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Revision 1.43 by root, Wed May 28 23:57:38 2008 UTC vs.
Revision 1.85 by root, Thu Aug 21 19:53:19 2008 UTC

1package AnyEvent::Handle; 1package AnyEvent::Handle;
2 2
3no warnings; 3no warnings;
4use strict; 4use strict qw(subs vars);
5 5
6use AnyEvent (); 6use AnyEvent ();
7use AnyEvent::Util qw(WSAEWOULDBLOCK); 7use AnyEvent::Util qw(WSAEWOULDBLOCK);
8use Scalar::Util (); 8use Scalar::Util ();
9use Carp (); 9use Carp ();
10use Fcntl (); 10use Fcntl ();
11use Errno qw(EAGAIN EINTR); 11use Errno qw(EAGAIN EINTR);
12use Time::HiRes qw(time);
13 12
14=head1 NAME 13=head1 NAME
15 14
16AnyEvent::Handle - non-blocking I/O on file handles via AnyEvent 15AnyEvent::Handle - non-blocking I/O on file handles via AnyEvent
17 16
18=cut 17=cut
19 18
20our $VERSION = '0.04'; 19our $VERSION = 4.232;
21 20
22=head1 SYNOPSIS 21=head1 SYNOPSIS
23 22
24 use AnyEvent; 23 use AnyEvent;
25 use AnyEvent::Handle; 24 use AnyEvent::Handle;
50 49
51This module is a helper module to make it easier to do event-based I/O on 50This module is a helper module to make it easier to do event-based I/O on
52filehandles. For utility functions for doing non-blocking connects and accepts 51filehandles. For utility functions for doing non-blocking connects and accepts
53on sockets see L<AnyEvent::Util>. 52on sockets see L<AnyEvent::Util>.
54 53
54The L<AnyEvent::Intro> tutorial contains some well-documented
55AnyEvent::Handle examples.
56
55In the following, when the documentation refers to of "bytes" then this 57In the following, when the documentation refers to of "bytes" then this
56means characters. As sysread and syswrite are used for all I/O, their 58means characters. As sysread and syswrite are used for all I/O, their
57treatment of characters applies to this module as well. 59treatment of characters applies to this module as well.
58 60
59All callbacks will be invoked with the handle object as their first 61All callbacks will be invoked with the handle object as their first
71 73
72=item fh => $filehandle [MANDATORY] 74=item fh => $filehandle [MANDATORY]
73 75
74The filehandle this L<AnyEvent::Handle> object will operate on. 76The filehandle this L<AnyEvent::Handle> object will operate on.
75 77
76NOTE: The filehandle will be set to non-blocking (using 78NOTE: The filehandle will be set to non-blocking mode (using
77AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking). 79C<AnyEvent::Util::fh_nonblocking>) by the constructor and needs to stay in
80that mode.
78 81
79=item on_eof => $cb->($handle) 82=item on_eof => $cb->($handle)
80 83
81Set the callback to be called on EOF. 84Set the callback to be called when an end-of-file condition is detected,
85i.e. in the case of a socket, when the other side has closed the
86connection cleanly.
82 87
88For sockets, this just means that the other side has stopped sending data,
89you can still try to write data, and, in fact, one can return from the eof
90callback and continue writing data, as only the read part has been shut
91down.
92
83While not mandatory, it is highly recommended to set an eof callback, 93While not mandatory, it is I<highly> recommended to set an eof callback,
84otherwise you might end up with a closed socket while you are still 94otherwise you might end up with a closed socket while you are still
85waiting for data. 95waiting for data.
86 96
97If an EOF condition has been detected but no C<on_eof> callback has been
98set, then a fatal error will be raised with C<$!> set to <0>.
99
87=item on_error => $cb->($handle) 100=item on_error => $cb->($handle, $fatal)
88 101
89This is the fatal error callback, that is called when, well, a fatal error 102This is the error callback, which is called when, well, some error
90occurs, such as not being able to resolve the hostname, failure to connect 103occured, such as not being able to resolve the hostname, failure to
91or a read error. 104connect or a read error.
92 105
93The object will not be in a usable state when this callback has been 106Some errors are fatal (which is indicated by C<$fatal> being true). On
94called. 107fatal errors the handle object will be shut down and will not be usable
108(but you are free to look at the current C< ->rbuf >). Examples of fatal
109errors are an EOF condition with active (but unsatisifable) read watchers
110(C<EPIPE>) or I/O errors.
111
112Non-fatal errors can be retried by simply returning, but it is recommended
113to simply ignore this parameter and instead abondon the handle object
114when this callback is invoked. Examples of non-fatal errors are timeouts
115C<ETIMEDOUT>) or badly-formatted data (C<EBADMSG>).
95 116
96On callback entrance, the value of C<$!> contains the operating system 117On callback entrance, the value of C<$!> contains the operating system
97error (or C<ENOSPC>, C<EPIPE>, C<ETIMEDOUT> or C<EBADMSG>). 118error (or C<ENOSPC>, C<EPIPE>, C<ETIMEDOUT> or C<EBADMSG>).
98 119
99The callback should throw an exception. If it returns, then
100AnyEvent::Handle will C<croak> for you.
101
102While not mandatory, it is I<highly> recommended to set this callback, as 120While not mandatory, it is I<highly> recommended to set this callback, as
103you will not be notified of errors otherwise. The default simply calls 121you will not be notified of errors otherwise. The default simply calls
104die. 122C<croak>.
105 123
106=item on_read => $cb->($handle) 124=item on_read => $cb->($handle)
107 125
108This sets the default read callback, which is called when data arrives 126This sets the default read callback, which is called when data arrives
109and no read request is in the queue. 127and no read request is in the queue (unlike read queue callbacks, this
128callback will only be called when at least one octet of data is in the
129read buffer).
110 130
111To access (and remove data from) the read buffer, use the C<< ->rbuf >> 131To access (and remove data from) the read buffer, use the C<< ->rbuf >>
112method or access the C<$handle->{rbuf}> member directly. 132method or access the C<$handle->{rbuf}> member directly.
113 133
114When an EOF condition is detected then AnyEvent::Handle will first try to 134When an EOF condition is detected then AnyEvent::Handle will first try to
121This sets the callback that is called when the write buffer becomes empty 141This sets the callback that is called when the write buffer becomes empty
122(or when the callback is set and the buffer is empty already). 142(or when the callback is set and the buffer is empty already).
