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Revision 1.39 by root, Fri Jun 8 22:19:03 2012 UTC vs.
Revision 1.89 by root, Sat Dec 13 12:24:33 2014 UTC

1#! perl 1#! perl
2 2
3#:META:X_RESOURCE:%.expr:string:background expression 3#:META:RESOURCE:%.expr:string:background expression
4#:META:X_RESOURCE:%.border.:boolean:respect the terminal border 4#:META:RESOURCE:%.border:boolean:respect the terminal border
5#:META:RESOURCE:%.interval:seconds:minimum time between updates
5 6
6#TODO: once, rootalign 7=head1 NAME
7 8
8=head1 background - manage terminal background 9background - manage terminal background
9 10
10=head2 SYNOPSIS 11=head1 SYNOPSIS
11 12
12 urxvt --background-expr 'background expression' 13 urxvt --background-expr 'background expression'
13 --background-border 14 --background-border
15 --background-interval seconds
14 16
17=head1 QUICK AND DIRTY CHEAT SHEET
18
19Just load a random jpeg image and tile the background with it without
20scaling or anything else:
21
22 load "/path/to/img.jpg"
23
24The same, but use mirroring/reflection instead of tiling:
25
26 mirror load "/path/to/img.jpg"
27
28Load an image and scale it to exactly fill the terminal window:
29
30 scale keep { load "/path/to/img.jpg" }
31
32Implement pseudo-transparency by using a suitably-aligned root pixmap
33as window background:
34
35 rootalign root
36
37Likewise, but keep a blurred copy:
38
39 rootalign keep { blur 10, root }
40
15=head2 DESCRIPTION 41=head1 DESCRIPTION
16 42
17This extension manages the terminal background by creating a picture that 43This extension manages the terminal background by creating a picture that
18is behind the text, replacing the normal background colour. 44is behind the text, replacing the normal background colour.
19 45
20It does so by evaluating a Perl expression that I<calculates> the image on 46It does so by evaluating a Perl expression that I<calculates> the image on
24to be as simple as possible. 50to be as simple as possible.
25 51
26For example, to load an image and scale it to the window size, you would 52For example, to load an image and scale it to the window size, you would
27use: 53use:
28 54
29 urxvt --background-expr 'scale load "/path/to/mybg.png"' 55 urxvt --background-expr 'scale keep { load "/path/to/mybg.png" }'
30 56
31Or specified as a X resource: 57Or specified as a X resource:
32 58
33 URxvt.background-expr: scale load "/path/to/mybg.png" 59 URxvt.background-expr: scale keep { load "/path/to/mybg.png" }
34 60
35=head2 THEORY OF OPERATION 61=head1 THEORY OF OPERATION
36 62
37At startup, just before the window is mapped for the first time, the 63At startup, just before the window is mapped for the first time, the
38expression is evaluated and must yield an image. The image is then 64expression is evaluated and must yield an image. The image is then
39extended as necessary to cover the whole terminal window, and is set as a 65extended as necessary to cover the whole terminal window, and is set as a
40background pixmap. 66background pixmap.
51If any of the parameters that the expression relies on changes (when the 77If any of the parameters that the expression relies on changes (when the
52window is moved or resized, its position or size changes; when the root 78window is moved or resized, its position or size changes; when the root
53pixmap is replaced by another one the root background changes; or when the 79pixmap is replaced by another one the root background changes; or when the
54timer elapses), then the expression will be evaluated again. 80timer elapses), then the expression will be evaluated again.
55 81
56For example, an expression such as C<scale load "$HOME/mybg.png"> scales the 82For example, an expression such as C<scale keep { load "$HOME/mybg.png"
57image to the window size, so it relies on the window size and will 83}> scales the image to the window size, so it relies on the window size
58be reevaluated each time it is changed, but not when it moves for 84and will be reevaluated each time it is changed, but not when it moves for
59example. That ensures that the picture always fills the terminal, even 85example. That ensures that the picture always fills the terminal, even
60after it's size changes. 86after its size changes.
61 87
62=head3 EXPRESSIONS 88=head2 EXPRESSIONS
63 89
64Expressions are normal Perl expressions, in fact, they are Perl blocks - 90Expressions are normal Perl expressions, in fact, they are Perl blocks -
65which means you could use multiple lines and statements: 91which means you could use multiple lines and statements:
66 92
93 scale keep {
67 again 3600; 94 again 3600;
68 if (localtime now)[6]) { 95 if (localtime now)[6]) {
69 return scale load "$HOME/weekday.png"; 96 return load "$HOME/weekday.png";
70 } else { 97 } else {
71 return scale load "$HOME/sunday.png"; 98 return load "$HOME/sunday.png";
99 }
72 } 100 }
73 101
74This expression gets evaluated once per hour. It will set F<sunday.png> as 102This inner expression is evaluated once per hour (and whenever the
103terminal window is resized). It sets F<sunday.png> as background on
75background on Sundays, and F<weekday.png> on all other days. 104Sundays, and F<weekday.png> on all other days.
76 105
77Fortunately, we expect that most expressions will be much simpler, with 106Fortunately, we expect that most expressions will be much simpler, with
78little Perl knowledge needed. 107little Perl knowledge needed.
79 108
80Basically, you always start with a function that "generates" an image 109Basically, you always start with a function that "generates" an image
97its result becomes the argument to the C<scale> function. 126its result becomes the argument to the C<scale> function.
98 127
99Many operators also allow some parameters preceding the input image 128Many operators also allow some parameters preceding the input image
100that modify its behaviour. For example, C<scale> without any additional 129that modify its behaviour. For example, C<scale> without any additional
101arguments scales the image to size of the terminal window. If you specify 130arguments scales the image to size of the terminal window. If you specify
102an additional argument, it uses it as a percentage: 131an additional argument, it uses it as a scale factor (multiply by 100 to
132get a percentage):
103 133
104 scale 200, load "$HOME/mypic.png" 134 scale 2, load "$HOME/mypic.png"
105 135
106This enlarges the image by a factor of 2 (200%). As you can see, C<scale> 136This enlarges the image by a factor of 2 (200%). As you can see, C<scale>
107has now two arguments, the C<200> and the C<load> expression, while 137has now two arguments, the C<200> and the C<load> expression, while
108C<load> only has one argument. Arguments are separated from each other by 138C<load> only has one argument. Arguments are separated from each other by
109commas. 139commas.
