[ViewVC] Diff of: cvs/libev/ev.pod

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.59 by root, Wed Nov 28 17:32:24 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.96 by ayin, Fri Dec 21 10:06:50 2007 UTC

…		…
48	return 0;	48	return 0;
49	}	49	}
50		50
51	=head1 DESCRIPTION	51	=head1 DESCRIPTION
52		52
		53	The newest version of this document is also available as a html-formatted
		54	web page you might find easier to navigate when reading it for the first
		55	time: L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/libev/ev.html>.
		56
53	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a	57	Libev is an event loop: you register interest in certain events (such as a
54	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occuring), and it will manage	58	file descriptor being readable or a timeout occurring), and it will manage
55	these event sources and provide your program with events.	59	these event sources and provide your program with events.
56		60
57	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process	61	To do this, it must take more or less complete control over your process
58	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then	62	(or thread) by executing the I<event loop> handler, and will then
59	communicate events via a callback mechanism.	63	communicate events via a callback mechanism.
…		…
94	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the	98	Libev represents time as a single floating point number, representing the
95	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near	99	(fractional) number of seconds since the (POSIX) epoch (somewhere near
96	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is	100	the beginning of 1970, details are complicated, don't ask). This type is
97	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases	101	called C<ev_tstamp>, which is what you should use too. It usually aliases
98	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on	102	to the C<double> type in C, and when you need to do any calculations on
99	it, you should treat it as such.	103	it, you should treat it as some floatingpoint value. Unlike the name
		104	component C<stamp> might indicate, it is also used for time differences
		105	throughout libev.
100		106
101	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS	107	=head1 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
102		108
103	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the	109	These functions can be called anytime, even before initialising the
104	library in any way.	110	library in any way.
…		…
113		119
114	=item int ev_version_major ()	120	=item int ev_version_major ()
115		121
116	=item int ev_version_minor ()	122	=item int ev_version_minor ()
117		123
118	You can find out the major and minor version numbers of the library	124	You can find out the major and minor ABI version numbers of the library
119	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and	125	you linked against by calling the functions C<ev_version_major> and
120	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global	126	C<ev_version_minor>. If you want, you can compare against the global
121	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the	127	symbols C<EV_VERSION_MAJOR> and C<EV_VERSION_MINOR>, which specify the
122	version of the library your program was compiled against.	128	version of the library your program was compiled against.
123		129
		130	These version numbers refer to the ABI version of the library, not the
		131	release version.
		132
124	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,	133	Usually, it's a good idea to terminate if the major versions mismatch,
125	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually	134	as this indicates an incompatible change. Minor versions are usually
126	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually	135	compatible to older versions, so a larger minor version alone is usually
127	not a problem.	136	not a problem.
128		137
129	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong	138	Example: Make sure we haven't accidentally been linked against the wrong
130	version.	139	version.
…		…
266	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will	275	C<LIBEV_FLAGS>. Otherwise (the default), this environment variable will
267	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is	276	override the flags completely if it is found in the environment. This is
268	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work	277	useful to try out specific backends to test their performance, or to work
269	around bugs.	278	around bugs.
270		279
		280	=item C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>
		281
		282	Instead of calling C<ev_default_fork> or C<ev_loop_fork> manually after
		283	a fork, you can also make libev check for a fork in each iteration by
		284	enabling this flag.
		285
		286	This works by calling C<getpid ()> on every iteration of the loop,
		287	and thus this might slow down your event loop if you do a lot of loop
		288	iterations and little real work, but is usually not noticeable (on my
		289	Linux system for example, C<getpid> is actually a simple 5-insn sequence
		290	without a syscall and thus I<very> fast, but my Linux system also has
		291	C<pthread_atfork> which is even faster).
		292
		293	The big advantage of this flag is that you can forget about fork (and
		294	forget about forgetting to tell libev about forking) when you use this
		295	flag.
		296
		297	This flag setting cannot be overriden or specified in the C<LIBEV_FLAGS>
		298	environment variable.
		299
271	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)	300	=item C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> (value 1, portable select backend)
272		301
273	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as	302	This is your standard select(2) backend. Not I<completely> standard, as
274	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,	303	libev tries to roll its own fd_set with no limits on the number of fds,
275	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when	304	but if that fails, expect a fairly low limit on the number of fds when
…		…
284	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).	313	lot of inactive fds). It scales similarly to select, i.e. O(total_fds).
285		314
286	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)	315	=item C<EVBACKEND_EPOLL> (value 4, Linux)
287		316
288	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,	317	For few fds, this backend is a bit little slower than poll and select,
289	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale like	318	but it scales phenomenally better. While poll and select usually scale
290	O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd), epoll scales	319	like O(total_fds) where n is the total number of fds (or the highest fd),
291	either O(1) or O(active_fds).	320	epoll scales either O(1) or O(active_fds). The epoll design has a number
		321	of shortcomings, such as silently dropping events in some hard-to-detect
		322	cases and rewiring a syscall per fd change, no fork support and bad
		323	support for dup:
292		324
293	While stopping and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration will	325	While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher in the same iteration
294	result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident	326	will result in some caching, there is still a syscall per such incident
295	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its	327	(because the fd could point to a different file description now), so its
296	best to avoid that. Also, dup()ed file descriptors might not work very	328	best to avoid that. Also, C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors might not work
297	well if you register events for both fds.	329	very well if you register events for both fds.
298		330
299	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you	331	Please note that epoll sometimes generates spurious notifications, so you
300	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data	332	need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid blocking when no data
301	(or space) is available.	333	(or space) is available.
302		334
303	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)	335	=item C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE> (value 8, most BSD clones)
304		336
305	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it	337	Kqueue deserves special mention, as at the time of this writing, it
306	was broken on all BSDs except NetBSD (usually it doesn't work with	338	was broken on I<all> BSDs (usually it doesn't work with anything but
307	anything but sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course its	339	sockets and pipes, except on Darwin, where of course it's completely
		340	useless. On NetBSD, it seems to work for all the FD types I tested, so it
308	completely useless). For this reason its not being "autodetected"	341	is used by default there). For this reason it's not being "autodetected"
309	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using	342	unless you explicitly specify it explicitly in the flags (i.e. using
310	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>).	343	C<EVBACKEND_KQUEUE>) or libev was compiled on a known-to-be-good (-enough)
		344	system like NetBSD.
311		345
312	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the	346	It scales in the same way as the epoll backend, but the interface to the
313	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed, of	347	kernel is more efficient (which says nothing about its actual speed,
314	course). While starting and stopping an I/O watcher does not cause an	348	of course). While stopping, setting and starting an I/O watcher does
315	extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to four event changes per	349	never cause an extra syscall as with epoll, it still adds up to two event
316	incident, so its best to avoid that.	350	changes per incident, support for C<fork ()> is very bad and it drops fds
		351	silently in similarly hard-to-detetc cases.
317		352
318	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)	353	=item C<EVBACKEND_DEVPOLL> (value 16, Solaris 8)
319		354
320	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).	355	This is not implemented yet (and might never be).
321		356
322	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)	357	=item C<EVBACKEND_PORT> (value 32, Solaris 10)
323		358
324	This uses the Solaris 10 port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,	359	This uses the Solaris 10 event port mechanism. As with everything on Solaris,
325	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).	360	it's really slow, but it still scales very well (O(active_fds)).
