with libev. Apart from the EV core module,
		2696	there are additional modules that implement libev-compatible interfaces
		2697	to C<libadns> (C<EV::ADNS>), C<Net::SNMP> (C<Net::SNMP::EV>) and the
		2698	C<libglib> event core (C<Glib::EV> and C<EV::Glib>).
		2699
		2700	It can be found and installed via CPAN, its homepage is at
		2701	L<http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/EV>.
		2702
		2703	=item Python
		2704
		2705	Python bindings can be found at L<http://code.google.com/p/pyev/>. It
		2706	seems to be quite complete and well-documented. Note, however, that the
		2707	patch they require for libev is outright dangerous as it breaks the ABI
		2708	for everybody else, and therefore, should never be applied in an installed
		2709	libev (if python requires an incompatible ABI then it needs to embed
		2710	libev).
		2711
		2712	=item Ruby
		2713
		2714	Tony Arcieri has written a ruby extension that offers access to a subset
		2715	of the libev API and adds file handle abstractions, asynchronous DNS and
		2716	more on top of it. It can be found via gem servers. Its homepage is at
		2717	L<http://rev.rubyforge.org/>.
		2718
		2719	=item D
		2720
		2721	Leandro Lucarella has written a D language binding (F<ev.d>) for libev, to
		2722	be found at L<http://proj.llucax.com.ar/wiki/evd>.
		2723
		2724	=back
2119		2725
2120		2726
2121	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2727	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
2122		2728
2123	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal	2729	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamental
2124	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)	2730	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
2125	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2731	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
2126		2732
2127	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2733	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
2128	following macros are defined:	2734	following macros are defined:
…		…
2133		2739
2134	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2740	This provides the loop I<argument> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2135	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,	2741	loop argument"). The C<EV_A> form is used when this is the sole argument,
2136	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:	2742	C<EV_A_> is used when other arguments are following. Example:
2137		2743
2138	ev_unref (EV_A);	2744	ev_unref (EV_A);
2139	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);	2745	ev_timer_add (EV_A_ watcher);
2140	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);	2746	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
2141		2747
2142	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,	2748	It assumes the variable C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *> is in scope,
2143	which is often provided by the following macro.	2749	which is often provided by the following macro.
2144		2750
2145	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>	2751	=item C<EV_P>, C<EV_P_>
2146		2752
2147	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev	2753	This provides the loop I<parameter> for functions, if one is required ("ev
2148	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,	2754	loop parameter"). The C<EV_P> form is used when this is the sole parameter,
2149	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:	2755	C<EV_P_> is used when other parameters are following. Example:
2150		2756
2151	// this is how ev_unref is being declared	2757	// this is how ev_unref is being declared
2152	static void ev_unref (EV_P);	2758	static void ev_unref (EV_P);
2153		2759
2154	// this is how you can declare your typical callback	2760	// this is how you can declare your typical callback
2155	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2761	static void cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2156		2762
2157	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite	2763	It declares a parameter C<loop> of type C<struct ev_loop *>, quite
2158	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.	2764	suitable for use with C<EV_A>.
2159		2765
2160	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>	2766	=item C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_>
2161		2767
2162	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2768	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
2163	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2769	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
		2770
		2771	=item C<EV_DEFAULT_UC>, C<EV_DEFAULT_UC_>
		2772
		2773	Usage identical to C<EV_DEFAULT> and C<EV_DEFAULT_>, but requires that the
		2774	default loop has been initialised (C<UC> == unchecked). Their behaviour
		2775	is undefined when the default loop has not been initialised by a previous
		2776	execution of C<EV_DEFAULT>, C<EV_DEFAULT_> or C<ev_default_init (...)>.
		2777
		2778	It is often prudent to use C<EV_DEFAULT> when initialising the first
		2779	watcher in a function but use C<EV_DEFAULT_UC> afterwards.
2164		2780
2165	=back	2781	=back
2166		2782
2167	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above	2783	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
2168	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported	2784	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
2169	or not.	2785	or not.
2170		2786
2171	static void	2787	static void
2172	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2788	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
2173	{	2789	{
2174	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2790	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
2175	}	2791	}
2176		2792
2177	ev_check check;	2793	ev_check check;
2178	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2794	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
2179	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2795	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
2180	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2796	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
2181		2797
2182	=head1 EMBEDDING	2798	=head1 EMBEDDING
2183		2799
2184	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2800	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
2185	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2801	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
…		…
2192	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2808	libev somewhere in your source tree).