110 140
111Scale also accepts two arguments, which are then separate factors for both 141Scale also accepts two arguments, which are then separate factors for both
112horizontal and vertical dimensions. For example, this halves the image 142horizontal and vertical dimensions. For example, this halves the image
113width and doubles the image height: 143width and doubles the image height:
114 144
115 scale 50, 200, load "$HOME/mypic.png" 145 scale 0.5, 2, load "$HOME/mypic.png"
116 146
117Other effects than scalign are also readily available, for exmaple, you can 147IF you try out these expressions, you might suffer from some sluggishness,
118tile the image to fill the whole window, instead of resizing it: 148because each time the terminal is resized, it loads the PNG image again
149and scales it. Scaling is usually fast (and unavoidable), but loading the
150image can be quite time consuming. This is where C<keep> comes in handy:
119 151
152 scale 0.5, 2, keep { load "$HOME/mypic.png" }
153
154The C<keep> operator executes all the statements inside the braces only
155once, or when it thinks the outcome might change. In other cases it
156returns the last value computed by the brace block.
157
158This means that the C<load> is only executed once, which makes it much
159faster, but also means that more memory is being used, because the loaded
160image must be kept in memory at all times. In this expression, the
161trade-off is likely worth it.
162
163But back to effects: Other effects than scaling are also readily
164available, for example, you can tile the image to fill the whole window,
165instead of resizing it:
166
120 tile load "$HOME/mypic.png" 167 tile keep { load "$HOME/mypic.png" }
121 168
122In fact, images returned by C<load> are in C<tile> mode by default, so the C<tile> operator 169In fact, images returned by C<load> are in C<tile> mode by default, so the
123is kind of superfluous. 170C<tile> operator is kind of superfluous.
124 171
125Another common effect is to mirror the image, so that the same edges touch: 172Another common effect is to mirror the image, so that the same edges
173touch:
126 174
127 mirror load "$HOME/mypic.png" 175 mirror keep { load "$HOME/mypic.png" }
128 176
129This is also a typical background expression: 177Another common background expression is:
130 178
131 rootalign root 179 rootalign root
132 180
133It first takes a snapshot of the screen background image, and then 181This one first takes a snapshot of the screen background image, and then
134moves it to the upper left corner of the screen - the result is 182moves it to the upper left corner of the screen (as opposed to the upper
135pseudo-transparency, as the image seems to be static while the window is 183left corner of the terminal window)- the result is pseudo-transparency:
136moved around. 184the image seems to be static while the window is moved around.
137 185
138=head3 CYCLES AND CACHING 186=head2 COLOUR SPECIFICATIONS
139 187
140As has been mentioned before, the expression might be evaluated multiple 188Whenever an operator expects a "colour", then this can be specified in one
141times. Each time the expression is reevaluated, a new cycle is said to 189of two ways: Either as string with an X11 colour specification, such as:
142have begun. Many operators cache their results till the next cycle.
143 190
144For example, the C<load> operator keeps a copy of the image. If it is 191 "red" # named colour
145asked to load the same image on the next cycle it will not load it again, 192 "#f00" # simple rgb
146but return the cached copy. 193 "[50]red" # red with 50% alpha
194 "TekHVC:300/50/50" # anything goes
147 195
148This only works for one cycle though, so as long as you load the same 196OR as an array reference with one, three or four components:
149image every time, it will always be cached, but when you load a different
150image, it will forget about the first one.
151 197
152This allows you to either speed things up by keeping multiple images in 198 [0.5] # 50% gray, 100% alpha
153memory, or comserve memory by loading images more often. 199 [0.5, 0, 0] # dark red, no green or blur, 100% alpha
200 [0.5, 0, 0, 0.7] # same with explicit 70% alpha
154 201
155For example, you can keep two images in memory and use a random one like 202=head2 CACHING AND SENSITIVITY
156this:
157 203
158 my $img1 = load "img1.png"; 204Since some operations (such as C<load> and C<blur>) can take a long time,
159 my $img2 = load "img2.png"; 205caching results can be very important for a smooth operation. Caching can
160 (0.5 > rand) ? $img1 : $img2 206also be useful to reduce memory usage, though, for example, when an image
207is cached by C<load>, it could be shared by multiple terminal windows
208running inside urxvtd.
161 209
162Since both images are "loaded" every time the expression is evaluated, 210=head3 C<keep { ... }> caching
163they are always kept in memory. Contrast this version:
164 211
165 my $path1 = "img1.png"; 212The most important way to cache expensive operations is to use C<keep {
166 my $path2 = "img2.png"; 213... }>. The C<keep> operator takes a block of multiple statements enclosed
167 load ((0.5 > rand) ? $path1 : $path2) 214by C<{}> and keeps the return value in memory.
168 215
169Here, a path is selected randomly, and load is only called for one image, 216An expression can be "sensitive" to various external events, such as
170so keeps only one image in memory. If, on the next evaluation, luck 217scaling or moving the window, root background changes and timers. Simply
171decides to use the other path, then it will have to load that image again. 218using an expression (such as C<scale> without parameters) that depends on
219certain changing values (called "variables"), or using those variables
220directly, will make an expression sensitive to these events - for example,
221using C<scale> or C<TW> will make the expression sensitive to the terminal
222size, and thus to resizing events.
172 223
224When such an event happens, C<keep> will automatically trigger a
225reevaluation of the whole expression with the new value of the expression.
226
227C<keep> is most useful for expensive operations, such as C<blur>:
228
229 rootalign keep { blur 20, root }
230
231This makes a blurred copy of the root background once, and on subsequent
232calls, just root-aligns it. Since C<blur> is usually quite slow and
233C<rootalign> is quite fast, this trades extra memory (for the cached
234blurred pixmap) with speed (blur only needs to be redone when root
235changes).
236
237=head3 C<load> caching
238
239The C<load> operator itself does not keep images in memory, but as long as
240the image is still in memory, C<load> will use the in-memory image instead
241of loading it freshly from disk.
242
243That means that this expression:
244
245 keep { load "$HOME/path..." }
246
247Not only caches the image in memory, other terminal instances that try to
248C<load> it can reuse that in-memory copy.
