[ViewVC] Annotation of: cvs/libptytty/README

NAME
    libptytty - OS independent and secure pty/tty and utmp/wtmp/lastlog
    handling

SYNOPSIS
       cc ... -lptytty

       #include <libptytty.h>


       // C++
       ptytty *pty = ptytty::create ();

       if (!pty->get ())
         // error allocating pty

       if (we want utmp)
         pty->login (process_pid, 0, "remote.host");
       else if (we want utmp AND wtmp/lastlog)
         pty->login (process_pid, 1, "remote.host");

       // we are done with it
       delete pty;


       // C
       PTYTTY pty = ptytty_create ();

       if (!ptytty_get (pty))
         // error allocating pty

       if (we want utmp)
         ptytty_login (pty, process_pid, 0, "remote.host");
       else if (we want utmp AND wtmp/lastlog)
         ptytty_login (pty, process_pid, 1, "remote.host");

       // we are done with it
       ptytty_delete (pty);

    See also the eg/ directory, which currently contains the c-sample.c file
    that spawns a login shell from C using libptytty.

DESCRIPTION
    Libptytty is a small library that offers pseudo-tty management in an
    OS-independent way. It was created out of frustration over the many
    differences of pty/tty handling in different operating systems for the
    use inside "rxvt-unicode".

    In addition to offering mere pty/tty management, it also offers session
    database support (utmp and optional wtmp/lastlog updates for login
    shells).

    It also supports fork'ing after startup and dropping privileges in the
    calling process, so in case the calling process gets compromised by the
    user starting the program there is less to gain, as only the helper
    process runs with privileges (e.g. setuid/setgid), which reduces the
    area of attack immensely.

    Libptytty is written in C++, but it also offers a C-only API.

INSTALLATION
    libptytty uses "CMake" as build system. To build libptytty, install
    "CMake" and run the following commands from either the libptytty source
    directory or a separate build directory:

       cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<prefix> -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON <path/to/libptytty>
       cmake --build .
       cmake --install .

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
    *It is of paramount importance that you at least read the following
    paragraph!*

    If you write a typical terminal-like program that just wants one or more
    ptys, you should call the "ptytty::init ()" method (C: "ptytty_init ()"
    function) as the very first thing in your program:

       int main (int argc, char *argv[])
       {
          // do nothing here
          ptytty::init ();
          // in C: ptytty_init ();

          // initialise, parse arguments, etc.
       }

    This checks whether the program runs setuid or setgid. If yes then it
    will fork a helper process and drop privileges.

    Some programs need finer control over if and when this helper process is
    started, and if and how to drop privileges. For those programs, the
    methods "ptytty::use_helper" and "ptytty::drop_privileges" (and possibly
    "ptytty::sanitise_stdfd") are more useful.

C++ INTERFACE: THE ptytty CLASS
  STATIC METHODS
    ptytty::init ()
        The default way to initialise libptytty. Must be called immediately
        as the first thing in the "main" function, or earlier e.g. during
        static construction time. The earlier, the better.

        This method calls "sanitise_stdfd" and then checks whether the
        program runs with setuid/setgid permissions and, if yes, spawns a
        helper process for pty/tty management. It then drops the privileges
        completely, so the actual program runs without setuid/setgid
        privileges.

        On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.

    ptytty::use_helper ()
        Tries to start a helper process that retains privileges even when
        the calling process does not. This is usually called from
        "ptytty::init" when it detects that the program is running setuid or
        setgid, but can be called manually if it is inconvenient to drop
        privileges at startup, or when you are not running setuid/setgid but
        want to drop privileges (e.g. when running as a root-started
        daemon).

        This method will try not to start more than one helper process. The
        same helper process can usually be used both from the process
        starting it and all its fork'ed (not exec'ed) children.

        On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.

    ptytty::drop_privileges ()
        Drops privileges completely, i.e. sets real, effective and saved
        user id to the real user id. Useful to make sure that the process
        doesn't run with special privileges.

