server/include/util.h

/*
 * This file is part of Deliantra, the Roguelike Realtime MMORPG.
 * 
 * Copyright (©) 2005,2006,2007,2008 Marc Alexander Lehmann / Robin Redeker / the Deliantra team
 * 
 * Deliantra is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 * 
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 * 
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 * 
 * The authors can be reached via e-mail to <support@deliantra.net>
 */

#ifndef UTIL_H__
#define UTIL_H__

#define DEBUG_POISON 0x00 // poison memory before freeing it if != 0
#define DEBUG_SALLOC  0   // add a debug wrapper around all sallocs
#define PREFER_MALLOC 0   // use malloc and not the slice allocator

#if __GNUC__ >= 3
# define is_constant(c)             __builtin_constant_p (c)
# define expect(expr,value)         __builtin_expect ((expr),(value))
# define prefetch(addr,rw,locality) __builtin_prefetch (addr, rw, locality)
# define noinline                   __attribute__((__noinline__))
#else
# define is_constant(c)             0
# define expect(expr,value)         (expr)
# define prefetch(addr,rw,locality)
# define noinline
#endif

#if __GNUC__ < 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 || __GNUC_MINOR__ < 4)
# define decltype(x) typeof(x)
#endif

// put into ifs if you are very sure that the expression
// is mostly true or mosty false. note that these return
// booleans, not the expression.
#define expect_false(expr) expect ((expr) ? 1 : 0, 0)
#define expect_true(expr)  expect ((expr) ? 1 : 0, 1)

#include <pthread.h>

#include <cstddef>
#include <cmath>
#include <new>
#include <vector>

#include <glib.h>

#include <shstr.h>
#include <traits.h>

#if DEBUG_SALLOC
# define g_slice_alloc0(s) debug_slice_alloc0(s)
# define g_slice_alloc(s) debug_slice_alloc(s)
# define g_slice_free1(s,p) debug_slice_free1(s,p)
void *g_slice_alloc (unsigned long size);
void *g_slice_alloc0 (unsigned long size);
void g_slice_free1 (unsigned long size, void *ptr);
#elif PREFER_MALLOC
# define g_slice_alloc0(s) calloc (1, (s))
# define g_slice_alloc(s) malloc ((s))
# define g_slice_free1(s,p) free ((p))
#endif

// use C0X decltype for auto declarations until ISO C++ sanctifies them (if ever)
#define auto(var,expr) decltype(expr) var = (expr)

// very ugly macro that basically declares and initialises a variable
// that is in scope for the next statement only
// works only for stuff that can be assigned 0 and converts to false
// (note: works great for pointers)
// most ugly macro I ever wrote
#define statementvar(type, name, value) if (type name = 0) { } else if (((name) = (value)), 1)

// in range including end
#define IN_RANGE_INC(val,beg,end) \
  ((unsigned int)(val) - (unsigned int)(beg) <= (unsigned int)(end) - (unsigned int)(beg))

// in range excluding end
#define IN_RANGE_EXC(val,beg,end) \
  ((unsigned int)(val) - (unsigned int)(beg) <  (unsigned int)(end) - (unsigned int)(beg))

void cleanup (const char *cause, bool make_core = false);
void fork_abort (const char *msg);

// rationale for using (U) not (T) is to reduce signed/unsigned issues,
// as a is often a constant while b is the variable. it is still a bug, though.
template<typename T, typename U> static inline T min (T a, U b) { return (U)a < b ? (U)a : b; }
template<typename T, typename U> static inline T max (T a, U b) { return (U)a > b ? (U)a : b; }
template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline T clamp (T v, U a, V b) { return v < (T)a ? (T)a : v >(T)b ? (T)b : v; }

template<typename T, typename U> static inline void min_it (T &v, U m) { v = min (v, (T)m); }
template<typename T, typename U> static inline void max_it (T &v, U m) { v = max (v, (T)m); }
template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline void clamp_it (T &v, U a, V b) { v = clamp (v, (T)a, (T)b); }

template<typename T, typename U> static inline void swap (T& a, U& b) { T t=a; a=(T)b; b=(U)t; }

template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline T min (T a, U b, V c) { return min (a, min (b, c)); }
template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline T max (T a, U b, V c) { return max (a, max (b, c)); }

// sign returns -1 or +1
template<typename T>
static inline T sign (T v) { return v < 0 ? -1 : +1; }
// relies on 2c representation
template<>
inline sint8 sign (sint8 v) { return 1 - (sint8 (uint8 (v) >> 7) * 2); }

// sign0 returns -1, 0 or +1
template<typename T>
static inline T sign0 (T v) { return v ? sign (v) : 0; }

// div* only work correctly for div > 0
// div, with correct rounding (< 0.5 downwards, >=0.5 upwards)
template<typename T> static inline T div    (T val, T div)
{
  return expect_false (val < 0) ? - ((-val + (div - 1) / 2) / div) : (val + div / 2) / div;
}
// div, round-up
template<typename T> static inline T div_ru (T val, T div)
{
  return expect_false (val < 0) ? - ((-val                ) / div) : (val + div - 1) / div;
}
// div, round-down
template<typename T> static inline T div_rd (T val, T div)
{
  return expect_false (val < 0) ? - ((-val + (div - 1)    ) / div) : (val          ) / div;
}

// lerp* only work correctly for min_in < max_in
// Linear intERPolate, scales val from min_in..max_in to min_out..max_out
template<typename T>
static inline T
lerp (T val, T min_in, T max_in, T min_out, T max_out)
{
  return min_out + div   <T> ((val - min_in) * (max_out - min_out), max_in  - min_in);
}

