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…		…
16	=head1 DESCRIPTION	16	=head1 DESCRIPTION
17		17
18	This document contains the FAQ, the RXVT TECHNICAL REFERENCE documenting	18	This document contains the FAQ, the RXVT TECHNICAL REFERENCE documenting
19	all escape sequences, and other background information.	19	all escape sequences, and other background information.
20		20
21	The newest version of this document is	21	The newest version of this document is also available on the World Wide Web at
22	also available on the World Wide Web at
23	L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/browse/*checkout*/rxvt-unicode/doc/rxvt.7.html>.	22	L<http://cvs.schmorp.de/browse/*checkout*/rxvt-unicode/doc/rxvt.7.html>.
24		23
25	=head1 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS	24	=head1 RXVT-UNICODE/URXVT FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
26		25
27	=over 4
28		26
29	=item The new selection selects pieces that are too big, how can I select	27	=head2 Meta, Features & Commandline Issues
30	single words?
31		28
32	Yes. For example, if you want to select alphanumeric words, you can use	29	=head3 My question isn't answered here, can I ask a human?
33	the following resource:
34		30
35	URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ([[:word:]]+)	31	Before sending me mail, you could go to IRC: C<irc.freenode.net>,
		32	channel C<#rxvt-unicode> has some rxvt-unicode enthusiasts that might be
		33	interested in learning about new and exciting problems (but not FAQs :).
36		34
37	If you click more than twice, the selection will be extended	35	=head3 Does it support tabs, can I have a tabbed rxvt-unicode?
38	more and more.
39		36
40	To get a selection that is very similar to the old code, try this pattern:	37	Beginning with version 7.3, there is a perl extension that implements a
		38	simple tabbed terminal. It is installed by default, so any of these should
		39	give you tabs:
41		40
42	URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ([^"&'()*,;<=>?@[\\\\]^`{|})]+)	41	@@URXVT_NAME@@ -pe tabbed
43		42
44	Please also note that the I<LeftClick Shift-LeftClik> combination also	43	URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,tabbed
45	selects words like the old code.
46		44
47	=item I don't like the new selection/popups/hotkeys/perl, how do I	45	It will also work fine with tabbing functionality of many window managers
48	change/disable it?	46	or similar tabbing programs, and its embedding-features allow it to be
		47	embedded into other programs, as witnessed by F<doc/rxvt-tabbed> or
		48	the upcoming C<Gtk2::URxvt> perl module, which features a tabbed urxvt
		49	(murxvt) terminal as an example embedding application.
49		50
50	You can disable the perl extension completely by setting the	51	=head3 How do I know which rxvt-unicode version I'm using?
51	B<perl-ext-common> resource to the empty string, which also keeps
52	rxvt-unicode from initialising perl, saving memory.
53		52
54	If you only want to disable specific features, you first have to	53	The version number is displayed with the usage (-h). Also the escape
55	identify which perl extension is responsible. For this, read the section	54	sequence C<ESC [ 8 n> sets the window title to the version number. When
56	B<PREPACKAGED EXTENSIONS> in the @@RXVT_NAME@@perl(3) manpage. For	55	using the @@URXVT_NAME@@c client, the version displayed is that of the
57	example, to disable the B<selection-popup> and B<option-popup>, specify	56	daemon.
58	this B<perl-ext-common> resource:
59		57
60	URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,-selection-popup,-option-popup	58	=head3 Rxvt-unicode uses gobs of memory, how can I reduce that?
61		59
62	This will keep the default extensions, but disable the two popup	60	Rxvt-unicode tries to obey the rule of not charging you for something you
63	extensions. Some extensions can also be configured, for example,	61	don't use. One thing you should try is to configure out all settings that
64	scrollback search mode is triggered by B<M-s>. You can move it to any	62	you don't need, for example, Xft support is a resource hog by design,
65	other combination either by setting the B<searchable-scrollback> resource:	63	when used. Compiling it out ensures that no Xft font will be loaded
		64	accidentally when rxvt-unicode tries to find a font for your characters.
66		65
67	URxvt.searchable-scrollback: CM-s	66	Also, many people (me included) like large windows and even larger
		67	scrollback buffers: Without C<--enable-unicode3>, rxvt-unicode will use
		68	6 bytes per screen cell. For a 160x?? window this amounts to almost a
		69	kilobyte per line. A scrollback buffer of 10000 lines will then (if full)
		70	use 10 Megabytes of memory. With C<--enable-unicode3> it gets worse, as
		71	rxvt-unicode then uses 8 bytes per screen cell.
68		72
		73	=head3 How can I start @@URXVT_NAME@@d in a race-free way?
		74
		75	Try C<@@URXVT_NAME@@d -f -o>, which tells @@URXVT_NAME@@d to open the
		76	display, create the listening socket and then fork.
		77
		78	=head3 How do I distinguish wether I'm running rxvt-unicode or a regular xterm? I need this to decide about setting colors etc.
		79
		80	The original rxvt and rxvt-unicode always export the variable "COLORTERM",
		81	so you can check and see if that is set. Note that several programs, JED,
		82	slrn, Midnight Commander automatically check this variable to decide
		83	whether or not to use color.
		84
		85	=head3 How do I set the correct, full IP address for the DISPLAY variable?
		86
		87	If you've compiled rxvt-unicode with DISPLAY_IS_IP and have enabled
		88	insecure mode then it is possible to use the following shell script
		89	snippets to correctly set the display. If your version of rxvt-unicode
		90	wasn't also compiled with ESCZ_ANSWER (as assumed in these snippets) then
		91	the COLORTERM variable can be used to distinguish rxvt-unicode from a
		92	regular xterm.
		93
		94	Courtesy of Chuck Blake <cblake@BBN.COM> with the following shell script
		95	snippets:
		96
		97	# Bourne/Korn/POSIX family of shells:
		98	[ ${TERM:-foo} = foo ] && TERM=xterm # assume an xterm if we don't know
		99	if [ ${TERM:-foo} = xterm ]; then
		100	stty -icanon -echo min 0 time 15 # see if enhanced rxvt or not
		101	echo -n '^[Z'
		102	read term_id
		103	stty icanon echo
		104	if [ ""${term_id} = '^[[?1;2C' -a ${DISPLAY:-foo} = foo ]; then
		105	echo -n '^[[7n' # query the rxvt we are in for the DISPLAY string
		106	read DISPLAY # set it in our local shell
		107	fi
		108	fi
		109
		110	=head3 How do I compile the manual pages on my own?
		111
		112	You need to have a recent version of perl installed as F</usr/bin/perl>,
		113	one that comes with F<pod2man>, F<pod2text> and F<pod2html>. Then go to
		114	the doc subdirectory and enter C<make alldoc>.
		115
69	=item Isn't rxvt supposed to be small? Don't all those features bloat?	116	=head3 Isn't rxvt-unicode supposed to be small? Don't all those features bloat?
70		117
71	I often get asked about this, and I think, no, they didn't cause extra	118	I often get asked about this, and I think, no, they didn't cause extra
72	bloat. If you compare a minimal rxvt and a minimal urxvt, you can see	119	bloat. If you compare a minimal rxvt and a minimal urxvt, you can see
73	that the urxvt binary is larger (due to some encoding tables always being	120	that the urxvt binary is larger (due to some encoding tables always being
74	compiled in), but it actually uses less memory (RSS) after startup. Even	121	compiled in), but it actually uses less memory (RSS) after startup. Even
…		…
106	(21152k + extra 4204k in separate processes) or konsole (22200k + extra	153	(21152k + extra 4204k in separate processes) or konsole (22200k + extra
107	43180k in daemons that stay around after exit, plus half a minute of	154	43180k in daemons that stay around after exit, plus half a minute of
108	startup time, including the hundreds of warnings it spits out), it fares	155	startup time, including the hundreds of warnings it spits out), it fares
109	extremely well *g*.	156	extremely well *g*.
110		157
111	=item Why C++, isn't that unportable/bloated/uncool?	158	=head3 Why C++, isn't that unportable/bloated/uncool?
112		159
113	Is this a question? :) It comes up very often. The simple answer is: I had	160	Is this a question? :) It comes up very often. The simple answer is: I had
114	to write it, and C++ allowed me to write and maintain it in a fraction	161	to write it, and C++ allowed me to write and maintain it in a fraction
115	of the time and effort (which is a scarce resource for me). Put even	162	of the time and effort (which is a scarce resource for me). Put even
116	shorter: It simply wouldn't exist without C++.	163	shorter: It simply wouldn't exist without C++.
…		…
140	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00002aaaaaaab000)	187	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00002aaaaaaab000)
141		188
142	No large bloated libraries (of course, none were linked in statically),	189	No large bloated libraries (of course, none were linked in statically),
143	except maybe libX11 :)	190	except maybe libX11 :)
144		191
145	=item Does it support tabs, can I have a tabbed rxvt-unicode?
146		192
147	Beginning with version 7.3, there is a perl extension that implements a	193	=head2 Rendering, Font & Look and Feel Issues
148	simple tabbed terminal. It is installed by default, so any of these should
149	give you tabs:
150		194
151	@@RXVT_NAME@@ -pe tabbed	195	=head3 I can't get transparency working, what am I doing wrong?
