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NAME |
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AnyEvent::WebDriver - control browsers using the W3C WebDriver protocol |
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SYNOPSIS |
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# start geckodriver or any other w3c-compatible webdriver via the shell |
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$ geckdriver -b myfirefox/firefox --log trace --port 4444 |
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# then use it |
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use AnyEvent::WebDriver; |
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# create a new webdriver object |
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my $wd = new AnyEvent::WebDriver; |
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# create a new session with default capabilities. |
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$wd->new_session ({}); |
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$wd->navigate_to ("https://duckduckgo.com/html"); |
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my $searchbox = $wd->find_element ("css selector" => 'input[type="text"]'); |
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$wd->element_send_keys ($searchbox => "free software"); |
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$wd->element_click ($wd->find_element ("css selector" => 'input[type="submit"]')); |
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sleep 10; |
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DESCRIPTION |
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This module aims to implement the W3C WebDriver specification which is |
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the standardised equivalent to the Selenium WebDriver API., which in |
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turn aims at remotely controlling web browsers such as Firefox or |
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Chromium. |
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At the time of this writing, it was only available as a draft document, |
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so changes will be expected. Also, only geckodriver did implement it, or |
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at least, most of it. |
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To make most of this module, or, in fact, to make any reasonable use of |
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this module, you would need to refer tot he W3C WebDriver document, |
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which can be found here <https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/>: |
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https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/ |
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CREATING WEBDRIVER OBJECTS |
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new AnyEvent::WebDriver key => value... |
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Create a new WebDriver object. Example for a remote webdriver |
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connection (the only type supported at the moment): |
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my $wd = new AnyEvent::WebDriver host => "localhost", port => 4444; |
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Supported keys are: |
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endpoint => $string |
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For remote connections, the endpoint to connect to (defaults to |
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"http://localhost:4444"). |
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proxy => $proxyspec |
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The proxy to use (same as the "proxy" argument used by |
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AnyEvent::HTTP). The default is "undef", which disables proxies. |
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To use the system-provided proxy (e.g. "http_proxy" environment |
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variable), specify a value of "default". |
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autodelete => $boolean |
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If true (the default), then automatically execute |
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"delete_session" when the WebDriver object is destroyed with an |
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active session. IF set to a false value, then the session will |
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continue to exist. |
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SIMPLIFIED API |
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This section documents the simplified API, which is really just a very |
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thin wrapper around the WebDriver protocol commands. They all block |
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(using AnyEvent condvars) the caller until the result is available, so |
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must not be called from an event loop callback - see "EVENT BASED API" |
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for an alternative. |
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The method names are preetty much taken directly from the W3C WebDriver |
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specification, e.g. the request documented in the "Get All Cookies" |
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section is implemented via the "get_all_cookies" method. |
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The order is the same as in the WebDriver draft at the tiome of this |
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writing, and only minimal massaging is done to request parameters and |
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results. |
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SESSIONS |
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$wd->new_session ({ key => value... }) |
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Try to connect to a webdriver and initialize session with a "new |
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session" command, passing the given key-value pairs as value (e.g. |
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"capabilities"). |
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No session-dependent methods must be called before this function |
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returns successfully. |
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On success, "$wd->{sid}" is set to the session id, and |
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"$wd->{capabilities}" is set to the returned capabilities. |
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my $wd = new AnyEvent::Selenium host => "localhost", port => 4545; |
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$wd->new_session ({ |
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capabilities => { |
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pageLoadStrategy => "normal", |
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}. |
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}); |
