Coro/Coro.pm

=head1 NAME

Coro - coroutine process abstraction

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 use Coro;

 async {
    # some asynchronous thread of execution
 };

 # alternatively create an async coroutine like this:

 sub some_func : Coro {
    # some more async code
 }

 cede;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
safer than threads programming.

(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).

In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
variables.

=cut

package Coro;

use strict;
no warnings "uninitialized";

use Coro::State;

use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);

our $idle;    # idle handler
our $main;    # main coroutine
our $current; # current coroutine

our $VERSION = '3.8';

our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
      prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
);
our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));

{
   my @async;
   my $init;

   # this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
   sub import {
      no strict 'refs';

      Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);

      my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
      *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
         my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
         my @attrs;
         for (@_) {
            if ($_ eq "Coro") {
               push @async, $ref;
               unless ($init++) {
                  eval q{
                     sub INIT {
                        &async(pop @async) while @async;
                     }
                  };
               }
            } else {
               push @attrs, $_;
            }
         }
         return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
      };
   }

}

=over 4

=item $main

This coroutine represents the main program.

=cut

$main = new Coro;

=item $current (or as function: current)

The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
is C<$main> (of course).

This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
C<Coro::current> function instead.

=cut

$main->{desc} = "[main::]";

# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
$main->{specific} = $current->{specific}
   if $current;

_set_current $main;

sub current() { $current }

=item $idle

A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
exits, because the program has no other way to continue.

This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
coroutine so the scheduler can run it.

Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.

=cut

$idle = sub {
   require Carp;
   Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
};

sub _cancel {
   my ($self) = @_;

   # free coroutine data and mark as destructed
   $self->_destroy
      or return;

   # call all destruction callbacks
   $_->(@{$self->{status}})
      for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) || []};
}

# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
# cannot destroy itself.
my @destroy;
my $manager;

$manager = new Coro sub {
   while () {
      (shift @destroy)->_cancel
         while @destroy;

      &schedule;
   }
};
$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);

# static methods. not really.

=back

=head2 STATIC METHODS

Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.

=over 4

=item async { ... } [@args...]

Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
terminated.

Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
just as it would in the main program.

   # create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
   async {
      print "@_\n";
   } 1,2,3,4;

=cut

sub async(&@) {
   my $coro = new Coro @_;
   $coro->ready;
   $coro
}

=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]

Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).

Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.

The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine
will be re-used "as-is".

The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
required.

If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.

=cut

our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
our $POOL_RSS  = 16 * 1024;
our @async_pool;

sub pool_handler {
   my $cb;

   while () {
      eval {
         while () {
            _pool_1 $cb;
            &$cb;
            _pool_2 $cb;
            &schedule;
         }
      };

      last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n";
      warn $@ if $@;
   }
}

sub async_pool(&@) {
   # this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
   my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;

   $coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
   $coro->ready;

   $coro
}

=item schedule

Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
ready.

The canonical way to wait on external events is this:

   {
      # remember current coroutine
      my $current = $Coro::current;

      # register a hypothetical event handler
      on_event_invoke sub {
         # wake up sleeping coroutine
         $current->ready;
         undef $current;
      };

      # call schedule until event occurred.
      # in case we are woken up for other reasons
      # (current still defined), loop.
      Coro::schedule while $current;
   }

=item cede

"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.

Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.

=item Coro::cede_notself

Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
coroutine, regardless of priority, once.

Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.

=item terminate [arg...]

Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).

=cut

sub terminate {
   $current->cancel (@_);
}

=back

# dynamic methods

=head2 COROUTINE METHODS

These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.

=over 4

=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]

Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
by calling the ready method.

See C<async> for additional discussion.

=cut

sub _run_coro {
   terminate &{+shift};
}

sub new {
   my $class = shift;

   $class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
}

=item $success = $coroutine->ready

Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
and return false.

=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready

Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,

=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)

Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
current coroutine.