249
173=head2 REFERENCE 250=head1 REFERENCE
174 251
175=head3 COMMAND LINE SWITCHES 252=head2 COMMAND LINE SWITCHES
176 253
177=over 4 254=over 4
178 255
179=item --background-expr perl-expression 256=item --background-expr perl-expression
180 257
186overwriting borders and any other areas, such as the scrollbar. 263overwriting borders and any other areas, such as the scrollbar.
187 264
188Specifying this flag changes the behaviour, so that the image only 265Specifying this flag changes the behaviour, so that the image only
189replaces the background of the character area. 266replaces the background of the character area.
190 267
268=item --background-interval seconds
269
270Since some operations in the underlying XRender extension can effectively
271freeze your X-server for prolonged time, this extension enforces a minimum
272time between updates, which is normally about 0.1 seconds.
273
274If you want to do updates more often, you can decrease this safety
275interval with this switch.
276
191=back 277=back
192 278
193=cut 279=cut
194 280
281our %_IMG_CACHE;
195our $HOME; 282our $HOME;
196our ($self, $old, $new); 283our ($self, $frame);
197our ($x, $y, $w, $h); 284our ($x, $y, $w, $h, $focus);
198 285
199# enforce at least this interval between updates 286# enforce at least this interval between updates
200our $MIN_INTERVAL = 1/100; 287our $MIN_INTERVAL = 6/59.951;
201 288
202{ 289{
203 package urxvt::bgdsl; # background language 290 package urxvt::bgdsl; # background language
291
292 sub FR_PARENT() { 0 } # parent frame, if any - must be #0
293 sub FR_CACHE () { 1 } # cached values
294 sub FR_AGAIN () { 2 } # what this expr is sensitive to
295 sub FR_STATE () { 3 } # watchers etc.
296
297 use List::Util qw(min max sum shuffle);
204 298
205=head2 PROVIDERS/GENERATORS 299=head2 PROVIDERS/GENERATORS
206 300
207These functions provide an image, by loading it from disk, grabbing it 301These functions provide an image, by loading it from disk, grabbing it
208from the root screen or by simply generating it. They are used as starting 302from the root screen or by simply generating it. They are used as starting
213=item load $path 307=item load $path
214 308
215Loads the image at the given C<$path>. The image is set to plane tiling 309Loads the image at the given C<$path>. The image is set to plane tiling
216mode. 310mode.
217 311
218Loaded images will be cached for one cycle. 312If the image is already in memory (e.g. because another terminal instance
313uses it), then the in-memory copy is returned instead.
219 314
315=item load_uc $path
316
317Load uncached - same as load, but does not cache the image, which means it
318is I<always> loaded from the filesystem again, even if another copy of it
319is in memory at the time.
320
220=cut 321=cut
322
323 sub load_uc($) {
324 $self->new_img_from_file ($_[0])
325 }
221 326
222 sub load($) { 327 sub load($) {
223 my ($path) = @_; 328 my ($path) = @_;
224 329
225 $new->{load}{$path} = $old->{load}{$path} || $self->new_img_from_file ($path); 330 $_IMG_CACHE{$path} || do {
331 my $img = load_uc $path;
332 Scalar::Util::weaken ($_IMG_CACHE{$path} = $img);
333 $img
334 }
226 } 335 }
227 336
228=item root 337=item root
229 338
230Returns the root window pixmap, that is, hopefully, the background image 339Returns the root window pixmap, that is, hopefully, the background image
231of your screen. The image is set to extend mode. 340of your screen.
232 341
233This function makes your expression root sensitive, that means it will be 342This function makes your expression root sensitive, that means it will be
234reevaluated when the bg image changes. 343reevaluated when the bg image changes.
235 344
236=cut 345=cut
237 346
238 sub root() { 347 sub root() {
239 $new->{rootpmap_sensitive} = 1; 348 $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{rootpmap} = 1;
240 die "root op not supported, exg, we need you"; 349 $self->new_img_from_root
241 } 350 }
242 351
243=item solid $colour 352=item solid $colour
244 353
245=item solid $width, $height, $colour 354=item solid $width, $height, $colour
246 355
247Creates a new image and completely fills it with the given colour. The 356Creates a new image and completely fills it with the given colour. The
248image is set to tiling mode. 357image is set to tiling mode.
249 358
250If <$width> and C<$height> are omitted, it creates a 1x1 image, which is 359If C<$width> and C<$height> are omitted, it creates a 1x1 image, which is
251useful for solid backgrounds or for use in filtering effects. 360useful for solid backgrounds or for use in filtering effects.
252 361
253=cut 362=cut
254 363
255 sub solid($$;$) { 364 sub solid($;$$) {
256 my $colour = pop; 365 my $colour = pop;
257 366
258 my $img = $self->new_img (urxvt::PictStandardARGB32, $_[0] || 1, $_[1] || 1); 367 my $img = $self->new_img (urxvt::PictStandardARGB32, 0, 0, $_[0] || 1, $_[1] || 1);
259 $img->fill ($colour); 368 $img->fill ($colour);
260 $img 369 $img
261 } 370 }
262 371
263=back 372=item clone $img
264 373
265=head2 VARIABLES 374Returns an exact copy of the image. This is useful if you want to have
375multiple copies of the same image to apply different effects to.
266 376
267The following functions provide variable data such as the terminal
268window dimensions. Most of them make your expression sensitive to some
269events, for example using C<TW> (terminal width) means your expression is
270evaluated again when the terminal is resized.
271
272=over 4
273
274=item TX
275
276=item TY
277
278Return the X and Y coordinates of the terminal window (the terminal
279window is the full window by default, and the character area only when in
280border-respect mode).
281
282Using these functions make your expression sensitive to window moves.
283
284These functions are mainly useful to align images to the root window.
285
286Example: load an image and align it so it looks as if anchored to the
287background.
288
289 move -TX, -TY, load "mybg.png"
290
291=item TW
292
293Return the width (C<TW>) and height (C<TH>) of the terminal window (the
294terminal window is the full window by default, and the character area only
295when in border-respect mode).
296
297Using these functions make your expression sensitive to window resizes.
298
299These functions are mainly useful to scale images, or to clip images to
300the window size to conserve memory.
301
302Example: take the screen background, clip it to the window size, blur it a
303bit, align it to the window position and use it as background.
304
305 clip move -TX, -TY, blur 5, root
306
307=cut 377=cut
308 378
309 sub TX() { $new->{position_sensitive} = 1; $x }
310 sub TY() { $new->{position_sensitive} = 1; $y }
311 sub TW() { $new->{size_sensitive} = 1; $w }
312 sub TH() { $new->{size_sensitive} = 1; $h }
313
314=item now
315
316Returns the current time as (fractional) seconds since the epoch.