// lerp, round-down
template<typename T>
static inline T
lerp_rd (T val, T min_in, T max_in, T min_out, T max_out)
{
  return min_out + div_rd<T> ((val - min_in) * (max_out - min_out), max_in  - min_in);
}

// lerp, round-up
template<typename T>
static inline T
lerp_ru (T val, T min_in, T max_in, T min_out, T max_out)
{
  return min_out + div_ru<T> ((val - min_in) * (max_out - min_out), max_in  - min_in);
}

// lots of stuff taken from FXT

/* Rotate right. This is used in various places for checksumming */
//TODO: that sucks, use a better checksum algo
static inline uint32_t
rotate_right (uint32_t c, uint32_t count = 1)
{
  return (c << (32 - count)) | (c >> count);
}

static inline uint32_t
rotate_left (uint32_t c, uint32_t count = 1)
{
  return (c >> (32 - count)) | (c << count);
}

// Return abs(a-b)
// Both a and b must not have the most significant bit set
static inline uint32_t
upos_abs_diff (uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
{
  long d1 = b - a;
  long d2 = (d1 & (d1 >> 31)) << 1;

  return d1 - d2;               // == (b - d) - (a + d);
}

// Both a and b must not have the most significant bit set
static inline uint32_t
upos_min (uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
{
  int32_t d = b - a;
  d &= d >> 31;
  return a + d;
}

// Both a and b must not have the most significant bit set
static inline uint32_t
upos_max (uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
{
  int32_t d = b - a;
  d &= d >> 31;
  return b - d;
}

// this is much faster than crossfires original algorithm
// on modern cpus
inline int
isqrt (int n)
{
  return (int)sqrtf ((float)n);
}

// this is only twice as fast as naive sqrtf (dx*dy+dy*dy)
#if 0
// and has a max. error of 6 in the range -100..+100.
#else
// and has a max. error of 9 in the range -100..+100.
#endif
inline int 
idistance (int dx, int dy)
{ 
  unsigned int dx_ = abs (dx);
  unsigned int dy_ = abs (dy);

#if 0
  return dx_ > dy_
      ? (dx_ * 61685 + dy_ * 26870) >> 16
      : (dy_ * 61685 + dx_ * 26870) >> 16;
#else
  return dx_ + dy_ - min (dx_, dy_) * 5 / 8;
#endif
}

/*
 * absdir(int): Returns a number between 1 and 8, which represent
 * the "absolute" direction of a number (it actually takes care of
 * "overflow" in previous calculations of a direction).
 */
inline int
absdir (int d)
{
  return ((d - 1) & 7) + 1;
}

extern ssize_t slice_alloc; // statistics

void *salloc_ (int n)            throw (std::bad_alloc);
void *salloc_ (int n, void *src) throw (std::bad_alloc);

// strictly the same as g_slice_alloc, but never returns 0
template<typename T>
inline T *salloc (int n = 1)     throw (std::bad_alloc) { return (T *)salloc_ (n * sizeof (T));              }

// also copies src into the new area, like "memdup"
// if src is 0, clears the memory
template<typename T>
inline T *salloc (int n, T *src) throw (std::bad_alloc) { return (T *)salloc_ (n * sizeof (T), (void *)src); }

// clears the memory
template<typename T>
inline T *salloc0(int n = 1)     throw (std::bad_alloc) { return (T *)salloc_ (n * sizeof (T), 0);           }

// for symmetry
template<typename T>
inline void sfree (T *ptr, int n = 1) throw ()
{
  if (expect_true (ptr))
    {
      slice_alloc -= n * sizeof (T);
      if (DEBUG_POISON) memset (ptr, DEBUG_POISON, n * sizeof (T));
      g_slice_free1 (n * sizeof (T), (void *)ptr);
      assert (slice_alloc >= 0);//D
    }
}

// nulls the pointer
template<typename T>
inline void sfree0 (T *&ptr, int n = 1) throw ()
{
  sfree<T> (ptr, n);
  ptr = 0;
}

// makes dynamically allocated objects zero-initialised
struct zero_initialised
{
  void *operator new (size_t s, void *p)
  {
    memset (p, 0, s);
    return p;
  }

  void *operator new (size_t s)
  {
    return salloc0<char> (s);
  }

  void *operator new[] (size_t s)
  {
    return salloc0<char> (s);
  }

  void operator delete (void *p, size_t s)
  {
    sfree ((char *)p, s);
  }

  void operator delete[] (void *p, size_t s)
  {
    sfree ((char *)p, s);
  }
};

// makes dynamically allocated objects zero-initialised
struct slice_allocated
{
  void *operator new (size_t s, void *p)
  {
    return p;
  }

  void *operator new (size_t s)
  {
    return salloc<char> (s);
  }

  void *operator new[] (size_t s)
  {
    return salloc<char> (s);
  }

  void operator delete (void *p, size_t s)
  {
    sfree ((char *)p, s);
  }

  void operator delete[] (void *p, size_t s)
  {
    sfree ((char *)p, s);
  }
};

// a STL-compatible allocator that uses g_slice
// boy, this is verbose
template<typename Tp>
struct slice_allocator
{
  typedef size_t size_type;
  typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
  typedef Tp *pointer;
  typedef const Tp *const_pointer;
  typedef Tp &reference;
  typedef const Tp &const_reference;
  typedef Tp value_type;

  template <class U> 
  struct rebind
  {
    typedef slice_allocator<U> other;
  };

  slice_allocator () throw () { }
  slice_allocator (const slice_allocator &) throw () { }
  template<typename Tp2>
  slice_allocator (const slice_allocator<Tp2> &) throw () { }