=cut

sub cancel {
   my $self = shift;
   $self->{status} = [@_];

   if ($current == $self) {
      push @destroy, $self;
      $manager->ready;
      &schedule while 1;
   } else {
      $self->_cancel;
   }
}

=item $coroutine->join

Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times
from multiple coroutine.

=cut

sub join {
   my $self = shift;

   unless ($self->{status}) {
      my $current = $current;

      push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub {
         $current->ready;
         undef $current;
      };

      &schedule while $current;
   }

   wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0];
}

=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)

Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
if any.

=cut

sub on_destroy {
   my ($self, $cb) = @_;

   push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb;
}

=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)

Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
to get then):

   PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
       3    >     1     >      0      >    -1    >    -3     >    -4

   # set priority to HIGH
   current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);

The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
existing coroutine.

Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.

=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)

Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).

=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)

Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.

=cut

sub desc {
   my $old = $_[0]{desc};
   $_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
   $old;
}

=back

=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS

=over 4

=item Coro::nready

Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
that wakes up some coroutines.

=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }

This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.

Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
or the function returns:

   sub do_something {
      my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
      $busy = 1;

      # do something that requires $busy to be true
   }

=cut

sub guard(&) {
   bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
}

sub Coro::guard::cancel {
   ${$_[0]} = sub { };
}

sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
   ${$_[0]}->();
}


=item unblock_sub { ... }

This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.

The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
venerable L<Event|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.

This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
is when you use the L<Coro::AIO|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
disk.

In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
creating event callbacks that want to block.

=cut

our @unblock_queue;

# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
# inside an event callback.
our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
   while () {
      while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
         # this is an inlined copy of async_pool
         my $coro = (pop @async_pool) || new Coro \&pool_handler;

         $coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
         $coro->ready;
         cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
      }
      schedule; # sleep well
   }
};
$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");

sub unblock_sub(&) {
   my $cb = shift;

   sub {
      unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
      $unblock_scheduler->ready;
   }
}

=back

=cut

1;

=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS

 - you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
   destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).

 - this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
   from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
   to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
   this).

=head1 SEE ALSO

Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.

Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.

Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.

Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>

=head1 AUTHOR

 Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
 http://home.schmorp.de/

=cut

Revision:	1.140
Committed:	Thu Sep 27 16:25:10 2007 UTC (16 years, 7 months ago) by root
Branch:	MAIN
Changes since 1.139:	+0 -8 lines
Log Message:	* empty log message *
#	User	Rev	Content
1	root	1.1	=head1 NAME
2
3	root	1.8	Coro - coroutine process abstraction
4	root	1.1
5			=head1 SYNOPSIS
6
7			use Coro;
8
9	root	1.8	async {
10			# some asynchronous thread of execution
11	root	1.2	};
12
13	root	1.92	# alternatively create an async coroutine like this:
14	root	1.6
15	root	1.8	sub some_func : Coro {
16			# some more async code
17			}
18
19	root	1.22	cede;
20	root	1.2
21	root	1.1	=head1 DESCRIPTION
22
23	root	1.98	This module collection manages coroutines. Coroutines are similar
24			to threads but don't run in parallel at the same time even on SMP
25	root	1.124	machines. The specific flavor of coroutine used in this module also
26			guarantees you that it will not switch between coroutines unless
27	root	1.98	necessary, at easily-identified points in your program, so locking and
28			parallel access are rarely an issue, making coroutine programming much
29			safer than threads programming.
30
31			(Perl, however, does not natively support real threads but instead does a
32			very slow and memory-intensive emulation of processes using threads. This
33			is a performance win on Windows machines, and a loss everywhere else).
34
35			In this module, coroutines are defined as "callchain + lexical variables +
36			@_ + $_ + $@ + $/ + C stack), that is, a coroutine has its own callchain,
37			its own set of lexicals and its own set of perls most important global
38			variables.
39	root	1.22
40	root	1.8	=cut
41
42			package Coro;
43
44	root	1.71	use strict;
45			no warnings "uninitialized";
46	root	1.36
47	root	1.8	use Coro::State;
48
49	root	1.83	use base qw(Coro::State Exporter);
50	pcg	1.55
51	root	1.83	our $idle; # idle handler
52	root	1.71	our $main; # main coroutine
53			our $current; # current coroutine
54	root	1.8
55	root	1.138	our $VERSION = '3.8';
56	root	1.8
57	root	1.105	our @EXPORT = qw(async async_pool cede schedule terminate current unblock_sub);
58	root	1.71	our %EXPORT_TAGS = (
59	root	1.31	prio => [qw(PRIO_MAX PRIO_HIGH PRIO_NORMAL PRIO_LOW PRIO_IDLE PRIO_MIN)],
60			);
61	root	1.97	our @EXPORT_OK = (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{prio}}, qw(nready));
62	root	1.8
63			{
64			my @async;
65	root	1.26	my $init;
66	root	1.8
67			# this way of handling attributes simply is NOT scalable ;()
68			sub import {
69	root	1.71	no strict 'refs';
70
71	root	1.93	Coro->export_to_level (1, @_);
72	root	1.71
73	root	1.8	my $old = *{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"}{CODE};
74			*{(caller)[0]."::MODIFY_CODE_ATTRIBUTES"} = sub {
75			my ($package, $ref) = (shift, shift);
76			my @attrs;
77			for (@_) {
78			if ($_ eq "Coro") {
79			push @async, $ref;
80	root	1.26	unless ($init++) {
81			eval q{
82			sub INIT {
83			&async(pop @async) while @async;
84			}
85			};
86			}
87	root	1.8	} else {
88	root	1.17	push @attrs, $_;
89	root	1.8	}
90			}
91	root	1.17	return $old ? $old->($package, $ref, @attrs) : @attrs;
92	root	1.8	};
93			}
94
95			}
96
97	root	1.43	=over 4
98
99	root	1.8	=item $main
100	root	1.2
101	root	1.8	This coroutine represents the main program.
102	root	1.1
103			=cut
104
105	pcg	1.55	$main = new Coro;
106	root	1.8
107	root	1.19	=item $current (or as function: current)
108	root	1.1
109	root	1.83	The current coroutine (the last coroutine switched to). The initial value
110			is C<$main> (of course).
111
112			This variable is B<strictly> I<read-only>. It is provided for performance
113	root	1.124	reasons. If performance is not essential you are encouraged to use the
114	root	1.83	C<Coro::current> function instead.
115	root	1.1
116	root	1.8	=cut
117
118	root	1.131	$main->{desc} = "[main::]";
119