        On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.

    ptytty::sanitise_stdfd ()
        Checks whether file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 (stdin, stdout and
        stderr) are valid (open) and, if not, connects them to /dev/tty or
        /dev/null if possible. This is necessary because libptytty might
        want to output error messages to those descriptors, which at the
        time of outputting the error message, might be connected to
        something unsuitable opened by the unsuspecting program itself (this
        can be a security issue).

        On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.

    bool success = ptytty::send_fd (int socket, int fd)
        Utility method to send a file descriptor over a unix domain socket.
        Returns true if successful, false otherwise. This method is only
        exposed for your convenience and is not required for normal
        operation.

    int fd = ptytty::recv_fd (int socket)
        Utility method to receive a file descriptor over a unix domain
        socket. Returns the fd if successful and -1 otherwise. This method
        is only exposed for your convenience and is not required for normal
        operation.

    ptytty *pty = ptytty::create ()
        Creates new ptytty object. Creation does not yet do anything besides
        allocating the structure.

        A static method is used because the actual ptytty implementation can
        differ at runtime, so you need a dynamic object creation facility.

  DYNAMIC/SESSION-RELATED DATA MEMBERS AND METHODS
    int pty_fd = pty->pty
    int tty_fd = pty->tty
        These members contain the pty and tty file descriptors,
        respectively. They initially contain -1 until a successful call to
        "ptytty::get".

    bool success = pty->get ()
        Tries to find, allocate and initialise a new pty/tty pair. Returns
        "true" when successful.

        If the helper process is running and there is a protocol error, this
        method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.

    pty->login (int cmd_pid, bool login_shell, const char *hostname)
        Creates an entry in the systems session database(s) (utmp, wtmp,
        lastlog). "cmd_pid" must be the pid of the process representing the
        session (such as the login shell), "login_shell" defines whether the
        session is associated with a login, which influences whether wtmp
        and lastlog entries are created, and "hostname" should identify the
        "hostname" the user logs in from, which often is the value of the
        "DISPLAY" variable or tty line in case of local logins.

        Calling this method is optional. A session starts at the time of the
        login call and extends until the ptytty object is destroyed.

    pty->close_tty ()
        Closes the tty. Useful after forking in the parent/pty process.

    bool success = pty->make_controlling_tty ()
        Tries to make the pty/tty pair the controlling terminal of the
        current process. Useful after forking in the child/tty process.

    pty->set_utf8_mode (bool on)
        On systems supporting special UTF-8 line disciplines (e.g. Linux),
        this tries to enable this discipline for the given pty. Can be
        called at any time to change the mode.

C INTERFACE: THE ptytty FAMILY OF FUNCTIONS
    ptytty_init ()
        See "ptytty::init ()".

    PTYTTY ptytty_create ()
        Creates a new opaque PTYTTY object and returns it. Do not try to
        access it in any way except by testing it for truthness (e.g. "if
        (pty) ...."). See "ptytty::create ()".

    int ptytty_pty (PTYTTY ptytty)
        Return the pty file descriptor. See "pty->pty".

    int ptytty_tty (PTYTTY ptytty)
        Return the tty file descriptor. See "pty->tty".

    void ptytty_delete (PTYTTY ptytty)
        Destroys the PTYTTY object, freeing the pty/tty pair and cleaning up
        the utmp/wtmp/lastlog databases, if initialised/used. Same as
        "delete pty" in C++.

    int ptytty_get (PTYTTY ptytty)
        See "pty->get", returns 0 in case of an error, non-zero otherwise.

    void ptytty_login (PTYTTY ptytty, int cmd_pid, bool login_shell, const
    char *hostname)
        See "pty->login".

    void ptytty_close_tty (PTYTTY ptytty)
        See "pty->close_tty".

    int ptytty_make_controlling_tty (PTYTTY ptytty)
        See "pty->make_controlling_tty".

    void ptytty_set_utf8_mode (PTYTTY ptytty, int on)
        See "pty->set_utf8_mode".

    void ptytty_drop_privileges ()
        See "ptytty::drop_privileges".

    void ptytty_use_helper ()
        See "ptytty::use_helper".