326		361
327	Please note that solaris ports can result in a lot of spurious	362	Please note that solaris event ports can deliver a lot of spurious
328	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid	363	notifications, so you need to use non-blocking I/O or other means to avoid
329	blocking when no data (or space) is available.	364	blocking when no data (or space) is available.
330		365
331	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>	366	=item C<EVBACKEND_ALL>
332		367
…		…
375	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state	410	Destroys the default loop again (frees all memory and kernel state
376	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal	411	etc.). None of the active event watchers will be stopped in the normal
377	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your	412	sense, so e.g. C<ev_is_active> might still return true. It is your
378	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>	413	responsibility to either stop all watchers cleanly yoursef I<before>
379	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually	414	calling this function, or cope with the fact afterwards (which is usually
380	the easiest thing, youc na just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them	415	the easiest thing, you can just ignore the watchers and/or C<free ()> them
381	for example).	416	for example).
		417
		418	Note that certain global state, such as signal state, will not be freed by
		419	this function, and related watchers (such as signal and child watchers)
		420	would need to be stopped manually.
		421
		422	In general it is not advisable to call this function except in the
		423	rare occasion where you really need to free e.g. the signal handling
		424	pipe fds. If you need dynamically allocated loops it is better to use
		425	C<ev_loop_new> and C<ev_loop_destroy>).
382		426
383	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)	427	=item ev_loop_destroy (loop)
384		428
385	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an	429	Like C<ev_default_destroy>, but destroys an event loop created by an
386	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.	430	earlier call to C<ev_loop_new>.
…		…
410		454
411	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by	455	Like C<ev_default_fork>, but acts on an event loop created by
412	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop	456	C<ev_loop_new>. Yes, you have to call this on every allocated event loop
413	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.	457	after fork, and how you do this is entirely your own problem.
414		458
		459	=item unsigned int ev_loop_count (loop)
		460
		461	Returns the count of loop iterations for the loop, which is identical to
		462	the number of times libev did poll for new events. It starts at C<0> and
		463	happily wraps around with enough iterations.
		464
		465	This value can sometimes be useful as a generation counter of sorts (it
		466	"ticks" the number of loop iterations), as it roughly corresponds with
		467	C<ev_prepare> and C<ev_check> calls.
		468
415	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)	469	=item unsigned int ev_backend (loop)
416		470
417	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in	471	Returns one of the C<EVBACKEND_*> flags indicating the event backend in
418	use.	472	use.
419		473
…		…
421		475
422	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop	476	Returns the current "event loop time", which is the time the event loop
423	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not	477	received events and started processing them. This timestamp does not
424	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base	478	change as long as callbacks are being processed, and this is also the base
425	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the	479	time used for relative timers. You can treat it as the timestamp of the
426	event occuring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).	480	event occurring (or more correctly, libev finding out about it).
427		481
428	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)	482	=item ev_loop (loop, int flags)
429		483
430	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called	484	Finally, this is it, the event handler. This function usually is called
431	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling	485	after you initialised all your watchers and you want to start handling
…		…
452	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is	506	libev watchers. However, a pair of C<ev_prepare>/C<ev_check> watchers is
453	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.	507	usually a better approach for this kind of thing.
454		508
455	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:	509	Here are the gory details of what C<ev_loop> does:
456		510
		511	- Before the first iteration, call any pending watchers.
457	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.	512	* If there are no active watchers (reference count is zero), return.
458	- Queue prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.	513	- Queue all prepare watchers and then call all outstanding watchers.
459	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.	514	- If we have been forked, recreate the kernel state.
460	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.	515	- Update the kernel state with all outstanding changes.
461	- Update the "event loop time".	516	- Update the "event loop time".
462	- Calculate for how long to block.	517	- Calculate for how long to block.
463	- Block the process, waiting for any events.	518	- Block the process, waiting for any events.
…		…
702	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)	757	=item bool ev_is_pending (ev_TYPE *watcher)
703		758
704	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding	759	Returns a true value iff the watcher is pending, (i.e. it has outstanding
705	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher	760	events but its callback has not yet been invoked). As long as a watcher
706	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but	761	is pending (but not active) you must not call an init function on it (but
707	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe) and you must make sure the watcher is available to	762	C<ev_TYPE_set> is safe), you must not change its priority, and you must
708	libev (e.g. you cnanot C<free ()> it).	763	make sure the watcher is available to libev (e.g. you cannot C<free ()>
		764	it).
709		765
710	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)	766	=item callback ev_cb (ev_TYPE *watcher)
711		767
712	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.	768	Returns the callback currently set on the watcher.
713		769
714	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)	770	=item ev_cb_set (ev_TYPE *watcher, callback)
715		771
716	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time	772	Change the callback. You can change the callback at virtually any time
717	(modulo threads).	773	(modulo threads).
		774
		775	=item ev_set_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher, priority)
		776
		777	=item int ev_priority (ev_TYPE *watcher)
		778
		779	Set and query the priority of the watcher. The priority is a small
		780	integer between C<EV_MAXPRI> (default: C<2>) and C<EV_MINPRI>
		781	(default: C<-2>). Pending watchers with higher priority will be invoked
		782	before watchers with lower priority, but priority will not keep watchers
		783	from being executed (except for C<ev_idle> watchers).
		784
		785	This means that priorities are I<only> used for ordering callback
		786	invocation after new events have been received. This is useful, for
		787	example, to reduce latency after idling, or more often, to bind two
		788	watchers on the same event and make sure one is called first.
		789
		790	If you need to suppress invocation when higher priority events are pending
		791	you need to look at C<ev_idle> watchers, which provide this functionality.
		792
		793	You I<must not> change the priority of a watcher as long as it is active or
		794	pending.
		795
		796	The default priority used by watchers when no priority has been set is
		797	always C<0>, which is supposed to not be too high and not be too low :).
		798
		799	Setting a priority outside the range of C<EV_MINPRI> to C<EV_MAXPRI> is
		800	fine, as long as you do not mind that the priority value you query might
		801	or might not have been adjusted to be within valid range.
		802
		803	=item ev_invoke (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher, int revents)
		804
		805	Invoke the C<watcher> with the given C<loop> and C<revents>. Neither
		806	C<loop> nor C<revents> need to be valid as long as the watcher callback
		807	can deal with that fact.
		808
		809	=item int ev_clear_pending (loop, ev_TYPE *watcher)
		810
		811	If the watcher is pending, this function returns clears its pending status
		812	and returns its C<revents> bitset (as if its callback was invoked). If the
		813	watcher isn't pending it does nothing and returns C<0>.
718		814
719	=back	815	=back
720		816
721		817
722	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER	818	=head2 ASSOCIATING CUSTOM DATA WITH A WATCHER
…		…
828	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning	924	it is best to always use non-blocking I/O: An extra C<read>(2) returning
829	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.	925	C<EAGAIN> is far preferable to a program hanging until some data arrives.
830		926
831	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not	927	If you cannot run the fd in non-blocking mode (for example you should not
832	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test	928	play around with an Xlib connection), then you have to seperately re-test
833	wether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface	929	whether a file descriptor is really ready with a known-to-be good interface
834	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on	930	such as poll (fortunately in our Xlib example, Xlib already does this on
835	its own, so its quite safe to use).	931	its own, so its quite safe to use).