317
318Using this expression does I<not> make your expression sensitive to time,
319but the next two functions do.
320
321=item again $seconds
322
323When this function is used the expression will be reevaluated again in
324C<$seconds> seconds.
325
326Example: load some image and rotate it according to the time of day (as if it were
327the hour pointer of a clock). Update this image every minute.
328
329 again 60; rotate TW, TH, 50, 50, (now % 86400) * -720 / 86400, scale load "myclock.png"
330
331=item counter $seconds
332
333Like C<again>, but also returns an increasing counter value, starting at
3340, which might be useful for some simple animation effects.
335
336=cut
337
338 sub now() { urxvt::NOW }
339
340 sub again($) {
341 $new->{again} = $_[0];
342 }
343
344 sub counter($) { 379 sub clone($) {
345 $new->{again} = $_[0]; 380 $_[0]->clone
346 $self->{counter} + 0 381 }
382
383=item merge $img ...
384
385Takes any number of images and merges them together, creating a single
386image containing them all. The tiling mode of the first image is used as
387the tiling mode of the resulting image.
388
389This function is called automatically when an expression returns multiple
390images.
391
392=cut
393
394 sub merge(@) {
395 return $_[0] unless $#_;
396
397 # rather annoyingly clumsy, but optimisation is for another time
398
399 my $x0 = +1e9;
400 my $y0 = +1e9;
401 my $x1 = -1e9;
402 my $y1 = -1e9;
403
404 for (@_) {
405 my ($x, $y, $w, $h) = $_->geometry;
406
407 $x0 = $x if $x0 > $x;
408 $y0 = $y if $y0 > $y;
409
410 $x += $w;
411 $y += $h;
412
413 $x1 = $x if $x1 < $x;
414 $y1 = $y if $y1 < $y;
415 }
416
417 my $base = $self->new_img (urxvt::PictStandardARGB32, $x0, $y0, $x1 - $x0, $y1 - $y0);
418 $base->repeat_mode ($_[0]->repeat_mode);
419 $base->fill ([0, 0, 0, 0]);
420
421 $base->draw ($_)
422 for @_;
423
424 $base
347 } 425 }
348 426
349=back 427=back
350 428
351=head2 TILING MODES 429=head2 TILING MODES
384become transparent. This mode is most useful when you want to place an 462become transparent. This mode is most useful when you want to place an
385image over another image or the background colour while leaving all 463image over another image or the background colour while leaving all
386background pixels outside the image unchanged. 464background pixels outside the image unchanged.
387 465
388Example: load an image and display it in the upper left corner. The rest 466Example: load an image and display it in the upper left corner. The rest
389of the space is left "empty" (transparent or wahtever your compisotr does 467of the space is left "empty" (transparent or whatever your compositor does
390in alpha mode, else background colour). 468in alpha mode, else background colour).
391 469
392 pad load "mybg.png" 470 pad load "mybg.png"
393 471
394=item extend $img 472=item extend $img
395 473
396Extends the image over the whole plane, using the closest pixel in the 474Extends the image over the whole plane, using the closest pixel in the
397area outside the image. This mode is mostly useful when you more complex 475area outside the image. This mode is mostly useful when you use more complex
398filtering operations and want the pixels outside the image to have the 476filtering operations and want the pixels outside the image to have the
399same values as the pixels near the edge. 477same values as the pixels near the edge.
400 478
401Example: just for curiosity, how does this pixel extension stuff work? 479Example: just for curiosity, how does this pixel extension stuff work?
402 480
428 $img 506 $img
429 } 507 }
430 508
431=back 509=back
432 510
433=head2 PIXEL OPERATORS 511=head2 VARIABLE VALUES
434 512
435The following operators modify the image pixels in various ways. 513The following functions provide variable data such as the terminal window
514dimensions. They are not (Perl-) variables, they just return stuff that
515varies. Most of them make your expression sensitive to some events, for
516example using C<TW> (terminal width) means your expression is evaluated
517again when the terminal is resized.
436 518
437=over 4 519=over 4
438 520
439=item clone $img 521=item TX
440 522
441Returns an exact copy of the image. 523=item TY
442 524
443=cut 525Return the X and Y coordinates of the terminal window (the terminal
526window is the full window by default, and the character area only when in
527border-respect mode).
444 528
529Using these functions makes your expression sensitive to window moves.
530
531These functions are mainly useful to align images to the root window.
532
533Example: load an image and align it so it looks as if anchored to the
534background (that's exactly what C<rootalign> does btw.):
535
536 move -TX, -TY, keep { load "mybg.png" }
537
538=item TW
539
540=item TH
541
542Return the width (C<TW>) and height (C<TH>) of the terminal window (the
543terminal window is the full window by default, and the character area only
544when in border-respect mode).
545
546Using these functions makes your expression sensitive to window resizes.
547
548These functions are mainly useful to scale images, or to clip images to
549the window size to conserve memory.
550
551Example: take the screen background, clip it to the window size, blur it a
552bit, align it to the window position and use it as background.
553
554 clip move -TX, -TY, keep { blur 5, root }
555
556=item FOCUS
557
558Returns a boolean indicating whether the terminal window has keyboard
559focus, in which case it returns true.
560
561Using this function makes your expression sensitive to focus changes.
562
563A common use case is to fade the background image when the terminal loses
564focus, often together with the C<-fade> command line option. In fact,
565there is a special function for just that use case: C<focus_fade>.
566
567Example: use two entirely different background images, depending on
568whether the window has focus.
569
570 FOCUS ? keep { load "has_focus.jpg" } : keep { load "no_focus.jpg" }
571
572=cut
573
574 sub TX () { $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{position} = 1; $x }
575 sub TY () { $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{position} = 1; $y }
576 sub TW () { $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{size} = 1; $w }
577 sub TH () { $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{size} = 1; $h }
578 sub FOCUS() { $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{focus} = 1; $focus }
579
580=item now
581
582Returns the current time as (fractional) seconds since the epoch.
583
584Using this expression does I<not> make your expression sensitive to time,
585but the next two functions do.
586
587=item again $seconds
588
589When this function is used the expression will be reevaluated again in
590C<$seconds> seconds.