PORTABILITY
    To date, libptytty has been tested on the following platforms:

    GNU/Linux
    FreeBSD
    NetBSD
    OpenBSD
    macOS
    Solaris
    AIX

BUGS
    You kiddin'?

AUTHORS
    Emanuele Giaquinta <emanuele.giaquinta@gmail.com>, Marc Alexander
    Lehmann <rxvt-unicode@schmorp.de>.

Revision:	1.11
Committed:	Tue Jul 27 08:43:41 2021 UTC (5 years, 1 month ago) by sf-exg
Branch:	MAIN
CVS Tags:	HEAD
Changes since 1.10:	+11 -2 lines
Log Message:	Regenerate libptytty.3 and README
#	User	Rev	Content
1	root	1.1	NAME
2	root	1.2	libptytty - OS independent and secure pty/tty and utmp/wtmp/lastlog
3	root	1.1	handling
4
5			SYNOPSIS
6	root	1.4	cc ... -lptytty
7
8			#include <libptytty.h>
9
10	sf-exg	1.7
11	root	1.4	// C++
12			ptytty *pty = ptytty::create ();
13
14			if (!pty->get ())
15			// error allocating pty
16
17			if (we want utmp)
18			pty->login (process_pid, 0, "remote.host");
19			else if (we want utmp AND wtmp/lastlog)
20			pty->login (process_pid, 1, "remote.host");
21
22			// we are done with it
23			delete pty;
24
25	sf-exg	1.7
26	root	1.4	// C
27			PTYTTY pty = ptytty_create ();
28
29			if (!ptytty_get (pty))
30			// error allocating pty
31
32			if (we want utmp)
33			ptytty_login (pty, process_pid, 0, "remote.host");
34			else if (we want utmp AND wtmp/lastlog)
35			ptytty_login (pty, process_pid, 1, "remote.host");
36
37			// we are done with it
38			ptytty_delete (pty);
39	root	1.1
40	root	1.5	See also the eg/ directory, which currently contains the c-sample.c file
41	sf-exg	1.7	that spawns a login shell from C using libptytty.
42	root	1.5
43	root	1.1	DESCRIPTION
44	root	1.4	Libptytty is a small library that offers pseudo-tty management in an
45			OS-independent way. It was created out of frustration over the many
46			differences of pty/tty handling in different operating systems for the
47			use inside "rxvt-unicode".
48
49			In addition to offering mere pty/tty management, it also offers session
50			database support (utmp and optional wtmp/lastlog updates for login
51			shells).
52
53			It also supports fork'ing after startup and dropping privileges in the
54			calling process, so in case the calling process gets compromised by the
55			user starting the program there is less to gain, as only the helper
56			process runs with privileges (e.g. setuid/setgid), which reduces the
57			area of attack immensely.
58
59			Libptytty is written in C++, but it also offers a C-only API.
60	root	1.3
61	sf-exg	1.11	INSTALLATION
62			libptytty uses "CMake" as build system. To build libptytty, install
63			"CMake" and run the following commands from either the libptytty source
64			directory or a separate build directory:
65
66			cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<prefix> -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON <path/to/libptytty>
67			cmake --build .
68			cmake --install .
69
70	root	1.3	SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
71			*It is of paramount importance that you at least read the following
72			paragraph!*
73
74	sf-exg	1.7	If you write a typical terminal-like program that just wants one or more
75	root	1.3	ptys, you should call the "ptytty::init ()" method (C: "ptytty_init ()"
76			function) as the very first thing in your program:
77
78			int main (int argc, char *argv[])
79			{
80			// do nothing here
81			ptytty::init ();
82			// in C: ptytty_init ();
83
84			// initialise, parse arguments, etc.
85			}
86
87	ayin	1.6	This checks whether the program runs setuid or setgid. If yes then it
88	root	1.3	will fork a helper process and drop privileges.
89
90			Some programs need finer control over if and when this helper process is