152		196
		197	First of all, transparency isn't officially supported in rxvt-unicode, so
		198	you are mostly on your own. Do not bug the author about it (but you may
		199	bug everybody else). Also, if you can't get it working consider it a rite
		200	of passage: ... and you failed.
		201
		202	Here are four ways to get transparency. B<Do> read the manpage and option
		203	descriptions for the programs mentioned and rxvt-unicode. Really, do it!
		204
		205	1. Use inheritPixmap:
		206
		207	Esetroot wallpaper.jpg
		208	@@URXVT_NAME@@ -ip -tint red -sh 40
		209
		210	That works. If you think it doesn't, you lack transparency and tinting
		211	support, or you are unable to read.
		212
		213	2. Use a simple pixmap and emulate pseudo-transparency. This enables you
		214	to use effects other than tinting and shading: Just shade/tint/whatever
		215	your picture with gimp or any other tool:
		216
		217	convert wallpaper.jpg -blur 20x20 -modulate 30 background.xpm
		218	@@URXVT_NAME@@ -pixmap background.xpm -pe automove-background
		219
		220	That works. If you think it doesn't, you lack XPM and Perl support, or you
		221	are unable to read.
		222
		223	3. Use an ARGB visual:
		224
		225	@@URXVT_NAME@@ -depth 32 -fg grey90 -bg rgba:0000/0000/4444/cccc
		226
		227	This requires XFT support, and the support of your X-server. If that
		228	doesn't work for you, blame Xorg and Keith Packard. ARGB visuals aren't
		229	there yet, no matter what they claim. Rxvt-Unicode contains the neccessary
		230	bugfixes and workarounds for Xft and Xlib to make it work, but that
		231	doesn't mean that your WM has the required kludges in place.
		232
		233	4. Use xcompmgr and let it do the job:
		234
		235	xprop -frame -f _NET_WM_WINDOW_OPACITY 32c \
		236	-set _NET_WM_WINDOW_OPACITY 0xc0000000
		237
		238	Then click on a window you want to make transparent. Replace C<0xc0000000>
		239	by other values to change the degree of opacity. If it doesn't work and
		240	your server crashes, you got to keep the pieces.
		241
		242	=head3 Why do some chinese characters look so different than others?
		243
		244	This is because there is a difference between script and language --
		245	rxvt-unicode does not know which language the text that is output is,
		246	as it only knows the unicode character codes. If rxvt-unicode first
		247	sees a japanese/chinese character, it might choose a japanese font for
		248	display. Subsequent japanese characters will use that font. Now, many
		249	chinese characters aren't represented in japanese fonts, so when the first
		250	non-japanese character comes up, rxvt-unicode will look for a chinese font
		251	-- unfortunately at this point, it will still use the japanese font for
		252	chinese characters that are also in the japanese font.
		253
		254	The workaround is easy: just tag a chinese font at the end of your font
		255	list (see the previous question). The key is to view the font list as
		256	a preference list: If you expect more japanese, list a japanese font
		257	first. If you expect more chinese, put a chinese font first.
		258
		259	In the future it might be possible to switch language preferences at
		260	runtime (the internal data structure has no problem with using different
		261	fonts for the same character at the same time, but no interface for this
		262	has been designed yet).
		263
		264	Until then, you might get away with switching fonts at runtime (see L<Can
		265	I switch the fonts at runtime?> later in this document).
		266
		267	=head3 Why does rxvt-unicode sometimes leave pixel droppings?
		268
		269	Most fonts were not designed for terminal use, which means that character
		270	size varies a lot. A font that is otherwise fine for terminal use might
		271	contain some characters that are simply too wide. Rxvt-unicode will avoid
		272	these characters. For characters that are just "a bit" too wide a special
		273	"careful" rendering mode is used that redraws adjacent characters.
		274
		275	All of this requires that fonts do not lie about character sizes,
		276	however: Xft fonts often draw glyphs larger than their acclaimed bounding
		277	box, and rxvt-unicode has no way of detecting this (the correct way is to
		278	ask for the character bounding box, which unfortunately is wrong in these
		279	cases).
		280
		281	It's not clear (to me at least), wether this is a bug in Xft, freetype,
		282	or the respective font. If you encounter this problem you might try using
		283	the C<-lsp> option to give the font more height. If that doesn't work, you
		284	might be forced to use a different font.
		285
		286	All of this is not a problem when using X11 core fonts, as their bounding
		287	box data is correct.
		288
		289	=head3 How can I keep rxvt-unicode from using reverse video so much?
		290
		291	First of all, make sure you are running with the right terminal settings
		292	(C<TERM=rxvt-unicode>), which will get rid of most of these effects. Then
		293	make sure you have specified colours for italic and bold, as otherwise
		294	rxvt-unicode might use reverse video to simulate the effect:
		295
		296	URxvt.colorBD: white
		297	URxvt.colorIT: green
		298
		299	=head3 Some programs assume totally weird colours (red instead of blue), how can I fix that?
		300
		301	For some unexplainable reason, some rare programs assume a very weird
		302	colour palette when confronted with a terminal with more than the standard
		303	8 colours (rxvt-unicode supports 88). The right fix is, of course, to fix
		304	these programs not to assume non-ISO colours without very good reasons.
		305
		306	In the meantime, you can either edit your C<rxvt-unicode> terminfo
		307	definition to only claim 8 colour support or use C<TERM=rxvt>, which will
		308	fix colours but keep you from using other rxvt-unicode features.
		309
		310	=head3 Can I switch the fonts at runtime?
		311
		312	Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which has the same
		313	effect as using the C<-fn> switch, and takes effect immediately:
		314
		315	printf '\e]50;%s\007' "9x15bold,xft:Kochi Gothic"
		316
		317	This is useful if you e.g. work primarily with japanese (and prefer a
		318	japanese font), but you have to switch to chinese temporarily, where
		319	japanese fonts would only be in your way.
		320
		321	You can think of this as a kind of manual ISO-2022 switching.
		322
		323	=head3 Why do italic characters look as if clipped?
		324
		325	Many fonts have difficulties with italic characters and hinting. For
		326	example, the otherwise very nicely hinted font C<xft:Bitstream Vera Sans
		327	Mono> completely fails in it's italic face. A workaround might be to
		328	enable freetype autohinting, i.e. like this:
		329
		330	URxvt.italicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:italic:autohint=true
		331	URxvt.boldItalicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:bold:italic:autohint=true
		332
		333	=head3 Can I speed up Xft rendering somehow?
		334
		335	Yes, the most obvious way to speed it up is to avoid Xft entirely, as
		336	it is simply slow. If you still want Xft fonts you might try to disable
		337	antialiasing (by appending C<:antialias=false>), which saves lots of
		338	memory and also speeds up rendering considerably.
		339
		340	=head3 Rxvt-unicode doesn't seem to anti-alias its fonts, what is wrong?
		341
		342	Rxvt-unicode will use whatever you specify as a font. If it needs to
		343	fall back to it's default font search list it will prefer X11 core
		344	fonts, because they are small and fast, and then use Xft fonts. It has
		345	antialiasing disabled for most of them, because the author thinks they
		346	look best that way.
		347
		348	If you want antialiasing, you have to specify the fonts manually.
		349
		350	=head3 What's with this bold/blink stuff?
		351
		352	If no bold colour is set via C<colorBD:>, bold will invert text using the
		353	standard foreground colour.
		354
		355	For the standard background colour, blinking will actually make the
		356	text blink when compiled with C<--enable-blinking>. with standard
		357	colours. Without C<--enable-blinking>, the blink attribute will be
		358	ignored.
		359
		360	On ANSI colours, bold/blink attributes are used to set high-intensity
		361	foreground/background colors.
		362
		363	color0-7 are the low-intensity colors.
		364
		365	color8-15 are the corresponding high-intensity colors.
		366
		367	=head3 I don't like the screen colors. How do I change them?
		368
		369	You can change the screen colors at run-time using F<~/.Xdefaults>
		370	resources (or as long-options).
		371
		372	Here are values that are supposed to resemble a VGA screen,
		373	including the murky brown that passes for low-intensity yellow:
		374
		375	URxvt.color0: #000000
		376	URxvt.color1: #A80000
		377	URxvt.color2: #00A800
		378	URxvt.color3: #A8A800
		379	URxvt.color4: #0000A8
		380	URxvt.color5: #A800A8
		381	URxvt.color6: #00A8A8
		382	URxvt.color7: #A8A8A8
		383
		384	URxvt.color8: #000054
		385	URxvt.color9: #FF0054
		386	URxvt.color10: #00FF54
		387	URxvt.color11: #FFFF54
		388	URxvt.color12: #0000FF
		389	URxvt.color13: #FF00FF
		390	URxvt.color14: #00FFFF
		391	URxvt.color15: #FFFFFF
		392
		393	And here is a more complete set of non-standard colors described (not by
		394	me) as "pretty girly".