		932
		933	=head3 The special problem of disappearing file descriptors
		934
		935	Some backends (e.g. kqueue, epoll) need to be told about closing a file
		936	descriptor (either by calling C<close> explicitly or by any other means,
		937	such as C<dup>). The reason is that you register interest in some file
		938	descriptor, but when it goes away, the operating system will silently drop
		939	this interest. If another file descriptor with the same number then is
		940	registered with libev, there is no efficient way to see that this is, in
		941	fact, a different file descriptor.
		942
		943	To avoid having to explicitly tell libev about such cases, libev follows
		944	the following policy: Each time C<ev_io_set> is being called, libev
		945	will assume that this is potentially a new file descriptor, otherwise
		946	it is assumed that the file descriptor stays the same. That means that
		947	you I<have> to call C<ev_io_set> (or C<ev_io_init>) when you change the
		948	descriptor even if the file descriptor number itself did not change.
		949
		950	This is how one would do it normally anyway, the important point is that
		951	the libev application should not optimise around libev but should leave
		952	optimisations to libev.
		953
		954	=head3 The special problem of dup'ed file descriptors
		955
		956	Some backends (e.g. epoll), cannot register events for file descriptors,
		957	but only events for the underlying file descriptions. That menas when you
		958	have C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors and register events for them, only one
		959	file descriptor might actually receive events.
		960
		961	There is no workaorund possible except not registering events
		962	for potentially C<dup ()>'ed file descriptors or to resort to
		963	C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		964
		965	=head3 The special problem of fork
		966
		967	Some backends (epoll, kqueue) do not support C<fork ()> at all or exhibit
		968	useless behaviour. Libev fully supports fork, but needs to be told about
		969	it in the child.
		970
		971	To support fork in your programs, you either have to call
		972	C<ev_default_fork ()> or C<ev_loop_fork ()> after a fork in the child,
		973	enable C<EVFLAG_FORKCHECK>, or resort to C<EVBACKEND_SELECT> or
		974	C<EVBACKEND_POLL>.
		975
		976
		977	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions
836		978
837	=over 4	979	=over 4
838		980
839	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)	981	=item ev_io_init (ev_io *, callback, int fd, int events)
840		982
…		…
894		1036
895	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,	1037	The callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when its timeout has passed,
896	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then	1038	but if multiple timers become ready during the same loop iteration then
897	order of execution is undefined.	1039	order of execution is undefined.
898		1040
		1041	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1042
899	=over 4	1043	=over 4
900		1044
901	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1045	=item ev_timer_init (ev_timer *, callback, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
902		1046
903	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)	1047	=item ev_timer_set (ev_timer *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat)
…		…
916	=item ev_timer_again (loop)	1060	=item ev_timer_again (loop)
917		1061
918	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is	1062	This will act as if the timer timed out and restart it again if it is
919	repeating. The exact semantics are:	1063	repeating. The exact semantics are:
920		1064
		1065	If the timer is pending, its pending status is cleared.
		1066
921	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it.	1067	If the timer is started but nonrepeating, stop it (as if it timed out).
922		1068
923	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the repeat	1069	If the timer is repeating, either start it if necessary (with the
924	value), or reset the running timer to the repeat value.	1070	C<repeat> value), or reset the running timer to the C<repeat> value.
925		1071
926	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical	1072	This sounds a bit complicated, but here is a useful and typical
927	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called	1073	example: Imagine you have a tcp connection and you want a so-called idle
928	idle timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been,	1074	timeout, that is, you want to be called when there have been, say, 60
929	say, 60 seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do	1075	seconds of inactivity on the socket. The easiest way to do this is to
930	this is to configure an C<ev_timer> with C<after>=C<repeat>=C<60> and calling	1076	configure an C<ev_timer> with a C<repeat> value of C<60> and then call
931	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If	1077	C<ev_timer_again> each time you successfully read or write some data. If
932	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the	1078	you go into an idle state where you do not expect data to travel on the
933	socket, you can stop the timer, and again will automatically restart it if	1079	socket, you can C<ev_timer_stop> the timer, and C<ev_timer_again> will
934	need be.	1080	automatically restart it if need be.
935		1081
936	You can also ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start> altogether	1082	That means you can ignore the C<after> value and C<ev_timer_start>
937	and only ever use the C<repeat> value:	1083	altogether and only ever use the C<repeat> value and C<ev_timer_again>:
938		1084
939	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);	1085	ev_timer_init (timer, callback, 0., 5.);
940	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1086	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
941	...	1087	...
942	timer->again = 17.;	1088	timer->again = 17.;
943	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1089	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
944	...	1090	...
945	timer->again = 10.;	1091	timer->again = 10.;
946	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);	1092	ev_timer_again (loop, timer);
947		1093
948	This is more efficient then stopping/starting the timer eahc time you want	1094	This is more slightly efficient then stopping/starting the timer each time
949	to modify its timeout value.	1095	you want to modify its timeout value.
950		1096
951	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]	1097	=item ev_tstamp repeat [read-write]
952		1098
953	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out	1099	The current C<repeat> value. Will be used each time the watcher times out
954	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),	1100	or C<ev_timer_again> is called and determines the next timeout (if any),
…		…
996	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher	1142	but on wallclock time (absolute time). You can tell a periodic watcher
997	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a	1143	to trigger "at" some specific point in time. For example, if you tell a
998	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()	1144	periodic watcher to trigger in 10 seconds (by specifiying e.g. C<ev_now ()
999	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will	1145	+ 10.>) and then reset your system clock to the last year, then it will
1000	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger	1146	take a year to trigger the event (unlike an C<ev_timer>, which would trigger
1001	roughly 10 seconds later and of course not if you reset your system time	1147	roughly 10 seconds later).
1002	again).
1003		1148
1004	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as	1149	They can also be used to implement vastly more complex timers, such as
1005	triggering an event on eahc midnight, local time.	1150	triggering an event on each midnight, local time or other, complicated,
		1151	rules.
1006		1152
1007	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the	1153	As with timers, the callback is guarenteed to be invoked only when the
1008	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready	1154	time (C<at>) has been passed, but if multiple periodic timers become ready
1009	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.	1155	during the same loop iteration then order of execution is undefined.
1010		1156
		1157	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1158
1011	=over 4	1159	=over 4
1012		1160
1013	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)	1161	=item ev_periodic_init (ev_periodic *, callback, ev_tstamp at, ev_tstamp interval, reschedule_cb)
1014		1162
1015	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)	1163	=item ev_periodic_set (ev_periodic *, ev_tstamp after, ev_tstamp repeat, reschedule_cb)
…		…
1017	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of	1165	Lots of arguments, lets sort it out... There are basically three modes of
1018	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:	1166	operation, and we will explain them from simplest to complex:
1019		1167
1020	=over 4	1168	=over 4
1021		1169
1022	=item * absolute timer (interval = reschedule_cb = 0)	1170	=item * absolute timer (at = time, interval = reschedule_cb = 0)
1023		1171
1024	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time	1172	In this configuration the watcher triggers an event at the wallclock time
1025	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,	1173	C<at> and doesn't repeat. It will not adjust when a time jump occurs,
1026	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the	1174	that is, if it is to be run at January 1st 2011 then it will run when the
1027	system time reaches or surpasses this time.	1175	system time reaches or surpasses this time.
1028		1176
1029	=item * non-repeating interval timer (interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)	1177	=item * non-repeating interval timer (at = offset, interval > 0, reschedule_cb = 0)
1030		1178
1031	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next	1179	In this mode the watcher will always be scheduled to time out at the next
1032	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N) and then repeat, regardless	1180	C<at + N * interval> time (for some integer N, which can also be negative)
1033	of any time jumps.	1181	and then repeat, regardless of any time jumps.