123 143
124To append to the write buffer, use the C<< ->push_write >> method. 144To append to the write buffer, use the C<< ->push_write >> method.
125 145
146This callback is useful when you don't want to put all of your write data
147into the queue at once, for example, when you want to write the contents
148of some file to the socket you might not want to read the whole file into
149memory and push it into the queue, but instead only read more data from
150the file when the write queue becomes empty.
151
126=item timeout => $fractional_seconds 152=item timeout => $fractional_seconds
127 153
128If non-zero, then this enables an "inactivity" timeout: whenever this many 154If non-zero, then this enables an "inactivity" timeout: whenever this many
129seconds pass without a successful read or write on the underlying file 155seconds pass without a successful read or write on the underlying file
130handle, the C<on_timeout> callback will be invoked (and if that one is 156handle, the C<on_timeout> callback will be invoked (and if that one is
131missing, an C<ETIMEDOUT> errror will be raised). 157missing, an C<ETIMEDOUT> error will be raised).
132 158
133Note that timeout processing is also active when you currently do not have 159Note that timeout processing is also active when you currently do not have
134any outstanding read or write requests: If you plan to keep the connection 160any outstanding read or write requests: If you plan to keep the connection
135idle then you should disable the timout temporarily or ignore the timeout 161idle then you should disable the timout temporarily or ignore the timeout
136in the C<on_timeout> callback. 162in the C<on_timeout> callback.
153be configured to accept only so-and-so much data that it cannot act on 179be configured to accept only so-and-so much data that it cannot act on
154(for example, when expecting a line, an attacker could send an unlimited 180(for example, when expecting a line, an attacker could send an unlimited
155amount of data without a callback ever being called as long as the line 181amount of data without a callback ever being called as long as the line
156isn't finished). 182isn't finished).
157 183
184=item autocork => <boolean>
185
186When disabled (the default), then C<push_write> will try to immediately
187write the data to the handle if possible. This avoids having to register
188a write watcher and wait for the next event loop iteration, but can be
189inefficient if you write multiple small chunks (this disadvantage is
190usually avoided by your kernel's nagle algorithm, see C<low_delay>).
191
192When enabled, then writes will always be queued till the next event loop
193iteration. This is efficient when you do many small writes per iteration,
194but less efficient when you do a single write only.
195
196=item no_delay => <boolean>
197
198When doing small writes on sockets, your operating system kernel might
199wait a bit for more data before actually sending it out. This is called
200the Nagle algorithm, and usually it is beneficial.
201
202In some situations you want as low a delay as possible, which cna be
203accomplishd by setting this option to true.
204
205The default is your opertaing system's default behaviour, this option
206explicitly enables or disables it, if possible.
207
158=item read_size => <bytes> 208=item read_size => <bytes>
159 209
160The default read block size (the amount of bytes this module will try to read 210The default read block size (the amount of bytes this module will try to read
161on each [loop iteration). Default: C<4096>. 211during each (loop iteration). Default: C<8192>.
162 212
163=item low_water_mark => <bytes> 213=item low_water_mark => <bytes>
164 214
165Sets the amount of bytes (default: C<0>) that make up an "empty" write 215Sets the amount of bytes (default: C<0>) that make up an "empty" write
166buffer: If the write reaches this size or gets even samller it is 216buffer: If the write reaches this size or gets even samller it is
167considered empty. 217considered empty.
168 218
219=item linger => <seconds>
220
221If non-zero (default: C<3600>), then the destructor of the
222AnyEvent::Handle object will check wether there is still outstanding write
223data and will install a watcher that will write out this data. No errors
224will be reported (this mostly matches how the operating system treats
225outstanding data at socket close time).
226
227This will not work for partial TLS data that could not yet been
228encoded. This data will be lost.
229
169=item tls => "accept" | "connect" | Net::SSLeay::SSL object 230=item tls => "accept" | "connect" | Net::SSLeay::SSL object
170 231
171When this parameter is given, it enables TLS (SSL) mode, that means it 232When this parameter is given, it enables TLS (SSL) mode, that means
172will start making tls handshake and will transparently encrypt/decrypt 233AnyEvent will start a TLS handshake and will transparently encrypt/decrypt
173data. 234data.
174 235
175TLS mode requires Net::SSLeay to be installed (it will be loaded 236TLS mode requires Net::SSLeay to be installed (it will be loaded
176automatically when you try to create a TLS handle). 237automatically when you try to create a TLS handle).
177 238
178For the TLS server side, use C<accept>, and for the TLS client side of a 239Unlike TCP, TLS has a server and client side: for the TLS server side, use
179connection, use C<connect> mode. 240C<accept>, and for the TLS client side of a connection, use C<connect>
241mode.
180 242
181You can also provide your own TLS connection object, but you have 243You can also provide your own TLS connection object, but you have
182to make sure that you call either C<Net::SSLeay::set_connect_state> 244to make sure that you call either C<Net::SSLeay::set_connect_state>
183or C<Net::SSLeay::set_accept_state> on it before you pass it to 245or C<Net::SSLeay::set_accept_state> on it before you pass it to
184AnyEvent::Handle. 246AnyEvent::Handle.
185 247
186See the C<starttls> method if you need to start TLs negotiation later. 248See the C<starttls> method for when need to start TLS negotiation later.