  ~slice_allocator () { }

  pointer address (reference x) const { return &x; }
  const_pointer address (const_reference x) const { return &x; }

  pointer allocate (size_type n, const_pointer = 0)
  {
    return salloc<Tp> (n);
  }

  void deallocate (pointer p, size_type n)
  {
    sfree<Tp> (p, n);
  }

  size_type max_size () const throw ()
  {
    return size_t (-1) / sizeof (Tp);
  }

  void construct (pointer p, const Tp &val)
  {
    ::new (p) Tp (val);
  }

  void destroy (pointer p)
  {
    p->~Tp ();
  }
};

// P. L'Ecuyer, “Maximally Equidistributed Combined Tausworthe Generators”, Mathematics of Computation, 65, 213 (1996), 203–213.
// http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lecuyer/myftp/papers/tausme.ps
// http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lecuyer/myftp/papers/tausme2.ps
struct tausworthe_random_generator
{
  uint32_t state [4];

  void operator =(const tausworthe_random_generator &src)
  {
    state [0] = src.state [0];
    state [1] = src.state [1];
    state [2] = src.state [2];
    state [3] = src.state [3];
  }

  void seed (uint32_t seed);
  uint32_t next ();
};

// Xorshift RNGs, George Marsaglia
// http://www.jstatsoft.org/v08/i14/paper
// this one is about 40% faster than the tausworthe one above (i.e. not much),
// despite the inlining, and has the issue of only creating 2**32-1 numbers.
// see also http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lecuyer/myftp/papers/xorshift.pdf
struct xorshift_random_generator
{
  uint32_t x, y;

  void operator =(const xorshift_random_generator &src)
  {
    x = src.x;
    y = src.y;
  }

  void seed (uint32_t seed)
  {
    x = seed;
    y = seed * 69069U;
  }

  uint32_t next ()
  {
    uint32_t t = x ^ (x << 10);
    x = y;
    y = y ^ (y >> 13) ^ t ^ (t >> 10);
    return y;
  }
};

template<class generator>
struct random_number_generator : generator
{
  // uniform distribution, 0 .. max (0, num - 1)
  uint32_t operator ()(uint32_t num)
  {
    return !is_constant (num) ? get_range (num)                        // non-constant
         : num & (num - 1)    ? (this->next () * (uint64_t)num) >> 32U // constant, non-power-of-two
         :                      this->next () & (num - 1);             // constant, power-of-two
  }

  // return a number within (min .. max)
  int operator () (int r_min, int r_max)
  {
    return is_constant (r_min) && is_constant (r_max) && r_min <= r_max
              ? r_min + operator ()(r_max - r_min + 1)
              : get_range (r_min, r_max);
  }

  double operator ()()
  {
    return this->next () / (double)0xFFFFFFFFU;
  }

protected:
  uint32_t get_range (uint32_t r_max);
  int get_range (int r_min, int r_max);
};

typedef random_number_generator<tausworthe_random_generator> rand_gen;

extern rand_gen rndm, rmg_rndm;

INTERFACE_CLASS (attachable)
struct refcnt_base
{
  typedef int refcnt_t;
  mutable refcnt_t ACC (RW, refcnt);

  MTH void refcnt_inc () const { ++refcnt; }
  MTH void refcnt_dec () const { --refcnt; }

  refcnt_base () : refcnt (0) { }
};

// to avoid branches with more advanced compilers
extern refcnt_base::refcnt_t refcnt_dummy;

template<class T>
struct refptr
{
  // p if not null
  refcnt_base::refcnt_t *refcnt_ref () { return p ? &p->refcnt : &refcnt_dummy; }

  void refcnt_dec ()
  {
    if (!is_constant (p))
      --*refcnt_ref ();
    else if (p)
      --p->refcnt;
  }

  void refcnt_inc ()
  {
    if (!is_constant (p))
      ++*refcnt_ref ();
    else if (p)
      ++p->refcnt;
  }

  T *p;

  refptr () : p(0) { }
  refptr (const refptr<T> &p) : p(p.p) { refcnt_inc (); }
  refptr (T *p) : p(p) { refcnt_inc (); }
  ~refptr () { refcnt_dec (); }

  const refptr<T> &operator =(T *o)
  {
    // if decrementing ever destroys we need to reverse the order here
    refcnt_dec ();
    p = o;
    refcnt_inc ();
    return *this;
  }

  const refptr<T> &operator =(const refptr<T> &o)
  {
    *this = o.p;
    return *this;
  }

  T &operator * () const { return *p; }
  T *operator ->() const { return  p; }

  operator T *() const { return p; }
};

typedef refptr<maptile>   maptile_ptr;
typedef refptr<object>    object_ptr;
typedef refptr<archetype> arch_ptr;
typedef refptr<client>    client_ptr;
typedef refptr<player>    player_ptr;

struct str_hash
{
  std::size_t operator ()(const char *s) const
  {
#if 0
    uint32_t hash = 0;

    /* use the one-at-a-time hash function, which supposedly is
     * better than the djb2-like one used by perl5.005, but
     * certainly is better then the bug used here before.
     * see http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/doobs.html
     */
    while (*s)
      {
        hash += *s++;
        hash += hash << 10;
        hash ^= hash >>  6;
      }

    hash += hash <<  3;
    hash ^= hash >> 11;
    hash += hash << 15;
#else
    // use FNV-1a hash (http://isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/)
    // it is about twice as fast as the one-at-a-time one,
    // with good distribution.
    // FNV-1a is faster on many cpus because the multiplication
    // runs concurrent with the looping logic.
    uint32_t hash = 2166136261;
    
    while (*s)
      hash = (hash ^ *s++) * 16777619;
#endif

    return hash;
  }
};

struct str_equal
{
  bool operator ()(const char *a, const char *b) const
  {
    return !strcmp (a, b);
  }
};