1034		1182
1035	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system	1183	This can be used to create timers that do not drift with respect to system
1036	time:	1184	time:
1037		1185
1038	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);	1186	ev_periodic_set (&periodic, 0., 3600., 0);
…		…
1044		1192
1045	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that	1193	Another way to think about it (for the mathematically inclined) is that
1046	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible	1194	C<ev_periodic> will try to run the callback in this mode at the next possible
1047	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.	1195	time where C<time = at (mod interval)>, regardless of any time jumps.
1048		1196
		1197	For numerical stability it is preferable that the C<at> value is near
		1198	C<ev_now ()> (the current time), but there is no range requirement for
		1199	this value.
		1200
1049	=item * manual reschedule mode (reschedule_cb = callback)	1201	=item * manual reschedule mode (at and interval ignored, reschedule_cb = callback)
1050		1202
1051	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being	1203	In this mode the values for C<interval> and C<at> are both being
1052	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the	1204	ignored. Instead, each time the periodic watcher gets scheduled, the
1053	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the	1205	reschedule callback will be called with the watcher as first, and the
1054	current time as second argument.	1206	current time as second argument.
1055		1207
1056	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,	1208	NOTE: I<This callback MUST NOT stop or destroy any periodic watcher,
1057	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,	1209	ever, or make any event loop modifications>. If you need to stop it,
1058	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by	1210	return C<now + 1e30> (or so, fudge fudge) and stop it afterwards (e.g. by
1059	starting a prepare watcher).	1211	starting an C<ev_prepare> watcher, which is legal).
1060		1212
1061	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w,	1213	Its prototype is C<ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w,
1062	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:	1214	ev_tstamp now)>, e.g.:
1063		1215
1064	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)	1216	static ev_tstamp my_rescheduler (struct ev_periodic *w, ev_tstamp now)
…		…
1087	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful	1239	Simply stops and restarts the periodic watcher again. This is only useful
1088	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return	1240	when you changed some parameters or the reschedule callback would return
1089	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like	1241	a different time than the last time it was called (e.g. in a crond like
1090	program when the crontabs have changed).	1242	program when the crontabs have changed).
1091		1243
		1244	=item ev_tstamp offset [read-write]
		1245
		1246	When repeating, this contains the offset value, otherwise this is the
		1247	absolute point in time (the C<at> value passed to C<ev_periodic_set>).
		1248
		1249	Can be modified any time, but changes only take effect when the periodic
		1250	timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1251
1092	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]	1252	=item ev_tstamp interval [read-write]
1093		1253
1094	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only	1254	The current interval value. Can be modified any time, but changes only
1095	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being	1255	take effect when the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being
1096	called.	1256	called.
…		…
1098	=item ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]	1258	=item ev_tstamp (reschedule_cb)(struct ev_periodic w, ev_tstamp now) [read-write]
1099		1259
1100	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is	1260	The current reschedule callback, or C<0>, if this functionality is
1101	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when	1261	switched off. Can be changed any time, but changes only take effect when
1102	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.	1262	the periodic timer fires or C<ev_periodic_again> is being called.
		1263
		1264	=item ev_tstamp at [read-only]
		1265
		1266	When active, contains the absolute time that the watcher is supposed to
		1267	trigger next.
1103		1268
1104	=back	1269	=back
1105		1270
1106	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the	1271	Example: Call a callback every hour, or, more precisely, whenever the
1107	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have	1272	system clock is divisible by 3600. The callback invocation times have
…		…
1149	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long	1314	with the kernel (thus it coexists with your own signal handlers as long
1150	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal	1315	as you don't register any with libev). Similarly, when the last signal
1151	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to	1316	watcher for a signal is stopped libev will reset the signal handler to
1152	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).	1317	SIG_DFL (regardless of what it was set to before).
1153		1318
		1319	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1320
1154	=over 4	1321	=over 4
1155		1322
1156	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)	1323	=item ev_signal_init (ev_signal *, callback, int signum)
1157		1324
1158	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)	1325	=item ev_signal_set (ev_signal *, int signum)
…		…
1169		1336
1170	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes	1337	=head2 C<ev_child> - watch out for process status changes
1171		1338
1172	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to	1339	Child watchers trigger when your process receives a SIGCHLD in response to
1173	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).	1340	some child status changes (most typically when a child of yours dies).
		1341
		1342	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1174		1343
1175	=over 4	1344	=over 4
1176		1345
1177	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)	1346	=item ev_child_init (ev_child *, callback, int pid)
1178		1347
…		…
1222	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does	1391	The path does not need to exist: changing from "path exists" to "path does
1223	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does	1392	not exist" is a status change like any other. The condition "path does
1224	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is	1393	not exist" is signified by the C<st_nlink> field being zero (which is
1225	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of	1394	otherwise always forced to be at least one) and all the other fields of
1226	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.	1395	the stat buffer having unspecified contents.
		1396
		1397	The path I<should> be absolute and I<must not> end in a slash. If it is
		1398	relative and your working directory changes, the behaviour is undefined.
1227		1399
1228	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply	1400	Since there is no standard to do this, the portable implementation simply
1229	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You	1401	calls C<stat (2)> regularly on the path to see if it changed somehow. You
1230	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify	1402	can specify a recommended polling interval for this case. If you specify
1231	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,	1403	a polling interval of C<0> (highly recommended!) then a I<suitable,
…		…
1243	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the	1415	reader). Inotify will be used to give hints only and should not change the
1244	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs	1416	semantics of C<ev_stat> watchers, which means that libev sometimes needs
1245	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are	1417	to fall back to regular polling again even with inotify, but changes are
1246	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no	1418	usually detected immediately, and if the file exists there will be no
1247	polling.	1419	polling.
		1420
		1421	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1248		1422
1249	=over 4	1423	=over 4
1250		1424
1251	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat , callback, const char path, ev_tstamp interval)	1425	=item ev_stat_init (ev_stat , callback, const char path, ev_tstamp interval)
1252		1426
…		…
1316	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);	1490	ev_stat_start (loop, &passwd);
1317		1491
1318		1492
1319	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...	1493	=head2 C<ev_idle> - when you've got nothing better to do...
1320		1494
1321	Idle watchers trigger events when there are no other events are pending	1495	Idle watchers trigger events when no other events of the same or higher
1322	(prepare, check and other idle watchers do not count). That is, as long	1496	priority are pending (prepare, check and other idle watchers do not
1323	as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts (or even signals,	1497	count).
1324	imagine) it will not be triggered. But when your process is idle all idle	1498
1325	watchers are being called again and again, once per event loop iteration -	1499	That is, as long as your process is busy handling sockets or timeouts
		1500	(or even signals, imagine) of the same or higher priority it will not be
		1501	triggered. But when your process is idle (or only lower-priority watchers
		1502	are pending), the idle watchers are being called once per event loop
1326	until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events and becomes	1503	iteration - until stopped, that is, or your process receives more events
1327	busy.	1504	and becomes busy again with higher priority stuff.
1328		1505
1329	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are	1506	The most noteworthy effect is that as long as any idle watchers are
1330	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.	1507	active, the process will not block when waiting for new events.