187 249
188=item tls_ctx => $ssl_ctx 250=item tls_ctx => $ssl_ctx
189 251
190Use the given Net::SSLeay::CTX object to create the new TLS connection 252Use the given Net::SSLeay::CTX object to create the new TLS connection
191(unless a connection object was specified directly). If this parameter is 253(unless a connection object was specified directly). If this parameter is
223 if ($self->{tls}) { 285 if ($self->{tls}) {
224 require Net::SSLeay; 286 require Net::SSLeay;
225 $self->starttls (delete $self->{tls}, delete $self->{tls_ctx}); 287 $self->starttls (delete $self->{tls}, delete $self->{tls_ctx});
226 } 288 }
227 289
228# $self->on_eof (delete $self->{on_eof} ) if $self->{on_eof}; # nop
229# $self->on_error (delete $self->{on_error}) if $self->{on_error}; # nop
230# $self->on_read (delete $self->{on_read} ) if $self->{on_read}; # nop
231 $self->on_drain (delete $self->{on_drain}) if $self->{on_drain};
232
233 $self->{_activity} = time; 290 $self->{_activity} = AnyEvent->now;
234 $self->_timeout; 291 $self->_timeout;
235 292
293 $self->on_drain (delete $self->{on_drain}) if exists $self->{on_drain};
294 $self->no_delay (delete $self->{no_delay}) if exists $self->{no_delay};
295
236 $self->start_read; 296 $self->start_read
297 if $self->{on_read};
237 298
238 $self 299 $self
239} 300}
240 301
241sub _shutdown { 302sub _shutdown {
242 my ($self) = @_; 303 my ($self) = @_;
243 304
305 delete $self->{_tw};
244 delete $self->{_rw}; 306 delete $self->{_rw};
245 delete $self->{_ww}; 307 delete $self->{_ww};
246 delete $self->{fh}; 308 delete $self->{fh};
247}
248 309
310 $self->stoptls;
311
312 delete $self->{on_read};
313 delete $self->{_queue};
314}
315
249sub error { 316sub _error {
250 my ($self) = @_; 317 my ($self, $errno, $fatal) = @_;
251 318
252 {
253 local $!;
254 $self->_shutdown; 319 $self->_shutdown
255 } 320 if $fatal;
256 321
257 $self->{on_error}($self) 322 $! = $errno;
323
258 if $self->{on_error}; 324 if ($self->{on_error}) {
259 325 $self->{on_error}($self, $fatal);
326 } else {
260 Carp::croak "AnyEvent::Handle uncaught fatal error: $!"; 327 Carp::croak "AnyEvent::Handle uncaught error: $!";
328 }
261} 329}
262 330
263=item $fh = $handle->fh 331=item $fh = $handle->fh
264 332
265This method returns the file handle of the L<AnyEvent::Handle> object. 333This method returns the file handle of the L<AnyEvent::Handle> object.
296 364
297=cut 365=cut
298 366
299sub on_timeout { 367sub on_timeout {
300 $_[0]{on_timeout} = $_[1]; 368 $_[0]{on_timeout} = $_[1];
369}
370
371=item $handle->autocork ($boolean)
372
373Enables or disables the current autocork behaviour (see C<autocork>
374constructor argument).
375
376=cut
377
378=item $handle->no_delay ($boolean)
379
380Enables or disables the C<no_delay> setting (see constructor argument of
381the same name for details).
382
383=cut
384
385sub no_delay {
386 $_[0]{no_delay} = $_[1];
387
388 eval {
389 local $SIG{__DIE__};
390 setsockopt $_[0]{fh}, &Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, &Socket::TCP_NODELAY, int $_[1];
391 };
301} 392}
302 393
303############################################################################# 394#############################################################################
304 395
305=item $handle->timeout ($seconds) 396=item $handle->timeout ($seconds)
319# also check for time-outs 410# also check for time-outs
320sub _timeout { 411sub _timeout {
321 my ($self) = @_; 412 my ($self) = @_;
322 413
323 if ($self->{timeout}) { 414 if ($self->{timeout}) {
324 my $NOW = time; 415 my $NOW = AnyEvent->now;
325 416
326 # when would the timeout trigger? 417 # when would the timeout trigger?
327 my $after = $self->{_activity} + $self->{timeout} - $NOW; 418 my $after = $self->{_activity} + $self->{timeout} - $NOW;
328
329 warn "next to in $after\n";#d#
330 419
331 # now or in the past already? 420 # now or in the past already?
332 if ($after <= 0) { 421 if ($after <= 0) {
333 $self->{_activity} = $NOW; 422 $self->{_activity} = $NOW;
334 423
335 if ($self->{on_timeout}) { 424 if ($self->{on_timeout}) {
336 $self->{on_timeout}->($self); 425 $self->{on_timeout}($self);
337 } else { 426 } else {
338 $! = Errno::ETIMEDOUT; 427 $self->_error (&Errno::ETIMEDOUT);
339 $self->error;
340 } 428 }
341 429
342 # callbakx could have changed timeout value, optimise 430 # callback could have changed timeout value, optimise
343 return unless $self->{timeout}; 431 return unless $self->{timeout};
344 432
345 # calculate new after 433 # calculate new after
346 $after = $self->{timeout}; 434 $after = $self->{timeout};
347 } 435 }
348 436
349 Scalar::Util::weaken $self; 437 Scalar::Util::weaken $self;
438 return unless $self; # ->error could have destroyed $self
350 439
351 warn "after $after\n";#d#
352 $self->{_tw} ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => $after, cb => sub { 440 $self->{_tw} ||= AnyEvent->timer (after => $after, cb => sub {
353 delete $self->{_tw}; 441 delete $self->{_tw};
354 $self->_timeout; 442 $self->_timeout;
355 }); 443 });
356 } else { 444 } else {
410 my $len = syswrite $self->{fh}, $self->{wbuf}; 498 my $len = syswrite $self->{fh}, $self->{wbuf};
411 499
412 if ($len >= 0) { 500 if ($len >= 0) {
413 substr $self->{wbuf}, 0, $len, ""; 501 substr $self->{wbuf}, 0, $len, "";
414 502
415 $self->{_activity} = time; 503 $self->{_activity} = AnyEvent->now;
416 504
417 $self->{on_drain}($self) 505 $self->{on_drain}($self)
418 if $self->{low_water_mark} >= length $self->{wbuf} 506 if $self->{low_water_mark} >= length $self->{wbuf}
419 && $self->{on_drain}; 507 && $self->{on_drain};
420 508
421 delete $self->{_ww} unless length $self->{wbuf}; 509 delete $self->{_ww} unless length $self->{wbuf};
422 } elsif ($! != EAGAIN && $! != EINTR && $! != WSAEWOULDBLOCK) { 510 } elsif ($! != EAGAIN && $! != EINTR && $! != WSAEWOULDBLOCK) {
423 $self->error; 511 $self->_error ($!, 1);
424 } 512 }
425 }; 513 };
426 514
427 # try to write data immediately 515 # try to write data immediately
428 $cb->(); 516 $cb->() unless $self->{autocork};
429 517
430 # if still data left in wbuf, we need to poll 518 # if still data left in wbuf, we need to poll
431 $self->{_ww} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $self->{fh}, poll => "w", cb => $cb) 519 $self->{_ww} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $self->{fh}, poll => "w", cb => $cb)
432 if length $self->{wbuf}; 520 if length $self->{wbuf};
433 }; 521 };
448 @_ = ($WH{$type} or Carp::croak "unsupported type passed to AnyEvent::Handle::push_write") 536 @_ = ($WH{$type} or Carp::croak "unsupported type passed to AnyEvent::Handle::push_write")
449 ->($self, @_); 537 ->($self, @_);
450 } 538 }
451 539
452 if ($self->{filter_w}) { 540 if ($self->{filter_w}) {
453 $self->{filter_w}->($self, \$_[0]); 541 $self->{filter_w}($self, \$_[0]);
454 } else { 542 } else {
455 $self->{wbuf} .= $_[0]; 543 $self->{wbuf} .= $_[0];
456 $self->_drain_wbuf; 544 $self->_drain_wbuf;
457 } 545 }
458} 546}
459 547
460=item $handle->push_write (type => @args) 548=item $handle->push_write (type => @args)
461 549
462=item $handle->unshift_write (type => @args)
463
464Instead of formatting your data yourself, you can also let this module do 550Instead of formatting your data yourself, you can also let this module do
465the job by specifying a type and type-specific arguments. 551the job by specifying a type and type-specific arguments.