120	root	1.8	# maybe some other module used Coro::Specific before...
121	root	1.93	$main->{specific} = $current->{specific}
122			if $current;
123	root	1.1
124	root	1.93	_set_current $main;
125	root	1.19
126			sub current() { $current }
127	root	1.9
128			=item $idle
129
130	root	1.83	A callback that is called whenever the scheduler finds no ready coroutines
131			to run. The default implementation prints "FATAL: deadlock detected" and
132	root	1.91	exits, because the program has no other way to continue.
133	root	1.83
134			This hook is overwritten by modules such as C<Coro::Timer> and
135	root	1.91	C<Coro::Event> to wait on an external event that hopefully wake up a
136			coroutine so the scheduler can run it.
137
138			Please note that if your callback recursively invokes perl (e.g. for event
139			handlers), then it must be prepared to be called recursively.
140	root	1.9
141			=cut
142
143	root	1.83	$idle = sub {
144	root	1.96	require Carp;
145			Carp::croak ("FATAL: deadlock detected");
146	root	1.9	};
147	root	1.8
148	root	1.103	sub _cancel {
149			my ($self) = @_;
150
151			# free coroutine data and mark as destructed
152			$self->_destroy
153			or return;
154
155			# call all destruction callbacks
156			$_->(@{$self->{status}})
157			for @{(delete $self->{destroy_cb}) \|\| []};
158			}
159
160	root	1.24	# this coroutine is necessary because a coroutine
161			# cannot destroy itself.
162			my @destroy;
163	root	1.103	my $manager;
164
165			$manager = new Coro sub {
166	pcg	1.57	while () {
167	root	1.103	(shift @destroy)->_cancel
168			while @destroy;
169
170	root	1.24	&schedule;
171			}
172			};
173	root	1.132	$manager->desc ("[coro manager]");
174	root	1.103	$manager->prio (PRIO_MAX);
175
176	root	1.8	# static methods. not really.
177	root	1.43
178			=back
179	root	1.8
180			=head2 STATIC METHODS
181
182	root	1.92	Static methods are actually functions that operate on the current coroutine only.
183	root	1.8
184			=over 4
185
186	root	1.13	=item async { ... } [@args...]
187	root	1.8
188	root	1.92	Create a new asynchronous coroutine and return it's coroutine object
189			(usually unused). When the sub returns the new coroutine is automatically
190	root	1.8	terminated.
191
192	root	1.122	Calling C<exit> in a coroutine will do the same as calling exit outside
193			the coroutine. Likewise, when the coroutine dies, the program will exit,
194			just as it would in the main program.
195	root	1.79
196	root	1.13	# create a new coroutine that just prints its arguments
197			async {
198			print "@_\n";
199			} 1,2,3,4;
200
201	root	1.8	=cut
202
203	root	1.13	sub async(&@) {
204	root	1.104	my $coro = new Coro @_;
205			$coro->ready;
206			$coro
207	root	1.8	}
208	root	1.1
209	root	1.105	=item async_pool { ... } [@args...]
210
211			Similar to C<async>, but uses a coroutine pool, so you should not call
212			terminate or join (although you are allowed to), and you get a coroutine
213			that might have executed other code already (which can be good or bad :).
214
215			Also, the block is executed in an C<eval> context and a warning will be
216	root	1.108	issued in case of an exception instead of terminating the program, as
217			C<async> does. As the coroutine is being reused, stuff like C<on_destroy>
218			will not work in the expected way, unless you call terminate or cancel,
219			which somehow defeats the purpose of pooling.
220	root	1.105
221			The priority will be reset to C<0> after each job, otherwise the coroutine
222			will be re-used "as-is".
223
224			The pool size is limited to 8 idle coroutines (this can be adjusted by
225			changing $Coro::POOL_SIZE), and there can be as many non-idle coros as
226			required.
227
228			If you are concerned about pooled coroutines growing a lot because a
229	root	1.133	single C<async_pool> used a lot of stackspace you can e.g. C<async_pool
230			{ terminate }> once per second or so to slowly replenish the pool. In
231			addition to that, when the stacks used by a handler grows larger than 16kb