1331		1508
1332	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful	1509	Apart from keeping your process non-blocking (which is a useful
1333	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do	1510	effect on its own sometimes), idle watchers are a good place to do
1334	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the	1511	"pseudo-background processing", or delay processing stuff to after the
1335	event loop has handled all outstanding events.	1512	event loop has handled all outstanding events.
		1513
		1514	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
1336		1515
1337	=over 4	1516	=over 4
1338		1517
1339	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1518	=item ev_idle_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1340		1519
…		…
1398	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine	1577	with priority higher than or equal to the event loop and one coroutine
1399	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event	1578	of lower priority, but only once, using idle watchers to keep the event
1400	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping	1579	loop from blocking if lower-priority coroutines are active, thus mapping
1401	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).	1580	low-priority coroutines to idle/background tasks).
1402		1581
		1582	It is recommended to give C<ev_check> watchers highest (C<EV_MAXPRI>)
		1583	priority, to ensure that they are being run before any other watchers
		1584	after the poll. Also, C<ev_check> watchers (and C<ev_prepare> watchers,
		1585	too) should not activate ("feed") events into libev. While libev fully
		1586	supports this, they will be called before other C<ev_check> watchers did
		1587	their job. As C<ev_check> watchers are often used to embed other event
		1588	loops those other event loops might be in an unusable state until their
		1589	C<ev_check> watcher ran (always remind yourself to coexist peacefully with
		1590	others).
		1591
		1592	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1593
1403	=over 4	1594	=over 4
1404		1595
1405	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)	1596	=item ev_prepare_init (ev_prepare *, callback)
1406		1597
1407	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)	1598	=item ev_check_init (ev_check *, callback)
…		…
1410	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>	1601	parameters of any kind. There are C<ev_prepare_set> and C<ev_check_set>
1411	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.	1602	macros, but using them is utterly, utterly and completely pointless.
1412		1603
1413	=back	1604	=back
1414		1605
1415	Example: To include a library such as adns, you would add IO watchers	1606	There are a number of principal ways to embed other event loops or modules
1416	and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler, as required by libadns, and	1607	into libev. Here are some ideas on how to include libadns into libev
		1608	(there is a Perl module named C<EV::ADNS> that does this, which you could
		1609	use for an actually working example. Another Perl module named C<EV::Glib>
		1610	embeds a Glib main context into libev, and finally, C<Glib::EV> embeds EV
		1611	into the Glib event loop).
		1612
		1613	Method 1: Add IO watchers and a timeout watcher in a prepare handler,
1417	in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows is	1614	and in a check watcher, destroy them and call into libadns. What follows
1418	pseudo-code only of course:	1615	is pseudo-code only of course. This requires you to either use a low
		1616	priority for the check watcher or use C<ev_clear_pending> explicitly, as
		1617	the callbacks for the IO/timeout watchers might not have been called yet.
1419		1618
1420	static ev_io iow [nfd];	1619	static ev_io iow [nfd];
1421	static ev_timer tw;	1620	static ev_timer tw;
1422		1621
1423	static void	1622	static void
1424	io_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)	1623	io_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_io w, int revents)
1425	{	1624	{
1426	// set the relevant poll flags
1427	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
1428	struct pollfd fd = (struct pollfd )w->data;
1429	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents \|= fd->events & POLLIN;
1430	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents \|= fd->events & POLLOUT;
1431	}	1625	}
1432		1626
1433	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking	1627	// create io watchers for each fd and a timer before blocking
1434	static void	1628	static void
1435	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_prepare w, int revents)	1629	adns_prepare_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_prepare w, int revents)
1436	{	1630	{
1437	int timeout = 3600000;truct pollfd fds [nfd];	1631	int timeout = 3600000;
		1632	struct pollfd fds [nfd];
1438	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.	1633	// actual code will need to loop here and realloc etc.
1439	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));	1634	adns_beforepoll (ads, fds, &nfd, &timeout, timeval_from (ev_time ()));
1440		1635
1441	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */	1636	/* the callback is illegal, but won't be called as we stop during check */
1442	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);	1637	ev_timer_init (&tw, 0, timeout * 1e-3);
1443	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);	1638	ev_timer_start (loop, &tw);
1444		1639
1445	// create on ev_io per pollfd	1640	// create one ev_io per pollfd
1446	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1641	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
1447	{	1642	{
1448	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,	1643	ev_io_init (iow + i, io_cb, fds [i].fd,
1449	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)	1644	((fds [i].events & POLLIN ? EV_READ : 0)
1450	\| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));	1645	\| (fds [i].events & POLLOUT ? EV_WRITE : 0)));
1451		1646
1452	fds [i].revents = 0;	1647	fds [i].revents = 0;
1453	iow [i].data = fds + i;
1454	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);	1648	ev_io_start (loop, iow + i);
1455	}	1649	}
1456	}	1650	}
1457		1651
1458	// stop all watchers after blocking	1652	// stop all watchers after blocking
…		…
1460	adns_check_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_check w, int revents)	1654	adns_check_cb (ev_loop loop, ev_check w, int revents)
1461	{	1655	{
1462	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);	1656	ev_timer_stop (loop, &tw);
1463		1657
1464	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)	1658	for (int i = 0; i < nfd; ++i)
		1659	{
		1660	// set the relevant poll flags
		1661	// could also call adns_processreadable etc. here
		1662	struct pollfd *fd = fds + i;
		1663	int revents = ev_clear_pending (iow + i);
		1664	if (revents & EV_READ ) fd->revents \|= fd->events & POLLIN;
		1665	if (revents & EV_WRITE) fd->revents \|= fd->events & POLLOUT;
		1666
		1667	// now stop the watcher
1465	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);	1668	ev_io_stop (loop, iow + i);
		1669	}
1466		1670
1467	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));	1671	adns_afterpoll (adns, fds, nfd, timeval_from (ev_now (loop));
		1672	}
		1673
		1674	Method 2: This would be just like method 1, but you run C<adns_afterpoll>
		1675	in the prepare watcher and would dispose of the check watcher.
		1676
		1677	Method 3: If the module to be embedded supports explicit event
		1678	notification (adns does), you can also make use of the actual watcher
		1679	callbacks, and only destroy/create the watchers in the prepare watcher.
		1680
		1681	static void
		1682	timer_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
		1683	{
		1684	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1685	update_now (EV_A);
		1686
		1687	adns_processtimeouts (ads, &tv_now);
		1688	}
		1689
		1690	static void
		1691	io_cb (EV_P_ ev_io *w, int revents)
		1692	{
		1693	adns_state ads = (adns_state)w->data;
		1694	update_now (EV_A);
		1695
		1696	if (revents & EV_READ ) adns_processreadable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1697	if (revents & EV_WRITE) adns_processwriteable (ads, w->fd, &tv_now);
		1698	}
		1699
		1700	// do not ever call adns_afterpoll
		1701
		1702	Method 4: Do not use a prepare or check watcher because the module you
		1703	want to embed is too inflexible to support it. Instead, youc na override
		1704	their poll function. The drawback with this solution is that the main
		1705	loop is now no longer controllable by EV. The C<Glib::EV> module does
		1706	this.