591
592Example: load some image and rotate it according to the time of day (as if it were
593the hour pointer of a clock). Update this image every minute.
594
595 again 60;
596 rotate 50, 50, (now % 86400) * -72 / 8640, scale keep { load "myclock.png" }
597
598=item counter $seconds
599
600Like C<again>, but also returns an increasing counter value, starting at
6010, which might be useful for some simple animation effects.
602
603=cut
604
605 sub now() { urxvt::NOW }
606
607 sub again($) {
608 $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{time} = $_[0];
609 }
610
445 sub clone($) { 611 sub counter($) {
446 $_[0]->clone 612 $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{time} = $_[0];
613 $frame->[FR_STATE]{counter} + 0
447 } 614 }
615
616=back
617
618=head2 SHAPE CHANGING OPERATORS
619
620The following operators modify the shape, size or position of the image.
621
622=over 4
448 623
449=item clip $img 624=item clip $img
450 625
451=item clip $width, $height, $img 626=item clip $width, $height, $img
452 627
455Clips an image to the given rectangle. If the rectangle is outside the 630Clips an image to the given rectangle. If the rectangle is outside the
456image area (e.g. when C<$x> or C<$y> are negative) or the rectangle is 631image area (e.g. when C<$x> or C<$y> are negative) or the rectangle is
457larger than the image, then the tiling mode defines how the extra pixels 632larger than the image, then the tiling mode defines how the extra pixels
458will be filled. 633will be filled.
459 634
460If C<$x> an C<$y> are missing, then C<0> is assumed for both. 635If C<$x> and C<$y> are missing, then C<0> is assumed for both.
461 636
462If C<$width> and C<$height> are missing, then the window size will be 637If C<$width> and C<$height> are missing, then the window size will be
463assumed. 638assumed.
464 639
465Example: load an image, blur it, and clip it to the window size to save 640Example: load an image, blur it, and clip it to the window size to save
466memory. 641memory.
467 642
468 clip blur 10, load "mybg.png" 643 clip keep { blur 10, load "mybg.png" }
469 644
470=cut 645=cut
471 646
472 sub clip($;$$;$$) { 647 sub clip($;$$;$$) {
473 my $img = pop; 648 my $img = pop;
476 $img->sub_rect ($_[0], $_[1], $w, $h) 651 $img->sub_rect ($_[0], $_[1], $w, $h)
477 } 652 }
478 653
479=item scale $img 654=item scale $img
480 655
481=item scale $size_percent, $img 656=item scale $size_factor, $img
482 657
483=item scale $width_percent, $height_percent, $img 658=item scale $width_factor, $height_factor, $img
484 659
485Scales the image by the given percentages in horizontal 660Scales the image by the given factors in horizontal
486(C<$width_percent>) and vertical (C<$height_percent>) direction. 661(C<$width>) and vertical (C<$height>) direction.
487 662
488If only one percentage is give, it is used for both directions. 663If only one factor is given, it is used for both directions.
489 664
490If no percentages are given, scales the image to the window size without 665If no factors are given, scales the image to the window size without
491keeping aspect. 666keeping aspect.
492 667
493=item resize $width, $height, $img 668=item resize $width, $height, $img
494 669
495Resizes the image to exactly C<$width> times C<$height> pixels. 670Resizes the image to exactly C<$width> times C<$height> pixels.
496 671
497=cut 672=item fit $img
498 673
499#TODO: maximise, maximise_fill? 674=item fit $width, $height, $img
675
676Fits the image into the given C<$width> and C<$height> without changing
677aspect, or the terminal size. That means it will be shrunk or grown until
678the whole image fits into the given area, possibly leaving borders.
679
680=item cover $img
681
682=item cover $width, $height, $img
683
684Similar to C<fit>, but shrinks or grows until all of the area is covered
685by the image, so instead of potentially leaving borders, it will cut off
686image data that doesn't fit.
687
688=cut
500 689
501 sub scale($;$;$) { 690 sub scale($;$;$) {
502 my $img = pop; 691 my $img = pop;
503 692
504 @_ == 2 ? $img->scale ($_[0] * $img->w * 0.01, $_[1] * $img->h * 0.01) 693 @_ == 2 ? $img->scale ($_[0] * $img->w, $_[1] * $img->h)
505 : @_ ? $img->scale ($_[0] * $img->w * 0.01, $_[0] * $img->h * 0.01) 694 : @_ ? $img->scale ($_[0] * $img->w, $_[0] * $img->h)
506 : $img->scale (TW, TH) 695 : $img->scale (TW, TH)
507 } 696 }
508 697
509 sub resize($$$) { 698 sub resize($$$) {
510 my $img = pop; 699 my $img = pop;
511 $img->scale ($_[0], $_[1]) 700 $img->scale ($_[0], $_[1])
512 } 701 }
513 702
703 sub fit($;$$) {
704 my $img = pop;
705 my $w = ($_[0] || TW) / $img->w;
706 my $h = ($_[1] || TH) / $img->h;
707 scale +(min $w, $h), $img
708 }
709
710 sub cover($;$$) {
711 my $img = pop;
712 my $w = ($_[0] || TW) / $img->w;
713 my $h = ($_[1] || TH) / $img->h;
714 scale +(max $w, $h), $img
715 }
716
514=item move $dx, $dy, $img 717=item move $dx, $dy, $img
515 718
516Moves the image by C<$dx> pixels in the horizontal, and C<$dy> pixels in 719Moves the image by C<$dx> pixels in the horizontal, and C<$dy> pixels in
517the vertical. 720the vertical.
518 721
519Example: move the image right by 20 pixels and down by 30. 722Example: move the image right by 20 pixels and down by 30.
520 723
521 move 20, 30, ... 724 move 20, 30, ...
725
726=item align $xalign, $yalign, $img
727
728Aligns the image according to a factor - C<0> means the image is moved to
729the left or top edge (for C<$xalign> or C<$yalign>), C<0.5> means it is
730exactly centered and C<1> means it touches the right or bottom edge.
731
732Example: remove any visible border around an image, center it vertically but move
733it to the right hand side.
734
735 align 1, 0.5, pad $img
736
737=item center $img
738
739=item center $width, $height, $img
740
741Centers the image, i.e. the center of the image is moved to the center of
742the terminal window (or the box specified by C<$width> and C<$height> if
743given).
744
745Example: load an image and center it.