// Mostly the same as std::vector, but insert/erase can reorder
// the elements, making append(=insert)/remove O(1) instead of O(n).
//
// NOTE: only some forms of erase are available
template<class T>
struct unordered_vector : std::vector<T, slice_allocator<T> >
{
  typedef typename unordered_vector::iterator iterator;

  void erase (unsigned int pos)
  {
    if (pos < this->size () - 1)
      (*this)[pos] = (*this)[this->size () - 1];

    this->pop_back ();
  }

  void erase (iterator i)
  {
    erase ((unsigned int )(i - this->begin ()));
  }
};

// This container blends advantages of linked lists
// (efficiency) with vectors (random access) by
// by using an unordered vector and storing the vector
// index inside the object.
//
// + memory-efficient on most 64 bit archs
// + O(1) insert/remove
// + free unique (but varying) id for inserted objects
// + cache-friendly iteration
// - only works for pointers to structs
//
// NOTE: only some forms of erase/insert are available
typedef int object_vector_index;

template<class T, object_vector_index T::*indexmember>
struct object_vector : std::vector<T *, slice_allocator<T *> >
{
  typedef typename object_vector::iterator iterator;

  bool contains (const T *obj) const
  {
    return obj->*indexmember;
  }

  iterator find (const T *obj)
  {
    return obj->*indexmember
      ? this->begin () + obj->*indexmember - 1
      : this->end ();
  }

  void push_back (T *obj)
  {
    std::vector<T *, slice_allocator<T *> >::push_back (obj);
    obj->*indexmember = this->size ();
  }

  void insert (T *obj)
  {
    push_back (obj);
  }

  void insert (T &obj)
  {
    insert (&obj);
  }

  void erase (T *obj)
  {
    unsigned int pos = obj->*indexmember;
    obj->*indexmember = 0;

    if (pos < this->size ())
      {
        (*this)[pos - 1] = (*this)[this->size () - 1];
        (*this)[pos - 1]->*indexmember = pos;
      }

    this->pop_back ();
  }

  void erase (T &obj)
  {
    erase (&obj);
  }
};

// basically does what strncpy should do, but appends "..." to strings exceeding length
// returns the number of bytes actually used (including \0)
int assign (char *dst, const char *src, int maxsize);

// type-safe version of assign
template<int N>
inline int assign (char (&dst)[N], const char *src)
{
  return assign ((char *)&dst, src, N);
}

typedef double tstamp;

// return current time as timestamp
tstamp now ();

int similar_direction (int a, int b);

// like sprintf, but returns a "static" buffer
const char *format (const char *format, ...);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// threads, very very thin wrappers around pthreads

struct thread
{
  pthread_t id;

  void start (void *(*start_routine)(void *), void *arg = 0);

  void cancel ()
  {
    pthread_cancel (id);
  }

  void *join ()
  {
    void *ret;

    if (pthread_join (id, &ret))
      cleanup ("pthread_join failed", 1);

    return ret;
  }
};

// note that mutexes are not classes
typedef pthread_mutex_t smutex;

#if __linux && defined (PTHREAD_ADAPTIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP)
 #define SMUTEX_INITIALISER PTHREAD_ADAPTIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP
#else
 #define SMUTEX_INITIALISER PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
#endif

#define SMUTEX(name) smutex name = SMUTEX_INITIALISER
#define SMUTEX_LOCK(name)   pthread_mutex_lock   (&(name))
#define SMUTEX_UNLOCK(name) pthread_mutex_unlock (&(name))

typedef pthread_cond_t scond;

#define SCOND(name) scond name = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER
#define SCOND_SIGNAL(name)     pthread_cond_signal    (&(name))
#define SCOND_BROADCAST(name)  pthread_cond_broadcast (&(name))
#define SCOND_WAIT(name,mutex) pthread_cond_wait      (&(name), &(mutex))