91			started, and if and how to drop privileges. For those programs, the
92	sf-exg	1.7	methods "ptytty::use_helper" and "ptytty::drop_privileges" (and possibly
93			"ptytty::sanitise_stdfd") are more useful.
94	root	1.3
95			C++ INTERFACE: THE ptytty CLASS
96			STATIC METHODS
97			ptytty::init ()
98	sf-exg	1.7	The default way to initialise libptytty. Must be called immediately
99	root	1.3	as the first thing in the "main" function, or earlier e.g. during
100			static construction time. The earlier, the better.
101
102	sf-exg	1.7	This method calls "sanitise_stdfd" and then checks whether the
103			program runs with setuid/setgid permissions and, if yes, spawns a
104			helper process for pty/tty management. It then drops the privileges
105			completely, so the actual program runs without setuid/setgid
106			privileges.
107	root	1.3
108	sf-exg	1.10	On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.
109	root	1.8
110	root	1.3	ptytty::use_helper ()
111			Tries to start a helper process that retains privileges even when
112			the calling process does not. This is usually called from
113			"ptytty::init" when it detects that the program is running setuid or
114	sf-exg	1.7	setgid, but can be called manually if it is inconvenient to drop
115	root	1.3	privileges at startup, or when you are not running setuid/setgid but
116			want to drop privileges (e.g. when running as a root-started
117			daemon).
118
119			This method will try not to start more than one helper process. The
120	root	1.5	same helper process can usually be used both from the process
121			starting it and all its fork'ed (not exec'ed) children.
122	root	1.3
123	sf-exg	1.10	On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.
124	root	1.8
125	root	1.3	ptytty::drop_privileges ()
126			Drops privileges completely, i.e. sets real, effective and saved
127	root	1.8	user id to the real user id. Useful to make sure that the process
128			doesn't run with special privileges.
129
130	sf-exg	1.10	On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.
131	root	1.3
132	sf-exg	1.7	ptytty::sanitise_stdfd ()
133			Checks whether file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 (stdin, stdout and
134			stderr) are valid (open) and, if not, connects them to /dev/tty or
135	root	1.8	/dev/null if possible. This is necessary because libptytty might
136			want to output error messages to those descriptors, which at the
137			time of outputting the error message, might be connected to
138			something unsuitable opened by the unsuspecting program itself (this
139			can be a security issue).
140
141	sf-exg	1.10	On failure, this method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.
142	sf-exg	1.7
143	root	1.3	bool success = ptytty::send_fd (int socket, int fd)
144			Utility method to send a file descriptor over a unix domain socket.
145			Returns true if successful, false otherwise. This method is only
146	sf-exg	1.7	exposed for your convenience and is not required for normal
147	root	1.3	operation.
148
149			int fd = ptytty::recv_fd (int socket)
150			Utility method to receive a file descriptor over a unix domain
151	sf-exg	1.7	socket. Returns the fd if successful and -1 otherwise. This method
152			is only exposed for your convenience and is not required for normal
153	root	1.3	operation.
154
155			ptytty *pty = ptytty::create ()
156			Creates new ptytty object. Creation does not yet do anything besides
157			allocating the structure.
158
159			A static method is used because the actual ptytty implementation can
160			differ at runtime, so you need a dynamic object creation facility.
161