		1707
		1708	static gint
		1709	event_poll_func (GPollFD *fds, guint nfds, gint timeout)
		1710	{
		1711	int got_events = 0;
		1712
		1713	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1714	// create/start io watcher that sets the relevant bits in fds[n] and increment got_events
		1715
		1716	if (timeout >= 0)
		1717	// create/start timer
		1718
		1719	// poll
		1720	ev_loop (EV_A_ 0);
		1721
		1722	// stop timer again
		1723	if (timeout >= 0)
		1724	ev_timer_stop (EV_A_ &to);
		1725
		1726	// stop io watchers again - their callbacks should have set
		1727	for (n = 0; n < nfds; ++n)
		1728	ev_io_stop (EV_A_ iow [n]);
		1729
		1730	return got_events;
1468	}	1731	}
1469		1732
1470		1733
1471	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...	1734	=head2 C<ev_embed> - when one backend isn't enough...
1472		1735
1473	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop	1736	This is a rather advanced watcher type that lets you embed one event loop
1474	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded	1737	into another (currently only C<ev_io> events are supported in the embedded
1475	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect	1738	loop, other types of watchers might be handled in a delayed or incorrect
1476	fashion and must not be used).	1739	fashion and must not be used). (See portability notes, below).
1477		1740
1478	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and	1741	There are primarily two reasons you would want that: work around bugs and
1479	prioritise I/O.	1742	prioritise I/O.
1480		1743
1481	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support	1744	As an example for a bug workaround, the kqueue backend might only support
…		…
1536	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);	1799	ev_embed_start (loop_hi, &embed);
1537	}	1800	}
1538	else	1801	else
1539	loop_lo = loop_hi;	1802	loop_lo = loop_hi;
1540		1803
		1804	=head2 Portability notes
		1805
		1806	Kqueue is nominally embeddable, but this is broken on all BSDs that I
		1807	tried, in various ways. Usually the embedded event loop will simply never
		1808	receive events, sometimes it will only trigger a few times, sometimes in a
		1809	loop. Epoll is also nominally embeddable, but many Linux kernel versions
		1810	will always eport the epoll fd as ready, even when no events are pending.
		1811
		1812	While libev allows embedding these backends (they are contained in
		1813	C<ev_embeddable_backends ()>), take extreme care that it will actually
		1814	work.
		1815
		1816	When in doubt, create a dynamic event loop forced to use sockets (this
		1817	usually works) and possibly another thread and a pipe or so to report to
		1818	your main event loop.
		1819
		1820	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1821
1541	=over 4	1822	=over 4
1542		1823
1543	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed , callback, struct ev_loop embedded_loop)	1824	=item ev_embed_init (ev_embed , callback, struct ev_loop embedded_loop)
1544		1825
1545	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed , callback, struct ev_loop embedded_loop)	1826	=item ev_embed_set (ev_embed , callback, struct ev_loop embedded_loop)
…		…
1554		1835
1555	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works	1836	Make a single, non-blocking sweep over the embedded loop. This works
1556	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most	1837	similarly to C<ev_loop (embedded_loop, EVLOOP_NONBLOCK)>, but in the most
1557	apropriate way for embedded loops.	1838	apropriate way for embedded loops.
1558		1839
1559	=item struct ev_loop *loop [read-only]	1840	=item struct ev_loop *other [read-only]
1560		1841
1561	The embedded event loop.	1842	The embedded event loop.
1562		1843
1563	=back	1844	=back
1564		1845
…		…
1571	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,	1852	event loop blocks next and before C<ev_check> watchers are being called,
1572	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling	1853	and only in the child after the fork. If whoever good citizen calling
1573	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork	1854	C<ev_default_fork> cheats and calls it in the wrong process, the fork
1574	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.	1855	handlers will be invoked, too, of course.
1575		1856
		1857	=head3 Watcher-Specific Functions and Data Members
		1858
1576	=over 4	1859	=over 4
1577		1860
1578	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)	1861	=item ev_fork_init (ev_signal *, callback)
1579		1862
1580	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any	1863	Initialises and configures the fork watcher - it has no parameters of any
…		…
1676		1959
1677	To use it,	1960	To use it,
1678		1961
1679	#include <ev++.h>	1962	#include <ev++.h>
1680		1963
1681	(it is not installed by default). This automatically includes F<ev.h>	1964	This automatically includes F<ev.h> and puts all of its definitions (many
1682	and puts all of its definitions (many of them macros) into the global	1965	of them macros) into the global namespace. All C++ specific things are
1683	namespace. All C++ specific things are put into the C<ev> namespace.	1966	put into the C<ev> namespace. It should support all the same embedding
		1967	options as F<ev.h>, most notably C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.
1684		1968
1685	It should support all the same embedding options as F<ev.h>, most notably	1969	Care has been taken to keep the overhead low. The only data member the C++
1686	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>.	1970	classes add (compared to plain C-style watchers) is the event loop pointer
		1971	that the watcher is associated with (or no additional members at all if
		1972	you disable C<EV_MULTIPLICITY> when embedding libev).
		1973
		1974	Currently, functions, and static and non-static member functions can be
		1975	used as callbacks. Other types should be easy to add as long as they only
		1976	need one additional pointer for context. If you need support for other
		1977	types of functors please contact the author (preferably after implementing
		1978	it).
1687		1979
1688	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:	1980	Here is a list of things available in the C<ev> namespace:
1689		1981
1690	=over 4	1982	=over 4
1691		1983
…		…
1707		1999
1708	All of those classes have these methods:	2000	All of those classes have these methods:
1709		2001
1710	=over 4	2002	=over 4
1711		2003
1712	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object , object::method )	2004	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE ()
1713		2005
1714	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (object , object::method , struct ev_loop *)	2006	=item ev::TYPE::TYPE (struct ev_loop *)
1715		2007
1716	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE	2008	=item ev::TYPE::~TYPE
1717		2009
1718	The constructor takes a pointer to an object and a method pointer to	2010	The constructor (optionally) takes an event loop to associate the watcher
1719	the event handler callback to call in this class. The constructor calls	2011	with. If it is omitted, it will use C<EV_DEFAULT>.
1720	C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the C<set> method	2012
1721	before starting it. If you do not specify a loop then the constructor	2013	The constructor calls C<ev_init> for you, which means you have to call the
1722	automatically associates the default loop with this watcher.	2014	C<set> method before starting it.
		2015
		2016	It will not set a callback, however: You have to call the templated C<set>
		2017	method to set a callback before you can start the watcher.
		2018
		2019	(The reason why you have to use a method is a limitation in C++ which does
		2020	not allow explicit template arguments for constructors).
1723		2021
1724	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.	2022	The destructor automatically stops the watcher if it is active.
		2023
		2024	=item w->set<class, &class::method> (object *)
		2025
		2026	This method sets the callback method to call. The method has to have a
		2027	signature of C<void (*)(ev_TYPE &, int)>, it receives the watcher as
		2028	first argument and the C<revents> as second. The object must be given as
		2029	parameter and is stored in the C<data> member of the watcher.
		2030
		2031	This method synthesizes efficient thunking code to call your method from
		2032	the C callback that libev requires. If your compiler can inline your
		2033	callback (i.e. it is visible to it at the place of the C<set> call and
		2034	your compiler is good :), then the method will be fully inlined into the
		2035	thunking function, making it as fast as a direct C callback.