232	root	1.134	(adjustable with $Coro::POOL_RSS) it will also exit.
233	root	1.105
234			=cut
235
236			our $POOL_SIZE = 8;
237	root	1.134	our $POOL_RSS = 16 * 1024;
238			our @async_pool;
239	root	1.105
240			sub pool_handler {
241	root	1.134	my $cb;
242
243	root	1.105	while () {
244	root	1.134	eval {
245			while () {
246	root	1.136	_pool_1 $cb;
247	root	1.134	&$cb;
248	root	1.136	_pool_2 $cb;
249	root	1.135	&schedule;
250	root	1.134	}
251	root	1.105	};
252	root	1.134
253	root	1.136	last if $@ eq "\3terminate\2\n";
254	root	1.105	warn $@ if $@;
255	root	1.106	}
256			}
257	root	1.105
258			sub async_pool(&@) {
259			# this is also inlined into the unlock_scheduler
260	root	1.135	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) \|\| new Coro \&pool_handler;
261	root	1.105
262			$coro->{_invoke} = [@_];
263			$coro->ready;
264
265			$coro
266			}
267
268	root	1.8	=item schedule
269	root	1.6
270	root	1.92	Calls the scheduler. Please note that the current coroutine will not be put
271	root	1.8	into the ready queue, so calling this function usually means you will
272	root	1.91	never be called again unless something else (e.g. an event handler) calls
273			ready.
274
275			The canonical way to wait on external events is this:
276
277			{
278	root	1.92	# remember current coroutine
279	root	1.91	my $current = $Coro::current;
280
281			# register a hypothetical event handler
282			on_event_invoke sub {
283			# wake up sleeping coroutine
284			$current->ready;
285			undef $current;
286			};
287
288	root	1.124	# call schedule until event occurred.
289	root	1.91	# in case we are woken up for other reasons
290			# (current still defined), loop.
291			Coro::schedule while $current;
292			}
293	root	1.1
294	root	1.22	=item cede
295	root	1.1
296	root	1.92	"Cede" to other coroutines. This function puts the current coroutine into the
297	root	1.22	ready queue and calls C<schedule>, which has the effect of giving up the
298			current "timeslice" to other coroutines of the same or higher priority.
299	root	1.7
300	root	1.107	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
301
302	root	1.102	=item Coro::cede_notself
303
304			Works like cede, but is not exported by default and will cede to any
305			coroutine, regardless of priority, once.
306
307	root	1.107	Returns true if at least one coroutine switch has happened.
308
309	root	1.40	=item terminate [arg...]
310	root	1.7
311	root	1.92	Terminates the current coroutine with the given status values (see L<cancel>).
312	root	1.13
313	root	1.1	=cut
314
315	root	1.8	sub terminate {
316	pcg	1.59	$current->cancel (@_);
317	root	1.1	}
318	root	1.6
319	root	1.8	=back
320
321			# dynamic methods
322
323	root	1.92	=head2 COROUTINE METHODS
324	root	1.8
325	root	1.92	These are the methods you can call on coroutine objects.
326	root	1.6
327	root	1.8	=over 4
328
329	root	1.13	=item new Coro \&sub [, @args...]
330	root	1.8
331	root	1.92	Create a new coroutine and return it. When the sub returns the coroutine
332	root	1.40	automatically terminates as if C<terminate> with the returned values were
333	root	1.92	called. To make the coroutine run you must first put it into the ready queue
334	root	1.41	by calling the ready method.
335	root	1.13
336	root	1.121	See C<async> for additional discussion.
337	root	1.89
338	root	1.6	=cut
339
340	root	1.94	sub _run_coro {
341	root	1.13	terminate &{+shift};
342			}
343
344	root	1.8	sub new {
345			my $class = shift;
346	root	1.83
347	root	1.94	$class->SUPER::new (\&_run_coro, @_)
348	root	1.8	}
349	root	1.6
350	root	1.92	=item $success = $coroutine->ready
351	root	1.1
352	root	1.92	Put the given coroutine into the ready queue (according to it's priority)
353			and return true. If the coroutine is already in the ready queue, do nothing
354	root	1.90	and return false.
355	root	1.1
356	root	1.92	=item $is_ready = $coroutine->is_ready
357	root	1.90
358	root	1.92	Return wether the coroutine is currently the ready queue or not,
359	root	1.28
360	root	1.92	=item $coroutine->cancel (arg...)