466 552
467Predefined types are (if you have ideas for additional types, feel free to 553Predefined types are (if you have ideas for additional types, feel free to
468drop by and tell us): 554drop by and tell us):
472=item netstring => $string 558=item netstring => $string
473 559
474Formats the given value as netstring 560Formats the given value as netstring
475(http://cr.yp.to/proto/netstrings.txt, this is not a recommendation to use them). 561(http://cr.yp.to/proto/netstrings.txt, this is not a recommendation to use them).
476 562
477=back
478
479=cut 563=cut
480 564
481register_write_type netstring => sub { 565register_write_type netstring => sub {
482 my ($self, $string) = @_; 566 my ($self, $string) = @_;
483 567
484 sprintf "%d:%s,", (length $string), $string 568 sprintf "%d:%s,", (length $string), $string
569};
570
571=item packstring => $format, $data
572
573An octet string prefixed with an encoded length. The encoding C<$format>
574uses the same format as a Perl C<pack> format, but must specify a single
575integer only (only one of C<cCsSlLqQiInNvVjJw> is allowed, plus an
576optional C<!>, C<< < >> or C<< > >> modifier).
577
578=cut
579
580register_write_type packstring => sub {
581 my ($self, $format, $string) = @_;
582
583 pack "$format/a*", $string
485}; 584};
486 585
487=item json => $array_or_hashref 586=item json => $array_or_hashref
488 587
489Encodes the given hash or array reference into a JSON object. Unless you 588Encodes the given hash or array reference into a JSON object. Unless you
523 622
524 $self->{json} ? $self->{json}->encode ($ref) 623 $self->{json} ? $self->{json}->encode ($ref)
525 : JSON::encode_json ($ref) 624 : JSON::encode_json ($ref)
526}; 625};
527 626
627=item storable => $reference
628
629Freezes the given reference using L<Storable> and writes it to the
630handle. Uses the C<nfreeze> format.
631
632=cut
633
634register_write_type storable => sub {
635 my ($self, $ref) = @_;
636
637 require Storable;
638
639 pack "w/a*", Storable::nfreeze ($ref)
640};
641
642=back
643
528=item AnyEvent::Handle::register_write_type type => $coderef->($handle, @args) 644=item AnyEvent::Handle::register_write_type type => $coderef->($handle, @args)
529 645
530This function (not method) lets you add your own types to C<push_write>. 646This function (not method) lets you add your own types to C<push_write>.
531Whenever the given C<type> is used, C<push_write> will invoke the code 647Whenever the given C<type> is used, C<push_write> will invoke the code
532reference with the handle object and the remaining arguments. 648reference with the handle object and the remaining arguments.
552ways, the "simple" way, using only C<on_read> and the "complex" way, using 668ways, the "simple" way, using only C<on_read> and the "complex" way, using
553a queue. 669a queue.
554 670
555In the simple case, you just install an C<on_read> callback and whenever 671In the simple case, you just install an C<on_read> callback and whenever
556new data arrives, it will be called. You can then remove some data (if 672new data arrives, it will be called. You can then remove some data (if
557enough is there) from the read buffer (C<< $handle->rbuf >>) if you want 673enough is there) from the read buffer (C<< $handle->rbuf >>). Or you cna
558or not. 674leave the data there if you want to accumulate more (e.g. when only a
675partial message has been received so far).
559 676
560In the more complex case, you want to queue multiple callbacks. In this 677In the more complex case, you want to queue multiple callbacks. In this
561case, AnyEvent::Handle will call the first queued callback each time new 678case, AnyEvent::Handle will call the first queued callback each time new
562data arrives and removes it when it has done its job (see C<push_read>, 679data arrives (also the first time it is queued) and removes it when it has
563below). 680done its job (see C<push_read>, below).
564 681
565This way you can, for example, push three line-reads, followed by reading 682This way you can, for example, push three line-reads, followed by reading
566a chunk of data, and AnyEvent::Handle will execute them in order. 683a chunk of data, and AnyEvent::Handle will execute them in order.
567 684
568Example 1: EPP protocol parser. EPP sends 4 byte length info, followed by 685Example 1: EPP protocol parser. EPP sends 4 byte length info, followed by
569the specified number of bytes which give an XML datagram. 686the specified number of bytes which give an XML datagram.
570 687
571 # in the default state, expect some header bytes 688 # in the default state, expect some header bytes
572 $handle->on_read (sub { 689 $handle->on_read (sub {
573 # some data is here, now queue the length-header-read (4 octets) 690 # some data is here, now queue the length-header-read (4 octets)
574 shift->unshift_read_chunk (4, sub { 691 shift->unshift_read (chunk => 4, sub {
575 # header arrived, decode 692 # header arrived, decode
576 my $len = unpack "N", $_[1]; 693 my $len = unpack "N", $_[1];
577 694
578 # now read the payload 695 # now read the payload
579 shift->unshift_read_chunk ($len, sub { 696 shift->unshift_read (chunk => $len, sub {
580 my $xml = $_[1]; 697 my $xml = $_[1];
581 # handle xml 698 # handle xml
582 }); 699 });
583 }); 700 });
584 }); 701 });
585 702
586Example 2: Implement a client for a protocol that replies either with 703Example 2: Implement a client for a protocol that replies either with "OK"
587"OK" and another line or "ERROR" for one request, and 64 bytes for the 704and another line or "ERROR" for the first request that is sent, and 64
588second request. Due tot he availability of a full queue, we can just 705bytes for the second request. Due to the availability of a queue, we can
589pipeline sending both requests and manipulate the queue as necessary in 706just pipeline sending both requests and manipulate the queue as necessary
590the callbacks: 707in the callbacks.