		395
		396	URxvt.cursorColor: #dc74d1
		397	URxvt.pointerColor: #dc74d1
		398	URxvt.background: #0e0e0e
		399	URxvt.foreground: #4ad5e1
		400	URxvt.color0: #000000
		401	URxvt.color8: #8b8f93
		402	URxvt.color1: #dc74d1
		403	URxvt.color9: #dc74d1
		404	URxvt.color2: #0eb8c7
		405	URxvt.color10: #0eb8c7
		406	URxvt.color3: #dfe37e
		407	URxvt.color11: #dfe37e
		408	URxvt.color5: #9e88f0
		409	URxvt.color13: #9e88f0
		410	URxvt.color6: #73f7ff
		411	URxvt.color14: #73f7ff
		412	URxvt.color7: #e1dddd
		413	URxvt.color15: #e1dddd
		414
		415	=head3 Why do some characters look so much different than others?
		416
		417	See next entry.
		418
		419	=head3 How does rxvt-unicode choose fonts?
		420
		421	Most fonts do not contain the full range of Unicode, which is
		422	fine. Chances are that the font you (or the admin/package maintainer of
		423	your system/os) have specified does not cover all the characters you want
		424	to display.
		425
		426	B<rxvt-unicode> makes a best-effort try at finding a replacement
		427	font. Often the result is fine, but sometimes the chosen font looks
		428	bad/ugly/wrong. Some fonts have totally strange characters that don't
		429	resemble the correct glyph at all, and rxvt-unicode lacks the artificial
		430	intelligence to detect that a specific glyph is wrong: it has to believe
		431	the font that the characters it claims to contain indeed look correct.
		432
		433	In that case, select a font of your taste and add it to the font list,
		434	e.g.:
		435
		436	@@URXVT_NAME@@ -fn basefont,font2,font3...
		437
		438	When rxvt-unicode sees a character, it will first look at the base
		439	font. If the base font does not contain the character, it will go to the
		440	next font, and so on. Specifying your own fonts will also speed up this
		441	search and use less resources within rxvt-unicode and the X-server.
		442
		443	The only limitation is that none of the fonts may be larger than the base
		444	font, as the base font defines the terminal character cell size, which
		445	must be the same due to the way terminals work.
		446
		447
		448	=head2 Keyboard, Mouse & User Interaction
		449
		450	=head3 The new selection selects pieces that are too big, how can I select single words?
		451
		452	If you want to select e.g. alphanumeric words, you can use the following
		453	setting:
		454
		455	URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ([[:word:]]+)
		456
		457	If you click more than twice, the selection will be extended
		458	more and more.
		459
		460	To get a selection that is very similar to the old code, try this pattern:
		461
		462	URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ([^"&'()*,;<=>?@[\\\\]^`{|})]+)
		463
		464	Please also note that the I<LeftClick Shift-LeftClik> combination also
		465	selects words like the old code.
		466
		467	=head3 I don't like the new selection/popups/hotkeys/perl, how do I change/disable it?
		468
		469	You can disable the perl extension completely by setting the
		470	B<perl-ext-common> resource to the empty string, which also keeps
		471	rxvt-unicode from initialising perl, saving memory.
		472
		473	If you only want to disable specific features, you first have to
		474	identify which perl extension is responsible. For this, read the section
		475	B<PREPACKAGED EXTENSIONS> in the @@URXVT_NAME@@perl(3) manpage. For
		476	example, to disable the B<selection-popup> and B<option-popup>, specify
		477	this B<perl-ext-common> resource:
		478
		479	URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,-selection-popup,-option-popup
		480
		481	This will keep the default extensions, but disable the two popup
		482	extensions. Some extensions can also be configured, for example,
		483	scrollback search mode is triggered by B<M-s>. You can move it to any
		484	other combination either by setting the B<searchable-scrollback> resource:
		485
		486	URxvt.searchable-scrollback: CM-s
		487
		488	=head3 The cursor moves when selecting text in the current input line, how do I switch this off?
		489
		490	See next entry.
		491
		492	=head3 During rlogin/ssh/telnet/etc. sessions, clicking near the cursor outputs strange escape sequences, how do I fix this?
		493
		494	These are caused by the C<readline> perl extension. Under normal
		495	circumstances, it will move your cursor around when you click into the
		496	line that contains it. It tries hard not to do this at the wrong moment,
		497	but when running a program that doesn't parse cursor movements or in some
		498	cases during rlogin sessions, it fails to detect this properly.
		499
		500	You can permamently switch this feature off by disabling the C<readline>
		501	extension:
		502
153	URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,tabbed	503	URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,-readline
154		504
155	It will also work fine with tabbing functionality of many window managers	505	=head3 My numerical keypad acts weird and generates differing output?
156	or similar tabbing programs, and its embedding-features allow it to be
157	embedded into other programs, as witnessed by F<doc/rxvt-tabbed> or
158	the upcoming C<Gtk2::URxvt> perl module, which features a tabbed urxvt
159	(murxvt) terminal as an example embedding application.
160		506
161	=item How do I know which rxvt-unicode version I'm using?	507	Some Debian GNUL/Linux users seem to have this problem, although no
		508	specific details were reported so far. It is possible that this is caused
		509	by the wrong C<TERM> setting, although the details of wether and how
		510	this can happen are unknown, as C<TERM=rxvt> should offer a compatible
		511	keymap. See the answer to the previous question, and please report if that
		512	helped.
162		513
163	The version number is displayed with the usage (-h). Also the escape	514	=head3 My Compose (Multi_key) key is no longer working.
164	sequence C<ESC [ 8 n> sets the window title to the version number. When
165	using the @@RXVT_NAME@@c client, the version displayed is that of the
166	daemon.
167		515
168	=item I am using Debian GNU/Linux and have a problem...	516	The most common causes for this are that either your locale is not set
		517	correctly, or you specified a B<preeditStyle> that is not supported by
		518	your input method. For example, if you specified B<OverTheSpot> and
		519	your input method (e.g. the default input method handling Compose keys)
		520	does not support this (for instance because it is not visual), then
		521	rxvt-unicode will continue without an input method.
169		522
170	The Debian GNU/Linux package of rxvt-unicode in sarge contains large	523	In this case either do not specify a B<preeditStyle> or specify more than
171	patches that considerably change the behaviour of rxvt-unicode (but	524	one pre-edit style, such as B<OverTheSpot,Root,None>.
172	unfortunately this notice has been removed). Before reporting a bug to
173	the original rxvt-unicode author please download and install the genuine
174	version (L<http://software.schmorp.de#rxvt-unicode>) and try to reproduce
175	the problem. If you cannot, chances are that the problems are specific to
176	Debian GNU/Linux, in which case it should be reported via the Debian Bug
177	Tracking System (use C<reportbug> to report the bug).
178		525
179	For other problems that also affect the Debian package, you can and	526	=head3 I cannot type C<Ctrl-Shift-2> to get an ASCII NUL character due to ISO 14755
180	probably should use the Debian BTS, too, because, after all, it's also a
181	bug in the Debian version and it serves as a reminder for other users that
182	might encounter the same issue.
183		527
184	=item I am maintaining rxvt-unicode for distribution/OS XXX, any	528	Either try C<Ctrl-2> alone (it often is mapped to ASCII NUL even on
185	recommendation?	529	international keyboards) or simply use ISO 14755 support to your
		530	advantage, typing <Ctrl-Shift-0> to get a ASCII NUL. This works for other
		531	codes, too, such as C<Ctrl-Shift-1-d> to type the default telnet escape
		532	character and so on.
186		533
187	You should build one binary with the default options. F<configure>	534	=head3 Mouse cut/paste suddenly no longer works.
188	now enables most useful options, and the trend goes to making them
189	runtime-switchable, too, so there is usually no drawback to enbaling them,
190	except higher disk and possibly memory usage. The perl interpreter should
191	be enabled, as important functionality (menus, selection, likely more in
192	the future) depends on it.
193		535
194	You should not overwrite the C<perl-ext-common> snd C<perl-ext> resources	536	Make sure that mouse reporting is actually turned off since killing
195	system-wide (except maybe with C<defaults>). This will result in useful	537	some editors prematurely may leave the mouse in mouse report mode. I've
196	behaviour. If your distribution aims at low memory, add an empty	538	heard that tcsh may use mouse reporting unless it otherwise specified. A
197	C<perl-ext-common> resource to the app-defaults file. This will keep the	539	quick check is to see if cut/paste works when the Alt or Shift keys are
198	perl interpreter disabled until the user enables it.	540	depressed.
199		541
200	If you can/want build more binaries, I recommend building a minimal	542	=head3 What's with the strange Backspace/Delete key behaviour?
201	one with C<--disable-everything> (very useful) and a maximal one with
202	C<--enable-everything> (less useful, it will be very big due to a lot of
203	encodings built-in that increase download times and are rarely used).
204		543
205	=item I need to make it setuid/setgid to support utmp/ptys on my OS, is this safe?	544	Assuming that the physical Backspace key corresponds to the
		545	BackSpace keysym (not likely for Linux ... see the following
		546	question) there are two standard values that can be used for
		547	Backspace: C<^H> and C<^?>.
206		548
207	It should be, starting with release 7.1. You are encouraged to properly	549	Historically, either value is correct, but rxvt-unicode adopts the debian
208	install urxvt with privileges necessary for your OS now.	550	policy of using C<^?> when unsure, because it's the one only only correct
		551	choice :).