2193		2809
2194	=head2 FILESETS	2810	=head2 FILESETS
2195		2811
2196	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files	2812	Depending on what features you need you need to include one or more sets of files
2197	in your app.	2813	in your application.
2198		2814
2199	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP	2815	=head3 CORE EVENT LOOP
2200		2816
2201	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual	2817	To include only the libev core (all the C<ev_*> functions), with manual
2202	configuration (no autoconf):	2818	configuration (no autoconf):
2203		2819
2204	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2820	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2205	#include "ev.c"	2821	#include "ev.c"
2206		2822
2207	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a	2823	This will automatically include F<ev.h>, too, and should be done in a
2208	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use	2824	single C source file only to provide the function implementations. To use
2209	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best	2825	it, do the same for F<ev.h> in all files wishing to use this API (best
2210	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and	2826	done by writing a wrapper around F<ev.h> that you can include instead and
2211	where you can put other configuration options):	2827	where you can put other configuration options):
2212		2828
2213	#define EV_STANDALONE 1	2829	#define EV_STANDALONE 1
2214	#include "ev.h"	2830	#include "ev.h"
2215		2831
2216	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++	2832	Both header files and implementation files can be compiled with a C++
2217	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated	2833	compiler (at least, thats a stated goal, and breakage will be treated
2218	as a bug).	2834	as a bug).
2219		2835
2220	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory	2836	You need the following files in your source tree, or in a directory
2221	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):	2837	in your include path (e.g. in libev/ when using -Ilibev):
2222		2838
2223	ev.h	2839	ev.h
2224	ev.c	2840	ev.c
2225	ev_vars.h	2841	ev_vars.h
2226	ev_wrap.h	2842	ev_wrap.h
2227		2843
2228	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	2844	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
2229		2845
2230	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)	2846	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
2231	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2847	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2232	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2848	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2233	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2849	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2234	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2850	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
2235		2851
2236	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need	2852	F<ev.c> includes the backend files directly when enabled, so you only need
2237	to compile this single file.	2853	to compile this single file.
2238		2854
2239	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API	2855	=head3 LIBEVENT COMPATIBILITY API
2240		2856
2241	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:	2857	To include the libevent compatibility API, also include:
2242		2858
2243	#include "event.c"	2859	#include "event.c"
2244		2860
2245	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:	2861	in the file including F<ev.c>, and:
2246		2862
2247	#include "event.h"	2863	#include "event.h"
2248		2864
2249	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.	2865	in the files that want to use the libevent API. This also includes F<ev.h>.
2250		2866
2251	You need the following additional files for this:	2867	You need the following additional files for this:
2252		2868
2253	event.h	2869	event.h
2254	event.c	2870	event.c
2255		2871
2256	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT	2872	=head3 AUTOCONF SUPPORT
2257		2873
2258	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your config in	2874	Instead of using C<EV_STANDALONE=1> and providing your configuration in
2259	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your	2875	whatever way you want, you can also C<m4_include([libev.m4])> in your
2260	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then	2876	F<configure.ac> and leave C<EV_STANDALONE> undefined. F<ev.c> will then
2261	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.	2877	include F<config.h> and configure itself accordingly.
2262		2878
2263	For this of course you need the m4 file:	2879	For this of course you need the m4 file:
2264		2880
2265	libev.m4	2881	libev.m4
2266		2882
2267	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS	2883	=head2 PREPROCESSOR SYMBOLS/MACROS
2268		2884
2269	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to define	2885	Libev can be configured via a variety of preprocessor symbols you have to
2270	before including any of its files. The default is not to build for multiplicity	2886	define before including any of its files. The default in the absence of
2271	and only include the select backend.	2887	autoconf is noted for every option.
2272		2888
2273	=over 4	2889	=over 4
2274		2890
2275	=item EV_STANDALONE	2891	=item EV_STANDALONE
2276		2892
…		…
2281	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.	2897	F<event.h> that are not directly supported by the libev core alone.