591 708
592 # request one 709When the first callback is called and sees an "OK" response, it will
710C<unshift> another line-read. This line-read will be queued I<before> the
71164-byte chunk callback.
712
713 # request one, returns either "OK + extra line" or "ERROR"
593 $handle->push_write ("request 1\015\012"); 714 $handle->push_write ("request 1\015\012");
594 715
595 # we expect "ERROR" or "OK" as response, so push a line read 716 # we expect "ERROR" or "OK" as response, so push a line read
596 $handle->push_read_line (sub { 717 $handle->push_read (line => sub {
597 # if we got an "OK", we have to _prepend_ another line, 718 # if we got an "OK", we have to _prepend_ another line,
598 # so it will be read before the second request reads its 64 bytes 719 # so it will be read before the second request reads its 64 bytes
599 # which are already in the queue when this callback is called 720 # which are already in the queue when this callback is called
600 # we don't do this in case we got an error 721 # we don't do this in case we got an error
601 if ($_[1] eq "OK") { 722 if ($_[1] eq "OK") {
602 $_[0]->unshift_read_line (sub { 723 $_[0]->unshift_read (line => sub {
603 my $response = $_[1]; 724 my $response = $_[1];
604 ... 725 ...
605 }); 726 });
606 } 727 }
607 }); 728 });
608 729
609 # request two 730 # request two, simply returns 64 octets
610 $handle->push_write ("request 2\015\012"); 731 $handle->push_write ("request 2\015\012");
611 732
612 # simply read 64 bytes, always 733 # simply read 64 bytes, always
613 $handle->push_read_chunk (64, sub { 734 $handle->push_read (chunk => 64, sub {
614 my $response = $_[1]; 735 my $response = $_[1];
615 ... 736 ...
616 }); 737 });
617 738
618=over 4 739=over 4
619 740
620=cut 741=cut
621 742
622sub _drain_rbuf { 743sub _drain_rbuf {
623 my ($self) = @_; 744 my ($self) = @_;
745
746 local $self->{_in_drain} = 1;
624 747
625 if ( 748 if (
626 defined $self->{rbuf_max} 749 defined $self->{rbuf_max}
627 && $self->{rbuf_max} < length $self->{rbuf} 750 && $self->{rbuf_max} < length $self->{rbuf}
628 ) { 751 ) {
629 $! = &Errno::ENOSPC; 752 $self->_error (&Errno::ENOSPC, 1), return;
630 $self->error;
631 } 753 }
632 754
633 return if $self->{in_drain}; 755 while () {
634 local $self->{in_drain} = 1;
635
636 while (my $len = length $self->{rbuf}) { 756 my $len = length $self->{rbuf};
637 no strict 'refs'; 757
638 if (my $cb = shift @{ $self->{_queue} }) { 758 if (my $cb = shift @{ $self->{_queue} }) {
639 unless ($cb->($self)) { 759 unless ($cb->($self)) {
640 if ($self->{_eof}) { 760 if ($self->{_eof}) {
641 # no progress can be made (not enough data and no data forthcoming) 761 # no progress can be made (not enough data and no data forthcoming)
642 $! = &Errno::EPIPE; 762 $self->_error (&Errno::EPIPE, 1), return;
643 $self->error;
644 } 763 }
645 764
646 unshift @{ $self->{_queue} }, $cb; 765 unshift @{ $self->{_queue} }, $cb;
647 return; 766 last;
648 } 767 }
649 } elsif ($self->{on_read}) { 768 } elsif ($self->{on_read}) {
769 last unless $len;
770
650 $self->{on_read}($self); 771 $self->{on_read}($self);
651 772
652 if ( 773 if (
653 $self->{_eof} # if no further data will arrive
654 && $len == length $self->{rbuf} # and no data has been consumed 774 $len == length $self->{rbuf} # if no data has been consumed
655 && !@{ $self->{_queue} } # and the queue is still empty 775 && !@{ $self->{_queue} } # and the queue is still empty
656 && $self->{on_read} # and we still want to read data 776 && $self->{on_read} # but we still have on_read
657 ) { 777 ) {
778 # no further data will arrive
658 # then no progress can be made 779 # so no progress can be made
659 $! = &Errno::EPIPE; 780 $self->_error (&Errno::EPIPE, 1), return
660 $self->error; 781 if $self->{_eof};
782
783 last; # more data might arrive
661 } 784 }
662 } else { 785 } else {
663 # read side becomes idle 786 # read side becomes idle
664 delete $self->{_rw}; 787 delete $self->{_rw};
665 return; 788 last;
666 } 789 }
667 } 790 }
668 791
669 if ($self->{_eof}) { 792 if ($self->{_eof}) {
670 $self->_shutdown; 793 if ($self->{on_eof}) {
671 $self->{on_eof}($self) 794 $self->{on_eof}($self)
672 if $self->{on_eof}; 795 } else {
796 $self->_error (0, 1);
797 }
798 }
799
800 # may need to restart read watcher
801 unless ($self->{_rw}) {
802 $self->start_read
803 if $self->{on_read} || @{ $self->{_queue} };
673 } 804 }
674} 805}
675 806
676=item $handle->on_read ($cb) 807=item $handle->on_read ($cb)
677 808
683 814
684sub on_read { 815sub on_read {
685 my ($self, $cb) = @_; 816 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
686 817
687 $self->{on_read} = $cb; 818 $self->{on_read} = $cb;
819 $self->_drain_rbuf if $cb && !$self->{_in_drain};
688} 820}
689 821
690=item $handle->rbuf 822=item $handle->rbuf
691 823
692Returns the read buffer (as a modifiable lvalue). 824Returns the read buffer (as a modifiable lvalue).