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$wd->delete_session |
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Deletes the session - the WebDriver object must not be used after |
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this call. |
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$timeouts = $wd->get_timeouts |
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Get the current timeouts, e.g.: |
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my $timeouts = $wd->get_timeouts; |
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# { implicit => 0, pageLoad => 300000, script => 30000 } |
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$wd->set_timeouts ($timeouts) |
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Sets one or more timeouts, e.g.: |
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$wd->set_timeouts ({ script => 60000 }); |
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NAVIGATION |
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$wd->navigate_to ($url) |
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Navigates to the specified URL. |
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$url = $wd->get_current_url |
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Queries the czurrent page URL as set by "navigate_to". |
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$wd->back |
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The equivalent of pressing "back" in the browser. |
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$wd->forward |
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The equivalent of pressing "forward" in the browser. |
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$wd->refresh |
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The equivalent of pressing "refresh" in the browser. |
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$title = $wd->get_title |
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Returns the current document title. |
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COMMAND CONTEXTS |
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$handle = $wd->get_window_handle |
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Returns the current window handle. |
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$wd->close_window |
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Closes the current browsing context. |
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$wd->switch_to_window ($handle) |
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Changes the current browsing context to the given window. |
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$handles = $wd->get_window_handles |
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Return the current window handles as an array-ref of handle IDs. |
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$handles = $wd->switch_to_frame ($frame) |
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Switch to the given frame. |
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$handles = $wd->switch_to_parent_frame |
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Switch to the parent frame. |
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$rect = $wd->get_window_rect |
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Return the current window rect, e.g.: |
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$rect = $wd->get_window_rect |
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# { height => 1040, width => 540, x => 0, y => 0 } |
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$wd->set_window_rect ($rect) |
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Sets the window rect. |
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$wd->maximize_window |
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$wd->minimize_window |
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$wd->fullscreen_window |
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Changes the window size by eithe3r maximising, minimising or making |
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it fullscreen. In my experience, this might timeout if no window |
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manager is running. |
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ELEMENT RETRIEVAL |
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$element_id = $wd->find_element ($location_strategy, $selector) |
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Finds the first element specified by the given selector and returns |
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its web element id (the strong, not the object from the protocol). |
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Raises an error when no element was found. |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("css selector" => "body a"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("link text" => "Click Here For Porn"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("partial link text" => "orn"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("tag name" => "input"); |
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$element = $wd->find_element ("xpath" => '//input[@type="text"]'); |
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# "decddca8-5986-4e1d-8c93-efe952505a5f" |
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$element_ids = $wd->find_elements ($location_strategy, $selector) |
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As above, but returns an arrayref of all found element IDs. |
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$element_id = $wd->find_element_from_element ($element_id, |
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$location_strategy, $selector) |
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Like "find_element", but looks only inside the specified $element. |
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$element_ids = $wd->find_elements_from_element ($element_id, |
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$location_strategy, $selector) |
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Like "find_elements", but looks only inside the specified $element. |
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my $head = $wd->find_element ("tag name" => "head"); |
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my $links = $wd->find_elements_from_element ($head, "tag name", "link"); |
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$element_id = $wd->get_active_element |
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Returns the active element. |
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ELEMENT STATE |
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$bool = $wd->is_element_selected |
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Returns whether the given input or option element is selected or |
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not. |
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$string = $wd->get_element_attribute ($element_id, $name) |
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Returns the value of the given attribute. |
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$string = $wd->get_element_property ($element_id, $name) |
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Returns the value of the given property. |
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$string = $wd->get_element_css_value ($element_id, $name) |