162			DYNAMIC/SESSION-RELATED DATA MEMBERS AND METHODS
163			int pty_fd = pty->pty
164			int tty_fd = pty->tty
165			These members contain the pty and tty file descriptors,
166	root	1.8	respectively. They initially contain -1 until a successful call to
167	root	1.3	"ptytty::get".
168
169			bool success = pty->get ()
170			Tries to find, allocate and initialise a new pty/tty pair. Returns
171			"true" when successful.
172
173	root	1.8	If the helper process is running and there is a protocol error, this
174	sf-exg	1.10	method throws a "ptytty_error" exception.
175	root	1.8
176	root	1.3	pty->login (int cmd_pid, bool login_shell, const char *hostname)
177			Creates an entry in the systems session database(s) (utmp, wtmp,
178			lastlog). "cmd_pid" must be the pid of the process representing the
179	ayin	1.6	session (such as the login shell), "login_shell" defines whether the
180	sf-exg	1.7	session is associated with a login, which influences whether wtmp
181			and lastlog entries are created, and "hostname" should identify the
182	root	1.3	"hostname" the user logs in from, which often is the value of the
183			"DISPLAY" variable or tty line in case of local logins.
184
185			Calling this method is optional. A session starts at the time of the
186			login call and extends until the ptytty object is destroyed.
187
188			pty->close_tty ()
189			Closes the tty. Useful after forking in the parent/pty process.
190
191			bool success = pty->make_controlling_tty ()
192			Tries to make the pty/tty pair the controlling terminal of the
193			current process. Useful after forking in the child/tty process.
194
195			pty->set_utf8_mode (bool on)
196			On systems supporting special UTF-8 line disciplines (e.g. Linux),
197	root	1.5	this tries to enable this discipline for the given pty. Can be
198			called at any time to change the mode.
199	root	1.3
200			C INTERFACE: THE ptytty FAMILY OF FUNCTIONS
201			ptytty_init ()
202			See "ptytty::init ()".
203
204			PTYTTY ptytty_create ()
205			Creates a new opaque PTYTTY object and returns it. Do not try to
206	root	1.5	access it in any way except by testing it for truthness (e.g. "if
207	root	1.3	(pty) ...."). See "ptytty::create ()".
208
209			int ptytty_pty (PTYTTY ptytty)
210			Return the pty file descriptor. See "pty->pty".
211
212			int ptytty_tty (PTYTTY ptytty)
213			Return the tty file descriptor. See "pty->tty".
214
215			void ptytty_delete (PTYTTY ptytty)
216			Destroys the PTYTTY object, freeing the pty/tty pair and cleaning up
217			the utmp/wtmp/lastlog databases, if initialised/used. Same as
218			"delete pty" in C++.
219
220			int ptytty_get (PTYTTY ptytty)
221			See "pty->get", returns 0 in case of an error, non-zero otherwise.
222
223			void ptytty_login (PTYTTY ptytty, int cmd_pid, bool login_shell, const
224			char *hostname)
225			See "pty->login".
226
227			void ptytty_close_tty (PTYTTY ptytty)
228			See "pty->close_tty".
229
230			int ptytty_make_controlling_tty (PTYTTY ptytty)
231			See "pty->make_controlling_tty".
232
233			void ptytty_set_utf8_mode (PTYTTY ptytty, int on)
234			See "pty->set_utf8_mode".
235
236			void ptytty_drop_privileges ()
237			See "ptytty::drop_privileges".
238
239			void ptytty_use_helper ()
240			See "ptytty::use_helper".
241	root	1.1
242	sf-exg	1.9	PORTABILITY
243			To date, libptytty has been tested on the following platforms:
244
245			GNU/Linux
246			FreeBSD
247			NetBSD
248			OpenBSD
249			macOS
250			Solaris
251			AIX
252
253	root	1.1	BUGS
254			You kiddin'?
255
256			AUTHORS
257	sf-exg	1.11	Emanuele Giaquinta <emanuele.giaquinta@gmail.com>, Marc Alexander
258			Lehmann <rxvt-unicode@schmorp.de>.
259	root	1.1