#endif

Revision:	1.88
Committed:	Tue May 5 04:51:56 2009 UTC (15 years ago) by root
Content type:	text/plain
Branch:	MAIN
CVS Tags:	rel-2_80, rel-2_79
Changes since 1.87:	+15 -3 lines
Log Message:	adjust los lightness a bit
#	Content
1	/*
2	* This file is part of Deliantra, the Roguelike Realtime MMORPG.
3	*
4	* Copyright (©) 2005,2006,2007,2008 Marc Alexander Lehmann / Robin Redeker / the Deliantra team
5	*
6	* Deliantra is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
7	* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8	* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
9	* (at your option) any later version.
10	*
11	* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12	* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13	* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14	* GNU General Public License for more details.
15	*
16	* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17	* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
18	*
19	* The authors can be reached via e-mail to <support@deliantra.net>
20	*/
21
22	#ifndef UTIL_H__
23	#define UTIL_H__
24
25	#define DEBUG_POISON 0x00 // poison memory before freeing it if != 0
26	#define DEBUG_SALLOC 0 // add a debug wrapper around all sallocs
27	#define PREFER_MALLOC 0 // use malloc and not the slice allocator
28
29	#if __GNUC__ >= 3
30	# define is_constant(c) __builtin_constant_p (c)
31	# define expect(expr,value) __builtin_expect ((expr),(value))
32	# define prefetch(addr,rw,locality) __builtin_prefetch (addr, rw, locality)
33	# define noinline __attribute__((__noinline__))
34	#else
35	# define is_constant(c) 0
36	# define expect(expr,value) (expr)
37	# define prefetch(addr,rw,locality)
38	# define noinline
39	#endif
40
41	#if __GNUC__ < 4 \|\| (__GNUC__ == 4 \|\| __GNUC_MINOR__ < 4)
42	# define decltype(x) typeof(x)
43	#endif
44
45	// put into ifs if you are very sure that the expression
46	// is mostly true or mosty false. note that these return
47	// booleans, not the expression.
48	#define expect_false(expr) expect ((expr) ? 1 : 0, 0)
49	#define expect_true(expr) expect ((expr) ? 1 : 0, 1)
50
51	#include <pthread.h>
52
53	#include <cstddef>
54	#include <cmath>
55	#include <new>
56	#include <vector>
57
58	#include <glib.h>
59
60	#include <shstr.h>
61	#include <traits.h>
62
63	#if DEBUG_SALLOC
64	# define g_slice_alloc0(s) debug_slice_alloc0(s)
65	# define g_slice_alloc(s) debug_slice_alloc(s)
66	# define g_slice_free1(s,p) debug_slice_free1(s,p)
67	void *g_slice_alloc (unsigned long size);
68	void *g_slice_alloc0 (unsigned long size);
69	void g_slice_free1 (unsigned long size, void *ptr);
70	#elif PREFER_MALLOC
71	# define g_slice_alloc0(s) calloc (1, (s))
72	# define g_slice_alloc(s) malloc ((s))
73	# define g_slice_free1(s,p) free ((p))
74	#endif
75
76	// use C0X decltype for auto declarations until ISO C++ sanctifies them (if ever)
77	#define auto(var,expr) decltype(expr) var = (expr)
78
79	// very ugly macro that basically declares and initialises a variable
80	// that is in scope for the next statement only
81	// works only for stuff that can be assigned 0 and converts to false
82	// (note: works great for pointers)
83	// most ugly macro I ever wrote
84	#define statementvar(type, name, value) if (type name = 0) { } else if (((name) = (value)), 1)
85
86	// in range including end
87	#define IN_RANGE_INC(val,beg,end) \
88	((unsigned int)(val) - (unsigned int)(beg) <= (unsigned int)(end) - (unsigned int)(beg))
89
90	// in range excluding end
91	#define IN_RANGE_EXC(val,beg,end) \
92	((unsigned int)(val) - (unsigned int)(beg) < (unsigned int)(end) - (unsigned int)(beg))
93
94	void cleanup (const char *cause, bool make_core = false);
95	void fork_abort (const char *msg);
96
97	// rationale for using (U) not (T) is to reduce signed/unsigned issues,
98	// as a is often a constant while b is the variable. it is still a bug, though.
99	template<typename T, typename U> static inline T min (T a, U b) { return (U)a < b ? (U)a : b; }
100	template<typename T, typename U> static inline T max (T a, U b) { return (U)a > b ? (U)a : b; }
101	template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline T clamp (T v, U a, V b) { return v < (T)a ? (T)a : v >(T)b ? (T)b : v; }
102
103	template<typename T, typename U> static inline void min_it (T &v, U m) { v = min (v, (T)m); }
104	template<typename T, typename U> static inline void max_it (T &v, U m) { v = max (v, (T)m); }
105	template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline void clamp_it (T &v, U a, V b) { v = clamp (v, (T)a, (T)b); }
106
107	template<typename T, typename U> static inline void swap (T& a, U& b) { T t=a; a=(T)b; b=(U)t; }
108
109	template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline T min (T a, U b, V c) { return min (a, min (b, c)); }
110	template<typename T, typename U, typename V> static inline T max (T a, U b, V c) { return max (a, max (b, c)); }
111
112	// sign returns -1 or +1
113	template<typename T>
114	static inline T sign (T v) { return v < 0 ? -1 : +1; }
115	// relies on 2c representation
116	template<>
117	inline sint8 sign (sint8 v) { return 1 - (sint8 (uint8 (v) >> 7) * 2); }
118
119	// sign0 returns -1, 0 or +1
120	template<typename T>
121	static inline T sign0 (T v) { return v ? sign (v) : 0; }
122
123	// div* only work correctly for div > 0
124	// div, with correct rounding (< 0.5 downwards, >=0.5 upwards)