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Returns the value of the given css value. |
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$string = $wd->get_element_text ($element_id) |
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Returns the (rendered) text content of the given element. |
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$string = $wd->get_element_tag_name ($element_id) |
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Returns the tag of the given element. |
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$rect = $wd->get_element_rect ($element_id) |
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Returns the element rect of the given element. |
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$bool = $wd->is_element_enabled |
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Returns whether the element is enabled or not. |
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ELEMENT INTERACTION |
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$wd->element_click ($element_id) |
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Clicks the given element. |
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$wd->element_clear ($element_id) |
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Clear the contents of the given element. |
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$wd->element_send_keys ($element_id, $text) |
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Sends the given text as key events to the given element. |
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DOCUMENT HANDLING |
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$source = $wd->get_page_source |
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Returns the (HTML/XML) page source of the current document. |
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$results = $wd->execute_script ($javascript, $args) |
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Synchronously execute the given script with given arguments and |
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return its results ($args can be "undef" if no arguments are |
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wanted/needed). |
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$ten = $wd->execute_script ("return arguments[0]+arguments[1]", [3, 7]); |
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$results = $wd->execute_async_script ($javascript, $args) |
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Similar to "execute_script", but doesn't wait for script to return, |
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but instead waits for the script to call its last argument, which is |
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added to $args automatically. |
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$twenty = $wd->execute_async_script ("arguments[0](20)", undef); |
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COOKIES |
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$cookies = $wd->get_all_cookies |
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Returns all cookies, as an arrayref of hashrefs. |
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# google surely sets a lot of cookies without my consent |
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$wd->navigate_to ("http://google.com"); |
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use Data::Dump; |
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ddx $wd->get_all_cookies; |
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$cookie = $wd->get_named_cookie ($name) |
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Returns a single cookie as a hashref. |
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$wd->add_cookie ($cookie) |
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Adds the given cookie hashref. |
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$wd->delete_cookie ($name) |
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Delete the named cookie. |
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$wd->delete_all_cookies |
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Delete all cookies. |
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ACTIONS |
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$wd->perform_actions ($actions) |
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Perform the given actions (an arrayref of action specifications |
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simulating user activity). For further details, read the spec. |
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An example to get you started: |
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$wd->navigate_to ("https://duckduckgo.com/html"); |
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$wd->set_timeouts ({ implicit => 10000 }); |
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my $input = $wd->find_element ("css selector", 'input[type="text"]'); |
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$wd->perform_actions ([ |
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{ |
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id => "myfatfinger", |
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type => "pointer", |
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pointerType => "touch", |
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actions => [ |
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{ type => "pointerMove", duration => 100, origin => $wd->element_object ($input), x => 40, y => 5 }, |
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{ type => "pointerDown", button => 1 }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 40 }, |
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{ type => "pointerUp", button => 1 }, |
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], |
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}, |
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{ |
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id => "mykeyboard", |
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type => "key", |
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actions => [ |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "pause" }, |
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{ type => "keyDown", value => "a" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyUp", value => "a" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyDown", value => "b" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyUp", value => "b" }, |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 2000 }, |
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{ type => "keyDown", value => "\x{E007}" }, # enter |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 100 }, |
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{ type => "keyUp", value => "\x{E007}" }, # enter |
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{ type => "pause", duration => 5000 }, |
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], |
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}, |
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]); |
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$wd->release_actions |
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Release all keys and pointer buttons currently depressed. |
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USER PROMPTS |