746
747 center keep { pad load "mybg.png" }
522 748
523=item rootalign $img 749=item rootalign $img
524 750
525Moves the image so that it appears glued to the screen as opposed to the 751Moves the image so that it appears glued to the screen as opposed to the
526window. This gives the illusion of a larger area behind the window. It is 752window. This gives the illusion of a larger area behind the window. It is
527exactly equivalent to C<move -TX, -TY>, that is, it moves the image to the 753exactly equivalent to C<move -TX, -TY>, that is, it moves the image to the
528top left of the screen. 754top left of the screen.
529 755
530Example: load a background image, put it in mirror mode and root align it. 756Example: load a background image, put it in mirror mode and root align it.
531 757
532 rootalign mirror load "mybg.png" 758 rootalign keep { mirror load "mybg.png" }
533 759
534Example: take the screen background and align it, giving the illusion of 760Example: take the screen background and align it, giving the illusion of
535transparency as long as the window isn't in front of other windows. 761transparency as long as the window isn't in front of other windows.
536 762
537 rootalign root 763 rootalign root
538 764
539=cut 765=cut
540 766
541 sub move($$;$) { 767 sub move($$;$) {
542 my $img = pop->clone; 768 my $img = pop->clone;
543 $img->move ($_[0], $_[1]); 769 $img->move ($_[0], $_[1]);
544 $img 770 $img
545 } 771 }
546 772
773 sub align($;$$) {
774 my $img = pop;
775
776 move $_[0] * (TW - $img->w),
777 $_[1] * (TH - $img->h),
778 $img
779 }
780
781 sub center($;$$) {
782 my $img = pop;
783 my $w = $_[0] || TW;
784 my $h = $_[1] || TH;
785
786 move 0.5 * ($w - $img->w), 0.5 * ($h - $img->h), $img
787 }
788
547 sub rootalign($) { 789 sub rootalign($) {
548 move -TX, -TY, $_[0] 790 move -TX, -TY, $_[0]
549 } 791 }
550 792
793=item rotate $center_x, $center_y, $degrees, $img
794
795Rotates the image clockwise by C<$degrees> degrees, around the point at
796C<$center_x> and C<$center_y> (specified as factor of image width/height).
797
798Example: rotate the image by 90 degrees around its center.
799
800 rotate 0.5, 0.5, 90, keep { load "$HOME/mybg.png" }
801
802=cut
803
804 sub rotate($$$$) {
805 my $img = pop;
806 $img->rotate (
807 $_[0] * ($img->w + $img->x),
808 $_[1] * ($img->h + $img->y),
809 $_[2] * (3.14159265 / 180),
810 )
811 }
812
813=back
814
815=head2 COLOUR MODIFICATIONS
816
817The following operators change the pixels of the image.
818
819=over 4
820
821=item tint $color, $img
822
823Tints the image in the given colour.
824
825Example: tint the image red.
826
827 tint "red", load "rgb.png"
828
829Example: the same, but specify the colour by component.
830
831 tint [1, 0, 0], load "rgb.png"
832
833=cut
834
835 sub tint($$) {
836 $_[1]->tint ($_[0])
837 }
838
839=item shade $factor, $img
840
841Shade the image by the given factor.
842
843=cut
844
845 sub shade($$) {
846 $_[1]->shade ($_[0])
847 }
848
551=item contrast $factor, $img 849=item contrast $factor, $img
552 850
553=item contrast $r, $g, $b, $img 851=item contrast $r, $g, $b, $img
554 852
555=item contrast $r, $g, $b, $a, $img 853=item contrast $r, $g, $b, $a, $img
556 854
557Adjusts the I<contrast> of an image. 855Adjusts the I<contrast> of an image.
558 856
559#TODO# 857The first form applies a single C<$factor> to red, green and blue, the
858second form applies separate factors to each colour channel, and the last
859form includes the alpha channel.
560 860
861Values from 0 to 1 lower the contrast, values higher than 1 increase the
862contrast.
863
864Due to limitations in the underlying XRender extension, lowering contrast
865also reduces brightness, while increasing contrast currently also
866increases brightness.
867
561=item brightness $factor, $img 868=item brightness $bias, $img
562 869
563=item brightness $r, $g, $b, $img 870=item brightness $r, $g, $b, $img
564 871
565=item brightness $r, $g, $b, $a, $img 872=item brightness $r, $g, $b, $a, $img
566 873
567Adjusts the brightness of an image. 874Adjusts the brightness of an image.
875
876The first form applies a single C<$bias> to red, green and blue, the
877second form applies separate biases to each colour channel, and the last
878form includes the alpha channel.
879
880Values less than 0 reduce brightness, while values larger than 0 increase
881it. Useful range is from -1 to 1 - the former results in a black, the
882latter in a white picture.
883
884Due to idiosyncrasies in the underlying XRender extension, biases less
885than zero can be I<very> slow.
886
887You can also try the experimental(!) C<muladd> operator.
568 888
569=cut 889=cut
570 890
571 sub contrast($$;$$;$) { 891 sub contrast($$;$$;$) {
572 my $img = pop; 892 my $img = pop;
573 my ($r, $g, $b, $a) = @_; 893 my ($r, $g, $b, $a) = @_;
574 894
575 ($g, $b) = ($r, $r) if @_ < 4; 895 ($g, $b) = ($r, $r) if @_ < 3;
576 $a = 1 if @_ < 5; 896 $a = 1 if @_ < 4;
577 897
578 $img = $img->clone; 898 $img = $img->clone;
579 $img->contrast ($r, $g, $b, $a); 899 $img->contrast ($r, $g, $b, $a);
580 $img 900 $img
581 } 901 }
582 902
583 sub brightness($$;$$;$) { 903 sub brightness($$;$$;$) {
584 my $img = pop; 904 my $img = pop;
585 my ($r, $g, $b, $a) = @_; 905 my ($r, $g, $b, $a) = @_;
586 906
587 ($g, $b) = ($r, $r) if @_ < 4; 907 ($g, $b) = ($r, $r) if @_ < 3;
588 $a = 1 if @_ < 5; 908 $a = 1 if @_ < 4;
589 909
590 $img = $img->clone; 910 $img = $img->clone;
591 $img->brightness ($r, $g, $b, $a); 911 $img->brightness ($r, $g, $b, $a);
592 $img 912 $img
913 }
914
915=item muladd $mul, $add, $img # EXPERIMENTAL
916
917First multiplies the pixels by C<$mul>, then adds C<$add>. This can be used
918to implement brightness and contrast at the same time, with a wider value
919range than contrast and brightness operators.