125	template<typename T> static inline T div (T val, T div)
126	{
127	return expect_false (val < 0) ? - ((-val + (div - 1) / 2) / div) : (val + div / 2) / div;
128	}
129	// div, round-up
130	template<typename T> static inline T div_ru (T val, T div)
131	{
132	return expect_false (val < 0) ? - ((-val ) / div) : (val + div - 1) / div;
133	}
134	// div, round-down
135	template<typename T> static inline T div_rd (T val, T div)
136	{
137	return expect_false (val < 0) ? - ((-val + (div - 1) ) / div) : (val ) / div;
138	}
139
140	// lerp* only work correctly for min_in < max_in
141	// Linear intERPolate, scales val from min_in..max_in to min_out..max_out
142	template<typename T>
143	static inline T
144	lerp (T val, T min_in, T max_in, T min_out, T max_out)
145	{
146	return min_out + div <T> ((val - min_in) * (max_out - min_out), max_in - min_in);
147	}
148
149	// lerp, round-down
150	template<typename T>
151	static inline T
152	lerp_rd (T val, T min_in, T max_in, T min_out, T max_out)
153	{
154	return min_out + div_rd<T> ((val - min_in) * (max_out - min_out), max_in - min_in);
155	}
156
157	// lerp, round-up
158	template<typename T>
159	static inline T
160	lerp_ru (T val, T min_in, T max_in, T min_out, T max_out)
161	{
162	return min_out + div_ru<T> ((val - min_in) * (max_out - min_out), max_in - min_in);
163	}
164
165	// lots of stuff taken from FXT
166
167	/* Rotate right. This is used in various places for checksumming */
168	//TODO: that sucks, use a better checksum algo
169	static inline uint32_t
170	rotate_right (uint32_t c, uint32_t count = 1)
171	{
172	return (c << (32 - count)) \| (c >> count);
173	}
174
175	static inline uint32_t
176	rotate_left (uint32_t c, uint32_t count = 1)
177	{
178	return (c >> (32 - count)) \| (c << count);
179	}
180
181	// Return abs(a-b)
182	// Both a and b must not have the most significant bit set
183	static inline uint32_t
184	upos_abs_diff (uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
185	{
186	long d1 = b - a;
187	long d2 = (d1 & (d1 >> 31)) << 1;
188
189	return d1 - d2; // == (b - d) - (a + d);
190	}
191
192	// Both a and b must not have the most significant bit set
193	static inline uint32_t
194	upos_min (uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
195	{
196	int32_t d = b - a;
197	d &= d >> 31;
198	return a + d;
199	}
200
201	// Both a and b must not have the most significant bit set
202	static inline uint32_t
203	upos_max (uint32_t a, uint32_t b)
204	{
205	int32_t d = b - a;
206	d &= d >> 31;
207	return b - d;
208	}
209
210	// this is much faster than crossfires original algorithm
211	// on modern cpus
212	inline int
213	isqrt (int n)
214	{
215	return (int)sqrtf ((float)n);
216	}
217
218	// this is only twice as fast as naive sqrtf (dxdy+dydy)
219	#if 0
220	// and has a max. error of 6 in the range -100..+100.
221	#else
222	// and has a max. error of 9 in the range -100..+100.
223	#endif
224	inline int
225	idistance (int dx, int dy)
226	{
227	unsigned int dx_ = abs (dx);
228	unsigned int dy_ = abs (dy);
229
230	#if 0
231	return dx_ > dy_
232	? (dx_ * 61685 + dy_ * 26870) >> 16
233	: (dy_ * 61685 + dx_ * 26870) >> 16;
234	#else
235	return dx_ + dy_ - min (dx_, dy_) * 5 / 8;
236	#endif
237	}
238
239	/*
240	* absdir(int): Returns a number between 1 and 8, which represent
241	* the "absolute" direction of a number (it actually takes care of
242	* "overflow" in previous calculations of a direction).
243	*/
244	inline int
245	absdir (int d)
246	{
247	return ((d - 1) & 7) + 1;
248	}
249
250	extern ssize_t slice_alloc; // statistics
251
252	void *salloc_ (int n) throw (std::bad_alloc);
253	void salloc_ (int n, void src) throw (std::bad_alloc);
254
255	// strictly the same as g_slice_alloc, but never returns 0
256	template<typename T>
257	inline T salloc (int n = 1) throw (std::bad_alloc) { return (T )salloc_ (n * sizeof (T)); }
258
259	// also copies src into the new area, like "memdup"
260	// if src is 0, clears the memory
261	template<typename T>
262	inline T salloc (int n, T src) throw (std::bad_alloc) { return (T )salloc_ (n sizeof (T), (void *)src); }
263
264	// clears the memory
265	template<typename T>
266	inline T salloc0(int n = 1) throw (std::bad_alloc) { return (T )salloc_ (n * sizeof (T), 0); }
267
268	// for symmetry
269	template<typename T>
270	inline void sfree (T *ptr, int n = 1) throw ()
271	{
272	if (expect_true (ptr))
273	{
274	slice_alloc -= n * sizeof (T);
275	if (DEBUG_POISON) memset (ptr, DEBUG_POISON, n * sizeof (T));
276	g_slice_free1 (n * sizeof (T), (void *)ptr);
277	assert (slice_alloc >= 0);//D
278	}
279	}
280
281	// nulls the pointer
282	template<typename T>
283	inline void sfree0 (T *&ptr, int n = 1) throw ()
284	{
285	sfree<T> (ptr, n);
286	ptr = 0;
287	}
288
289	// makes dynamically allocated objects zero-initialised
290	struct zero_initialised
291	{
292	void operator new (size_t s, void p)
293	{
294	memset (p, 0, s);
295	return p;
296	}
297
298	void *operator new (size_t s)
299	{
300	return salloc0<char> (s);
301	}
302
303	void *operator new[] (size_t s)
304	{
305	return salloc0<char> (s);
306	}
307
308	void operator delete (void *p, size_t s)
309	{
310	sfree ((char *)p, s);
311	}
312
313	void operator delete[] (void *p, size_t s)
314	{
315	sfree ((char *)p, s);
316	}
317	};
318
319	// makes dynamically allocated objects zero-initialised
320	struct slice_allocated
321	{
322	void operator new (size_t s, void p)
323	{
324	return p;
325	}