		2036
		2037	Example: simple class declaration and watcher initialisation
		2038
		2039	struct myclass
		2040	{
		2041	void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2042	}
		2043
		2044	myclass obj;
		2045	ev::io iow;
		2046	iow.set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb> (&obj);
		2047
		2048	=item w->set<function> (void *data = 0)
		2049
		2050	Also sets a callback, but uses a static method or plain function as
		2051	callback. The optional C<data> argument will be stored in the watcher's
		2052	C<data> member and is free for you to use.
		2053
		2054	The prototype of the C<function> must be C<void (*)(ev::TYPE &w, int)>.
		2055
		2056	See the method-C<set> above for more details.
		2057
		2058	Example:
		2059
		2060	static void io_cb (ev::io &w, int revents) { }
		2061	iow.set <io_cb> ();
1725		2062
1726	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)	2063	=item w->set (struct ev_loop *)
1727		2064
1728	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only	2065	Associates a different C<struct ev_loop> with this watcher. You can only
1729	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).	2066	do this when the watcher is inactive (and not pending either).
1730		2067
1731	=item w->set ([args])	2068	=item w->set ([args])
1732		2069
1733	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be	2070	Basically the same as C<ev_TYPE_set>, with the same args. Must be
1734	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets	2071	called at least once. Unlike the C counterpart, an active watcher gets
1735	automatically stopped and restarted.	2072	automatically stopped and restarted when reconfiguring it with this
		2073	method.
1736		2074
1737	=item w->start ()	2075	=item w->start ()
1738		2076
1739	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument as the	2077	Starts the watcher. Note that there is no C<loop> argument, as the
1740	constructor already takes the loop.	2078	constructor already stores the event loop.
1741		2079
1742	=item w->stop ()	2080	=item w->stop ()
1743		2081
1744	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.	2082	Stops the watcher if it is active. Again, no C<loop> argument.
1745		2083
1746	=item w->again () C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only	2084	=item w->again () (C<ev::timer>, C<ev::periodic> only)
1747		2085
1748	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding	2086	For C<ev::timer> and C<ev::periodic>, this invokes the corresponding
1749	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.	2087	C<ev_TYPE_again> function.
1750		2088
1751	=item w->sweep () C<ev::embed> only	2089	=item w->sweep () (C<ev::embed> only)
1752		2090
1753	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.	2091	Invokes C<ev_embed_sweep>.
1754		2092
1755	=item w->update () C<ev::stat> only	2093	=item w->update () (C<ev::stat> only)
1756		2094
1757	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.	2095	Invokes C<ev_stat_stat>.
1758		2096
1759	=back	2097	=back
1760		2098
…		…
1770		2108
1771	myclass ();	2109	myclass ();
1772	}	2110	}
1773		2111
1774	myclass::myclass (int fd)	2112	myclass::myclass (int fd)
1775	: io (this, &myclass::io_cb),
1776	idle (this, &myclass::idle_cb)
1777	{	2113	{
		2114	io .set <myclass, &myclass::io_cb > (this);
		2115	idle.set <myclass, &myclass::idle_cb> (this);
		2116
1778	io.start (fd, ev::READ);	2117	io.start (fd, ev::READ);
1779	}	2118	}
1780		2119
1781		2120
1782	=head1 MACRO MAGIC	2121	=head1 MACRO MAGIC
1783		2122
1784	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundemantal is	2123	Libev can be compiled with a variety of options, the most fundamantal
1785	C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines wether (most) functions and	2124	of which is C<EV_MULTIPLICITY>. This option determines whether (most)
1786	callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.	2125	functions and callbacks have an initial C<struct ev_loop *> argument.
1787		2126
1788	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the	2127	To make it easier to write programs that cope with either variant, the
1789	following macros are defined:	2128	following macros are defined:
1790		2129
1791	=over 4	2130	=over 4
…		…
1823	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default	2162	Similar to the other two macros, this gives you the value of the default
1824	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").	2163	loop, if multiple loops are supported ("ev loop default").
1825		2164
1826	=back	2165	=back
1827		2166
1828	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, working regardless of	2167	Example: Declare and initialise a check watcher, utilising the above
1829	wether multiple loops are supported or not.	2168	macros so it will work regardless of whether multiple loops are supported
		2169	or not.
1830		2170
1831	static void	2171	static void
1832	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)	2172	check_cb (EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents)
1833	{	2173	{
1834	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);	2174	ev_check_stop (EV_A_ w);
…		…
1837	ev_check check;	2177	ev_check check;
1838	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);	2178	ev_check_init (&check, check_cb);
1839	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);	2179	ev_check_start (EV_DEFAULT_ &check);
1840	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);	2180	ev_loop (EV_DEFAULT_ 0);
1841		2181
1842
1843	=head1 EMBEDDING	2182	=head1 EMBEDDING
1844		2183
1845	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host	2184	Libev can (and often is) directly embedded into host
1846	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra	2185	applications. Examples of applications that embed it include the Deliantra
1847	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)	2186	Game Server, the EV perl module, the GNU Virtual Private Ethernet (gvpe)
1848	and rxvt-unicode.	2187	and rxvt-unicode.
1849		2188
1850	The goal is to enable you to just copy the neecssary files into your	2189	The goal is to enable you to just copy the necessary files into your
1851	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so	2190	source directory without having to change even a single line in them, so
1852	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of	2191	you can easily upgrade by simply copying (or having a checked-out copy of
1853	libev somewhere in your source tree).	2192	libev somewhere in your source tree).
1854		2193
1855	=head2 FILESETS	2194	=head2 FILESETS
…		…
1886	ev_vars.h	2225	ev_vars.h
1887	ev_wrap.h	2226	ev_wrap.h
1888		2227
1889	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only	2228	ev_win32.c required on win32 platforms only
1890		2229
1891	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is by default)	2230	ev_select.c only when select backend is enabled (which is enabled by default)
1892	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2231	ev_poll.c only when poll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1893	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2232	ev_epoll.c only when the epoll backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1894	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2233	ev_kqueue.c only when the kqueue backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1895	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)	2234	ev_port.c only when the solaris port backend is enabled (disabled by default)
1896		2235
…		…
1945		2284
1946	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2285	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1947	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use	2286	monotonic clock option at both compiletime and runtime. Otherwise no use
1948	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you	2287	of the monotonic clock option will be attempted. If you enable this, you
1949	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when	2288	usually have to link against librt or something similar. Enabling it when
1950	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, althoguh you have	2289	the functionality isn't available is safe, though, although you have
1951	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>	2290	to make sure you link against any libraries where the C<clock_gettime>
1952	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).	2291	function is hiding in (often F<-lrt>).
1953		2292
1954	=item EV_USE_REALTIME	2293	=item EV_USE_REALTIME
1955		2294
1956	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the	2295	If defined to be C<1>, libev will try to detect the availability of the
1957	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at	2296	realtime clock option at compiletime (and assume its availability at
1958	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will	2297	runtime if successful). Otherwise no use of the realtime clock option will
1959	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get	2298	be attempted. This effectively replaces C<gettimeofday> by C<clock_get
1960	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See tzhe note about libraries	2299	(CLOCK_REALTIME, ...)> and will not normally affect correctness. See the
1961	in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.	2300	note about libraries in the description of C<EV_USE_MONOTONIC>, though.
1962		2301
1963	=item EV_USE_SELECT	2302	=item EV_USE_SELECT
1964		2303
1965	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the	2304	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, libev will compile in support for the
1966	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no	2305	C<select>(2) backend. No attempt at autodetection will be done: if no
…		…
2059	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create	2398	will have the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument, and you can create
2060	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support	2399	additional independent event loops. Otherwise there will be no support
2061	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer	2400	for multiple event loops and there is no first event loop pointer
2062	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.	2401	argument. Instead, all functions act on the single default loop.