920
921Due to numerous bugs in XRender implementations, it can also introduce a
922number of visual artifacts.
923
924Example: increase contrast by a factor of C<$c> without changing image
925brightness too much.
926
927 muladd $c, (1 - $c) * 0.5, $img
928
929=cut
930
931 sub muladd($$$) {
932 $_[2]->muladd ($_[0], $_[1])
593 } 933 }
594 934
595=item blur $radius, $img 935=item blur $radius, $img
596 936
597=item blur $radius_horz, $radius_vert, $img 937=item blur $radius_horz, $radius_vert, $img
609 sub blur($$;$) { 949 sub blur($$;$) {
610 my $img = pop; 950 my $img = pop;
611 $img->blur ($_[0], @_ >= 2 ? $_[1] : $_[0]) 951 $img->blur ($_[0], @_ >= 2 ? $_[1] : $_[0])
612 } 952 }
613 953
614=item rotate $new_width, $new_height, $center_x, $center_y, $degrees 954=item focus_fade $img
615 955
616Rotates the image by C<$degrees> degrees, counter-clockwise, around the 956=item focus_fade $factor, $img
617pointer at C<$center_x> and C<$center_y> (specified as percentage of image
618width/height), generating a new image with width C<$new_width> and height
619C<$new_height>.
620 957
621#TODO# new width, height, maybe more operators? 958=item focus_fade $factor, $color, $img
622 959
623Example: rotate the image by 90 degrees 960Fades the image by the given factor (and colour) when focus is lost (the
961same as the C<-fade>/C<-fadecolor> command line options, which also supply
962the default values for C<factor> and C<$color>. Unlike with C<-fade>, the
963C<$factor> is a real value, not a percentage value (that is, 0..1, not
9640..100).
624 965
625=cut 966Example: do the right thing when focus fading is requested.
626 967
627 sub rotate($$$$$$) { 968 focus_fade load "mybg.jpg";
969
970=cut
971
972 sub focus_fade($;$$) {
628 my $img = pop; 973 my $img = pop;
629 $img->rotate ( 974
630 $_[0], 975 return $img
631 $_[1], 976 if FOCUS;
632 $_[2] * $img->w * .01, 977
633 $_[3] * $img->h * .01, 978 my $fade = @_ >= 1 ? $_[0] : defined $self->resource ("fade") ? $self->resource ("fade") * 0.01 : 0;
634 $_[4] * (3.14159265 / 180), 979 my $color = @_ >= 2 ? $_[1] : $self->resource ("color+" . urxvt::Color_fade);
635 ) 980
981 $img = $img->tint ($color) if $color ne "rgb:00/00/00";
982 $img = $img->muladd (1 - $fade, 0) if $fade;
983
984 $img
636 } 985 }
637 986
638=back 987=back
639 988
989=head2 OTHER STUFF
990
991Anything that didn't fit any of the other categories, even after applying
992force and closing our eyes.
993
994=over 4
995
996=item keep { ... }
997
998This operator takes a code block as argument, that is, one or more
999statements enclosed by braces.
1000
1001The trick is that this code block is only evaluated when the outcome
1002changes - on other calls the C<keep> simply returns the image it computed
1003previously (yes, it should only be used with images). Or in other words,
1004C<keep> I<caches> the result of the code block so it doesn't need to be
1005computed again.
1006
1007This can be extremely useful to avoid redoing slow operations - for
1008example, if your background expression takes the root background, blurs it
1009and then root-aligns it it would have to blur the root background on every
1010window move or resize.
1011
1012Another example is C<load>, which can be quite slow.
1013
1014In fact, urxvt itself encloses the whole expression in some kind of
1015C<keep> block so it only is reevaluated as required.
1016
1017Putting the blur into a C<keep> block will make sure the blur is only done
1018once, while the C<rootalign> is still done each time the window moves.
1019
1020 rootalign keep { blur 10, root }
1021
1022This leaves the question of how to force reevaluation of the block,
1023in case the root background changes: If expression inside the block
1024is sensitive to some event (root background changes, window geometry
1025changes), then it will be reevaluated automatically as needed.
1026
1027=cut
1028
1029 sub keep(&) {
1030 my $id = $_[0]+0;
1031
1032 local $frame = $self->{frame_cache}{$id} ||= [$frame];
1033
1034 unless ($frame->[FR_CACHE]) {
1035 $frame->[FR_CACHE] = [ $_[0]() ];
1036
1037 my $self = $self;
1038 my $frame = $frame;
1039 Scalar::Util::weaken $frame;
1040 $self->compile_frame ($frame, sub {
1041 # clear this frame cache, also for all parents
1042 for (my $frame = $frame; $frame; $frame = $frame->[0]) {
1043 undef $frame->[FR_CACHE];
1044 }
1045
1046 $self->recalculate;
1047 });
1048 };
1049
1050 # in scalar context we always return the first original result, which
1051 # is not quite how perl works.