326
327	void *operator new (size_t s)
328	{
329	return salloc<char> (s);
330	}
331
332	void *operator new[] (size_t s)
333	{
334	return salloc<char> (s);
335	}
336
337	void operator delete (void *p, size_t s)
338	{
339	sfree ((char *)p, s);
340	}
341
342	void operator delete[] (void *p, size_t s)
343	{
344	sfree ((char *)p, s);
345	}
346	};
347
348	// a STL-compatible allocator that uses g_slice
349	// boy, this is verbose
350	template<typename Tp>
351	struct slice_allocator
352	{
353	typedef size_t size_type;
354	typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
355	typedef Tp *pointer;
356	typedef const Tp *const_pointer;
357	typedef Tp &reference;
358	typedef const Tp &const_reference;
359	typedef Tp value_type;
360
361	template <class U>
362	struct rebind
363	{
364	typedef slice_allocator<U> other;
365	};
366
367	slice_allocator () throw () { }
368	slice_allocator (const slice_allocator &) throw () { }
369	template<typename Tp2>
370	slice_allocator (const slice_allocator<Tp2> &) throw () { }
371
372	~slice_allocator () { }
373
374	pointer address (reference x) const { return &x; }
375	const_pointer address (const_reference x) const { return &x; }
376
377	pointer allocate (size_type n, const_pointer = 0)
378	{
379	return salloc<Tp> (n);
380	}
381
382	void deallocate (pointer p, size_type n)
383	{
384	sfree<Tp> (p, n);
385	}
386
387	size_type max_size () const throw ()
388	{
389	return size_t (-1) / sizeof (Tp);
390	}
391
392	void construct (pointer p, const Tp &val)
393	{
394	::new (p) Tp (val);
395	}
396
397	void destroy (pointer p)
398	{
399	p->~Tp ();
400	}
401	};
402
403	// P. L'Ecuyer, “Maximally Equidistributed Combined Tausworthe Generators”, Mathematics of Computation, 65, 213 (1996), 203–213.
404	// http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lecuyer/myftp/papers/tausme.ps
405	// http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lecuyer/myftp/papers/tausme2.ps
406	struct tausworthe_random_generator
407	{
408	uint32_t state [4];
409
410	void operator =(const tausworthe_random_generator &src)
411	{
412	state [0] = src.state [0];
413	state [1] = src.state [1];
414	state [2] = src.state [2];
415	state [3] = src.state [3];
416	}
417
418	void seed (uint32_t seed);
419	uint32_t next ();
420	};
421
422	// Xorshift RNGs, George Marsaglia
423	// http://www.jstatsoft.org/v08/i14/paper
424	// this one is about 40% faster than the tausworthe one above (i.e. not much),
425	// despite the inlining, and has the issue of only creating 2**32-1 numbers.
426	// see also http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~lecuyer/myftp/papers/xorshift.pdf
427	struct xorshift_random_generator
428	{
429	uint32_t x, y;
430
431	void operator =(const xorshift_random_generator &src)
432	{
433	x = src.x;
434	y = src.y;
435	}
436
437	void seed (uint32_t seed)
438	{
439	x = seed;
440	y = seed * 69069U;
441	}
442
443	uint32_t next ()
444	{
445	uint32_t t = x ^ (x << 10);
446	x = y;
447	y = y ^ (y >> 13) ^ t ^ (t >> 10);
448	return y;
449	}
450	};
451
452	template<class generator>
453	struct random_number_generator : generator
454	{
455	// uniform distribution, 0 .. max (0, num - 1)
456	uint32_t operator ()(uint32_t num)
457	{
458	return !is_constant (num) ? get_range (num) // non-constant
459	: num & (num - 1) ? (this->next () * (uint64_t)num) >> 32U // constant, non-power-of-two
460	: this->next () & (num - 1); // constant, power-of-two
461	}
462
463	// return a number within (min .. max)
464	int operator () (int r_min, int r_max)
465	{
466	return is_constant (r_min) && is_constant (r_max) && r_min <= r_max
467	? r_min + operator ()(r_max - r_min + 1)
468	: get_range (r_min, r_max);
469	}
470
471	double operator ()()
472	{
473	return this->next () / (double)0xFFFFFFFFU;
474	}
475
476	protected:
477	uint32_t get_range (uint32_t r_max);
478	int get_range (int r_min, int r_max);
479	};
480
481	typedef random_number_generator<tausworthe_random_generator> rand_gen;
482
483	extern rand_gen rndm, rmg_rndm;
484
485	INTERFACE_CLASS (attachable)
486	struct refcnt_base
487	{
488	typedef int refcnt_t;
489	mutable refcnt_t ACC (RW, refcnt);
490
491	MTH void refcnt_inc () const { ++refcnt; }
492	MTH void refcnt_dec () const { --refcnt; }
493
494	refcnt_base () : refcnt (0) { }
495	};
496
497	// to avoid branches with more advanced compilers
498	extern refcnt_base::refcnt_t refcnt_dummy;
499
500	template<class T>
501	struct refptr
502	{
503	// p if not null
504	refcnt_base::refcnt_t *refcnt_ref () { return p ? &p->refcnt : &refcnt_dummy; }
505
506	void refcnt_dec ()
507	{
508	if (!is_constant (p))
509	--*refcnt_ref ();
510	else if (p)
511	--p->refcnt;
512	}
513
514	void refcnt_inc ()
515	{
516	if (!is_constant (p))
517	++*refcnt_ref ();
518	else if (p)
519	++p->refcnt;
520	}
521
522	T *p;
523
524	refptr () : p(0) { }
525	refptr (const refptr<T> &p) : p(p.p) { refcnt_inc (); }
526	refptr (T *p) : p(p) { refcnt_inc (); }
527	~refptr () { refcnt_dec (); }
528
529	const refptr<T> &operator =(T *o)
530	{
531	// if decrementing ever destroys we need to reverse the order here
532	refcnt_dec ();
533	p = o;
534	refcnt_inc ();
535	return *this;
536	}
537
538	const refptr<T> &operator =(const refptr<T> &o)
539	{
540	*this = o.p;
541	return *this;
542	}
543
544	T &operator * () const { return *p; }
545	T *operator ->() const { return p; }
546
547	operator T *() const { return p; }
548	};
549
550	typedef refptr<maptile> maptile_ptr;