2282		2898
2283	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC	2899	=item EV_USE_MONOTONIC
2284		2900
2285	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2901	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2286	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2902	monotonic clock option at both compile time and runtime. Otherwise no use
2287	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2903	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
2288	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2904	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
2289	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have	2905	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
2290	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2906	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
2291	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2907	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
2292		2908
2293	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2909	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
2294		2910
2295	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2911	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
2296	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2912	real-time clock option at compile time (and assume its availability at
2297	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2913	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the real-time clock option will
2298	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2914	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
2299	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the	2915	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
2300	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2916	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
2301		2917
		2918	=item EV_USE_NANOSLEEP
		2919
		2920	If defined to be C<1>, libev will assume that C<nanosleep ()> is available
		2921	and will use it for delays. Otherwise it will use C<select ()>.
		2922
		2923	=item EV_USE_EVENTFD
		2924
		2925	If defined to be C<1>, then libev will assume that C<eventfd ()> is
		2926	available and will probe for kernel support at runtime. This will improve
		2927	C<ev_signal> and C<ev_async> performance and reduce resource consumption.
		2928	If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc
		2929	2.7 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		2930
2302	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2931	=item EV_USE_SELECT
2303		2932
2304	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2933	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
2305	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2934	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at auto-detection will be done: if no
2306	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend	2935	other method takes over, select will be it. Otherwise the select backend
2307	will not be compiled in.	2936	will not be compiled in.
2308		2937
2309	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET	2938	=item EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET
2310		2939
2311	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>	2940	If defined to C<1>, then the select backend will use the system C<fd_set>
2312	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing	2941	structure. This is useful if libev doesn't compile due to a missing
2313	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it misguesses the bitset layout on	2942	C<NFDBITS> or C<fd_mask> definition or it mis-guesses the bitset layout on
2314	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some	2943	exotic systems. This usually limits the range of file descriptors to some
2315	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only	2944	low limit such as 1024 or might have other limitations (winsocket only
2316	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might	2945	allows 64 sockets). The C<FD_SETSIZE> macro, set before compilation, might
2317	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.	2946	influence the size of the C<fd_set> used.
2318		2947
…		…
2324	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call	2953	be used is the winsock select). This means that it will call
2325	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,	2954	C<_get_osfhandle> on the fd to convert it to an OS handle. Otherwise,
2326	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even	2955	it is assumed that all these functions actually work on fds, even
2327	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.	2956	on win32. Should not be defined on non-win32 platforms.
2328		2957
		2958	=item EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE
		2959
		2960	If C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> is enabled, then libev needs a way to map
		2961	file descriptors to socket handles. When not defining this symbol (the
		2962	default), then libev will call C<_get_osfhandle>, which is usually
		2963	correct. In some cases, programs use their own file descriptor management,
		2964	in which case they can provide this function to map fds to socket handles.
		2965
2329	=item EV_USE_POLL	2966	=item EV_USE_POLL
2330		2967
2331	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)	2968	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the C<poll>(2)
2332	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It	2969	backend. Otherwise it will be enabled on non-win32 platforms. It
2333	takes precedence over select.	2970	takes precedence over select.
2334		2971
2335	=item EV_USE_EPOLL	2972	=item EV_USE_EPOLL
2336		2973
2337	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux	2974	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux
2338	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,	2975	C<epoll>(7) backend. Its availability will be detected at runtime,
2339	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the	2976	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2340	preferred backend for GNU/Linux systems.	2977	backend for GNU/Linux systems. If undefined, it will be enabled if the
		2978	headers indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
2341		2979
2342	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE	2980	=item EV_USE_KQUEUE
2343		2981
2344	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style	2982	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the BSD style
2345	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,	2983	C<kqueue>(2) backend. Its actual availability will be detected at runtime,
…		…
2358	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred	2996	otherwise another method will be used as fallback. This is the preferred
2359	backend for Solaris 10 systems.	2997	backend for Solaris 10 systems.
2360		2998
2361	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL	2999	=item EV_USE_DEVPOLL
2362		3000
2363	reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.	3001	Reserved for future expansion, works like the USE symbols above.
2364		3002
2365	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY	3003	=item EV_USE_INOTIFY
2366		3004
2367	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify	3005	If defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the Linux inotify
2368	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will	3006	interface to speed up C<ev_stat> watchers. Its actual availability will
2369	be detected at runtime.	3007	be detected at runtime. If undefined, it will be enabled if the headers
		3008	indicate GNU/Linux + Glibc 2.4 or newer, otherwise disabled.
		3009
		3010	=item EV_ATOMIC_T
		3011
		3012	Libev requires an integer type (suitable for storing C<0> or C<1>) whose
		3013	access is atomic with respect to other threads or signal contexts. No such
		3014	type is easily found in the C language, so you can provide your own type
		3015	that you know is safe for your purposes. It is used both for signal handler "locking"
		3016	as well as for signal and thread safety in C<ev_async> watchers.