1052 wantarray
1053 ? @{ $frame->[FR_CACHE] }
1054 : $frame->[FR_CACHE][0]
1055 }
1056
1057# sub keep_clear() {
1058# delete $self->{frame_cache};
1059# }
1060
1061=back
1062
640=cut 1063=cut
641 1064
642} 1065}
643 1066
644sub parse_expr { 1067sub parse_expr {
645 my $expr = eval "sub {\npackage urxvt::bgdsl;\n#line 0 'background expression'\n$_[0]\n}"; 1068 my $expr = eval
1069 "sub {\n"
1070 . "package urxvt::bgdsl;\n"
1071 . "#line 0 'background expression'\n"
1072 . "$_[0]\n"
1073 . "}";
646 die if $@; 1074 die if $@;
647 $expr 1075 $expr
648} 1076}
649 1077
650# compiles a parsed expression 1078# compiles a parsed expression
651sub set_expr { 1079sub set_expr {
652 my ($self, $expr) = @_; 1080 my ($self, $expr) = @_;
653 1081
1082 $self->{root} = []; # the outermost frame
654 $self->{expr} = $expr; 1083 $self->{expr} = $expr;
655 $self->recalculate; 1084 $self->recalculate;
1085}
1086
1087# takes a hash of sensitivity indicators and installs watchers
1088sub compile_frame {
1089 my ($self, $frame, $cb) = @_;
1090
1091 my $state = $frame->[urxvt::bgdsl::FR_STATE] ||= {};
1092 my $again = $frame->[urxvt::bgdsl::FR_AGAIN];
1093
1094 # don't keep stuff alive
1095 Scalar::Util::weaken $state;
1096
1097 if ($again->{nested}) {
1098 $state->{nested} = 1;
1099 } else {
1100 delete $state->{nested};
1101 }
1102
1103 if (my $interval = $again->{time}) {
1104 $state->{time} = [$interval, urxvt::timer->new->after ($interval)->interval ($interval)]
1105 if $state->{time}[0] != $interval;
1106
1107 # callback *might* have changed, although we could just rule that out
1108 $state->{time}[1]->cb (sub {
1109 ++$state->{counter};
1110 $cb->();
1111 });
1112 } else {
1113 delete $state->{time};
1114 }
1115
1116 if ($again->{position}) {
1117 $state->{position} = $self->on (position_change => $cb);
1118 } else {
1119 delete $state->{position};
1120 }
1121
1122 if ($again->{size}) {
1123 $state->{size} = $self->on (size_change => $cb);
1124 } else {
1125 delete $state->{size};
1126 }
1127
1128 if ($again->{rootpmap}) {
1129 $state->{rootpmap} = $self->on (rootpmap_change => $cb);
1130 } else {
1131 delete $state->{rootpmap};
1132 }
1133
1134 if ($again->{focus}) {
1135 $state->{focus} = $self->on (focus_in => $cb, focus_out => $cb);
1136 } else {
1137 delete $state->{focus};
1138 }
656} 1139}
657 1140
658# evaluate the current bg expression 1141# evaluate the current bg expression
659sub recalculate { 1142sub recalculate {
660 my ($arg_self) = @_; 1143 my ($arg_self) = @_;
670 1153
671 $arg_self->{next_refresh} = urxvt::NOW + $MIN_INTERVAL; 1154 $arg_self->{next_refresh} = urxvt::NOW + $MIN_INTERVAL;
672 1155
673 # set environment to evaluate user expression 1156 # set environment to evaluate user expression
674 1157
675 local $self = $arg_self; 1158 local $self = $arg_self;
676
677 local $HOME = $ENV{HOME}; 1159 local $HOME = $ENV{HOME};
678 local $old = $self->{state}; 1160 local $frame = $self->{root};
679 local $new = my $state = $self->{state} = {};
680 1161
681 ($x, $y, $w, $h) =
682 $self->background_geometry ($self->{border}); 1162 ($x, $y, $w, $h) = $self->background_geometry ($self->{border});
1163 $focus = $self->focus;
683 1164
684 # evaluate user expression 1165 # evaluate user expression
685 1166
686 my $img = eval { $self->{expr}->() }; 1167 my @img = eval { $self->{expr}->() };
687 warn $@ if $@;#d# 1168 die $@ if $@;
1169 die "background-expr did not return anything.\n" unless @img;
1170 die "background-expr: expected image(s), got something else.\n"
688 die if !UNIVERSAL::isa $img, "urxvt::img"; 1171 if grep { !UNIVERSAL::isa $_, "urxvt::img" } @img;
689 1172
690 $state->{size_sensitive} = 1 1173 my $img = urxvt::bgdsl::merge @img;
1174
1175 $frame->[FR_AGAIN]{size} = 1
691 if $img->repeat_mode != urxvt::RepeatNormal; 1176 if $img->repeat_mode != urxvt::RepeatNormal;
692 1177
693 # if the expression is sensitive to external events, prepare reevaluation then 1178 # if the expression is sensitive to external events, prepare reevaluation then
694 1179 $self->compile_frame ($frame, sub { $arg_self->recalculate });
695 my $repeat;
696
697 if (my $again = $state->{again}) {
698 $repeat = 1;
699 my $self = $self;
700 $state->{timer} = $again == $old->{again}
701 ? $old->{timer}
702 : urxvt::timer->new->after ($again)->interval ($again)->cb (sub {
703 ++$self->{counter};
704 $self->recalculate
705 });
706 }
707
708 if (delete $state->{position_sensitive}) {
709 $repeat = 1;
710 $self->enable (position_change => sub { $_[0]->recalculate });
711 } else {
712 $self->disable ("position_change");
713 }
714
715 if (delete $state->{size_sensitive}) {
716 $repeat = 1;
717 $self->enable (size_change => sub { $_[0]->recalculate });
718 } else {
719 $self->disable ("size_change");
720 }
721
722 if (delete $state->{rootpmap_sensitive}) {
723 $repeat = 1;
724 $self->enable (rootpmap_change => sub { $_[0]->recalculate });
725 } else {
726 $self->disable ("rootpmap_change");
727 }
728 1180
729 # clear stuff we no longer need 1181 # clear stuff we no longer need
730 1182
731 %$old = (); 1183# unless (%{ $frame->[FR_STATE] }) {
732
733 unless ($repeat) {
734 delete $self->{state}; 1184# delete $self->{state};
735 delete $self->{expr}; 1185# delete $self->{expr};
736 } 1186# }
737 1187
738 # set background pixmap 1188 # set background pixmap
739 1189
740 $self->set_background ($img, $self->{border}); 1190 $self->set_background ($img, $self->{border});
741 $self->scr_recolour (0); 1191 $self->scr_recolor (0);
742 $self->want_refresh; 1192 $self->want_refresh;
743} 1193}
744 1194
745sub on_start { 1195sub on_start {
746 my ($self) = @_; 1196 my ($self) = @_;
747 1197
748 my $expr = $self->x_resource ("background.expr") 1198 my $expr = $self->x_resource ("%.expr")
749 or return; 1199 or return;
750 1200
1201 $self->has_render
1202 or die "background extension needs RENDER extension 0.10 or higher, ignoring background-expr.\n";
1203
751 $self->set_expr (parse_expr $expr); 1204 $self->set_expr (parse_expr $expr);
752 $self->{border} = $self->x_resource_boolean ("background.border"); 1205 $self->{border} = $self->x_resource_boolean ("%.border");
1206
1207 $MIN_INTERVAL = $self->x_resource ("%.interval");
753 1208
754 () 1209 ()
755} 1210}
756 1211

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