551	typedef refptr<object> object_ptr;
552	typedef refptr<archetype> arch_ptr;
553	typedef refptr<client> client_ptr;
554	typedef refptr<player> player_ptr;
555
556	struct str_hash
557	{
558	std::size_t operator ()(const char *s) const
559	{
560	#if 0
561	uint32_t hash = 0;
562
563	/* use the one-at-a-time hash function, which supposedly is
564	* better than the djb2-like one used by perl5.005, but
565	* certainly is better then the bug used here before.
566	* see http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/doobs.html
567	*/
568	while (*s)
569	{
570	hash += *s++;
571	hash += hash << 10;
572	hash ^= hash >> 6;
573	}
574
575	hash += hash << 3;
576	hash ^= hash >> 11;
577	hash += hash << 15;
578	#else
579	// use FNV-1a hash (http://isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/)
580	// it is about twice as fast as the one-at-a-time one,
581	// with good distribution.
582	// FNV-1a is faster on many cpus because the multiplication
583	// runs concurrent with the looping logic.
584	uint32_t hash = 2166136261;
585
586	while (*s)
587	hash = (hash ^ s++) 16777619;
588	#endif
589
590	return hash;
591	}
592	};
593
594	struct str_equal
595	{
596	bool operator ()(const char a, const char b) const
597	{
598	return !strcmp (a, b);
599	}
600	};
601
602	// Mostly the same as std::vector, but insert/erase can reorder
603	// the elements, making append(=insert)/remove O(1) instead of O(n).
604	//
605	// NOTE: only some forms of erase are available
606	template<class T>
607	struct unordered_vector : std::vector<T, slice_allocator<T> >
608	{
609	typedef typename unordered_vector::iterator iterator;
610
611	void erase (unsigned int pos)
612	{
613	if (pos < this->size () - 1)
614	(this)[pos] = (this)[this->size () - 1];
615
616	this->pop_back ();
617	}
618
619	void erase (iterator i)
620	{
621	erase ((unsigned int )(i - this->begin ()));
622	}
623	};
624
625	// This container blends advantages of linked lists
626	// (efficiency) with vectors (random access) by
627	// by using an unordered vector and storing the vector
628	// index inside the object.
629	//
630	// + memory-efficient on most 64 bit archs
631	// + O(1) insert/remove
632	// + free unique (but varying) id for inserted objects
633	// + cache-friendly iteration
634	// - only works for pointers to structs
635	//
636	// NOTE: only some forms of erase/insert are available
637	typedef int object_vector_index;
638
639	template<class T, object_vector_index T::*indexmember>
640	struct object_vector : std::vector<T , slice_allocator<T > >
641	{
642	typedef typename object_vector::iterator iterator;
643
644	bool contains (const T *obj) const
645	{
646	return obj->*indexmember;
647	}
648
649	iterator find (const T *obj)
650	{
651	return obj->*indexmember
652	? this->begin () + obj->*indexmember - 1
653	: this->end ();
654	}
655
656	void push_back (T *obj)
657	{
658	std::vector<T , slice_allocator<T > >::push_back (obj);
659	obj->*indexmember = this->size ();
660	}
661
662	void insert (T *obj)
663	{
664	push_back (obj);
665	}
666
667	void insert (T &obj)
668	{
669	insert (&obj);
670	}
671
672	void erase (T *obj)
673	{
674	unsigned int pos = obj->*indexmember;
675	obj->*indexmember = 0;
676
677	if (pos < this->size ())
678	{
679	(this)[pos - 1] = (this)[this->size () - 1];
680	(this)[pos - 1]->indexmember = pos;
681	}
682
683	this->pop_back ();
684	}
685
686	void erase (T &obj)
687	{
688	erase (&obj);
689	}
690	};
691
692	// basically does what strncpy should do, but appends "..." to strings exceeding length
693	// returns the number of bytes actually used (including \0)
694	int assign (char dst, const char src, int maxsize);
695
696	// type-safe version of assign
697	template<int N>
698	inline int assign (char (&dst)[N], const char *src)
699	{
700	return assign ((char *)&dst, src, N);
701	}
702
703	typedef double tstamp;
704
705	// return current time as timestamp
706	tstamp now ();
707
708	int similar_direction (int a, int b);
709
710	// like sprintf, but returns a "static" buffer
711	const char format (const char format, ...);
712
713	/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
714	// threads, very very thin wrappers around pthreads
715
716	struct thread
717	{
718	pthread_t id;
719
720	void start (void (start_routine)(void ), void arg = 0);
721
722	void cancel ()
723	{
724	pthread_cancel (id);
725	}
726
727	void *join ()
728	{
729	void *ret;
730
731	if (pthread_join (id, &ret))
732	cleanup ("pthread_join failed", 1);
733
734	return ret;
735	}
736	};
737
738	// note that mutexes are not classes
739	typedef pthread_mutex_t smutex;
740
741	#if __linux && defined (PTHREAD_ADAPTIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP)
742	#define SMUTEX_INITIALISER PTHREAD_ADAPTIVE_MUTEX_INITIALIZER_NP
743	#else
744	#define SMUTEX_INITIALISER PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
745	#endif
746
747	#define SMUTEX(name) smutex name = SMUTEX_INITIALISER
748	#define SMUTEX_LOCK(name) pthread_mutex_lock (&(name))
749	#define SMUTEX_UNLOCK(name) pthread_mutex_unlock (&(name))
750
751	typedef pthread_cond_t scond;
752
753	#define SCOND(name) scond name = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER
754	#define SCOND_SIGNAL(name) pthread_cond_signal (&(name))
755	#define SCOND_BROADCAST(name) pthread_cond_broadcast (&(name))
756	#define SCOND_WAIT(name,mutex) pthread_cond_wait (&(name), &(mutex))
757
758	#endif
759