361	root	1.28
362	root	1.92	Terminates the given coroutine and makes it return the given arguments as
363	root	1.103	status (default: the empty list). Never returns if the coroutine is the
364			current coroutine.
365	root	1.28
366			=cut
367
368			sub cancel {
369	pcg	1.59	my $self = shift;
370			$self->{status} = [@_];
371	root	1.103
372			if ($current == $self) {
373			push @destroy, $self;
374			$manager->ready;
375			&schedule while 1;
376			} else {
377			$self->_cancel;
378			}
379	root	1.40	}
380
381	root	1.92	=item $coroutine->join
382	root	1.40
383			Wait until the coroutine terminates and return any values given to the
384	pcg	1.59	C<terminate> or C<cancel> functions. C<join> can be called multiple times
385	root	1.92	from multiple coroutine.
386	root	1.40
387			=cut
388
389			sub join {
390			my $self = shift;
391	root	1.103
392	root	1.40	unless ($self->{status}) {
393	root	1.103	my $current = $current;
394
395			push @{$self->{destroy_cb}}, sub {
396			$current->ready;
397			undef $current;
398			};
399
400			&schedule while $current;
401	root	1.40	}
402	root	1.103
403	root	1.40	wantarray ? @{$self->{status}} : $self->{status}[0];
404	root	1.31	}
405
406	root	1.101	=item $coroutine->on_destroy (\&cb)
407
408			Registers a callback that is called when this coroutine gets destroyed,
409			but before it is joined. The callback gets passed the terminate arguments,
410			if any.
411
412			=cut
413
414			sub on_destroy {
415			my ($self, $cb) = @_;
416
417			push @{ $self->{destroy_cb} }, $cb;
418			}
419
420	root	1.92	=item $oldprio = $coroutine->prio ($newprio)
421	root	1.31
422	root	1.41	Sets (or gets, if the argument is missing) the priority of the
423	root	1.92	coroutine. Higher priority coroutines get run before lower priority
424			coroutines. Priorities are small signed integers (currently -4 .. +3),
425	root	1.41	that you can refer to using PRIO_xxx constants (use the import tag :prio
426			to get then):
427	root	1.31
428			PRIO_MAX > PRIO_HIGH > PRIO_NORMAL > PRIO_LOW > PRIO_IDLE > PRIO_MIN
429			3 > 1 > 0 > -1 > -3 > -4
430
431			# set priority to HIGH
432			current->prio(PRIO_HIGH);
433
434			The idle coroutine ($Coro::idle) always has a lower priority than any
435			existing coroutine.
436
437	root	1.92	Changing the priority of the current coroutine will take effect immediately,
438			but changing the priority of coroutines in the ready queue (but not
439	root	1.31	running) will only take effect after the next schedule (of that
440	root	1.92	coroutine). This is a bug that will be fixed in some future version.
441	root	1.31
442	root	1.92	=item $newprio = $coroutine->nice ($change)
443	root	1.31
444			Similar to C<prio>, but subtract the given value from the priority (i.e.
445			higher values mean lower priority, just as in unix).
446
447	root	1.92	=item $olddesc = $coroutine->desc ($newdesc)
448	root	1.41
449			Sets (or gets in case the argument is missing) the description for this
450	root	1.92	coroutine. This is just a free-form string you can associate with a coroutine.
451	root	1.41
452			=cut
453
454			sub desc {
455			my $old = $_[0]{desc};
456			$_[0]{desc} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
457			$old;
458	root	1.8	}
459	root	1.1
460	root	1.8	=back
461	root	1.2
462	root	1.97	=head2 GLOBAL FUNCTIONS
463	root	1.92
464			=over 4
465
466	root	1.97	=item Coro::nready
467
468			Returns the number of coroutines that are currently in the ready state,
469	root	1.124	i.e. that can be switched to. The value C<0> means that the only runnable
470	root	1.97	coroutine is the currently running one, so C<cede> would have no effect,
471			and C<schedule> would cause a deadlock unless there is an idle handler
472			that wakes up some coroutines.
473
474	root	1.103	=item my $guard = Coro::guard { ... }
475
476	root	1.119	This creates and returns a guard object. Nothing happens until the object
477	root	1.103	gets destroyed, in which case the codeblock given as argument will be