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$wd->dismiss_alert |
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Dismiss a simple dialog, if present. |
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$wd->accept_alert |
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Accept a simple dialog, if present. |
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$text = $wd->get_alert_text |
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Returns the text of any simple dialog. |
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$text = $wd->send_alert_text |
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Fills in the user prompt with the given text. |
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SCREEN CAPTURE |
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$wd->take_screenshot |
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Create a screenshot, returning it as a PNG image in a data url. |
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$wd->take_element_screenshot ($element_id) |
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Accept a simple dialog, if present. |
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HELPER METHODS |
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$object = $wd->element_object ($element_id) |
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Encoding element ids in data structures is done by represetning them |
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as an object with a special key and the element id as value. This |
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helper method does this for you. |
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EVENT BASED API |
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This module wouldn't be a good AnyEvent citizen if it didn't have a true |
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event-based API. |
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In fact, the simplified API, as documented above, is emulated via the |
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event-based API and an "AUTOLOAD" function that automatically provides |
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blocking wrappers around the callback-based API. |
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Every method documented in the "SIMPLIFIED API" section has an |
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equivalent event-based method that is formed by appending a underscore |
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("_") to the method name, and appending a callback to the argument list |
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(mnemonic: the underscore indicates the "the action is not yet finished" |
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after the call returns). |
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For example, instead of a blocking calls to "new_session", "navigate_to" |
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and "back", you can make a callback-based ones: |
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my $cv = AE::cv; |
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| 370 |
|
|
$wd->new_session ({}, sub { |
| 371 |
|
|
my ($status, $value) = @_, |
| 372 |
|
|
|
| 373 |
|
|
die "error $value->{error}" if $status ne "200"; |
| 374 |
|
|
|
| 375 |
|
|
$wd->navigate_to_ ("http://www.nethype.de", sub { |
| 376 |
|
|
|
| 377 |
|
|
$wd->back_ (sub { |
| 378 |
|
|
print "all done\n"; |
| 379 |
|
|
$cv->send; |
| 380 |
|
|
}); |
| 381 |
|
|
|
| 382 |
|
|
}); |
| 383 |
|
|
}); |
| 384 |
|
|
|
| 385 |
|
|
$cv->recv; |
| 386 |
|
|
|
| 387 |
|
|
While the blocking methods "croak" on errors, the callback-based ones |
| 388 |
|
|
all pass two values to the callback, $status and $res, where $status is |
| 389 |
|
|
the HTTP status code (200 for successful requests, typically 4xx ot 5xx |
| 390 |
|
|
for errors), and $res is the value of the "value" key in the JSON |
| 391 |
|
|
response object. |
| 392 |
|
|
|
| 393 |
|
|
Other than that, the underscore variants and the blocking variants are |
| 394 |
|
|
identical. |
| 395 |
|
|
|
| 396 |
|
|
LOW LEVEL API |
| 397 |
|
|
All the simplfiied API methods are very thin wrappers around WebDriver |
| 398 |
|
|
commands of the same name. Theyx are all implemented in terms of the |
| 399 |
|
|
low-level methods ("req", "get", "post" and "delete"), which exists in |
| 400 |
|
|
blocking and callback-based variants ("req_", "get_", "post_" and |
| 401 |
|
|
"delete_"). |
| 402 |
|
|
|
| 403 |
|
|
Examples are after the function descriptions. |
| 404 |
|
|
|
| 405 |
|
|
$wd->req_ ($method, $uri, $body, $cb->($status, $value)) |
| 406 |
|
|
$value = $wd->req ($method, $uri, $body) |
| 407 |
|
|
Appends the $uri to the "endpoint/session/{sessionid}/" URL and |
| 408 |
|
|
makes a HTTP $method request ("GET", "POST" etc.). "POST" requests |
| 409 |
|
|
can provide a UTF-8-encoded JSON text as HTTP request body, or the |
| 410 |
|
|
empty string to indicate no body is used. |
| 411 |
|
|
|
| 412 |
|
|
For the callback version, the callback gets passed the HTTP status |
| 413 |
|
|
code (200 for every successful request), and the value of the |
| 414 |
|
|
"value" key in the JSON response object as second argument. |
| 415 |
|
|
|
| 416 |
|
|
$wd->get_ ($uri, $cb->($status, $value)) |
| 417 |
|
|
$value = $wd->get ($uri) |
| 418 |
|
|
Simply a call to "req_" with $method set to "GET" and an empty body. |
| 419 |
|
|
|
| 420 |
|
|
$wd->post_ ($uri, $data, $cb->($status, $value)) |
| 421 |
|
|
$value = $wd->post ($uri, $data) |
| 422 |
|
|
Simply a call to "req_" with $method set to "POST" - if $body is |
| 423 |
|
|
"undef", then an empty object is send, otherwise, $data must be a |
| 424 |
|
|
valid request object, which gets encoded into JSON for you. |
| 425 |
|
|
|
| 426 |
|
|
$wd->delete_ ($uri, $cb->($status, $value)) |
| 427 |
|
|
$value = $wd->delete ($uri) |
| 428 |
|
|
Simply a call to "req_" with $method set to "DELETE" and an empty |
| 429 |
|
|
body. |
| 430 |
|
|
|
| 431 |
|
|
Example: implement "get_all_cookies", which is a simple "GET" request |
| 432 |
|
|
without any parameters: |
| 433 |
|
|
|
| 434 |
|
|
$cookies = $wd->get ("cookie"); |
| 435 |
|
|
|
| 436 |
|
|
Example: implement "execute_script", which needs some parameters: |
| 437 |
|
|
|
| 438 |
|
|
$results = $wd->post ("execute/sync" => { script => "$javascript", args => [] }); |
| 439 |
|
|
|
| 440 |
|
|
Example: call "find_elements" to find all "IMG" elements, stripping the |
| 441 |
|
|
returned element objects to only return the element ID strings: |
| 442 |
|
|
|
| 443 |
|
|
my $elems = $wd->post (elements => { using => "css selector", value => "img" }); |
| 444 |
|
|
|
| 445 |
|
|
# yes, the W3C found an interetsing way around the typelessness of JSON |
| 446 |
|
|
$_ = $_->{"element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf"} |
| 447 |
|
|
for @$elems; |
| 448 |
|
|
|
| 449 |
|
|
HISTORY |
| 450 |
|
|
This module was developed simply because I couldn't get the existing |
| 451 |
|
|
"Selenium::Remote::Driver" module to work, ever, despite multiple |
| 452 |
|
|
attempts over the years and trying to report multiple bugs, which have |
| 453 |
|
|
been completely ignored. It's also not event-based, so, yeah... |
| 454 |
|
|
|
| 455 |
|
|
AUTHOR |
| 456 |
|
|
Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de> |
| 457 |
|
|
http://anyevent.schmorp.de |
| 458 |
|
|
|