741 $cb = ($RH{$type} or Carp::croak "unsupported type passed to AnyEvent::Handle::push_read") 873 $cb = ($RH{$type} or Carp::croak "unsupported type passed to AnyEvent::Handle::push_read")
742 ->($self, $cb, @_); 874 ->($self, $cb, @_);
743 } 875 }
744 876
745 push @{ $self->{_queue} }, $cb; 877 push @{ $self->{_queue} }, $cb;
746 $self->_drain_rbuf; 878 $self->_drain_rbuf unless $self->{_in_drain};
747} 879}
748 880
749sub unshift_read { 881sub unshift_read {
750 my $self = shift; 882 my $self = shift;
751 my $cb = pop; 883 my $cb = pop;
757 ->($self, $cb, @_); 889 ->($self, $cb, @_);
758 } 890 }
759 891
760 892
761 unshift @{ $self->{_queue} }, $cb; 893 unshift @{ $self->{_queue} }, $cb;
762 $self->_drain_rbuf; 894 $self->_drain_rbuf unless $self->{_in_drain};
763} 895}
764 896
765=item $handle->push_read (type => @args, $cb) 897=item $handle->push_read (type => @args, $cb)
766 898
767=item $handle->unshift_read (type => @args, $cb) 899=item $handle->unshift_read (type => @args, $cb)
797 $cb->($_[0], substr $_[0]{rbuf}, 0, $len, ""); 929 $cb->($_[0], substr $_[0]{rbuf}, 0, $len, "");
798 1 930 1
799 } 931 }
800}; 932};
801 933
802# compatibility with older API
803sub push_read_chunk {
804 $_[0]->push_read (chunk => $_[1], $_[2]);
805}
806
807sub unshift_read_chunk {
808 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => $_[1], $_[2]);
809}
810
811=item line => [$eol, ]$cb->($handle, $line, $eol) 934=item line => [$eol, ]$cb->($handle, $line, $eol)
812 935
813The callback will be called only once a full line (including the end of 936The callback will be called only once a full line (including the end of
814line marker, C<$eol>) has been read. This line (excluding the end of line 937line marker, C<$eol>) has been read. This line (excluding the end of line
815marker) will be passed to the callback as second argument (C<$line>), and 938marker) will be passed to the callback as second argument (C<$line>), and
830=cut 953=cut
831 954
832register_read_type line => sub { 955register_read_type line => sub {
833 my ($self, $cb, $eol) = @_; 956 my ($self, $cb, $eol) = @_;
834 957
835 $eol = qr|(\015?\012)| if @_ < 3; 958 if (@_ < 3) {
836 $eol = quotemeta $eol unless ref $eol; 959 # this is more than twice as fast as the generic code below
837 $eol = qr|^(.*?)($eol)|s;
838
839 sub { 960 sub {
840 $_[0]{rbuf} =~ s/$eol// or return; 961 $_[0]{rbuf} =~ s/^([^\015\012]*)(\015?\012)// or return;
841 962
842 $cb->($_[0], $1, $2); 963 $cb->($_[0], $1, $2);
843 1
844 }
845};
846
847# compatibility with older API
848sub push_read_line {
849 my $self = shift;
850 $self->push_read (line => @_);
851}
852
853sub unshift_read_line {
854 my $self = shift;
855 $self->unshift_read (line => @_);
856}
857
858=item netstring => $cb->($handle, $string)
859
860A netstring (http://cr.yp.to/proto/netstrings.txt, this is not an endorsement).
861
862Throws an error with C<$!> set to EBADMSG on format violations.
863
864=cut
865
866register_read_type netstring => sub {
867 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
868
869 sub {
870 unless ($_[0]{rbuf} =~ s/^(0|[1-9][0-9]*)://) {
871 if ($_[0]{rbuf} =~ /[^0-9]/) {
872 $! = &Errno::EBADMSG;
873 $self->error;
874 } 964 1
875 return;
876 } 965 }
966 } else {
967 $eol = quotemeta $eol unless ref $eol;
968 $eol = qr|^(.*?)($eol)|s;
877 969
878 my $len = $1; 970 sub {
971 $_[0]{rbuf} =~ s/$eol// or return;
879 972
880 $self->unshift_read (chunk => $len, sub { 973 $cb->($_[0], $1, $2);
881 my $string = $_[1];
882 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => 1, sub {
883 if ($_[1] eq ",") {
884 $cb->($_[0], $string);
885 } else {
886 $! = &Errno::EBADMSG;
887 $self->error;
888 }
889 }); 974 1
890 }); 975 }
891
892 1
893 } 976 }
894}; 977};
895 978
896=item regex => $accept[, $reject[, $skip], $cb->($handle, $data) 979=item regex => $accept[, $reject[, $skip], $cb->($handle, $data)
897 980
949 return 1; 1032 return 1;
950 } 1033 }
951 1034
952 # reject 1035 # reject
953 if ($reject && $$rbuf =~ $reject) { 1036 if ($reject && $$rbuf =~ $reject) {
954 $! = &Errno::EBADMSG; 1037 $self->_error (&Errno::EBADMSG);
955 $self->error;
956 } 1038 }
957 1039
958 # skip 1040 # skip
959 if ($skip && $$rbuf =~ $skip) { 1041 if ($skip && $$rbuf =~ $skip) {
960 $data .= substr $$rbuf, 0, $+[0], ""; 1042 $data .= substr $$rbuf, 0, $+[0], "";
962 1044
963 () 1045 ()
964 } 1046 }
965}; 1047};
966 1048
1049=item netstring => $cb->($handle, $string)
1050
1051A netstring (http://cr.yp.to/proto/netstrings.txt, this is not an endorsement).
1052
1053Throws an error with C<$!> set to EBADMSG on format violations.
1054
1055=cut
1056
1057register_read_type netstring => sub {
1058 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
1059
1060 sub {
1061 unless ($_[0]{rbuf} =~ s/^(0|[1-9][0-9]*)://) {
1062 if ($_[0]{rbuf} =~ /[^0-9]/) {
1063 $self->_error (&Errno::EBADMSG);
1064 }
1065 return;
1066 }
1067
1068 my $len = $1;
1069
1070 $self->unshift_read (chunk => $len, sub {
1071 my $string = $_[1];
1072 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => 1, sub {
1073 if ($_[1] eq ",") {
1074 $cb->($_[0], $string);
1075 } else {
1076 $self->_error (&Errno::EBADMSG);
1077 }
1078 });
1079 });
1080
1081 1
1082 }
1083};
1084
1085=item packstring => $format, $cb->($handle, $string)
1086
1087An octet string prefixed with an encoded length. The encoding C<$format>
1088uses the same format as a Perl C<pack> format, but must specify a single
1089integer only (only one of C<cCsSlLqQiInNvVjJw> is allowed, plus an
1090optional C<!>, C<< < >> or C<< > >> modifier).