		3017
		3018	In the absence of this define, libev will use C<sig_atomic_t volatile>
		3019	(from F<signal.h>), which is usually good enough on most platforms.
2370		3020
2371	=item EV_H	3021	=item EV_H
2372		3022
2373	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if	3023	The name of the F<ev.h> header file used to include it. The default if
2374	undefined is C<< <ev.h> >> in F<event.h> and C<"ev.h"> in F<ev.c>. This	3024	undefined is C<"ev.h"> in F<event.h>, F<ev.c> and F<ev++.h>. This can be
2375	can be used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.	3025	used to virtually rename the F<ev.h> header file in case of conflicts.
2376		3026
2377	=item EV_CONFIG_H	3027	=item EV_CONFIG_H
2378		3028
2379	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override	3029	If C<EV_STANDALONE> isn't C<1>, this variable can be used to override
2380	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to	3030	F<ev.c>'s idea of where to find the F<config.h> file, similarly to
2381	C<EV_H>, above.	3031	C<EV_H>, above.
2382		3032
2383	=item EV_EVENT_H	3033	=item EV_EVENT_H
2384		3034
2385	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea	3035	Similarly to C<EV_H>, this macro can be used to override F<event.c>'s idea
2386	of how the F<event.h> header can be found.	3036	of how the F<event.h> header can be found, the default is C<"event.h">.
2387		3037
2388	=item EV_PROTOTYPES	3038	=item EV_PROTOTYPES
2389		3039
2390	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function	3040	If defined to be C<0>, then F<ev.h> will not define any function
2391	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is	3041	prototypes, but still define all the structs and other symbols. This is
…		…
2412	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search	3062	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
2413	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space	3063	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
2414	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually	3064	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
2415	fine.	3065	fine.
2416		3066
2417	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to	3067	If your embedding application does not need any priorities, defining these both to
2418	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.	3068	C<0> will save some memory and CPU.
2419		3069
2420	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	3070	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2421		3071
2422	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	3072	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
2423	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	3073	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
…		…
2442	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE	3092	=item EV_FORK_ENABLE
2443		3093
2444	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If	3094	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then fork watchers are supported. If
2445	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.	3095	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
2446		3096
		3097	=item EV_ASYNC_ENABLE
		3098
		3099	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then async watchers are supported. If
		3100	defined to be C<0>, then they are not.
		3101
2447	=item EV_MINIMAL	3102	=item EV_MINIMAL
2448		3103
2449	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some	3104	If you need to shave off some kilobytes of code at the expense of some
2450	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently only used for gcc to override	3105	speed, define this symbol to C<1>. Currently this is used to override some
2451	some inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% codesize of amd64.	3106	inlining decisions, saves roughly 30% code size on amd64. It also selects a
		3107	much smaller 2-heap for timer management over the default 4-heap.
2452		3108
2453	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE	3109	=item EV_PID_HASHSIZE
2454		3110
2455	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3111	C<ev_child> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2456	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more	3112	pid. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>), usually more
2457	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to	3113	than enough. If you need to manage thousands of children you might want to
2458	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).	3114	increase this value (I<must> be a power of two).
2459		3115
2460	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE	3116	=item EV_INOTIFY_HASHSIZE
2461		3117
2462	C<ev_staz> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by	3118	C<ev_stat> watchers use a small hash table to distribute workload by
2463	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),	3119	inotify watch id. The default size is C<16> (or C<1> with C<EV_MINIMAL>),
2464	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>	3120	usually more than enough. If you need to manage thousands of C<ev_stat>
2465	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of	3121	watchers you might want to increase this value (I<must> be a power of
2466	two).	3122	two).
2467		3123
		3124	=item EV_USE_4HEAP
		3125
		3126	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3127	timer and periodics heap, libev uses a 4-heap when this symbol is defined
		3128	to C<1>. The 4-heap uses more complicated (longer) code but has
		3129	noticeably faster performance with many (thousands) of watchers.
		3130
		3131	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3132	(disabled).