209		552
210	When rxvt-unicode detects that it runs setuid or setgid, it will fork	553	Rxvt-unicode tries to inherit the current stty settings and uses the value
211	into a helper process for privileged operations (pty handling on some	554	of `erase' to guess the value for backspace. If rxvt-unicode wasn't
212	systems, utmp/wtmp/lastlog handling on others) and drop privileges	555	started from a terminal (say, from a menu or by remote shell), then the
213	immediately. This is much safer than most other terminals that keep	556	system value of `erase', which corresponds to CERASE in <termios.h>, will
214	privileges while running (but is more relevant to urxvt, as it contains	557	be used (which may not be the same as your stty setting).
215	things as perl interpreters, which might be "helpful" to attackers).
216		558
217	This forking is done as the very first within main(), which is very early	559	For starting a new rxvt-unicode:
218	and reduces possible bugs to initialisation code run before main(), or
219	things like the dynamic loader of your system, which should result in very
220	little risk.
221		560
		561	# use Backspace = ^H
		562	$ stty erase ^H
		563	$ @@URXVT_NAME@@
		564
		565	# use Backspace = ^?
		566	$ stty erase ^?
		567	$ @@URXVT_NAME@@
		568
		569	Toggle with C<ESC [ 36 h> / C<ESC [ 36 l>.
		570
		571	For an existing rxvt-unicode:
		572
		573	# use Backspace = ^H
		574	$ stty erase ^H
		575	$ echo -n "^[[36h"
		576
		577	# use Backspace = ^?
		578	$ stty erase ^?
		579	$ echo -n "^[[36l"
		580
		581	This helps satisfy some of the Backspace discrepancies that occur, but
		582	if you use Backspace = C<^H>, make sure that the termcap/terminfo value
		583	properly reflects that.
		584
		585	The Delete key is a another casualty of the ill-defined Backspace problem.
		586	To avoid confusion between the Backspace and Delete keys, the Delete
		587	key has been assigned an escape sequence to match the vt100 for Execute
		588	(C<ESC [ 3 ~>) and is in the supplied termcap/terminfo.
		589
		590	Some other Backspace problems:
		591
		592	some editors use termcap/terminfo,
		593	some editors (vim I'm told) expect Backspace = ^H,
		594	GNU Emacs (and Emacs-like editors) use ^H for help.
		595
		596	Perhaps someday this will all be resolved in a consistent manner.
		597
		598	=head3 I don't like the key-bindings. How do I change them?
		599
		600	There are some compile-time selections available via configure. Unless
		601	you have run "configure" with the C<--disable-resources> option you can
		602	use the `keysym' resource to alter the keystrings associated with keysyms.
		603
		604	Here's an example for a URxvt session started using C<@@URXVT_NAME@@ -name URxvt>
		605
		606	URxvt.keysym.Home: \033[1~
		607	URxvt.keysym.End: \033[4~
		608	URxvt.keysym.C-apostrophe: \033<C-'>
		609	URxvt.keysym.C-slash: \033<C-/>
		610	URxvt.keysym.C-semicolon: \033<C-;>
		611	URxvt.keysym.C-grave: \033<C-`>
		612	URxvt.keysym.C-comma: \033<C-,>
		613	URxvt.keysym.C-period: \033<C-.>
		614	URxvt.keysym.C-0x60: \033<C-`>
		615	URxvt.keysym.C-Tab: \033<C-Tab>
		616	URxvt.keysym.C-Return: \033<C-Return>
		617	URxvt.keysym.S-Return: \033<S-Return>
		618	URxvt.keysym.S-space: \033<S-Space>
		619	URxvt.keysym.M-Up: \033<M-Up>
		620	URxvt.keysym.M-Down: \033<M-Down>
		621	URxvt.keysym.M-Left: \033<M-Left>
		622	URxvt.keysym.M-Right: \033<M-Right>
		623	URxvt.keysym.M-C-0: list \033<M-C- 0123456789 >
		624	URxvt.keysym.M-C-a: list \033<M-C- abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz >
		625	URxvt.keysym.F12: command:\033]701;zh_CN.GBK\007
		626
		627	See some more examples in the documentation for the B<keysym> resource.
		628
		629	=head3 I'm using keyboard model XXX that has extra Prior/Next/Insert keys. How do I make use of them? For example, the Sun Keyboard type 4 has the following map
		630
		631	KP_Insert == Insert
		632	F22 == Print
		633	F27 == Home
		634	F29 == Prior
		635	F33 == End
		636	F35 == Next
		637
		638	Rather than have rxvt-unicode try to accommodate all the various possible
		639	keyboard mappings, it is better to use `xmodmap' to remap the keys as
		640	required for your particular machine.
		641
		642
		643
		644	=head2 Terminal Configuration
		645
		646	=head3 Why doesn't rxvt-unicode read my resources?
		647
		648	Well, why, indeed? It does, in a way very similar to other X
		649	applications. Most importantly, this means that if you or your OS loads
		650	resources into the X display (the right way to do it), rxvt-unicode will
		651	ignore any resource files in your home directory. It will only read
		652	F<$HOME/.Xdefaults> when no resources are attached to the display.
		653
		654	If you have or use an F<$HOME/.Xresources> file, chances are that
		655	resources are loaded into your X-server. In this case, you have to
		656	re-login after every change (or run F<xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xresources>).
		657
		658	Also consider the form resources have to use:
		659
		660	URxvt.resource: value
		661
		662	If you want to use another form (there are lots of different ways of
		663	specifying resources), make sure you understand wether and why it
		664	works. If unsure, use the form above.
		665
222	=item When I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data?	666	=head3 When I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data?
223		667
224	The terminal description used by rxvt-unicode is not as widely available	668	The terminal description used by rxvt-unicode is not as widely available
225	as that for xterm, or even rxvt (for which the same problem often arises).	669	as that for xterm, or even rxvt (for which the same problem often arises).
226		670
227	The correct solution for this problem is to install the terminfo, this can	671	The correct solution for this problem is to install the terminfo, this can
…		…
243	resource to set it:	687	resource to set it:
244		688
245	URxvt.termName: rxvt	689	URxvt.termName: rxvt
246		690
247	If you don't plan to use B<rxvt> (quite common...) you could also replace	691	If you don't plan to use B<rxvt> (quite common...) you could also replace
248	the rxvt terminfo file with the rxvt-unicode one.	692	the rxvt terminfo file with the rxvt-unicode one and use C<TERM=rxvt>.
249		693
250	=item C<tic> outputs some error when compiling the terminfo entry.	694	=head3 C<tic> outputs some error when compiling the terminfo entry.
251		695
252	Most likely it's the empty definition for C<enacs=>. Just replace it by	696	Most likely it's the empty definition for C<enacs=>. Just replace it by
253	C<enacs=\E[0@> and try again.	697	C<enacs=\E[0@> and try again.
254		698
255	=item C<bash>'s readline does not work correctly under @@RXVT_NAME@@.	699	=head3 C<bash>'s readline does not work correctly under @@URXVT_NAME@@.
256		700
		701	See next entry.
		702
257	=item I need a termcap file entry.	703	=head3 I need a termcap file entry.
258		704
259	One reason you might want this is that some distributions or operating	705	One reason you might want this is that some distributions or operating
260	systems still compile some programs using the long-obsoleted termcap	706	systems still compile some programs using the long-obsoleted termcap
261	library (Fedora Core's bash is one example) and rely on a termcap entry	707	library (Fedora Core's bash is one example) and rely on a termcap entry
262	for C<rxvt-unicode>.	708	for C<rxvt-unicode>.
…		…
288	:sc=\E7:se=\E[27m:sf=^J:so=\E[7m:sr=\EM:st=\EH:ta=^I:\	734	:sc=\E7:se=\E[27m:sf=^J:so=\E[7m:sr=\EM:st=\EH:ta=^I:\
289	:te=\E[r\E[?1049l:ti=\E[?1049h:ue=\E[24m:up=\E[A:\	735	:te=\E[r\E[?1049l:ti=\E[?1049h:ue=\E[24m:up=\E[A:\
290	:us=\E[4m:vb=\E[?5h\E[?5l:ve=\E[?25h:vi=\E[?25l:\	736	:us=\E[4m:vb=\E[?5h\E[?5l:ve=\E[?25h:vi=\E[?25l:\
291	:vs=\E[?25h:	737	:vs=\E[?25h:
292		738
293	=item Why does C<ls> no longer have coloured output?	739	=head3 Why does C<ls> no longer have coloured output?
294		740
295	The C<ls> in the GNU coreutils unfortunately doesn't use terminfo to	741	The C<ls> in the GNU coreutils unfortunately doesn't use terminfo to
296	decide wether a terminal has colour, but uses it's own configuration	742	decide wether a terminal has colour, but uses it's own configuration
297	file. Needless to say, C<rxvt-unicode> is not in it's default file (among	743	file. Needless to say, C<rxvt-unicode> is not in it's default file (among
298	with most other terminals supporting colour). Either add:	744	with most other terminals supporting colour). Either add:
…		…
303		749
304	alias ls='ls --color=auto'	750	alias ls='ls --color=auto'
305		751
306	to your C<.profile> or C<.bashrc>.	752	to your C<.profile> or C<.bashrc>.