1091
1092DNS over TCP uses a prefix of C<n>, EPP uses a prefix of C<N>.
1093
1094Example: read a block of data prefixed by its length in BER-encoded
1095format (very efficient).
1096
1097 $handle->push_read (packstring => "w", sub {
1098 my ($handle, $data) = @_;
1099 });
1100
1101=cut
1102
1103register_read_type packstring => sub {
1104 my ($self, $cb, $format) = @_;
1105
1106 sub {
1107 # when we can use 5.10 we can use ".", but for 5.8 we use the re-pack method
1108 defined (my $len = eval { unpack $format, $_[0]{rbuf} })
1109 or return;
1110
1111 $format = length pack $format, $len;
1112
1113 # bypass unshift if we already have the remaining chunk
1114 if ($format + $len <= length $_[0]{rbuf}) {
1115 my $data = substr $_[0]{rbuf}, $format, $len;
1116 substr $_[0]{rbuf}, 0, $format + $len, "";
1117 $cb->($_[0], $data);
1118 } else {
1119 # remove prefix
1120 substr $_[0]{rbuf}, 0, $format, "";
1121
1122 # read remaining chunk
1123 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => $len, $cb);
1124 }
1125
1126 1
1127 }
1128};
1129
967=item json => $cb->($handle, $hash_or_arrayref) 1130=item json => $cb->($handle, $hash_or_arrayref)
968 1131
969Reads a JSON object or array, decodes it and passes it to the callback. 1132Reads a JSON object or array, decodes it and passes it to the callback.
970 1133
971If a C<json> object was passed to the constructor, then that will be used 1134If a C<json> object was passed to the constructor, then that will be used
981the C<json> write type description, above, for an actual example. 1144the C<json> write type description, above, for an actual example.
982 1145
983=cut 1146=cut
984 1147
985register_read_type json => sub { 1148register_read_type json => sub {
986 my ($self, $cb, $accept, $reject, $skip) = @_; 1149 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
987 1150
988 require JSON; 1151 require JSON;
989 1152
990 my $data; 1153 my $data;
991 my $rbuf = \$self->{rbuf}; 1154 my $rbuf = \$self->{rbuf};
1006 () 1169 ()
1007 } 1170 }
1008 } 1171 }
1009}; 1172};
1010 1173
1174=item storable => $cb->($handle, $ref)
1175
1176Deserialises a L<Storable> frozen representation as written by the
1177C<storable> write type (BER-encoded length prefix followed by nfreeze'd
1178data).
1179
1180Raises C<EBADMSG> error if the data could not be decoded.
1181
1182=cut
1183
1184register_read_type storable => sub {
1185 my ($self, $cb) = @_;
1186
1187 require Storable;
1188
1189 sub {
1190 # when we can use 5.10 we can use ".", but for 5.8 we use the re-pack method
1191 defined (my $len = eval { unpack "w", $_[0]{rbuf} })
1192 or return;
1193
1194 my $format = length pack "w", $len;
1195
1196 # bypass unshift if we already have the remaining chunk
1197 if ($format + $len <= length $_[0]{rbuf}) {
1198 my $data = substr $_[0]{rbuf}, $format, $len;
1199 substr $_[0]{rbuf}, 0, $format + $len, "";
1200 $cb->($_[0], Storable::thaw ($data));
1201 } else {
1202 # remove prefix
1203 substr $_[0]{rbuf}, 0, $format, "";
1204
1205 # read remaining chunk
1206 $_[0]->unshift_read (chunk => $len, sub {
1207 if (my $ref = eval { Storable::thaw ($_[1]) }) {
1208 $cb->($_[0], $ref);
1209 } else {
1210 $self->_error (&Errno::EBADMSG);
1211 }
1212 });
1213 }
1214
1215 1
1216 }
1217};
1218
1011=back 1219=back
1012 1220
1013=item AnyEvent::Handle::register_read_type type => $coderef->($handle, $cb, @args) 1221=item AnyEvent::Handle::register_read_type type => $coderef->($handle, $cb, @args)
1014 1222
1015This function (not method) lets you add your own types to C<push_read>. 1223This function (not method) lets you add your own types to C<push_read>.
1033=item $handle->stop_read 1241=item $handle->stop_read
1034 1242
1035=item $handle->start_read 1243=item $handle->start_read
1036 1244
1037In rare cases you actually do not want to read anything from the 1245In rare cases you actually do not want to read anything from the
1038socket. In this case you can call C<stop_read>. Neither C<on_read> no 1246socket. In this case you can call C<stop_read>. Neither C<on_read> nor
1039any queued callbacks will be executed then. To start reading again, call 1247any queued callbacks will be executed then. To start reading again, call
1040C<start_read>. 1248C<start_read>.
1249
1250Note that AnyEvent::Handle will automatically C<start_read> for you when
1251you change the C<on_read> callback or push/unshift a read callback, and it
1252will automatically C<stop_read> for you when neither C<on_read> is set nor
1253there are any read requests in the queue.