		3133
		3134	=item EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT
		3135
		3136	Heaps are not very cache-efficient. To improve the cache-efficiency of the
		3137	timer and periodics heap, libev can cache the timestamp (I<at>) within
		3138	the heap structure (selected by defining C<EV_HEAP_CACHE_AT> to C<1>),
		3139	which uses 8-12 bytes more per watcher and a few hundred bytes more code,
		3140	but avoids random read accesses on heap changes. This improves performance
		3141	noticeably with with many (hundreds) of watchers.
		3142
		3143	The default is C<1> unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set in which case it is C<0>
		3144	(disabled).
		3145
		3146	=item EV_VERIFY
		3147
		3148	Controls how much internal verification (see C<ev_loop_verify ()>) will
		3149	be done: If set to C<0>, no internal verification code will be compiled
		3150	in. If set to C<1>, then verification code will be compiled in, but not
		3151	called. If set to C<2>, then the internal verification code will be
		3152	called once per loop, which can slow down libev. If set to C<3>, then the
		3153	verification code will be called very frequently, which will slow down
		3154	libev considerably.
		3155
		3156	The default is C<1>, unless C<EV_MINIMAL> is set, in which case it will be
		3157	C<0.>
		3158
2468	=item EV_COMMON	3159	=item EV_COMMON
2469		3160
2470	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining	3161	By default, all watchers have a C<void *data> member. By redefining
2471	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of	3162	this macro to a something else you can include more and other types of
2472	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,	3163	members. You have to define it each time you include one of the files,
2473	though, and it must be identical each time.	3164	though, and it must be identical each time.
2474		3165
2475	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:	3166	For example, the perl EV module uses something like this:
2476		3167
2477	#define EV_COMMON \	3168	#define EV_COMMON \
2478	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \	3169	SV *self; /* contains this struct */ \
2479	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */	3170	SV *cb_sv, *fh /* note no trailing ";" */
2480		3171
2481	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)	3172	=item EV_CB_DECLARE (type)
2482		3173
2483	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)	3174	=item EV_CB_INVOKE (watcher, revents)
2484		3175
…		…
2491	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	3182	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2492	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	3183	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
2493		3184
2494	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS	3185	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
2495		3186
2496	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of	3187	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a DLL) and you need a list of
2497	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list	3188	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
2498	all public symbols, one per line:	3189	all public symbols, one per line:
2499		3190
2500	Symbols.ev for libev proper	3191	Symbols.ev for libev proper
2501	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation	3192	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
2502		3193
2503	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with	3194	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
2504	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in	3195	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
2505	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).	3196	itself, but sometimes it is inconvenient to avoid this).
2506		3197
2507	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to	3198	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
2508	include before including F<ev.h>:	3199	include before including F<ev.h>:
2509		3200
2510	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h	3201	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
…		…
2527	file.	3218	file.
2528		3219
2529	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	3220	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2530	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:	3221	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2531		3222
2532	#define EV_MINIMAL 1	3223	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2533	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	3224	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2534	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	3225	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2535	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0	3226	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
2536	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0	3227	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
2537	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0	3228	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2538	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	3229	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
2539	#define EV_MINPRI 0	3230	#define EV_MINPRI 0
2540	#define EV_MAXPRI 0	3231	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2541		3232
2542	#include "ev++.h"	3233	#include "ev++.h"
2543		3234
2544	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	3235	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2545		3236
2546	#include "ev_cpp.h"	3237	#include "ev_cpp.h"
2547	#include "ev.c"	3238	#include "ev.c"
		3239
		3240
		3241	=head1 THREADS AND COROUTINES
		3242
		3243	=head2 THREADS
		3244
		3245	Libev itself is completely thread-safe, but it uses no locking. This
		3246	means that you can use as many loops as you want in parallel, as long as
		3247	only one thread ever calls into one libev function with the same loop
		3248	parameter.
		3249
		3250	Or put differently: calls with different loop parameters can be done in
		3251	parallel from multiple threads, calls with the same loop parameter must be
		3252	done serially (but can be done from different threads, as long as only one
		3253	thread ever is inside a call at any point in time, e.g. by using a mutex
		3254	per loop).
		3255
		3256	If you want to know which design (one loop, locking, or multiple loops
		3257	without or something else still) is best for your problem, then I cannot
		3258	help you. I can give some generic advice however:
		3259
		3260	=over 4
		3261
		3262	=item * most applications have a main thread: use the default libev loop
		3263	in that thread, or create a separate thread running only the default loop.
		3264
		3265	This helps integrating other libraries or software modules that use libev
		3266	themselves and don't care/know about threading.