307		753
308	=item Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. use the 88 colour mode?	754	=head3 Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. use the 88 colour mode?
309		755
		756	See next entry.
		757
310	=item Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. make use of italic?	758	=head3 Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. make use of italic?
311		759
		760	See next entry.
		761
312	=item Why are the secondary screen-related options not working properly?	762	=head3 Why are the secondary screen-related options not working properly?
313		763
314	Make sure you are using C<TERM=rxvt-unicode>. Some pre-packaged	764	Make sure you are using C<TERM=rxvt-unicode>. Some pre-packaged
315	distributions (most notably Debian GNU/Linux) break rxvt-unicode	765	distributions (most notably Debian GNU/Linux) break rxvt-unicode
316	by setting C<TERM> to C<rxvt>, which doesn't have these extra	766	by setting C<TERM> to C<rxvt>, which doesn't have these extra
317	features. Unfortunately, some of these (most notably, again, Debian	767	features. Unfortunately, some of these (most notably, again, Debian
318	GNU/Linux) furthermore fail to even install the C<rxvt-unicode> terminfo	768	GNU/Linux) furthermore fail to even install the C<rxvt-unicode> terminfo
319	file, so you will need to install it on your own (See the question B<When	769	file, so you will need to install it on your own (See the question B<When
320	I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data?> on	770	I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data?> on
321	how to do this).	771	how to do this).
322		772
323	=item My numerical keypad acts weird and generates differing output?
324		773
325	Some Debian GNUL/Linux users seem to have this problem, although no	774	=head2 Encoding / Locale / Input Method Issues
326	specific details were reported so far. It is possible that this is caused
327	by the wrong C<TERM> setting, although the details of wether and how
328	this can happen are unknown, as C<TERM=rxvt> should offer a compatible
329	keymap. See the answer to the previous question, and please report if that
330	helped.
331		775
332	=item Rxvt-unicode does not seem to understand the selected encoding?	776	=head3 Rxvt-unicode does not seem to understand the selected encoding?
333		777
		778	See next entry.
		779
334	=item Unicode does not seem to work?	780	=head3 Unicode does not seem to work?
335		781
336	If you encounter strange problems like typing an accented character but	782	If you encounter strange problems like typing an accented character but
337	getting two unrelated other characters or similar, or if program output is	783	getting two unrelated other characters or similar, or if program output is
338	subtly garbled, then you should check your locale settings.	784	subtly garbled, then you should check your locale settings.
339		785
…		…
359		805
360	If nothing works and you are sure that everything is set correctly then	806	If nothing works and you are sure that everything is set correctly then
361	you will need to remember a little known fact: Some programs just don't	807	you will need to remember a little known fact: Some programs just don't
362	support locales :(	808	support locales :(
363		809
364	=item Why do some characters look so much different than others?	810	=head3 How does rxvt-unicode determine the encoding to use?
365		811
366	=item How does rxvt-unicode choose fonts?	812	See next entry.
367		813
368	Most fonts do not contain the full range of Unicode, which is	814	=head3 Is there an option to switch encodings?
369	fine. Chances are that the font you (or the admin/package maintainer of
370	your system/os) have specified does not cover all the characters you want
371	to display.
372		815
373	B<rxvt-unicode> makes a best-effort try at finding a replacement	816	Unlike some other terminals, rxvt-unicode has no encoding switch, and no
374	font. Often the result is fine, but sometimes the chosen font looks	817	specific "utf-8" mode, such as xterm. In fact, it doesn't even know about
375	bad/ugly/wrong. Some fonts have totally strange characters that don't	818	UTF-8 or any other encodings with respect to terminal I/O.
376	resemble the correct glyph at all, and rxvt-unicode lacks the artificial
377	intelligence to detect that a specific glyph is wrong: it has to believe
378	the font that the characters it claims to contain indeed look correct.
379		819
380	In that case, select a font of your taste and add it to the font list,	820	The reasons is that there exists a perfectly fine mechanism for selecting
381	e.g.:	821	the encoding, doing I/O and (most important) communicating this to all
382		822	applications so everybody agrees on character properties such as width
383	@@RXVT_NAME@@ -fn basefont,font2,font3...	823	and code number. This mechanism is the I<locale>. Applications not using
384		824	that info will have problems (for example, C<xterm> gets the width of
385	When rxvt-unicode sees a character, it will first look at the base	825	characters wrong as it uses it's own, locale-independent table under all
386	font. If the base font does not contain the character, it will go to the
387	next font, and so on. Specifying your own fonts will also speed up this
388	search and use less resources within rxvt-unicode and the X-server.
389
390	The only limitation is that none of the fonts may be larger than the base
391	font, as the base font defines the terminal character cell size, which
392	must be the same due to the way terminals work.
393
394	=item Why do some chinese characters look so different than others?
395
396	This is because there is a difference between script and language --
397	rxvt-unicode does not know which language the text that is output is,
398	as it only knows the unicode character codes. If rxvt-unicode first
399	sees a japanese/chinese character, it might choose a japanese font for
400	display. Subsequent japanese characters will use that font. Now, many
401	chinese characters aren't represented in japanese fonts, so when the first
402	non-japanese character comes up, rxvt-unicode will look for a chinese font
403	-- unfortunately at this point, it will still use the japanese font for
404	chinese characters that are also in the japanese font.
405
406	The workaround is easy: just tag a chinese font at the end of your font
407	list (see the previous question). The key is to view the font list as
408	a preference list: If you expect more japanese, list a japanese font
409	first. If you expect more chinese, put a chinese font first.
410
411	In the future it might be possible to switch language preferences at
412	runtime (the internal data structure has no problem with using different
413	fonts for the same character at the same time, but no interface for this
414	has been designed yet).
415
416	Until then, you might get away with switching fonts at runtime (see L<Can
417	I switch the fonts at runtime?> later in this document).
418
419	=item Why does rxvt-unicode sometimes leave pixel droppings?
420
421	Most fonts were not designed for terminal use, which means that character
422	size varies a lot. A font that is otherwise fine for terminal use might
423	contain some characters that are simply too wide. Rxvt-unicode will avoid
424	these characters. For characters that are just "a bit" too wide a special
425	"careful" rendering mode is used that redraws adjacent characters.
426
427	All of this requires that fonts do not lie about character sizes,
428	however: Xft fonts often draw glyphs larger than their acclaimed bounding
429	box, and rxvt-unicode has no way of detecting this (the correct way is to
430	ask for the character bounding box, which unfortunately is wrong in these
431	cases).	826	locales).
432		827
433	It's not clear (to me at least), wether this is a bug in Xft, freetype,	828	Rxvt-unicode uses the C<LC_CTYPE> locale category to select encoding. All
434	or the respective font. If you encounter this problem you might try using	829	programs doing the same (that is, most) will automatically agree in the
435	the C<-lsp> option to give the font more height. If that doesn't work, you	830	interpretation of characters.
436	might be forced to use a different font.
437		831
438	All of this is not a problem when using X11 core fonts, as their bounding	832	Unfortunately, there is no system-independent way to select locales, nor
439	box data is correct.	833	is there a standard on how locale specifiers will look like.
440		834
		835	On most systems, the content of the C<LC_CTYPE> environment variable
		836	contains an arbitrary string which corresponds to an already-installed
		837	locale. Common names for locales are C<en_US.UTF-8>, C<de_DE.ISO-8859-15>,
		838	C<ja_JP.EUC-JP>, i.e. C<language_country.encoding>, but other forms
		839	(i.e. C<de> or C<german>) are also common.
		840
		841	Rxvt-unicode ignores all other locale categories, and except for
		842	the encoding, ignores country or language-specific settings,
		843	i.e. C<de_DE.UTF-8> and C<ja_JP.UTF-8> are the normally same to
		844	rxvt-unicode.
		845
		846	If you want to use a specific encoding you have to make sure you start
		847	rxvt-unicode with the correct C<LC_CTYPE> category.
		848
		849	=head3 Can I switch locales at runtime?
		850
		851	Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which sets
		852	rxvt-unicode's idea of C<LC_CTYPE>.
		853
		854	printf '\e]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS
		855
		856	See also the previous answer.
		857
		858	Sometimes this capability is rather handy when you want to work in
		859	one locale (e.g. C<de_DE.UTF-8>) but some programs don't support it
		860	(e.g. UTF-8). For example, I use this script to start C<xjdic>, which
		861	first switches to a locale supported by xjdic and back later:
		862
		863	printf '\e]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS
		864	xjdic -js
		865	printf '\e]701;%s\007' de_DE.UTF-8
		866
		867	You can also use xterm's C<luit> program, which usually works fine, except
		868	for some locales where character width differs between program- and
		869	rxvt-unicode-locales.
		870
		871	=head3 My input method wants <some encoding> but I want UTF-8, what can I do?
		872
		873	You can specify separate locales for the input method and the rest of the
		874	terminal, using the resource C<imlocale>:
		875
		876	URxvt.imlocale: ja_JP.EUC-JP
		877
		878	Now you can start your terminal with C<LC_CTYPE=ja_JP.UTF-8> and still
		879	use your input method. Please note, however, that you will not be able to
		880	input characters outside C<EUC-JP> in a normal way then, as your input
		881	method limits you.