1041 1254
1042=cut 1255=cut
1043 1256
1044sub stop_read { 1257sub stop_read {
1045 my ($self) = @_; 1258 my ($self) = @_;
1056 $self->{_rw} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $self->{fh}, poll => "r", cb => sub { 1269 $self->{_rw} = AnyEvent->io (fh => $self->{fh}, poll => "r", cb => sub {
1057 my $rbuf = $self->{filter_r} ? \my $buf : \$self->{rbuf}; 1270 my $rbuf = $self->{filter_r} ? \my $buf : \$self->{rbuf};
1058 my $len = sysread $self->{fh}, $$rbuf, $self->{read_size} || 8192, length $$rbuf; 1271 my $len = sysread $self->{fh}, $$rbuf, $self->{read_size} || 8192, length $$rbuf;
1059 1272
1060 if ($len > 0) { 1273 if ($len > 0) {
1061 $self->{_activity} = time; 1274 $self->{_activity} = AnyEvent->now;
1062 1275
1063 $self->{filter_r} 1276 $self->{filter_r}
1064 ? $self->{filter_r}->($self, $rbuf) 1277 ? $self->{filter_r}($self, $rbuf)
1065 : $self->_drain_rbuf; 1278 : $self->{_in_drain} || $self->_drain_rbuf;
1066 1279
1067 } elsif (defined $len) { 1280 } elsif (defined $len) {
1068 delete $self->{_rw}; 1281 delete $self->{_rw};
1069 delete $self->{_ww};
1070 delete $self->{_tw};
1071 $self->{_eof} = 1; 1282 $self->{_eof} = 1;
1072 $self->_drain_rbuf; 1283 $self->_drain_rbuf unless $self->{_in_drain};
1073 1284
1074 } elsif ($! != EAGAIN && $! != EINTR && $! != WSAEWOULDBLOCK) { 1285 } elsif ($! != EAGAIN && $! != EINTR && $! != WSAEWOULDBLOCK) {
1075 return $self->error; 1286 return $self->_error ($!, 1);
1076 } 1287 }
1077 }); 1288 });
1078 } 1289 }
1079} 1290}
1080 1291
1081sub _dotls { 1292sub _dotls {
1082 my ($self) = @_; 1293 my ($self) = @_;
1294
1295 my $buf;
1083 1296
1084 if (length $self->{_tls_wbuf}) { 1297 if (length $self->{_tls_wbuf}) {
1085 while ((my $len = Net::SSLeay::write ($self->{tls}, $self->{_tls_wbuf})) > 0) { 1298 while ((my $len = Net::SSLeay::write ($self->{tls}, $self->{_tls_wbuf})) > 0) {
1086 substr $self->{_tls_wbuf}, 0, $len, ""; 1299 substr $self->{_tls_wbuf}, 0, $len, "";
1087 } 1300 }
1088 } 1301 }
1089 1302
1090 if (defined (my $buf = Net::SSLeay::BIO_read ($self->{_wbio}))) { 1303 if (length ($buf = Net::SSLeay::BIO_read ($self->{_wbio}))) {
1091 $self->{wbuf} .= $buf; 1304 $self->{wbuf} .= $buf;
1092 $self->_drain_wbuf; 1305 $self->_drain_wbuf;
1093 } 1306 }
1094 1307
1095 while (defined (my $buf = Net::SSLeay::read ($self->{tls}))) { 1308 while (defined ($buf = Net::SSLeay::read ($self->{tls}))) {
1309 if (length $buf) {
1096 $self->{rbuf} .= $buf; 1310 $self->{rbuf} .= $buf;
1097 $self->_drain_rbuf; 1311 $self->_drain_rbuf unless $self->{_in_drain};
1312 } else {
1313 # let's treat SSL-eof as we treat normal EOF
1314 $self->{_eof} = 1;
1315 $self->_shutdown;
1316 return;
1317 }
1098 } 1318 }
1099 1319
1100 my $err = Net::SSLeay::get_error ($self->{tls}, -1); 1320 my $err = Net::SSLeay::get_error ($self->{tls}, -1);
1101 1321
1102 if ($err!= Net::SSLeay::ERROR_WANT_READ ()) { 1322 if ($err!= Net::SSLeay::ERROR_WANT_READ ()) {
1103 if ($err == Net::SSLeay::ERROR_SYSCALL ()) { 1323 if ($err == Net::SSLeay::ERROR_SYSCALL ()) {
1104 $self->error; 1324 return $self->_error ($!, 1);
1105 } elsif ($err == Net::SSLeay::ERROR_SSL ()) { 1325 } elsif ($err == Net::SSLeay::ERROR_SSL ()) {
1106 $! = &Errno::EIO; 1326 return $self->_error (&Errno::EIO, 1);
1107 $self->error;
1108 } 1327 }
1109 1328
1110 # all others are fine for our purposes 1329 # all others are fine for our purposes
1111 } 1330 }
1112} 1331}
1127call and can be used or changed to your liking. Note that the handshake 1346call and can be used or changed to your liking. Note that the handshake
1128might have already started when this function returns. 1347might have already started when this function returns.
1129 1348
1130=cut 1349=cut
1131 1350
1132# TODO: maybe document...
1133sub starttls { 1351sub starttls {
1134 my ($self, $ssl, $ctx) = @_; 1352 my ($self, $ssl, $ctx) = @_;
1135 1353
1136 $self->stoptls; 1354 $self->stoptls;
1137 1355
1190 1408
1191sub DESTROY { 1409sub DESTROY {
1192 my $self = shift; 1410 my $self = shift;
1193 1411
1194 $self->stoptls; 1412 $self->stoptls;
1413
1414 my $linger = exists $self->{linger} ? $self->{linger} : 3600;
1415
1416 if ($linger && length $self->{wbuf}) {
1417 my $fh = delete $self->{fh};
1418 my $wbuf = delete $self->{wbuf};
1419
1420 my @linger;
1421
1422 push @linger, AnyEvent->io (fh => $fh, poll => "w", cb => sub {
1423 my $len = syswrite $fh, $wbuf, length $wbuf;
1424
1425 if ($len > 0) {
1426 substr $wbuf, 0, $len, "";
1427 } else {
1428 @linger = (); # end
1429 }
1430 });
1431 push @linger, AnyEvent->timer (after => $linger, cb => sub {
1432 @linger = ();
1433 });
1434 }
1195} 1435}
1196 1436
1197=item AnyEvent::Handle::TLS_CTX 1437=item AnyEvent::Handle::TLS_CTX
1198 1438
1199This function creates and returns the Net::SSLeay::CTX object used by 1439This function creates and returns the Net::SSLeay::CTX object used by
1241=over 4 1481=over 4
1242 1482
1243=item * all constructor arguments become object members. 1483=item * all constructor arguments become object members.
1244 1484
1245At least initially, when you pass a C<tls>-argument to the constructor it 1485At least initially, when you pass a C<tls>-argument to the constructor it
1246will end up in C<< $handle->{tls} >>. Those members might be changes or 1486will end up in C<< $handle->{tls} >>. Those members might be changed or
1247mutated later on (for example C<tls> will hold the TLS connection object). 1487mutated later on (for example C<tls> will hold the TLS connection object).
1248 1488
1249=item * other object member names are prefixed with an C<_>. 1489=item * other object member names are prefixed with an C<_>.
1250 1490
1251All object members not explicitly documented (internal use) are prefixed 1491All object members not explicitly documented (internal use) are prefixed

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