		3267
		3268	=item * one loop per thread is usually a good model.
		3269
		3270	Doing this is almost never wrong, sometimes a better-performance model
		3271	exists, but it is always a good start.
		3272
		3273	=item * other models exist, such as the leader/follower pattern, where one
		3274	loop is handed through multiple threads in a kind of round-robin fashion.
		3275
		3276	Choosing a model is hard - look around, learn, know that usually you can do
		3277	better than you currently do :-)
		3278
		3279	=item * often you need to talk to some other thread which blocks in the
		3280	event loop - C<ev_async> watchers can be used to wake them up from other
		3281	threads safely (or from signal contexts...).
		3282
		3283	=back
		3284
		3285	=head2 COROUTINES
		3286
		3287	Libev is much more accommodating to coroutines ("cooperative threads"):
		3288	libev fully supports nesting calls to it's functions from different
		3289	coroutines (e.g. you can call C<ev_loop> on the same loop from two
		3290	different coroutines and switch freely between both coroutines running the
		3291	loop, as long as you don't confuse yourself). The only exception is that
		3292	you must not do this from C<ev_periodic> reschedule callbacks.
		3293
		3294	Care has been invested into making sure that libev does not keep local
		3295	state inside C<ev_loop>, and other calls do not usually allow coroutine
		3296	switches.
2548		3297
2549		3298
2550	=head1 COMPLEXITIES	3299	=head1 COMPLEXITIES
2551		3300
2552	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	3301	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
…		…
2563		3312
2564	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	3313	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2565		3314
2566	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and	3315	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
2567	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will	3316	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
2568	have to skip those 100 watchers.	3317	have to skip roughly seven (C<ld 100>) of these watchers.
2569		3318
2570	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	3319	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat or calling again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2571		3320
2572	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them	3321	That means that changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
2573	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.	3322	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
2574		3323
2575	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	3324	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2576		3325
2577	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.	3326	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
		3327
2578	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	3328	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle/fork/async watchers: O(1)
2579		3329
2580	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	3330	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2581		3331
2582	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the	3332	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
2583	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually	3333	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
2584	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).	3334	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
2585		3335
2586	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	3336	=item Finding the next timer in each loop iteration: O(1)
		3337
		3338	By virtue of using a binary or 4-heap, the next timer is always found at a
		3339	fixed position in the storage array.
2587		3340
2588	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	3341	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2589		3342
2590	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires	3343	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
2591	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).	3344	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel, depending
		3345	on backend and whether C<ev_io_set> was used).
2592		3346
2593	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	3347	=item Activating one watcher (putting it into the pending state): O(1)
2594		3348
2595	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)	3349	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
2596		3350
2597	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each	3351	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
2598	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to	3352	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
2599	linearly search all the priorities.	3353	linearly search all the priorities, but starting/stopping and activating
		3354	watchers becomes O(1) w.r.t. priority handling.
		3355
		3356	=item Sending an ev_async: O(1)
		3357
		3358	=item Processing ev_async_send: O(number_of_async_watchers)
		3359
		3360	=item Processing signals: O(max_signal_number)
		3361
		3362	Sending involves a system call I<iff> there were no other C<ev_async_send>
		3363	calls in the current loop iteration. Checking for async and signal events
		3364	involves iterating over all running async watchers or all signal numbers.
2600		3365
2601	=back	3366	=back
2602		3367
2603		3368
		3369	=head1 WIN32 PLATFORM LIMITATIONS AND WORKAROUNDS
		3370
		3371	Win32 doesn't support any of the standards (e.g. POSIX) that libev
		3372	requires, and its I/O model is fundamentally incompatible with the POSIX
		3373	model. Libev still offers limited functionality on this platform in
		3374	the form of the C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> backend, and only supports socket
		3375	descriptors. This only applies when using Win32 natively, not when using
		3376	e.g. cygwin.
		3377
		3378	Lifting these limitations would basically require the full
		3379	re-implementation of the I/O system. If you are into these kinds of
		3380	things, then note that glib does exactly that for you in a very portable
		3381	way (note also that glib is the slowest event library known to man).
		3382
		3383	There is no supported compilation method available on windows except
		3384	embedding it into other applications.
		3385
		3386	Not a libev limitation but worth mentioning: windows apparently doesn't
		3387	accept large writes: instead of resulting in a partial write, windows will
		3388	either accept everything or return C<ENOBUFS> if the buffer is too large,
		3389	so make sure you only write small amounts into your sockets (less than a
		3390	megabyte seems safe, but thsi apparently depends on the amount of memory
		3391	available).