		882
		883	=head3 Rxvt-unicode crashes when the X Input Method changes or exits.
		884
		885	Unfortunately, this is unavoidable, as the XIM protocol is racy by
		886	design. Applications can avoid some crashes at the expense of memory
		887	leaks, and Input Methods can avoid some crashes by careful ordering at
		888	exit time. B<kinput2> (and derived input methods) generally succeeds,
		889	while B<SCIM> (or similar input methods) fails. In the end, however,
		890	crashes cannot be completely avoided even if both sides cooperate.
		891
		892	So the only workaround is not to kill your Input Method Servers.
		893
		894
		895	=head2 Operating Systems / Package Maintaining
		896
		897	=head3 I am using Debian GNU/Linux and have a problem...
		898
		899	The Debian GNU/Linux package of rxvt-unicode in sarge contains large
		900	patches that considerably change the behaviour of rxvt-unicode (but
		901	unfortunately this notice has been removed). Before reporting a bug to
		902	the original rxvt-unicode author please download and install the genuine
		903	version (L<http://software.schmorp.de#rxvt-unicode>) and try to reproduce
		904	the problem. If you cannot, chances are that the problems are specific to
		905	Debian GNU/Linux, in which case it should be reported via the Debian Bug
		906	Tracking System (use C<reportbug> to report the bug).
		907
		908	For other problems that also affect the Debian package, you can and
		909	probably should use the Debian BTS, too, because, after all, it's also a
		910	bug in the Debian version and it serves as a reminder for other users that
		911	might encounter the same issue.
		912
		913	=head3 I am maintaining rxvt-unicode for distribution/OS XXX, any recommendation?
		914
		915	You should build one binary with the default options. F<configure>
		916	now enables most useful options, and the trend goes to making them
		917	runtime-switchable, too, so there is usually no drawback to enbaling them,
		918	except higher disk and possibly memory usage. The perl interpreter should
		919	be enabled, as important functionality (menus, selection, likely more in
		920	the future) depends on it.
		921
		922	You should not overwrite the C<perl-ext-common> snd C<perl-ext> resources
		923	system-wide (except maybe with C<defaults>). This will result in useful
		924	behaviour. If your distribution aims at low memory, add an empty
		925	C<perl-ext-common> resource to the app-defaults file. This will keep the
		926	perl interpreter disabled until the user enables it.
		927
		928	If you can/want build more binaries, I recommend building a minimal
		929	one with C<--disable-everything> (very useful) and a maximal one with
		930	C<--enable-everything> (less useful, it will be very big due to a lot of
		931	encodings built-in that increase download times and are rarely used).
		932
		933	=head3 I need to make it setuid/setgid to support utmp/ptys on my OS, is this safe?
		934
		935	It should be, starting with release 7.1. You are encouraged to properly
		936	install urxvt with privileges necessary for your OS now.
		937
		938	When rxvt-unicode detects that it runs setuid or setgid, it will fork
		939	into a helper process for privileged operations (pty handling on some
		940	systems, utmp/wtmp/lastlog handling on others) and drop privileges
		941	immediately. This is much safer than most other terminals that keep
		942	privileges while running (but is more relevant to urxvt, as it contains
		943	things as perl interpreters, which might be "helpful" to attackers).
		944
		945	This forking is done as the very first within main(), which is very early
		946	and reduces possible bugs to initialisation code run before main(), or
		947	things like the dynamic loader of your system, which should result in very
		948	little risk.
		949
441	=item On Solaris 9, many line-drawing characters are too wide.	950	=head3 On Solaris 9, many line-drawing characters are too wide.
442		951
443	Seems to be a known bug, read	952	Seems to be a known bug, read
444	L<http://nixdoc.net/files/forum/about34198.html>. Some people use the	953	L<http://nixdoc.net/files/forum/about34198.html>. Some people use the
445	following ugly workaround to get non-double-wide-characters working:	954	following ugly workaround to get non-double-wide-characters working:
446		955
447	#define wcwidth(x) wcwidth(x) > 1 ? 1 : wcwidth(x)	956	#define wcwidth(x) wcwidth(x) > 1 ? 1 : wcwidth(x)
448		957
449	=item My Compose (Multi_key) key is no longer working.
450
451	The most common causes for this are that either your locale is not set
452	correctly, or you specified a B<preeditStyle> that is not supported by
453	your input method. For example, if you specified B<OverTheSpot> and
454	your input method (e.g. the default input method handling Compose keys)
455	does not support this (for instance because it is not visual), then
456	rxvt-unicode will continue without an input method.
457
458	In this case either do not specify a B<preeditStyle> or specify more than
459	one pre-edit style, such as B<OverTheSpot,Root,None>.
460
461	=item I cannot type C<Ctrl-Shift-2> to get an ASCII NUL character due to ISO 14755
462
463	Either try C<Ctrl-2> alone (it often is mapped to ASCII NUL even on
464	international keyboards) or simply use ISO 14755 support to your
465	advantage, typing <Ctrl-Shift-0> to get a ASCII NUL. This works for other
466	codes, too, such as C<Ctrl-Shift-1-d> to type the default telnet escape
467	character and so on.
468
469	=item How can I keep rxvt-unicode from using reverse video so much?
470
471	First of all, make sure you are running with the right terminal settings
472	(C<TERM=rxvt-unicode>), which will get rid of most of these effects. Then
473	make sure you have specified colours for italic and bold, as otherwise
474	rxvt-unicode might use reverse video to simulate the effect:
475
476	URxvt.colorBD: white
477	URxvt.colorIT: green
478
479	=item Some programs assume totally weird colours (red instead of blue), how can I fix that?
480
481	For some unexplainable reason, some rare programs assume a very weird
482	colour palette when confronted with a terminal with more than the standard
483	8 colours (rxvt-unicode supports 88). The right fix is, of course, to fix
484	these programs not to assume non-ISO colours without very good reasons.
485
486	In the meantime, you can either edit your C<rxvt-unicode> terminfo
487	definition to only claim 8 colour support or use C<TERM=rxvt>, which will
488	fix colours but keep you from using other rxvt-unicode features.
489
490	=item I am on FreeBSD and rxvt-unicode does not seem to work at all.	958	=head3 I am on FreeBSD and rxvt-unicode does not seem to work at all.
491		959
492	Rxvt-unicode requires the symbol C<__STDC_ISO_10646__> to be defined	960	Rxvt-unicode requires the symbol C<__STDC_ISO_10646__> to be defined
493	in your compile environment, or an implementation that implements it,	961	in your compile environment, or an implementation that implements it,
494	wether it defines the symbol or not. C<__STDC_ISO_10646__> requires that	962	wether it defines the symbol or not. C<__STDC_ISO_10646__> requires that
495	B<wchar_t> is represented as unicode.	963	B<wchar_t> is represented as unicode.
…		…
517		985
518	The rxvt-unicode author insists that the right way to fix this is in the	986	The rxvt-unicode author insists that the right way to fix this is in the
519	system libraries once and for all, instead of forcing every app to carry	987	system libraries once and for all, instead of forcing every app to carry
520	complete replacements for them :)	988	complete replacements for them :)
521		989
522	=item I use Solaris 9 and it doesn't compile/work/etc.	990	=head3 I use Solaris 9 and it doesn't compile/work/etc.
523		991
524	Try the diff in F<doc/solaris9.patch> as a base. It fixes the worst	992	Try the diff in F<doc/solaris9.patch> as a base. It fixes the worst
525	problems with C<wcwidth> and a compile problem.	993	problems with C<wcwidth> and a compile problem.
526		994
527	=item How can I use rxvt-unicode under cygwin?	995	=head3 How can I use rxvt-unicode under cygwin?
528		996
529	rxvt-unicode should compile and run out of the box on cygwin, using	997	rxvt-unicode should compile and run out of the box on cygwin, using
530	the X11 libraries that come with cygwin. libW11 emulation is no	998	the X11 libraries that come with cygwin. libW11 emulation is no
531	longer supported (and makes no sense, either, as it only supported a	999	longer supported (and makes no sense, either, as it only supported a
532	single font). I recommend starting the X-server in C<-multiwindow> or	1000	single font). I recommend starting the X-server in C<-multiwindow> or
…		…
535		1003
536	At the time of this writing, cygwin didn't seem to support any multi-byte	1004	At the time of this writing, cygwin didn't seem to support any multi-byte
537	encodings (you might try C<LC_CTYPE=C-UTF-8>), so you are likely limited	1005	encodings (you might try C<LC_CTYPE=C-UTF-8>), so you are likely limited
538	to 8-bit encodings.	1006	to 8-bit encodings.
539		1007
540	=item How does rxvt-unicode determine the encoding to use?
541
542	=item Is there an option to switch encodings?
543
544	Unlike some other terminals, rxvt-unicode has no encoding switch, and no
545	specific "utf-8" mode, such as xterm. In fact, it doesn't even know about
546	UTF-8 or any other encodings with respect to terminal I/O.
547
548	The reasons is that there exists a perfectly fine mechanism for selecting
549	the encoding, doing I/O and (most important) communicating this to all
550	applications so everybody agrees on character properties such as width
551	and code number. This mechanism is the I<locale>. Applications not using
552	that info will have problems (for example, C<xterm> gets the width of
553	characters wrong as it uses it's own, locale-independent table under all
554	locales).