2063		2402
		2403	=item EV_MINPRI
		2404
		2405	=item EV_MAXPRI
		2406
		2407	The range of allowed priorities. C<EV_MINPRI> must be smaller or equal to
		2408	C<EV_MAXPRI>, but otherwise there are no non-obvious limitations. You can
		2409	provide for more priorities by overriding those symbols (usually defined
		2410	to be C<-2> and C<2>, respectively).
		2411
		2412	When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to linearly search
		2413	all the priorities, so having many of them (hundreds) uses a lot of space
		2414	and time, so using the defaults of five priorities (-2 .. +2) is usually
		2415	fine.
		2416
		2417	If your embedding app does not need any priorities, defining these both to
		2418	C<0> will save some memory and cpu.
		2419
2064	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE	2420	=item EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE
2065		2421
2066	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If	2422	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then periodic timers are supported. If
		2423	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
		2424	code.
		2425
		2426	=item EV_IDLE_ENABLE
		2427
		2428	If undefined or defined to be C<1>, then idle watchers are supported. If
2067	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of	2429	defined to be C<0>, then they are not. Disabling them saves a few kB of
2068	code.	2430	code.
2069		2431
2070	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE	2432	=item EV_EMBED_ENABLE
2071		2433
…		…
2122		2484
2123	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)	2485	=item ev_set_cb (ev, cb)
2124		2486
2125	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,	2487	Can be used to change the callback member declaration in each watcher,
2126	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member	2488	and the way callbacks are invoked and set. Must expand to a struct member
2127	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.v> header file for	2489	definition and a statement, respectively. See the F<ev.h> header file for
2128	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to	2490	their default definitions. One possible use for overriding these is to
2129	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use	2491	avoid the C<struct ev_loop *> as first argument in all cases, or to use
2130	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.	2492	method calls instead of plain function calls in C++.
		2493
		2494	=head2 EXPORTED API SYMBOLS
		2495
		2496	If you need to re-export the API (e.g. via a dll) and you need a list of
		2497	exported symbols, you can use the provided F<Symbol.*> files which list
		2498	all public symbols, one per line:
		2499
		2500	Symbols.ev for libev proper
		2501	Symbols.event for the libevent emulation
		2502
		2503	This can also be used to rename all public symbols to avoid clashes with
		2504	multiple versions of libev linked together (which is obviously bad in
		2505	itself, but sometimes it is inconvinient to avoid this).
		2506
		2507	A sed command like this will create wrapper C<#define>'s that you need to
		2508	include before including F<ev.h>:
		2509
		2510	<Symbols.ev sed -e "s/.*/#define & myprefix_&/" >wrap.h
		2511
		2512	This would create a file F<wrap.h> which essentially looks like this:
		2513
		2514	#define ev_backend myprefix_ev_backend
		2515	#define ev_check_start myprefix_ev_check_start
		2516	#define ev_check_stop myprefix_ev_check_stop
		2517	...
2131		2518
2132	=head2 EXAMPLES	2519	=head2 EXAMPLES
2133		2520
2134	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev	2521	For a real-world example of a program the includes libev
2135	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module	2522	verbatim, you can have a look at the EV perl module
…		…
2138	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file	2525	interface) and F<EV.xs> (implementation) files. Only the F<EV.xs> file
2139	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header	2526	will be compiled. It is pretty complex because it provides its own header
2140	file.	2527	file.
2141		2528
2142	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file	2529	The usage in rxvt-unicode is simpler. It has a F<ev_cpp.h> header file
2143	that everybody includes and which overrides some autoconf choices:	2530	that everybody includes and which overrides some configure choices:
2144		2531
		2532	#define EV_MINIMAL 1
2145	#define EV_USE_POLL 0	2533	#define EV_USE_POLL 0
2146	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0	2534	#define EV_MULTIPLICITY 0
2147	#define EV_PERIODICS 0	2535	#define EV_PERIODIC_ENABLE 0
		2536	#define EV_STAT_ENABLE 0
		2537	#define EV_FORK_ENABLE 0
2148	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>	2538	#define EV_CONFIG_H <config.h>
		2539	#define EV_MINPRI 0
		2540	#define EV_MAXPRI 0
2149		2541
2150	#include "ev++.h"	2542	#include "ev++.h"
2151		2543
2152	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:	2544	And a F<ev_cpp.C> implementation file that contains libev proper and is compiled:
2153		2545
…		…
2159		2551
2160	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside	2552	In this section the complexities of (many of) the algorithms used inside
2161	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the	2553	libev will be explained. For complexity discussions about backends see the
2162	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.	2554	documentation for C<ev_default_init>.
2163		2555
		2556	All of the following are about amortised time: If an array needs to be
		2557	extended, libev needs to realloc and move the whole array, but this
		2558	happens asymptotically never with higher number of elements, so O(1) might
		2559	mean it might do a lengthy realloc operation in rare cases, but on average
		2560	it is much faster and asymptotically approaches constant time.
		2561
2164	=over 4	2562	=over 4
2165		2563
2166	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)	2564	=item Starting and stopping timer/periodic watchers: O(log skipped_other_timers)
2167		2565
		2566	This means that, when you have a watcher that triggers in one hour and
		2567	there are 100 watchers that would trigger before that then inserting will
		2568	have to skip those 100 watchers.
		2569
2168	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)	2570	=item Changing timer/periodic watchers (by autorepeat, again): O(log skipped_other_timers)
2169		2571
		2572	That means that for changing a timer costs less than removing/adding them
		2573	as only the relative motion in the event queue has to be paid for.
		2574
2170	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)	2575	=item Starting io/check/prepare/idle/signal/child watchers: O(1)
2171		2576
		2577	These just add the watcher into an array or at the head of a list.
2172	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)	2578	=item Stopping check/prepare/idle watchers: O(1)
2173		2579
2174	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))	2580	=item Stopping an io/signal/child watcher: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_(fd/signal/pid % EV_PID_HASHSIZE))
2175		2581
		2582	These watchers are stored in lists then need to be walked to find the
		2583	correct watcher to remove. The lists are usually short (you don't usually
		2584	have many watchers waiting for the same fd or signal).
		2585
2176	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)	2586	=item Finding the next timer per loop iteration: O(1)
2177		2587
2178	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)	2588	=item Each change on a file descriptor per loop iteration: O(number_of_watchers_for_this_fd)
2179		2589
		2590	A change means an I/O watcher gets started or stopped, which requires
		2591	libev to recalculate its status (and possibly tell the kernel).
		2592
2180	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)	2593	=item Activating one watcher: O(1)
2181		2594
		2595	=item Priority handling: O(number_of_priorities)
		2596
		2597	Priorities are implemented by allocating some space for each
		2598	priority. When doing priority-based operations, libev usually has to
		2599	linearly search all the priorities.
		2600
2182	=back	2601	=back
2183		2602
2184		2603
2185	=head1 AUTHOR	2604	=head1 AUTHOR
2186		2605

Diff Legend

-–
+Removed lines
-+
+Added lines
-<
+Changed lines
->
+Changed lines

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents): Revision 1.59 by root, Wed Nov 28 17:32:24 2007 UTC vs. Revision 1.96 by ayin, Fri Dec 21 10:06:50 2007 UTC

Diff Legend

Comparing libev/ev.pod (file contents):
Revision 1.59 by root, Wed Nov 28 17:32:24 2007 UTC vs.
Revision 1.96 by ayin, Fri Dec 21 10:06:50 2007 UTC