		3392
		3393	Due to the many, low, and arbitrary limits on the win32 platform and
		3394	the abysmal performance of winsockets, using a large number of sockets
		3395	is not recommended (and not reasonable). If your program needs to use
		3396	more than a hundred or so sockets, then likely it needs to use a totally
		3397	different implementation for windows, as libev offers the POSIX readiness
		3398	notification model, which cannot be implemented efficiently on windows
		3399	(Microsoft monopoly games).
		3400
		3401	A typical way to use libev under windows is to embed it (see the embedding
		3402	section for details) and use the following F<evwrap.h> header file instead
		3403	of F<ev.h>:
		3404
		3405	#define EV_STANDALONE /* keeps ev from requiring config.h */
		3406	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* configure libev for windows select */
		3407
		3408	#include "ev.h"
		3409
		3410	And compile the following F<evwrap.c> file into your project (make sure
		3411	you do I<not> compile the F<ev.c> or any other embedded soruce files!):
		3412
		3413	#include "evwrap.h"
		3414	#include "ev.c"
		3415
		3416	=over 4
		3417
		3418	=item The winsocket select function
		3419
		3420	The winsocket C<select> function doesn't follow POSIX in that it
		3421	requires socket I<handles> and not socket I<file descriptors> (it is
		3422	also extremely buggy). This makes select very inefficient, and also
		3423	requires a mapping from file descriptors to socket handles (the Microsoft
		3424	C runtime provides the function C<_open_osfhandle> for this). See the
		3425	discussion of the C<EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET>, C<EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET> and
		3426	C<EV_FD_TO_WIN32_HANDLE> preprocessor symbols for more info.
		3427
		3428	The configuration for a "naked" win32 using the Microsoft runtime
		3429	libraries and raw winsocket select is:
		3430
		3431	#define EV_USE_SELECT 1
		3432	#define EV_SELECT_IS_WINSOCKET 1 /* forces EV_SELECT_USE_FD_SET, too */
		3433
		3434	Note that winsockets handling of fd sets is O(n), so you can easily get a
		3435	complexity in the O(n²) range when using win32.
		3436
		3437	=item Limited number of file descriptors
		3438
		3439	Windows has numerous arbitrary (and low) limits on things.
		3440
		3441	Early versions of winsocket's select only supported waiting for a maximum
		3442	of C<64> handles (probably owning to the fact that all windows kernels
		3443	can only wait for C<64> things at the same time internally; Microsoft
		3444	recommends spawning a chain of threads and wait for 63 handles and the
		3445	previous thread in each. Great).
		3446
		3447	Newer versions support more handles, but you need to define C<FD_SETSIZE>
		3448	to some high number (e.g. C<2048>) before compiling the winsocket select
		3449	call (which might be in libev or elsewhere, for example, perl does its own
		3450	select emulation on windows).
		3451
		3452	Another limit is the number of file descriptors in the Microsoft runtime
		3453	libraries, which by default is C<64> (there must be a hidden I<64> fetish
		3454	or something like this inside Microsoft). You can increase this by calling
		3455	C<_setmaxstdio>, which can increase this limit to C<2048> (another
		3456	arbitrary limit), but is broken in many versions of the Microsoft runtime
		3457	libraries.
		3458
		3459	This might get you to about C<512> or C<2048> sockets (depending on
		3460	windows version and/or the phase of the moon). To get more, you need to
		3461	wrap all I/O functions and provide your own fd management, but the cost of
		3462	calling select (O(n²)) will likely make this unworkable.
		3463
		3464	=back
		3465
		3466
		3467	=head1 PORTABILITY REQUIREMENTS
		3468
		3469	In addition to a working ISO-C implementation, libev relies on a few
		3470	additional extensions:
		3471
		3472	=over 4
		3473
		3474	=item C<void (*)(ev_watcher_type *, int revents)> must have compatible
		3475	calling conventions regardless of C<ev_watcher_type *>.
		3476
		3477	Libev assumes not only that all watcher pointers have the same internal
		3478	structure (guaranteed by POSIX but not by ISO C for example), but it also
		3479	assumes that the same (machine) code can be used to call any watcher
		3480	callback: The watcher callbacks have different type signatures, but libev
		3481	calls them using an C<ev_watcher *> internally.