555
556	Rxvt-unicode uses the C<LC_CTYPE> locale category to select encoding. All
557	programs doing the same (that is, most) will automatically agree in the
558	interpretation of characters.
559
560	Unfortunately, there is no system-independent way to select locales, nor
561	is there a standard on how locale specifiers will look like.
562
563	On most systems, the content of the C<LC_CTYPE> environment variable
564	contains an arbitrary string which corresponds to an already-installed
565	locale. Common names for locales are C<en_US.UTF-8>, C<de_DE.ISO-8859-15>,
566	C<ja_JP.EUC-JP>, i.e. C<language_country.encoding>, but other forms
567	(i.e. C<de> or C<german>) are also common.
568
569	Rxvt-unicode ignores all other locale categories, and except for
570	the encoding, ignores country or language-specific settings,
571	i.e. C<de_DE.UTF-8> and C<ja_JP.UTF-8> are the normally same to
572	rxvt-unicode.
573
574	If you want to use a specific encoding you have to make sure you start
575	rxvt-unicode with the correct C<LC_CTYPE> category.
576
577	=item Can I switch locales at runtime?
578
579	Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which sets
580	rxvt-unicode's idea of C<LC_CTYPE>.
581
582	printf '\e]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS
583
584	See also the previous answer.
585
586	Sometimes this capability is rather handy when you want to work in
587	one locale (e.g. C<de_DE.UTF-8>) but some programs don't support it
588	(e.g. UTF-8). For example, I use this script to start C<xjdic>, which
589	first switches to a locale supported by xjdic and back later:
590
591	printf '\e]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS
592	xjdic -js
593	printf '\e]701;%s\007' de_DE.UTF-8
594
595	You can also use xterm's C<luit> program, which usually works fine, except
596	for some locales where character width differs between program- and
597	rxvt-unicode-locales.
598
599	=item Can I switch the fonts at runtime?
600
601	Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which has the same
602	effect as using the C<-fn> switch, and takes effect immediately:
603
604	printf '\e]50;%s\007' "9x15bold,xft:Kochi Gothic"
605
606	This is useful if you e.g. work primarily with japanese (and prefer a
607	japanese font), but you have to switch to chinese temporarily, where
608	japanese fonts would only be in your way.
609
610	You can think of this as a kind of manual ISO-2022 switching.
611
612	=item Why do italic characters look as if clipped?
613
614	Many fonts have difficulties with italic characters and hinting. For
615	example, the otherwise very nicely hinted font C<xft:Bitstream Vera Sans
616	Mono> completely fails in it's italic face. A workaround might be to
617	enable freetype autohinting, i.e. like this:
618
619	URxvt.italicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:italic:autohint=true
620	URxvt.boldItalicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:bold:italic:autohint=true
621
622	=item My input method wants <some encoding> but I want UTF-8, what can I do?
623
624	You can specify separate locales for the input method and the rest of the
625	terminal, using the resource C<imlocale>:
626
627	URxvt.imlocale: ja_JP.EUC-JP
628
629	Now you can start your terminal with C<LC_CTYPE=ja_JP.UTF-8> and still
630	use your input method. Please note, however, that you will not be able to
631	input characters outside C<EUC-JP> in a normal way then, as your input
632	method limits you.
633
634	=item Rxvt-unicode crashes when the X Input Method changes or exits.
635
636	Unfortunately, this is unavoidable, as the XIM protocol is racy by
637	design. Applications can avoid some crashes at the expense of memory
638	leaks, and Input Methods can avoid some crashes by careful ordering at
639	exit time. B<kinput2> (and derived input methods) generally succeeds,
640	while B<SCIM> (or similar input methods) fails. In the end, however,
641	crashes cannot be completely avoided even if both sides cooperate.
642
643	So the only workaround is not to kill your Input Method Servers.
644
645	=item Rxvt-unicode uses gobs of memory, how can I reduce that?
646
647	Rxvt-unicode tries to obey the rule of not charging you for something you
648	don't use. One thing you should try is to configure out all settings that
649	you don't need, for example, Xft support is a resource hog by design,
650	when used. Compiling it out ensures that no Xft font will be loaded
651	accidentally when rxvt-unicode tries to find a font for your characters.
652
653	Also, many people (me included) like large windows and even larger
654	scrollback buffers: Without C<--enable-unicode3>, rxvt-unicode will use
655	6 bytes per screen cell. For a 160x?? window this amounts to almost a
656	kilobyte per line. A scrollback buffer of 10000 lines will then (if full)
657	use 10 Megabytes of memory. With C<--enable-unicode3> it gets worse, as
658	rxvt-unicode then uses 8 bytes per screen cell.
659
660	=item Can I speed up Xft rendering somehow?
661
662	Yes, the most obvious way to speed it up is to avoid Xft entirely, as
663	it is simply slow. If you still want Xft fonts you might try to disable
664	antialiasing (by appending C<:antialias=false>), which saves lots of
665	memory and also speeds up rendering considerably.
666
667	=item Rxvt-unicode doesn't seem to anti-alias its fonts, what is wrong?
668
669	Rxvt-unicode will use whatever you specify as a font. If it needs to
670	fall back to it's default font search list it will prefer X11 core
671	fonts, because they are small and fast, and then use Xft fonts. It has
672	antialiasing disabled for most of them, because the author thinks they
673	look best that way.
674
675	If you want antialiasing, you have to specify the fonts manually.
676
677	=item Mouse cut/paste suddenly no longer works.
678
679	Make sure that mouse reporting is actually turned off since killing
680	some editors prematurely may leave the mouse in mouse report mode. I've
681	heard that tcsh may use mouse reporting unless it otherwise specified. A
682	quick check is to see if cut/paste works when the Alt or Shift keys are
683	depressed.
684
685	=item What's with this bold/blink stuff?
686
687	If no bold colour is set via C<colorBD:>, bold will invert text using the
688	standard foreground colour.
689
690	For the standard background colour, blinking will actually make the
691	text blink when compiled with C<--enable-blinking>. with standard
692	colours. Without C<--enable-blinking>, the blink attribute will be
693	ignored.
694
695	On ANSI colours, bold/blink attributes are used to set high-intensity
696	foreground/background colors.
697
698	color0-7 are the low-intensity colors.
699
700	color8-15 are the corresponding high-intensity colors.
701
702	=item I don't like the screen colors. How do I change them?
703
704	You can change the screen colors at run-time using F<~/.Xdefaults>
705	resources (or as long-options).
706
707	Here are values that are supposed to resemble a VGA screen,
708	including the murky brown that passes for low-intensity yellow:
709
710	URxvt.color0: #000000
711	URxvt.color1: #A80000
712	URxvt.color2: #00A800
713	URxvt.color3: #A8A800
714	URxvt.color4: #0000A8
715	URxvt.color5: #A800A8
716	URxvt.color6: #00A8A8
717	URxvt.color7: #A8A8A8
718
719	URxvt.color8: #000054
720	URxvt.color9: #FF0054
721	URxvt.color10: #00FF54
722	URxvt.color11: #FFFF54
723	URxvt.color12: #0000FF
724	URxvt.color13: #FF00FF
725	URxvt.color14: #00FFFF
726	URxvt.color15: #FFFFFF
727
728	And here is a more complete set of non-standard colors described (not by
729	me) as "pretty girly".
730
731	URxvt.cursorColor: #dc74d1
732	URxvt.pointerColor: #dc74d1
733	URxvt.background: #0e0e0e
734	URxvt.foreground: #4ad5e1
735	URxvt.color0: #000000
736	URxvt.color8: #8b8f93
737	URxvt.color1: #dc74d1
738	URxvt.color9: #dc74d1
739	URxvt.color2: #0eb8c7
740	URxvt.color10: #0eb8c7
741	URxvt.color3: #dfe37e
742	URxvt.color11: #dfe37e
743	URxvt.color5: #9e88f0
744	URxvt.color13: #9e88f0
745	URxvt.color6: #73f7ff
746	URxvt.color14: #73f7ff
747	URxvt.color7: #e1dddd
748	URxvt.color15: #e1dddd
749
750	=item How can I start @@RXVT_NAME@@d in a race-free way?
751
752	Try C<@@RXVT_NAME@@d -f -o>, which tells @@RXVT_NAME@@d to open the
753	display, create the listening socket and then fork.
754
755	=item What's with the strange Backspace/Delete key behaviour?
756
757	Assuming that the physical Backspace key corresponds to the
758	BackSpace keysym (not likely for Linux ... see the following
759	question) there are two standard values that can be used for
760	Backspace: C<^H> and C<^?>.
761
762	Historically, either value is correct, but rxvt-unicode adopts the debian
763	policy of using C<^?> when unsure, because it's the one only only correct
764	choice :).
765
766	Rxvt-unicode tries to inherit the current stty settings and uses the value
767	of `erase' to guess the value for backspace. If rxvt-unicode wasn't
768	started from a terminal (say, from a menu or by remote shell), then the
769	system value of `erase', which corresponds to CERASE in <termios.h>, will
770	be used (which may not be the same as your stty setting).