478			executed. This is useful to free locks or other resources in case of a
479			runtime error or when the coroutine gets canceled, as in both cases the
480			guard block will be executed. The guard object supports only one method,
481			C<< ->cancel >>, which will keep the codeblock from being executed.
482
483			Example: set some flag and clear it again when the coroutine gets canceled
484			or the function returns:
485
486			sub do_something {
487			my $guard = Coro::guard { $busy = 0 };
488			$busy = 1;
489
490			# do something that requires $busy to be true
491			}
492
493			=cut
494
495			sub guard(&) {
496			bless \(my $cb = $_[0]), "Coro::guard"
497			}
498
499			sub Coro::guard::cancel {
500			${$_[0]} = sub { };
501			}
502
503			sub Coro::guard::DESTROY {
504			${$_[0]}->();
505			}
506
507
508	root	1.92	=item unblock_sub { ... }
509
510			This utility function takes a BLOCK or code reference and "unblocks" it,
511			returning the new coderef. This means that the new coderef will return
512			immediately without blocking, returning nothing, while the original code
513			ref will be called (with parameters) from within its own coroutine.
514
515	root	1.124	The reason this function exists is that many event libraries (such as the
516	root	1.92	venerable L<Event\|Event> module) are not coroutine-safe (a weaker form
517			of thread-safety). This means you must not block within event callbacks,
518			otherwise you might suffer from crashes or worse.
519
520			This function allows your callbacks to block by executing them in another
521			coroutine where it is safe to block. One example where blocking is handy
522			is when you use the L<Coro::AIO\|Coro::AIO> functions to save results to
523			disk.
524
525			In short: simply use C<unblock_sub { ... }> instead of C<sub { ... }> when
526			creating event callbacks that want to block.
527
528			=cut
529
530			our @unblock_queue;
531
532	root	1.105	# we create a special coro because we want to cede,
533			# to reduce pressure on the coro pool (because most callbacks
534			# return immediately and can be reused) and because we cannot cede
535			# inside an event callback.
536	root	1.132	our $unblock_scheduler = new Coro sub {
537	root	1.92	while () {
538			while (my $cb = pop @unblock_queue) {
539	root	1.105	# this is an inlined copy of async_pool
540	root	1.134	my $coro = (pop @async_pool) \|\| new Coro \&pool_handler;
541	root	1.105
542			$coro->{_invoke} = $cb;
543			$coro->ready;
544			cede; # for short-lived callbacks, this reduces pressure on the coro pool
545	root	1.92	}
546	root	1.105	schedule; # sleep well
547	root	1.92	}
548			};
549	root	1.132	$unblock_scheduler->desc ("[unblock_sub scheduler]");
550	root	1.92
551			sub unblock_sub(&) {
552			my $cb = shift;
553
554			sub {
555	root	1.105	unshift @unblock_queue, [$cb, @_];
556	root	1.92	$unblock_scheduler->ready;
557			}
558			}
559
560			=back
561
562	root	1.8	=cut
563	root	1.2
564	root	1.8	1;
565	root	1.14
566	root	1.17	=head1 BUGS/LIMITATIONS
567	root	1.14
568	root	1.52	- you must make very sure that no coro is still active on global
569	root	1.53	destruction. very bad things might happen otherwise (usually segfaults).
570	root	1.52
571			- this module is not thread-safe. You should only ever use this module
572	root	1.124	from the same thread (this requirement might be loosened in the future
573	root	1.52	to allow per-thread schedulers, but Coro::State does not yet allow
574			this).
575	root	1.9
576			=head1 SEE ALSO
577
578	root	1.67	Support/Utility: L<Coro::Cont>, L<Coro::Specific>, L<Coro::State>, L<Coro::Util>.
579
580			Locking/IPC: L<Coro::Signal>, L<Coro::Channel>, L<Coro::Semaphore>, L<Coro::SemaphoreSet>, L<Coro::RWLock>.
581
582			Event/IO: L<Coro::Timer>, L<Coro::Event>, L<Coro::Handle>, L<Coro::Socket>, L<Coro::Select>.
583
584			Embedding: L<Coro:MakeMaker>
585	root	1.1
586			=head1 AUTHOR
587
588	root	1.66	Marc Lehmann <schmorp@schmorp.de>
589	root	1.64	http://home.schmorp.de/
590	root	1.1
591			=cut
592