		3482
		3483	=item C<sig_atomic_t volatile> must be thread-atomic as well
		3484
		3485	The type C<sig_atomic_t volatile> (or whatever is defined as
		3486	C<EV_ATOMIC_T>) must be atomic w.r.t. accesses from different
		3487	threads. This is not part of the specification for C<sig_atomic_t>, but is
		3488	believed to be sufficiently portable.
		3489
		3490	=item C<sigprocmask> must work in a threaded environment
		3491
		3492	Libev uses C<sigprocmask> to temporarily block signals. This is not
		3493	allowed in a threaded program (C<pthread_sigmask> has to be used). Typical
		3494	pthread implementations will either allow C<sigprocmask> in the "main
		3495	thread" or will block signals process-wide, both behaviours would
		3496	be compatible with libev. Interaction between C<sigprocmask> and
		3497	C<pthread_sigmask> could complicate things, however.
		3498
		3499	The most portable way to handle signals is to block signals in all threads
		3500	except the initial one, and run the default loop in the initial thread as
		3501	well.
		3502
		3503	=item C<long> must be large enough for common memory allocation sizes
		3504
		3505	To improve portability and simplify using libev, libev uses C<long>
		3506	internally instead of C<size_t> when allocating its data structures. On
		3507	non-POSIX systems (Microsoft...) this might be unexpectedly low, but
		3508	is still at least 31 bits everywhere, which is enough for hundreds of
		3509	millions of watchers.
		3510
		3511	=item C<double> must hold a time value in seconds with enough accuracy
		3512
		3513	The type C<double> is used to represent timestamps. It is required to
		3514	have at least 51 bits of mantissa (and 9 bits of exponent), which is good
		3515	enough for at least into the year 4000. This requirement is fulfilled by
		3516	implementations implementing IEEE 754 (basically all existing ones).
		3517
		3518	=back
		3519
		3520	If you know of other additional requirements drop me a note.
		3521
		3522
		3523	=head1 COMPILER WARNINGS
		3524
		3525	Depending on your compiler and compiler settings, you might get no or a
		3526	lot of warnings when compiling libev code. Some people are apparently
		3527	scared by this.
		3528
		3529	However, these are unavoidable for many reasons. For one, each compiler
		3530	has different warnings, and each user has different tastes regarding
		3531	warning options. "Warn-free" code therefore cannot be a goal except when
		3532	targeting a specific compiler and compiler-version.
		3533
		3534	Another reason is that some compiler warnings require elaborate
		3535	workarounds, or other changes to the code that make it less clear and less
		3536	maintainable.
		3537
		3538	And of course, some compiler warnings are just plain stupid, or simply
		3539	wrong (because they don't actually warn about the condition their message
		3540	seems to warn about).
		3541
		3542	While libev is written to generate as few warnings as possible,
		3543	"warn-free" code is not a goal, and it is recommended not to build libev
		3544	with any compiler warnings enabled unless you are prepared to cope with
		3545	them (e.g. by ignoring them). Remember that warnings are just that:
		3546	warnings, not errors, or proof of bugs.
		3547
		3548
		3549	=head1 VALGRIND
		3550
		3551	Valgrind has a special section here because it is a popular tool that is
		3552	highly useful, but valgrind reports are very hard to interpret.
		3553
		3554	If you think you found a bug (memory leak, uninitialised data access etc.)
		3555	in libev, then check twice: If valgrind reports something like:
		3556
		3557	==2274== definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3558	==2274== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
		3559	==2274== still reachable: 256 bytes in 1 blocks.
		3560
		3561	Then there is no memory leak. Similarly, under some circumstances,
		3562	valgrind might report kernel bugs as if it were a bug in libev, or it
		3563	might be confused (it is a very good tool, but only a tool).
		3564
		3565	If you are unsure about something, feel free to contact the mailing list
		3566	with the full valgrind report and an explanation on why you think this is
		3567	a bug in libev. However, don't be annoyed when you get a brisk "this is
		3568	no bug" answer and take the chance of learning how to interpret valgrind
		3569	properly.
		3570
		3571	If you need, for some reason, empty reports from valgrind for your project
		3572	I suggest using suppression lists.
		3573
		3574
2604	=head1 AUTHOR	3575	=head1 AUTHOR
2605		3576
2606	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.	3577	Marc Lehmann <libev@schmorp.de>.
2607		3578

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