771
772	For starting a new rxvt-unicode:
773
774	# use Backspace = ^H
775	$ stty erase ^H
776	$ @@RXVT_NAME@@
777
778	# use Backspace = ^?
779	$ stty erase ^?
780	$ @@RXVT_NAME@@
781
782	Toggle with C<ESC [ 36 h> / C<ESC [ 36 l>.
783
784	For an existing rxvt-unicode:
785
786	# use Backspace = ^H
787	$ stty erase ^H
788	$ echo -n "^[[36h"
789
790	# use Backspace = ^?
791	$ stty erase ^?
792	$ echo -n "^[[36l"
793
794	This helps satisfy some of the Backspace discrepancies that occur, but
795	if you use Backspace = C<^H>, make sure that the termcap/terminfo value
796	properly reflects that.
797
798	The Delete key is a another casualty of the ill-defined Backspace problem.
799	To avoid confusion between the Backspace and Delete keys, the Delete
800	key has been assigned an escape sequence to match the vt100 for Execute
801	(C<ESC [ 3 ~>) and is in the supplied termcap/terminfo.
802
803	Some other Backspace problems:
804
805	some editors use termcap/terminfo,
806	some editors (vim I'm told) expect Backspace = ^H,
807	GNU Emacs (and Emacs-like editors) use ^H for help.
808
809	Perhaps someday this will all be resolved in a consistent manner.
810
811	=item I don't like the key-bindings. How do I change them?
812
813	There are some compile-time selections available via configure. Unless
814	you have run "configure" with the C<--disable-resources> option you can
815	use the `keysym' resource to alter the keystrings associated with keysyms.
816
817	Here's an example for a URxvt session started using C<@@RXVT_NAME@@ -name URxvt>
818
819	URxvt.keysym.Home: \033[1~
820	URxvt.keysym.End: \033[4~
821	URxvt.keysym.C-apostrophe: \033<C-'>
822	URxvt.keysym.C-slash: \033<C-/>
823	URxvt.keysym.C-semicolon: \033<C-;>
824	URxvt.keysym.C-grave: \033<C-`>
825	URxvt.keysym.C-comma: \033<C-,>
826	URxvt.keysym.C-period: \033<C-.>
827	URxvt.keysym.C-0x60: \033<C-`>
828	URxvt.keysym.C-Tab: \033<C-Tab>
829	URxvt.keysym.C-Return: \033<C-Return>
830	URxvt.keysym.S-Return: \033<S-Return>
831	URxvt.keysym.S-space: \033<S-Space>
832	URxvt.keysym.M-Up: \033<M-Up>
833	URxvt.keysym.M-Down: \033<M-Down>
834	URxvt.keysym.M-Left: \033<M-Left>
835	URxvt.keysym.M-Right: \033<M-Right>
836	URxvt.keysym.M-C-0: list \033<M-C- 0123456789 >
837	URxvt.keysym.M-C-a: list \033<M-C- abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz >
838	URxvt.keysym.F12: command:\033]701;zh_CN.GBK\007
839
840	See some more examples in the documentation for the B<keysym> resource.
841
842	=item I'm using keyboard model XXX that has extra Prior/Next/Insert keys.
843	How do I make use of them? For example, the Sun Keyboard type 4
844	has the following mappings that rxvt-unicode doesn't recognize.
845
846	KP_Insert == Insert
847	F22 == Print
848	F27 == Home
849	F29 == Prior
850	F33 == End
851	F35 == Next
852
853	Rather than have rxvt-unicode try to accommodate all the various possible
854	keyboard mappings, it is better to use `xmodmap' to remap the keys as
855	required for your particular machine.
856
857	=item How do I distinguish wether I'm running rxvt-unicode or a regular xterm?
858	I need this to decide about setting colors etc.
859
860	rxvt and rxvt-unicode always export the variable "COLORTERM", so you can
861	check and see if that is set. Note that several programs, JED, slrn,
862	Midnight Commander automatically check this variable to decide whether or
863	not to use color.
864
865	=item How do I set the correct, full IP address for the DISPLAY variable?
866
867	If you've compiled rxvt-unicode with DISPLAY_IS_IP and have enabled
868	insecure mode then it is possible to use the following shell script
869	snippets to correctly set the display. If your version of rxvt-unicode
870	wasn't also compiled with ESCZ_ANSWER (as assumed in these snippets) then
871	the COLORTERM variable can be used to distinguish rxvt-unicode from a
872	regular xterm.
873
874	Courtesy of Chuck Blake <cblake@BBN.COM> with the following shell script
875	snippets:
876
877	# Bourne/Korn/POSIX family of shells:
878	[ ${TERM:-foo} = foo ] && TERM=xterm # assume an xterm if we don't know
879	if [ ${TERM:-foo} = xterm ]; then
880	stty -icanon -echo min 0 time 15 # see if enhanced rxvt or not
881	echo -n '^[Z'
882	read term_id
883	stty icanon echo
884	if [ ""${term_id} = '^[[?1;2C' -a ${DISPLAY:-foo} = foo ]; then
885	echo -n '^[[7n' # query the rxvt we are in for the DISPLAY string
886	read DISPLAY # set it in our local shell
887	fi
888	fi
889
890	=item How do I compile the manual pages for myself?
891
892	You need to have a recent version of perl installed as F</usr/bin/perl>,
893	one that comes with F<pod2man>, F<pod2text> and F<pod2html>. Then go to
894	the doc subdirectory and enter C<make alldoc>.
895
896	=item My question isn't answered here, can I ask a human?
897
898	Before sending me mail, you could go to IRC: C<irc.freenode.net>,
899	channel C<#rxvt-unicode> has some rxvt-unicode enthusiasts that might be
900	interested in learning about new and exciting problems (but not FAQs :).
901
902	=back
903
904	=head1 RXVT TECHNICAL REFERENCE	1008	=head1 RXVT-UNICODE TECHNICAL REFERENCE
905		1009
906	=head1 DESCRIPTION	1010	=head1 DESCRIPTION
907		1011
908	The rest of this document describes various technical aspects of	1012	The rest of this document describes various technical aspects of
909	B<rxvt-unicode>. First the description of supported command sequences,	1013	B<rxvt-unicode>. First the description of supported command sequences,
…		…
1807	=begin table	1911	=begin table
1808		1912
1809	4 Shift	1913	4 Shift
1810	8 Meta	1914	8 Meta
1811	16 Control	1915	16 Control
1812	32 Double Click I<(Rxvt extension)>	1916	32 Double Click I<(rxvt extension)>
1813		1917
1814	=end table	1918	=end table
1815		1919
1816	Col = B<< C<< <x> - SPACE >> >>	1920	Col = B<< C<< <x> - SPACE >> >>
1817		1921
…		…
2090		2194
2091	MWM-hints	2195	MWM-hints
2092	EWMH-hints (pid, utf8 names) and protocols (ping)	2196	EWMH-hints (pid, utf8 names) and protocols (ping)
2093	seperate underline colour (-underlineColor)	2197	seperate underline colour (-underlineColor)
2094	settable border widths and borderless switch (-w, -b, -bl)	2198	settable border widths and borderless switch (-w, -b, -bl)
2095	visual selection (-depth)	2199	visual depth selection (-depth)
2096	settable extra linespacing /-lsp)	2200	settable extra linespacing /-lsp)
2097	iso-14755-2 and -3, and visual feedback	2201	iso-14755-2 and -3, and visual feedback
2098	backindex and forwardindex escape sequence
2099	window op and some xterm/OSC escape sequences
2100	tripleclickwords (-tcw)	2202	tripleclickwords (-tcw)
2101	settable insecure mode (-insecure)	2203	settable insecure mode (-insecure)
2102	keysym remapping support	2204	keysym remapping support
2103	cursor blinking and underline cursor (-cb, -uc)	2205	cursor blinking and underline cursor (-cb, -uc)
2104	XEmbed support (-embed)	2206	XEmbed support (-embed)
2105	user-pty (-pty-fd)	2207	user-pty (-pty-fd)
2106	hold on exit (-hold)	2208	hold on exit (-hold)
2107	skip builtin block graphics (-sbg)	2209	skip builtin block graphics (-sbg)
		2210
		2211	It also enabled some non-essential features otherwise disabled, such as:
		2212
		2213	some round-trip time optimisations
		2214	nearest color allocation on pseudocolor screens
		2215	UTF8_STRING supporr for selection
2108	sgr modes 90..97 and 100..107	2216	sgr modes 90..97 and 100..107
		2217	backindex and forwardindex escape sequences
		2218	view change/zero scorllback esacpe sequences
		2219	locale switching escape sequence
		2220	window op and some xterm/OSC escape sequences
		2221	rectangular selections
		2222	trailing space removal for selections
		2223	verbose X error handling
2109		2224
2110	=item --enable-iso14755 (default: on)	2225	=item --enable-iso14755 (default: on)
2111		2226
2112	Enable extended ISO 14755 support (see @@RXVT_NAME@@(1), or	2227	Enable extended ISO 14755 support (see @@RXVT_NAME@@(1), or
2113	F<doc/rxvt.1.txt>). Basic support (section 5.1) is enabled by	2228	F<doc/rxvt.1.txt>). Basic support (section 5.1) is enabled by

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